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第5讲　非谓语动词
Step 1　语法精讲·先测后悟巩固提升
一、非谓语动词的时态和语态
【自我检测】
1.Since the volunteers were cut off from the outside world, they had to rely on their body clock to know when to wake (wake) up, go to sleep and eat.
2.“The combined (combine) length of the electric cables on the ship is more than 4,200 kilometers, ” Chen said, noting (note) that his shipyard has used a lot of advanced techniques and machinery to build the ship.
3.Because of the fact that the artifacts were very small in size, traditionally considered too small to study (study), little was known about the stone technology and tool making skills of these ancestors.
【要点集结】
　　非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(动词-ing形式和-ed形式),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
非谓语动词的时态和语态一览表
类别 时态形式 语态形式
主动 被动
动词不定 式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing —
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词-ing 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 一般式 — done
考点1 主、被动形式
　　非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间存在主谓、动宾关系。与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时, 用被动形式。
※I got a letter saying that I was admitted to a key university.
※The bridge to be built will be the longest one on this river.
考点2 时间先后关系
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态。
1.非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生, 用非谓语动词的一般式。
2.非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前, 用非谓语动词的完成式。
※Hearing the inspiring news, they all jumped with joy.
※I seem to have involved myself in something I don’t understand.
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·豫东豫北名校模拟)Morse code can be sent using(use) sound or light, as sometimes happens between ships at sea.It can be used to send messages in English and many other languages.
2.(2026·张家界模拟)Labeled/Labelled(label) as the roof of the world and water tower of Asia, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an essential ecological security barrier in China.
3.(2026·河北模拟)According to Jiemian, a Chinese media outlet, a pet store in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, introduced a “Puppy Chinese New Year’s Eve Dinner” package priced(price) at 168 yuan per dog.
4.(2026·潮州模拟)The big number of strings, which might not be the real number, is mentioned to show(show) his feeling.
5.(2023·全国乙卷阅读D改编) From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped (drop) by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.
二、非谓语动词作主语、表语
【自我检测】
1.It is believed that receiving (receive) Sanfutie during the hottest summer days is effective for coughs, asthma, and arthritis.
2.Secondly, being(be) in China during the Spring Festival is an absolutely amazing event.
3.China’s first large home-made cruise ship(游轮), roughly the height of a 25-story building, is scheduled (schedule) to be delivered to its user around the end of this year.
【要点集结】
1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动词-ing形式和不定式。
(1)动词-ing形式作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
※Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.
※To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
(2)it作形式主语, 代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动词-ing形式。常见句型有: It is/was no use/good+doing sth.; It is/was not any use/good+doing sth.; It is/was of little use/good+doing sth.; It is/was useless doing sth.; It’s a waste of time doing sth.;It is/was+adj.+for sb.+to do sth.等。
※It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.
※It is no good trying that method, because it won’t work.
※It is important for us to meet personally although we have been in touch in various ways.
2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式和不定式。注意动词-ing形式作表语时意为“令人感到……的”, 而动词-ed形式作表语时意为“感到……的”。
※The aim of the festival is to increase awareness of Chinese culture and traditions.
※At first she was terrified,and then she pulled herself together.
※The radiation of nuclear bombing is terrifying.
【即时巩固】
1.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读A改编) Cycling (cycle) is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights.
2.(2023·全国乙卷阅读C改编) Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing (produce) more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
3.(2023·全国乙卷阅读C改编) According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching (watch) cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food.
4.(2023·全国乙卷阅读B改编) Living (live) in Iowa and trying (try) to become a photographer specializing in landscape (风景) can be quite a challenge.
5.(2023·全国乙卷阅读B改编) Being (be) at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.
三、非谓语动词作宾语
【自我检测】
1.This could prevent the fries from getting (get) wet and rotting away during the 5-8 weeks’ journey across the Atlantic Ocean.
2.List all of the tasks that you need to accomplish (accomplish).
3.A 10-year-old boy, Vidyun R Hebbar, has won a prestigious (有声望的) international wildlife photography competition for his shot of a spider’s making (make) its web in the light of a passing tuk tuk.
【要点集结】
1.只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词和短语: suggest、 imagine、 mind、 admit、 practice、 risk、 keep、 keep on、 avoid、 escape、 enjoy、 consider、 excuse、 finish、 miss、 insist on、 look forward to、 feel like、 get down to、 object to等。
2.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语:agree、 intend、 plan、 demand、 promise、 prepare、 decide、 refuse、 choose、 wish、 hope、 want、 expect、 fail、 pretend、 manage、 determine、 beg、 arrange、 threaten、 claim、 hesitate、 happen等。
3.既可跟动词-ing形式又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语: remember、 forget、 regret、 go on、 mean、 start、 begin、 try等。如:
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·湖北模拟)We want to highlight(highlight) her great literary achievements and contributions to the inheritance(继承) of Chinese literary classics.
2.(2026·四川模拟)Zhang called for them to step back 1 meter from the boundary instead of backing(back) them up, which moved the two families so much that both did exactly that.
3.(2026·长郡中学模拟)Young enthusiasts are seeking to revive(revive) and modernize traditional Chinese art forms, combining innovation with heritage to appeal to a new generation.
4.(2026·长郡中学模拟)“I hope to promote the development of traditional culture and contribute to our national art being understood(understand) by children, who will therefore develop genuine cultural confidence,” she said.
四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
【自我检测】
1.FRBs mostly only appear once, which makes them very hard to track (track).
2.A passing tuk tuk provided the colorful backdrop to set off the spider’s web, a network of tangled threads that formed a dome and made it difficult for prey (猎物) to escape(escape).
3.Saihanba’s success has allowed this “miracle on earth” to be copied (copy) across the country.
【要点集结】
1.“五看二听一感觉”的感官动词和短语(see、 watch、 observe、 notice、 look at、 hear、 listen to、 feel)后面的宾语补足语有三种常见的非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中to还原),doing表主动或正在进行,done表被动或完成。
※I heard her singing an English song when I passed by.
※I didn’t notice him get on the same bus.
2.动词let、 make、 have、 get、 leave、 keep、 find后接非谓语动词形式作宾语补足语。
※The teacher had us make up conversations during classes.
※The teacher got the students to look up all the words they didn’t know.
3.固定短语,如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb.to do sth.等。
※The police examined the cars and allowed them to go ahead.
4.with/without复合结构常用形式:
※With all the work finished, they went out to play.
※With the teacher standing beside, she felt a bit uneasy.
※I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·四川模拟)Nowadays, Liuchi Alley stands as a model of harmonious and respectful neighbor relations in China, inspiring people to address(address)problems properly and foster a harmonious social environment.
2.(2026·高州模拟)One day, while drawing a picture, Lei noticed someone standing(stand) behind her.
3.(2026·衡水模拟)All the women in the small fishing village of Xunpu in Quanzhou, Fujian Province,where Huang Rongbing was born and grew up, had long hair like his mother.They usually had it decorated(decorate) with flowers.
五、非谓语动词作定语
【自我检测】
1.A recent study, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, shows that people choose to humblebrag as an attempt to impress (impress) others.
2.“Dragon Boat Racing” is also a classical dance drama based (base) on several Guangdong musicians.
3.The Great Wall is a place steeped in history and has much to offer (offer) you.
【要点集结】
考点1 动词不定式作定语
1.动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后, 与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
※He was the last one to leave school yesterday.(主谓关系)
※She has a lot of work to do in the morning.(动宾关系)
【点津】动词不定式既可用主动形式也可用被动形式,但其含义有所不同。试比较:
※Do you have anything to buy (动作的执行者是“你”)
※Do you have anything to be bought (动作的执行者是“我”或“别人”)
2.当名词或代词被序数词、形容词最高级、the last、 the only等修饰,且非谓语动词与其逻辑主语为主谓关系时,常用动词不定式作定语。
※The best place to catch fish on a canal is close to the lock.
3.当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时,常用不定式作后置定语,且不定式常用主动形式。常见的此类名词有ability、 chance、 idea、 attempt、 plan、 way、 opportunity等。
※We should develop the students’ ability to solve problems.
【点津】在作定语的动词不定式中,如果其中的动词是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词。但是如果被不定式修饰的名词为place、 time、 way等,不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省去。
※Would you please give me some paper to write on
※The shopping mall is a good place to go.
考点2 动词-ing形式作定语
当动词与被修饰的名词之间为主谓关系或用来表示被修饰的名词的用途时, 用动词-ing形式。
※The child standing over there is my brother.
【点津】当被修饰的名词与修饰词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时, 用动词-ing形式的被动语态作定语, 表示该动作的被动和进行。
※The house being built over there will be our new library.
考点3 动词-ed形式作定语
动词-ed形式作定语,分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
※The book written by him is very popular.
【点津】作定语的非谓语动词的分词形式为doing和done。doing表示正在进行; done表示已经完成。
※boiling water正在沸腾的水
boiled water开水
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·河北模拟)The words “Jin” carved in the bird zun are the earliest known written(write) examples of the character.
2.(2026·湖北模拟)The festival, hosted(host) by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and organized by Shanghai since 1999, runs from Oct.18 to Nov.17.
3.(2026·西南名校联盟模拟)Each summer, during the sweltering(酷热的) “Dog Days”, tourists at home and abroad will surely find this city(Guiyang) an ideal summer resort to shelter(shelter) from “boiling” air waves, exclaiming with relief, “How pleasantly cool it is here in Guiyang!”
4.(2026·常德模拟)Chinese sci-fi writer, Wu Yan, is among those welcoming(welcome) this trend.
六、非谓语动词作状语
【自我检测】
1.Integrating (integrate) boxing with dance, the musical drama “Mission Must Be Reached” mixes Lingnan-style music with rock & roll, pop music and rap.
2.As it swims, its muscles move, resulting (result) in reflections of many colors.
3.We plan to move it out of the dry dock in June to continue (continue) the fitting process.
【要点集结】
考点1 动词不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等
1.作目的状语, 有时用in order to或so as to,但so as to不用于句首。
※To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens start to use smart phones.
※In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work.
2.作结果状语,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,常用结构enough to、 so/such...as to、 too...to...、 only to等。
※You’re old enough to travel on the train by yourself.
※He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.
3.作原因状语, 此时常与表示情感的形容词连用, 如glad, happy, frightened, surprised等。
※He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in perfect order.
【点津】动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词(easy、 hard、 difficult、 pleasant、 good、 fit、 comfortable等)后面作状语,构成“主语+be动词+形容词+不定式”结构,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
※The materials are soft and comfortable to wear.
考点2 动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式作状语, 常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
※We hear of women who run away, leaving behind their homes and families.
※(2020·天津高考) The dancer’s incredible performance had the audience on its feet clapping for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
【点津】动词不定式作结果状语时, 常表示意想不到的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时, 常表示自然而然的结果。
※He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
※His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
考点3 动词-ed形式作状语
1.动词-ed形式作状语, 分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
※(2020·江苏高考) Technological innovations, combined with good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
2.某些动词-ed形式已经形容词化, 且往往用于一些系表结构中, 此时这些动词-ed形式既不表示被动, 也不表示完成, 而表示一种状态, 如lost(迷路的)、 seated(坐着的)、 hidden(隐藏的)、 lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、 dressed in(穿着……的)、 tired of(对……感到厌倦的)等。
※He hid his face in his hands again, lost in his own thoughts.
※He was a big man in his forties, smartly dressed in a suit and tie.
【点津】有部分分词或不定式短语作状语,其动词形式的选择不受上下文的影响,这种结构称为独立成分。常用的有considering... (鉴于,考虑到)、generally speaking(总的来说)、judging by/from...(从……来看,依据……来判断)、supposing that... (假定……)、providing that... (假定……)、given that...(鉴于,由于……)。
考点4 独立主格结构
1.独立主格结构的特点。
(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
(2)独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
(3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
2.独立主格结构的构成。
名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。
※Every morning the old man walks in the park, his pet dog following him along(=and his pet dog follows him along).
※She stood there, her eyes looking upward into the sky and her hands crossed on her breast.
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·河北模拟)The zun’s underside and cap are carved with the phrase “treasure made by the Marquis(侯爵) of Jin for respecting heaven”, identifying(identify) its connection to the Jin State’s early rulers.
2.(2026·河北模拟)In addition to treating their pets to special meals at restaurants, many owners also purchase gift boxes to celebrate(celebrate) the New Year with their furry companions.
3.(2026·广东模拟)With so many strings, his zither creates complicated tones, suggesting(suggest) the sorrow and depression the poet feels.
4.(2026·南京模拟)Backed(back) by the local government with a grant of 1.5 million yuan, the village café is expected to support China’s rural revival efforts.
解题小贴士 语法填空题非谓语动词考法
1.三种非谓语动词作状语的基本区别。
(1)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系, 且表示正在进行, 要想到用现在分词形式(doing)。
(2)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系, 且表示完成, 要想到用过去分词形式(done)。
(3)若非谓语动词表示将来的动作, 作状语表示目的, 在喜怒哀乐的形容词后作原因或意料之外的结果等, 要想到用不定式形式(to do)。
2.掌握非谓语动词的句型公式。
It’s+形容词+(for/of sb.+) to do sth.; It’s no good/use/pleasure doing sth.; find/think/believe/consider+it+adj.+to do sth.。
3.牢记用动名词或不定式作宾语的动词。
4.巧辨谓语动词和非谓语动词。
(1)一个句子无论是主句还是从句, 必须要有谓语, 一般空格所在的句子中无其他动词, 则填谓语动词。谓语动词要考虑时态、语态、主谓一致等。
(2)若句中找到了谓语动词, 而又找不到连词(并列连词或从句连词)时, 则所给动词一定用作非谓语动词。非谓语动词需要确定是-ing 形式、过去分词形式还是不定式形式。
(3)动词-ed形式作表语, 主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态, 含有被动的意思; 而动词-ing形式作表语,多表示主语具有的特征, 含有主动的意思。
【链接写作】
　　运用非谓语动词对简单句和复杂句进行恰当转换,不仅显得句式多样,句子活泼,而且可使表达更简洁、更高级。非谓语动词在写作中的形式主要有doing、done、having done和with的复合结构,其作状语时,主要表示原因、结果或伴随状态。如2023年浙江高考1月读后续写:
I turned around to see the same hummingbird.
我转过身来看到了同一只蜂鸟。
→I turned around to see the same hummingbird hovering in the air.
我转过身来,看到同一只蜂鸟在空中盘旋。
Step 2　语法精练·体验高考素养落实
Ⅰ.高考单句语法填空
1.(2025·全国Ⅰ卷)We hope to present(present) the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context, and initiate dialogues with minimalist art, conceptual art and expressionism.
2.(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines to dry clothing,denying me the chance to discover(discover) one of the great wonders of sunshine—the sweet “sunshine scent” after sunning clothes for an entire day.
3.(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)If you’ve never experienced the “sunshine scent” from a sheet or shirt left(leave) to sun for a day, well, you’re missing out on one of life’s wonders.
4.(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, inspired (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, was built (build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
5.(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find (find) the connection between the two great writers.
6.(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) Recalling (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see how Tang’s play was being performed.”
7.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
8.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.
9.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) No matter where I buy them, one steamer is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left wanting(want) more next time.
10.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They talk to the flood of international tourists and to visiting (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
11.(2023·全国甲卷) For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) to teach (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
12.(2023·全国甲卷) Her fable begins, borrowing (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.
13.(2023·全国甲卷) Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message intended (intend) for everyone.
14.(2023·全国乙卷) Having visited (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
15.(2023·全国乙卷) As a photographer, I have spent the last two years recording (record)everything I discovered.
16.(2023·浙江1月高考) In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, surrounded (surround) in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City.Citizens of higher social classes were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles.
17.(2022·新高考I卷) The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
18.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the falling (fall) child.
19.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside.He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up to see (see) them.
20.(2022·全国甲卷) A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step to journey (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.
21.(2022·全国甲卷) Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held (hold) in Beijing,Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
22.(2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20, planning (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
23.(2022·全国乙卷) To strengthen (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, inviting (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
24.(2022·北京高考) Fearful that he might have an intention to harm (harm) her, Helen started to run.
25.(2022·北京高考) One theory, increasingly supported (support) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned.
Ⅱ.语篇语法填空
Good afternoon, my dear friends,
My name is Li Jin.Today I am very glad 1._______ (have) the chance 2._______(run) for the vice president of the English Club.Concerning the position, I feel qualified 3._______ (take) the job.First, I have gained a lot of experience and received wide praise from my classmates for my job as a monitor.Second, I am a warm-hearted boy and always ready to help others.Third, I am good at 4._______(organize) activities and have held a number of English corners and discussions.
5._______(look) into the future, I will try my best 6._______(assist) the president and serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough 7._______(elect) the vice president.My plan is as follows: on the one hand, I will organize some campus activities, like “English Evening”, a platform where students can show their English.In this process, we can still learn from each other.And I will invite some famous professors 8._______ (give) lectures for us students so that we can acquire a lot of knowledge.On the other hand, I will organize more activities 9._______(enhance) the inter-school communication.We can compete with students from other universities in debate contests or speech contests.Moreover, I will open more channels for you 10._______(voice) your opinions and need.
I sincerely hope you will give me a chance, and please believe me that I will be a good vice president.
Thank you.
【文章大意】本文是李津的一篇竞选英语俱乐部副主席的演讲稿。
1.【解析】to have。be glad to do sth.意为“很高兴做某事”。
2.【解析】to run。the chance to do sth.意为“做某事的机会”,to do sth.是后置定语。
3.【解析】to take。feel qualified to do sth.意为“觉得有资格、有能力做某事”。
4.【解析】organizing。be good at doing sth.意为“擅长做某事”。
5.【解析】Looking。句子的谓语为逗号后面的will try,故此空为现在分词作状语。
6.【解析】to assist。try one’s best to do sth.意为“尽某人最大的努力做某事”。
7.【解析】to be elected。be+adj.+ enough to do sth.意为“足够……去做某事”。其中不定式作结果状语,又因为主语I与动词elect之间是被动关系,故用不定式的被动形式。
8.【解析】to give。invite sb.to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事”。
9.【解析】to enhance。此处为不定式作目的状语。
10.【解析】to voice。channels for sb.to do sth.意为“让某人做某事的渠道”。
- 2 -(共68张PPT)
　非谓语动词
Step 1　语法精讲·先测后悟巩固提升
一、非谓语动词的时态和语态
【自我检测】
1.Since the volunteers were cut off from the outside world, they had to rely
on their body clock to know when ________ (wake) up, go to sleep and eat.
2.“The __________(combine) length of the electric cables on the ship is more
than 4,200 kilometers, ” Chen said, _______(note) that his shipyard has used
a lot of advanced techniques and machinery to build the ship.
3.Because of the fact that the artifacts were very small in size, traditionally
considered too small ________(study), little was known about the stone
technology and tool making skills of these ancestors.
to wake
combined
noting
to study
【要点集结】
　　非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(动词-ing形式和-ed形式),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
非谓语动词的时态和语态一览表
类别 时态形式 语态形式
主动 被动
动词不定 式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing —
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词-ing 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 一般式 — done
考点1 主、被动形式
　　非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间存在主谓、动宾关系。与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时, 用被动形式。
※I got a letter saying that I was admitted to a key university.
※The bridge to be built will be the longest one on this river.
考点2 时间先后关系
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态。
1.非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生, 用非谓语动词的一般式。
2.非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前, 用非谓语动词的完成式。
※Hearing the inspiring news, they all jumped with joy.
※I seem to have involved myself in something I don’t understand.
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·豫东豫北名校模拟)Morse code can be sent ______(use) sound or
light, as sometimes happens between ships at sea.It can be used to send
messages in English and many other languages.
2.(2026·张家界模拟)________________(label) as the roof of the world and
water tower of Asia, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an essential ecological
security barrier in China.
using
Labeled/Labelled
3.(2026·河北模拟)According to Jiemian, a Chinese media outlet, a pet store
in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, introduced a “Puppy Chinese New
Year’s Eve Dinner” package ______(price) at 168 yuan per dog.
4.(2026·潮州模拟)The big number of strings, which might not be the real
number, is mentioned ________(show) his feeling.
5.(2023·全国乙卷阅读D改编) From the Australian side, we have only a
wooden shield(盾) ________ (drop) by a man in flight after his first
experience of gunshot.
priced
to show
dropped
二、非谓语动词作主语、表语
【自我检测】
1.It is believed that _________(receive) Sanfutie during the hottest summer
days is effective for coughs, asthma, and arthritis.
2.Secondly, ______(be) in China during the Spring Festival is an absolutely
amazing event.
3.China’s first large home-made cruise ship(游轮), roughly the height of a
25-story building, is __________(schedule) to be delivered to its user around
the end of this year.
receiving
being
scheduled
【要点集结】
1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动词-ing形式和不定式。
(1)动词-ing形式作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
※Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.
※To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
(2)it作形式主语, 代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动词-ing形式。常见句型有: It is/was no use/good+doing sth.; It is/was not any use/good+doing sth.; It is/was of little use/good+doing sth.; It is/was useless doing sth.; It’s a waste of time doing sth.;It is/was+adj.+for sb.+to do sth.等。
※It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.
※It is no good trying that method, because it won’t work.
※It is important for us to meet personally although we have been in touch in various ways.
2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式和不定式。注意动词-ing形式作表语时意为“令人感到……的”, 而动词-ed形式作表语时意为“感到……的”。
※The aim of the festival is to increase awareness of Chinese culture and traditions.
※At first she was terrified,and then she pulled herself together.
※The radiation of nuclear bombing is terrifying.
【即时巩固】
1.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读A改编) ________(cycle) is the most economical,
sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks,
squares and countless lights.
2.(2023·全国乙卷阅读C改编) Even though Britain has a reputation for
less-than-impressive cuisine, it is __________(produce) more top class chefs
who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books
frequently top the best seller lists.
Cycling
producing
3.(2023·全国乙卷阅读C改编) According to a new study from market
analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that _________(watch) cookery programmes
on TV has encouraged them to try different food.
4.(2023·全国乙卷阅读B改编) _______(live) in Iowa and _______(try) to
become a photographer specializing in landscape (风景) can be quite a
challenge.
5.(2023·全国乙卷阅读B改编) ______(be) at the right place at the right
time is decisive in any style of photography.
watching
Living
trying
Being
三、非谓语动词作宾语
【自我检测】
1.This could prevent the fries from _______(get) wet and rotting away during
the 5-8 weeks’ journey across the Atlantic Ocean.
2.List all of the tasks that you need _____________(accomplish).
3.A 10-year-old boy, Vidyun R Hebbar, has won a prestigious (有声望的)
international wildlife photography competition for his shot of a spider’s
________(make) its web in the light of a passing tuk tuk.
getting
to accomplish
making
【要点集结】
1.只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词和短语: suggest、 imagine、 mind、 admit、 practice、 risk、 keep、 keep on、 avoid、 escape、 enjoy、 consider、 excuse、 finish、 miss、 insist on、 look forward to、 feel like、 get down to、 object to等。
2.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语:agree、 intend、 plan、 demand、 promise、 prepare、 decide、 refuse、 choose、 wish、 hope、 want、 expect、 fail、 pretend、 manage、 determine、 beg、 arrange、 threaten、 claim、 hesitate、 happen等。
3.既可跟动词-ing形式又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语: remember、 forget、 regret、 go on、 mean、 start、 begin、 try等。如:
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·湖北模拟)We want ___________(highlight) her great literary
achievements and contributions to the inheritance(继承) of Chinese literary
classics.
2.(2026·四川模拟)Zhang called for them to step back 1 meter from the
boundary instead of ________(back) them up, which moved the two families
so much that both did exactly that.
to highlight
backing
3.(2026·长郡中学模拟)Young enthusiasts are seeking ________(revive) and
modernize traditional Chinese art forms, combining innovation with heritage
to appeal to a new generation.
4.(2026·长郡中学模拟)“I hope to promote the development of traditional
culture and contribute to our national art ________________(understand) by
children, who will therefore develop genuine cultural confidence,” she said.
to revive
being understood
四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
【自我检测】
1.FRBs mostly only appear once, which makes them very hard ________ (track).
2.A passing tuk tuk provided the colorful backdrop to set off the spider’s web,
a network of tangled threads that formed a dome and made it difficult for prey
(猎物) _________(escape).
3.Saihanba’s success has allowed this “miracle on earth” ___________ (copy)
across the country.
to track
to be copied
to escape
【要点集结】
1.“五看二听一感觉”的感官动词和短语(see、 watch、 observe、 notice、 look at、 hear、 listen to、 feel)后面的宾语补足语有三种常见的非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中to还原),doing表主动或正在进行,done表被动或完成。
※I heard her singing an English song when I passed by.
※I didn’t notice him get on the same bus.
2.动词let、 make、 have、 get、 leave、 keep、 find后接非谓语动词形式作宾语补足语。
※The teacher had us make up conversations during classes.
※The teacher got the students to look up all the words they didn’t know.
3.固定短语,如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb.to do sth.等。
※The police examined the cars and allowed them to go ahead.
4.with/without复合结构常用形式:
※With all the work finished, they went out to play.
※With the teacher standing beside, she felt a bit uneasy.
※I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·四川模拟)Nowadays, Liuchi Alley stands as a model of harmonious
and respectful neighbor relations in China, inspiring people __________
(address)problems properly and foster a harmonious social environment.
2.(2026·高州模拟)One day, while drawing a picture, Lei noticed someone
________(stand) behind her.
3.(2026·衡水模拟)All the women in the small fishing village of Xunpu in
Quanzhou, Fujian Province,where Huang Rongbing was born and grew up, had
long hair like his mother.They usually had it _________(decorate) with flowers.
to address
standing
decorated
五、非谓语动词作定语
【自我检测】
1.A recent study, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
shows that people choose to humblebrag as an attempt __________(impress)
others.
2.“Dragon Boat Racing” is also a classical dance drama ______(base) on
several Guangdong musicians.
3.The Great Wall is a place steeped in history and has much _______ (offer) you.
to impress
based
to offer
【要点集结】
考点1 动词不定式作定语
1.动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后, 与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
※He was the last one to leave school yesterday.(主谓关系)
※She has a lot of work to do in the morning.(动宾关系)
【点津】动词不定式既可用主动形式也可用被动形式,但其含义有所不同。试比较:
※Do you have anything to buy (动作的执行者是“你”)
※Do you have anything to be bought (动作的执行者是“我”或“别人”)
2.当名词或代词被序数词、形容词最高级、the last、 the only等修饰,且非谓语动词与其逻辑主语为主谓关系时,常用动词不定式作定语。
※The best place to catch fish on a canal is close to the lock.
3.当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时,常用不定式作后置定语,且不定式常用主动形式。常见的此类名词有ability、 chance、 idea、 attempt、 plan、 way、 opportunity等。
※We should develop the students’ ability to solve problems.
【点津】在作定语的动词不定式中,如果其中的动词是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词。但是如果被不定式修饰的名词为place、 time、 way等,不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省去。
※Would you please give me some paper to write on
※The shopping mall is a good place to go.
考点2 动词-ing形式作定语
当动词与被修饰的名词之间为主谓关系或用来表示被修饰的名词的用途时, 用动词-ing形式。
※The child standing over there is my brother.
【点津】当被修饰的名词与修饰词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时, 用动词-ing形式的被动语态作定语, 表示该动作的被动和进行。
※The house being built over there will be our new library.
考点3 动词-ed形式作定语
动词-ed形式作定语,分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
※The book written by him is very popular.
【点津】作定语的非谓语动词的分词形式为doing和done。doing表示正在进行; done表示已经完成。
※boiling water正在沸腾的水
boiled water开水
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·河北模拟)The words “Jin” carved in the bird zun are the earliest
known _______(write) examples of the character.
2.(2026·湖北模拟)The festival, _______(host) by the Ministry of Culture and
Tourism and organized by Shanghai since 1999, runs from Oct.18 to Nov.17.
written
hosted
3.(2026·西南名校联盟模拟)Each summer, during the sweltering(酷热的)
“Dog Days”, tourists at home and abroad will surely find this city(Guiyang)
an ideal summer resort _________(shelter) from “boiling” air waves,
exclaiming with relief, “How pleasantly cool it is here in Guiyang!”
4.(2026·常德模拟)Chinese sci-fi writer, Wu Yan, is among those __________
(welcome) this trend.
to shelter
welcoming
六、非谓语动词作状语
【自我检测】
1.___________ (integrate) boxing with dance, the musical drama “Mission Must
Be Reached” mixes Lingnan-style music with rock & roll, pop music and rap.
2.As it swims, its muscles move, _________(result) in reflections of many colors.
3.We plan to move it out of the dry dock in June ___________(continue) the
fitting process.
Integrating
resulting
to continue
【要点集结】
考点1 动词不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等
1.作目的状语, 有时用in order to或so as to,但so as to不用于句首。
※To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens start to use smart phones.
※In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work.
2.作结果状语,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,常用结构enough to、 so/such...as to、 too...to...、 only to等。
※You’re old enough to travel on the train by yourself.
※He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.
3.作原因状语, 此时常与表示情感的形容词连用, 如glad, happy, frightened, surprised等。
※He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in perfect order.
【点津】动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词(easy、 hard、 difficult、 pleasant、 good、 fit、 comfortable等)后面作状语,构成“主语+be动词+形容词+不定式”结构,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
※The materials are soft and comfortable to wear.
考点2 动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式作状语, 常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
※We hear of women who run away, leaving behind their homes and families.
※(2020·天津高考) The dancer’s incredible performance had the audience on its feet clapping for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
【点津】动词不定式作结果状语时, 常表示意想不到的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时, 常表示自然而然的结果。
※He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
※His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
考点3 动词-ed形式作状语
1.动词-ed形式作状语, 分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
※(2020·江苏高考) Technological innovations, combined with good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
2.某些动词-ed形式已经形容词化, 且往往用于一些系表结构中, 此时这些动词-ed形式既不表示被动, 也不表示完成, 而表示一种状态, 如lost(迷路的)、 seated(坐着的)、 hidden(隐藏的)、 lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、 dressed in(穿着……的)、 tired of(对……感到厌倦的)等。
※He hid his face in his hands again, lost in his own thoughts.
※He was a big man in his forties, smartly dressed in a suit and tie.
【点津】有部分分词或不定式短语作状语,其动词形式的选择不受上下文的影响,这种结构称为独立成分。常用的有considering... (鉴于,考虑到)、generally speaking(总的来说)、judging by/from...(从……来看,依据……来判断)、supposing that... (假定……)、providing that... (假定……)、given that...(鉴于,由于……)。
考点4 独立主格结构
1.独立主格结构的特点。
(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
(2)独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
(3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
2.独立主格结构的构成。
名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。
※Every morning the old man walks in the park, his pet dog following him along(=and his pet dog follows him along).
※She stood there, her eyes looking upward into the sky and her hands crossed on her breast.
【即时巩固】
1.(2026·河北模拟)The zun’s underside and cap are carved with the phrase
“treasure made by the Marquis(侯爵) of Jin for respecting heaven”,
__________(identify) its connection to the Jin State’s early rulers.
2.(2026·河北模拟)In addition to treating their pets to special meals at
restaurants, many owners also purchase gift boxes ___________(celebrate)
the New Year with their furry companions.
identifying
to celebrate
3.(2026·广东模拟)With so many strings, his zither creates complicated
tones, __________(suggest) the sorrow and depression the poet feels.
4.(2026·南京模拟)_______(back) by the local government with a grant of
1.5 million yuan, the village café is expected to support China’s rural
revival efforts.
suggesting
Backed
解题小贴士 语法填空题非谓语动词考法
1.三种非谓语动词作状语的基本区别。
(1)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系, 且表示正在进行, 要想到用现在分词形式(doing)。
(2)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系, 且表示完成, 要想到用过去分词形式(done)。
(3)若非谓语动词表示将来的动作, 作状语表示目的, 在喜怒哀乐的形容词后作原因或意料之外的结果等, 要想到用不定式形式(to do)。
2.掌握非谓语动词的句型公式。
It’s+形容词+(for/of sb.+) to do sth.; It’s no good/use/pleasure doing sth.; find/think/believe/consider+it+adj.+to do sth.。
3.牢记用动名词或不定式作宾语的动词。
4.巧辨谓语动词和非谓语动词。
(1)一个句子无论是主句还是从句, 必须要有谓语, 一般空格所在的句子中无其他动词, 则填谓语动词。谓语动词要考虑时态、语态、主谓一致等。
(2)若句中找到了谓语动词, 而又找不到连词(并列连词或从句连词)时, 则所给动词一定用作非谓语动词。非谓语动词需要确定是-ing 形式、过去分词形式还是不定式形式。
(3)动词-ed形式作表语, 主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态, 含有被动的意思; 而动词-ing形式作表语,多表示主语具有的特征, 含有主动的意思。
【链接写作】
　　运用非谓语动词对简单句和复杂句进行恰当转换,不仅显得句式多样,句子活泼,而且可使表达更简洁、更高级。非谓语动词在写作中的形式主要有doing、done、having done和with的复合结构,其作状语时,主要表示原因、结果或伴随状态。如2023年浙江高考1月读后续写:
I turned around to see the same hummingbird.
我转过身来看到了同一只蜂鸟。
→I turned around to see the same hummingbird hovering in the air.
我转过身来,看到同一只蜂鸟在空中盘旋。
Step 2　语法精练·体验高考素养落实
Ⅰ.高考单句语法填空
1.(2025·全国Ⅰ卷)We hope __________(present) the rather abstract Go game
and AI in a visual context, and initiate dialogues with minimalist art,
conceptual art and expressionism.
2.(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used
clotheslines to dry clothing,denying me the chance __________(discover)
one of the great wonders of sunshine—the sweet “sunshine scent” after
sunning clothes for an entire day.
to present
to discover
3.(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)If you’ve never experienced the “sunshine scent” from
a sheet or shirt ____(leave) to sun for a day, well, you’re missing out on one
of life’s wonders.
4.(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, ________
(inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, _________ (build) at the Firs Garden, just
ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
5.(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s
international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through
the Birthplace Garden were often amazed _______ (find) the connection
between the two great writers.
left
inspired
was built
to find
6.(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) __________(recall) watching a Chinese opera version of
Shakespeare’s play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who
came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion,
Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see
how Tang’s play was being performed.”
7.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) To eat one, you have to decide whether ______ (bite) a
small hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the
whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
Recalling
to bite
8.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin,
allowing them __________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or
spilling any of their contents.
9.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) No matter where I buy them, one steamer is rarely enough,
yet two seems greedy, so I am always left ________(want) more next time.
10.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They talk to the flood of international tourists and to
________(visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas,
which are on loan from China.
to be lifted
wanting
visiting
11.(2023·全国甲卷) For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言)
________(teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
12.(2023·全国甲卷) Her fable begins, ___________(borrow) some familiar
words from many age-old fables.
13.(2023·全国甲卷) Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message
_________(intend) for everyone.
to teach
borrowing
intended
14.(2023·全国乙卷) _____________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years,
I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to
keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
15.(2023·全国乙卷) As a photographer, I have spent the last two years
__________(record)everything I discovered.
16.(2023·浙江1月高考) In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City,
____________(surround) in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and
Outer City.Citizens of higher social classes were permitted to live closer to the
center of the circles.
Having visited
recording
surrounded
17.(2022·新高考I卷) The plan will extend protection to a significant number of
areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected
areas for giant pandas under one authority __________ (increase) effectiveness
and reduce inconsistencies in management.
18.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor
apartment balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a
1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the _______(fall) child.
to increase
falling
19.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing
outside.He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up ______(see) them.
20.(2022·全国甲卷) A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked
(徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step __________(journey) the Belt and
Road route (路线) by foot.
21.(2022·全国甲卷) Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International
Cooperation _____(hold) in Beijing,Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as
a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
to see
to journey
held
22.(2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on
Sept.20, _________(plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
23.(2022·全国乙卷) _____________(strengthen) the connection with young
people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social
media, ________(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world
to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
planning
To strengthen
inviting
24.(2022·北京高考) Fearful that he might have an intention ________ (harm)
her, Helen started to run.
25.(2022·北京高考) One theory, increasingly __________(support) by
experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned.
to harm
supported
Ⅱ.语篇语法填空
Good afternoon, my dear friends,
My name is Li Jin.Today I am very glad 1._______ (have) the chance 2._______(run) for the vice president of the English Club.Concerning the position, I feel qualified 3._______ (take) the job.First, I have gained a lot of experience and received wide praise from my classmates for my job as a monitor.Second, I am a warm-hearted boy and always ready to help others.Third, I am good at 4._______(organize) activities and have held a number of English corners and discussions.
5._______(look) into the future, I will try my best 6._______(assist) the president and serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough 7._______(elect) the vice president.My plan is as follows: on the one hand, I will organize some campus activities, like “English Evening”, a platform where students can show their English.In this process, we can still learn from each other.
And I will invite some famous professors 8._______ (give) lectures for us students so that we can acquire a lot of knowledge.On the other hand, I will organize more activities 9._______(enhance) the inter-school communication.We can compete with students from other universities in debate contests or speech contests.Moreover, I will open more channels for you 10._______(voice) your opinions and need.
I sincerely hope you will give me a chance, and please believe me that I will be a good vice president.
Thank you.
【文章大意】本文是李津的一篇竞选英语俱乐部副主席的演讲稿。
1.【解析】to have。be glad to do sth.意为“很高兴做某事”。
2.【解析】to run。the chance to do sth.意为“做某事的机会”,to do sth.是后置定语。
3.【解析】to take。feel qualified to do sth.意为“觉得有资格、有能力做某事”。
4.【解析】organizing。be good at doing sth.意为“擅长做某事”。
5.【解析】Looking。句子的谓语为逗号后面的will try,故此空为现在分词作状语。
6.【解析】to assist。try one’s best to do sth.意为“尽某人最大的努力做某事”。
7.【解析】to be elected。be+adj.+ enough to do sth.意为“足够……去做某事”。其中不定式作结果状语,又因为主语I与动词elect之间是被动关系,故用不定式的被动形式。
8.【解析】to give。invite sb.to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事”。
9.【解析】to enhance。此处为不定式作目的状语。
10.【解析】to voice。channels for sb.to do sth.意为“让某人做某事的渠道”。

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