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中考语法模块1-名代词
一、词类、句子成分
（一）词类
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词 (n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange。
2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it。
3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange。
4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth。
5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is, are, have, see。
6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, slowly。
7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the。
8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind。
9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before。
10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello。
（二）句子成分
英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：
如I’m Miss Green. (我是格林小姐。)
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：
如Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间。)
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：
如My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍。)
4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：
如He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词。)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信。)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。
如He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信。)
5、定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
如Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市。)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。如：
如He works hard .(他工作努力。)
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当。如：
如They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁。)
He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课。)
The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语。)
同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面，进一步说明它的情况。如：
如Where is your classmate Tom (你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
二、名词
（一）英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)。
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。
如：the Great Wall(长城)。
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),
如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。
如：pupil, family, man, foot。
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,
如：box, child, orange。
不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。
如：water, news, oil, population, information。
（二）名词的数
英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
①在单数名词词尾加s。
如：map → maps, boy→ boys, horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es。
如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注] 一些以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。
如：photo→photos, piano→pianos。
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。
如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties。
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。
如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives。
不规则变化。
如：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth,
fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese。
[注] 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。
如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper,
a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk。
（三）名词所有格
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。
如：Children's Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)。
以s或es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加’。
如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)。
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s。 如：today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息), China’s population(中国的人口)。
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿)。
2、[注]
① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,
如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)。
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,
如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)。
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,
如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)。
（四）名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题
1、谓语和主语基本保持单复数的一致，即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式：
如The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明。)
The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷。)
谓语单数：
1、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数，
如The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋。)
2、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。
如Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间。)
Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.(两千千米是相当长的一段距离。)
谓语复数：
1、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
如The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买。)
2、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。
如Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来。)
根据名词本身含义决定
1、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,
如Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班。)
如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：
如Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图。)
2、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。
如There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊。)
There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊。)
但是, population一词又有特殊情况：
如What’s the population of China (中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)
Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs.(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人。)(句子用复数)
三、代词
（一）代词的分类
英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、反身代词等等。
（二）人称代词
人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
男性 女性 中性
主 格 I (我) you (你) he (他) she (她) it (它) we (我们) you (你们) they (他们,她们,它们)
宾 格 me (我) you (你) him (他) her (她) it (它) us (我们) you (你们) them (他们,她们,它们)
1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如：
如I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物。)
Are they from Brazil (他们是巴西人吗？)
Where have they gone (他们上哪儿去了？)
That’s it.(就那么回事。)
2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：
如Who teaches you English this year (今年谁教你们的英语？)
Help me!(救救我！)
We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信。)
3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：
如—Who is it (是谁？) —It’s I/me.(是我。)
4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如：
如Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班。)
—Who will go there (谁要去那儿？)—You and me.(你和我。)
5、人称代词it除可以指人、物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等，此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：
如—What’s the weather like today (今天天气怎样？)—It’s fine.(天气晴好。)
—What’s the time (几点啦？) —It’s 12：00.(12点。)
It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路。)
It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间。)
It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空。)
We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的。)
（三）物主代词
说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复 数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
男性 女性 中性
形容 词性 my (我的) your (你的) his (他的) her (她的) its (它的) our (我们的) your (你们的) their (他们的,她们的,它们的)
名词 性 mine (我的) yours (你的) his (他的) hers (她的) its (它的) ours (我们的) yours (你们的) theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)
1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：
如Is that your umbrella (那是你的伞吗？)
I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨。)
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：
如This is your cup,but where is mine (这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？)
Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小。)
3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：
如A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了。) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)
My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了。)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)
中考模块2-特殊代词
1. each, either, neither, both, all, none
a.单独做主语/+of做主语，谓语：each, either, neither(单)；both, all(原型)；none（单/原）。
如Each has a dictionary. 每人都有一本字典。
I wrote to John and Henry, but neither has replied. 我给约翰和亨利都写了信，但没一个人回信。
Both our countries belong to the third world. 我们两个国家都属于第三世界。
Each of them helps the other. 他们每个人都互相帮助。
Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard. 他们两人身体都不好，但他们都努力工作。
All of his children are workers. 他所有的孩子都是工人。
None of those buses goes/go to Huangshan. 那些公共汽车没有一辆去黄山。
b. each, either, neither +n.单
如Each pupil has found his own personal road to success. 每位学生都可找到通向成功的道路。
Either way is all right. 两种方法任意一个都行。
Neither answer is correct. 没有一个答案是正确的。
c. 重点短语
either...or...
neither...nor...
both...and...
复合不定代词
有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人)。
做主语，谓语：单。
如Everyone knows this, doesn’t he [don’t they] 人人都知道这一点，不是吗
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来，让他等着。
adj.（形容词）修饰，放其后。
如I have something important to tell you.
Do you hear anything special
some-的不定代词一般用于肯定句，any-用于否定句、疑问句。但是表示建议、请求、希望得到对方肯定回答，即便疑问句也用some-的不定代词。
如Would you like something to eat
Why not buy something to drink
例:--- Is ________ here --- No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
anybody B. somebody C. everybody D. nobody
There’s ________in the newspaper. You should read it.
important something B. something boring
C. boring something D. something important
3. each & every
each≧2；与of短语连用； each side of the road
every≧3；不可与of短语连用； every side of the square
例：There are a lot of colorful flowers on ______ sides of the street.
A. each B. both C. either D. all
4.相互代词
each other ,one another是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。
each other表示两者之间,而one another表示许多人之间。
如We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。)
They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)
5. one, ones, that, it
1）it指上文提到过的事物（特定）。（可数&不可数）
2）one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个（不特定），如果是复数则用ones。
3）that常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，避免重复.（可数&不可数）
4）one和it都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词。one代替这类东西的任何一个，it代替前面所指的特写东西。
如I have a ticket for tonight’s concert. Do you have one 我有张今晚音乐会的票。
I don’t want the big apple. I want a small one. 我不想要那个在苹果。我要一个小的。
One should believe in oneself. 一个人要相信自己。
I want a knife to sharpen my pencil. Would you please lend me one 我想用刀来削铅笔。请借给我一把好吗
You’ve used my knife for ages. Return it to me.你用我的刀好长时间了，请还给我吧。
例：--- Why don’t we take a little break --- Didn’t we just have________
A. it B. that C. one D. this
There is only an English-Chinese dictionary in that book-shop. I wonder if you still want to buy__.
A. it B. one C. another D. any
--- Have you got any books on music I want to borrow __.
--- Yes. You can find them on the top shelf of the second bookcase.
A. it B. any C. one D. them
6. none & nobody & no one
none: ≧3；人和物；与of短语连用；多回答How many/much提问的疑问句；
no one = nobody: 人；不与of短语连用；多回答who提问的疑问句；
nothing: 物；不与of短语连用；多回答what提问的疑问句
例：--- Who has been to Hawaii --- _______ has.
A. No one B. I C. All of us D. None
例：--- How many students are there in the classroom --- _______.
A. Nobody B. No one C. None D. Neither
7. other, others, the other, the others, another.
词语 词性 含义 是否特指 后面加名词 例句关键词
other 形容词 其他的 否（泛指） 必须加名词 other books
others 代词 其他的人/物 否（泛指） 不能加名词 some..., others...
the other 形容词/代词 另一个 / 剩下的（特定） 是（特指） 可加可不加 the other hand / the other book
the others 代词 剩余全部的人/物（特定） 是（特指） 不能加名词 two of them..., the others...
another 形容词/代词 另一个（再一个） 否（泛指） 加单数名词 another day
如Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话。)
You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one (你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？)
I want another four books.(我还要四本书)
例：There is a flower shop on _____ side of the street. Let’s go and buy some flowers
A) another B) the other C) both D) others
There are only two students in the classroom. ____ have gone to the playground.
A) The other B) The others C) Another D) Others
I have got six colour pens. One is red, another is blue and ___ four are all green.
A) other B) the others C) others D) the other
It was a terrible accident. One passenger was killed, and ____ was badly hurt.
A. the others B. the other C. others D. the rest
If you want to change for a double room,you’ll have to pay________＄15.
another B. other C. more D. each
a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great many, a number of( large numbers of), a great deal of (a great amount of) “名词+介词”短语都表示“大量，许多”
a.既可以修饰不可名，也可以修饰可名复：
a lot of(或lots of)
plenty of
a great/good many
如He got a lot of(lots of)homework(things)to do after school.
Don't hurry. We still have plenty of time.
There are plenty of such persons in our school.
They raised a great many(a good many)proposals at the meeting.
B.只可以修饰可名复：
a number of / large numbers of
如A large number of high-tec products have (has) been made in that factory(那个工厂生产了许多高科技产品）
C.只可以修饰不可名：
a great deal of
如I spent a great deal of my time on this work.我在这项工作上花了不少时间.
例：I like ______ very much. My mother usually cooks it in different ways.
A) potatoes B) tomatoes C) fish D) noodles
It is reported that _______ schools are improving their IT environment.
A.a great many B.a great deal C.a great amount of
10.反身代词
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
男性 女性 中性
myself (我自己) yourself (你自己) himself (他自己) herself (她自己) itself (它自己) ourselves (我们自己) yourselves (你们自己) themselves (他们/她们/它们自己)
【用法】
a.可用作宾语，指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些的人或事物。
如：Maria bought herself a scarf. We must look after ourselves very well.
b.可用作主语或宾语的同位语，常用来加强语气。
如：She herself will fly to London tomorrow. I met the writer himself last week.
c.反身代词不能单独做主语，但可以做主语的同位语，起强调作用。
如：我自己能完成作业。
（误）Myself can finish my homework.
（正）I myself can finish my homework. / I can finish my homework myself.
d.反身代词表示“某人自己”不能表示“某人的东西”，因为它没有所有格的形式。表达“某人自己的（东西）”时，须要用one’s own.
如：我用我自己的蜡笔画画。
（误）I’m drawing with myself crayons. （正) I’m drawing with my own crayons.
e.用在某些固定短语当中。
1)by oneself 独自地; 单独地
2)dress oneself 穿衣，打扮
3)look after oneself=take care of oneself
4)speak to oneself 自言自语
5)teach oneself sth.自学=learn sth. by oneself
6)help oneself to sth随便吃喝
7)come to oneself 苏醒过来; 醒悟过来; 恢复理性
8)for oneself 为自己; 代表自己; 独力地; 亲自地
9)depend on oneself依靠某人自己
10)hurt oneself伤害某人自己
11. few, a few, little, a little.
可作名词或形容词性使用，在句中可作主语，表语，宾语或定语，表示“少量，不多”的意思。
词语 修饰名词 含义 感彩
few 可数名词复数 很少，几乎没有 否定（几乎没）
a few 可数名词复数 有几个，有一些 肯定（有，但不多）
little 不可数名词 很少，几乎没有 否定（几乎没）
a little 不可数名词 有一点 肯定（有，但不多）
如Of my friends few live in the USA. 我的朋友当中几乎没人住在美国。
You are many, they are few. 你们人多，他们人少。
That’s too little. 那太少了。
There are few mistakes in the composition. 作文中几乎没有错误。
There are a few mistakes. 有一些错误。
Hurry up! We’ve little time to waste. 时间不多了。
例：What a pity that Tina has made ___ mistakes in the English test.
A) just little B) quite a few C) few D) a little
★ 在与only, still连用时用肯定形式，即a few, a little.
例：--- How much time do we have -- Only __.
A. a few B. little C. a little D. a lot
中考模块1、2习题-名代词
【语法填空】
【2026华益二模】Sports have a long history in China. Traditional Chinese sports like tai chi, kung fu and dragon boat racing are not only popular in China but also get more and more ____26____ (fan) all over the world.
【2026一中九下期中】Because of this special quality, when saying goodbye to loved ones, people gave ____48____ (they) a willow branch.
【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】The princesses, such as Snow White, Cinderella, and Belle, have taught us about love, ____28____ (kind) and the power of inner beauty.
【2025麓山国际二模】The ____33____ (open) ceremony (仪式) was set to take place outside the church, but bad weather forced it to be moved inside.
【2025麓山国际二模】Notre Dame is an 862-year-old church (教堂) inParis. It has played an important role in ____26____ (France) history for hundreds of years. In the past, it was the church where the country’s kings and queens were married or buried (安葬).
【2025立信二模】“But I can’t,” Les refused again. “I’m educable mentally handicapped.” The rest of the class broke into 51. _______ (laugh).
【2025明德九下期中】They sang for 51. _______ (they) supper and slept anywhere they could find, in woods, fields, and sometimes houses.
【2025附中博才期中】The boy is responsible for controlling the ____29____ (direct) of the dragon boat, so he must have a good understanding of the water conditions.
【2025长郡一模】At times, students may feel rather stressed. In such situations, it’s important to take a deep 　(breathe) and stay calm.
【2025立信九下月考】Everyone knows that pesticides(农药) can lead to the land 　 　
　 　 (pollute), and they are bad for our health.
【2025立信九下月考】Subash plans to improve _______ (he) tool and hopes to get it to market by the time he starts college.
【2025长雅九下月考】However，Muniba refused to let her　 　 （disable） get in the way of her life.
【2024雅礼九上期末】I carried out a simple experiment (实验) to discover why there were 　
　 　 (difference) in their ability to find chances.
【2024长郡九上期末】 The average piece of clothing is only worn 10 　 　
(time) before it is thrown away.
【2024南雅九下入学考】“We check to see what is in the feces(排泄物) and what color it is. For example, if it is green, it means the panda has been eating bamboo 　 　 (leaf),” she said.
【2024中雅九下月考1】Chinese clothing companies have got a lot of 　 　
(order) for it from abroad.
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】As Kondo herself told The Washington Post, it is not to cut down on your things or declutter your space, but “to learn to make meaningful 　 (choose) and find thankfulness in everyday life.”
【2024雅礼九下月考1】He soon learned that Chinese and European 　 (language) were very different.中考语法模块1-名代词
一、词类、句子成分
（一）词类
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词 (n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange。
2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it。
3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange。
4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth。
5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is, are, have, see。
6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, slowly。
7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the。
8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind。
9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before。
10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello。
（二）句子成分
英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：
如I’m Miss Green. (我是格林小姐。)
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：
如Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间。)
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：
如My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍。)
4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：
如He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词。)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信。)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。
如He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信。)
5、定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
如Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市。)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。如：
如He works hard .(他工作努力。)
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当。如：
如They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁。)
He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课。)
The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语。)
同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面，进一步说明它的情况。如：
如Where is your classmate Tom (你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
二、名词
（一）英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)。
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。
如：the Great Wall(长城)。
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),
如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。
如：pupil, family, man, foot。
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,
如：box, child, orange。
不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。
如：water, news, oil, population, information。
（二）名词的数
英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
①在单数名词词尾加s。
如：map → maps, boy→ boys, horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es。
如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注] 一些以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。
如：photo→photos, piano→pianos。
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。
如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties。
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。
如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives。
不规则变化。
如：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth,
fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese。
[注] 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。
如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper,
a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk。
（三）名词所有格
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。
如：Children's Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)。
以s或es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加’。
如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)。
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s。 如：today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息), China’s population(中国的人口)。
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿)。
2、[注]
① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,
如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)。
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,
如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)。
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,
如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)。
（四）名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题
1、谓语和主语基本保持单复数的一致，即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式：
如The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明。)
The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷。)
谓语单数：
1、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数，
如The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋。)
2、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。
如Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间。)
Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.(两千千米是相当长的一段距离。)
谓语复数：
1、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
如The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买。)
2、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。
如Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来。)
根据名词本身含义决定
1、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,
如Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班。)
如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：
如Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图。)
2、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。
如There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊。)
There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊。)
但是, population一词又有特殊情况：
如What’s the population of China (中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)
Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs.(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人。)(句子用复数)
三、代词
（一）代词的分类
英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、反身代词等等。
（二）人称代词
人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
男性 女性 中性
主 格 I (我) you (你) he (他) she (她) it (它) we (我们) you (你们) they (他们,她们,它们)
宾 格 me (我) you (你) him (他) her (她) it (它) us (我们) you (你们) them (他们,她们,它们)
1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如：
如I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物。)
Are they from Brazil (他们是巴西人吗？)
Where have they gone (他们上哪儿去了？)
That’s it.(就那么回事。)
2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：
如Who teaches you English this year (今年谁教你们的英语？)
Help me!(救救我！)
We often write letters to her.(我们常给她写信。)
3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：
如—Who is it (是谁？) —It’s I/me.(是我。)
4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如：
如Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班。)
—Who will go there (谁要去那儿？)—You and me.(你和我。)
5、人称代词it除可以指人、物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等，此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：
如—What’s the weather like today (今天天气怎样？)—It’s fine.(天气晴好。)
—What’s the time (几点啦？) —It’s 12：00.(12点。)
It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路。)
It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间。)
It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空。)
We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的。)
（三）物主代词
说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复 数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
男性 女性 中性
形容 词性 my (我的) your (你的) his (他的) her (她的) its (它的) our (我们的) your (你们的) their (他们的,她们的,它们的)
名词 性 mine (我的) yours (你的) his (他的) hers (她的) its (它的) ours (我们的) yours (你们的) theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)
1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：
如Is that your umbrella (那是你的伞吗？)
I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨。)
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：
如This is your cup,but where is mine (这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？)
Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小。)
3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：
如A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了。) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)
My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了。)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)
中考模块2-特殊代词
1. each, either, neither, both, all, none
a.单独做主语/+of做主语，谓语：each, either, neither(单)；both, all(原型)；none（单/原）。
如Each has a dictionary. 每人都有一本字典。
I wrote to John and Henry, but neither has replied. 我给约翰和亨利都写了信，但没一个人回信。
Both our countries belong to the third world. 我们两个国家都属于第三世界。
Each of them helps the other. 他们每个人都互相帮助。
Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard. 他们两人身体都不好，但他们都努力工作。
All of his children are workers. 他所有的孩子都是工人。
None of those buses goes/go to Huangshan. 那些公共汽车没有一辆去黄山。
b. each, either, neither +n.单
如Each pupil has found his own personal road to success. 每位学生都可找到通向成功的道路。
Either way is all right. 两种方法任意一个都行。
Neither answer is correct. 没有一个答案是正确的。
c. 重点短语
either...or...
neither...nor...
both...and...
复合不定代词
有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人)。
做主语，谓语：单。
如Everyone knows this, doesn’t he [don’t they] 人人都知道这一点，不是吗
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来，让他等着。
adj.（形容词）修饰，放其后。
如I have something important to tell you.
Do you hear anything special
some-的不定代词一般用于肯定句，any-用于否定句、疑问句。但是表示建议、请求、希望得到对方肯定回答，即便疑问句也用some-的不定代词。
如Would you like something to eat
Why not buy something to drink
例:--- Is ________ here --- No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
anybody B. somebody C. everybody D. nobody
There’s ________in the newspaper. You should read it.
important something B. something boring
C. boring something D. something important
3. each & every
each≧2；与of短语连用； each side of the road
every≧3；不可与of短语连用； every side of the square
例：There are a lot of colorful flowers on ______ sides of the street.
A. each B. both C. either D. all
4.相互代词
each other ,one another是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。
each other表示两者之间,而one another表示许多人之间。
如We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。)
They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)
5. one, ones, that, it
1）it指上文提到过的事物（特定）。（可数&不可数）
2）one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个（不特定），如果是复数则用ones。
3）that常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，避免重复.（可数&不可数）
4）one和it都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词。one代替这类东西的任何一个，it代替前面所指的特写东西。
如I have a ticket for tonight’s concert. Do you have one 我有张今晚音乐会的票。
I don’t want the big apple. I want a small one. 我不想要那个在苹果。我要一个小的。
One should believe in oneself. 一个人要相信自己。
I want a knife to sharpen my pencil. Would you please lend me one 我想用刀来削铅笔。请借给我一把好吗
You’ve used my knife for ages. Return it to me.你用我的刀好长时间了，请还给我吧。
例：--- Why don’t we take a little break --- Didn’t we just have________
A. it B. that C. one D. this
There is only an English-Chinese dictionary in that book-shop. I wonder if you still want to buy__.
A. it B. one C. another D. any
--- Have you got any books on music I want to borrow __.
--- Yes. You can find them on the top shelf of the second bookcase.
A. it B. any C. one D. them
6. none & nobody & no one
none: ≧3；人和物；与of短语连用；多回答How many/much提问的疑问句；
no one = nobody: 人；不与of短语连用；多回答who提问的疑问句；
nothing: 物；不与of短语连用；多回答what提问的疑问句
例：--- Who has been to Hawaii --- _______ has.
A. No one B. I C. All of us D. None
例：--- How many students are there in the classroom --- _______.
A. Nobody B. No one C. None D. Neither
7. other, others, the other, the others, another.
词语 词性 含义 是否特指 后面加名词 例句关键词
other 形容词 其他的 否（泛指） 必须加名词 other books
others 代词 其他的人/物 否（泛指） 不能加名词 some..., others...
the other 形容词/代词 另一个 / 剩下的（特定） 是（特指） 可加可不加 the other hand / the other book
the others 代词 剩余全部的人/物（特定） 是（特指） 不能加名词 two of them..., the others...
another 形容词/代词 另一个（再一个） 否（泛指） 加单数名词 another day
如Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话。)
You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one (你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？)
I want another four books.(我还要四本书)
例：There is a flower shop on _____ side of the street. Let’s go and buy some flowers
A) another B) the other C) both D) others
There are only two students in the classroom. ____ have gone to the playground.
A) The other B) The others C) Another D) Others
I have got six colour pens. One is red, another is blue and ___ four are all green.
A) other B) the others C) others D) the other
It was a terrible accident. One passenger was killed, and ____ was badly hurt.
A. the others B. the other C. others D. the rest
If you want to change for a double room,you’ll have to pay________＄15.
another B. other C. more D. each
a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great many, a number of( large numbers of), a great deal of (a great amount of) “名词+介词”短语都表示“大量，许多”
a.既可以修饰不可名，也可以修饰可名复：
a lot of(或lots of)
plenty of
a great/good many
如He got a lot of(lots of)homework(things)to do after school.
Don't hurry. We still have plenty of time.
There are plenty of such persons in our school.
They raised a great many(a good many)proposals at the meeting.
B.只可以修饰可名复：
a number of / large numbers of
如A large number of high-tec products have (has) been made in that factory(那个工厂生产了许多高科技产品）
C.只可以修饰不可名：
a great deal of
如I spent a great deal of my time on this work.我在这项工作上花了不少时间.
例：I like ______ very much. My mother usually cooks it in different ways.
A) potatoes B) tomatoes C) fish D) noodles
It is reported that _______ schools are improving their IT environment.
A.a great many B.a great deal C.a great amount of
10.反身代词
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
男性 女性 中性
myself (我自己) yourself (你自己) himself (他自己) herself (她自己) itself (它自己) ourselves (我们自己) yourselves (你们自己) themselves (他们/她们/它们自己)
【用法】
a.可用作宾语，指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些的人或事物。
如：Maria bought herself a scarf. We must look after ourselves very well.
b.可用作主语或宾语的同位语，常用来加强语气。
如：She herself will fly to London tomorrow. I met the writer himself last week.
c.反身代词不能单独做主语，但可以做主语的同位语，起强调作用。
如：我自己能完成作业。
（误）Myself can finish my homework.
（正）I myself can finish my homework. / I can finish my homework myself.
d.反身代词表示“某人自己”不能表示“某人的东西”，因为它没有所有格的形式。表达“某人自己的（东西）”时，须要用one’s own.
如：我用我自己的蜡笔画画。
（误）I’m drawing with myself crayons. （正) I’m drawing with my own crayons.
e.用在某些固定短语当中。
1)by oneself 独自地; 单独地
2)dress oneself 穿衣，打扮
3)look after oneself=take care of oneself
4)speak to oneself 自言自语
5)teach oneself sth.自学=learn sth. by oneself
6)help oneself to sth随便吃喝
7)come to oneself 苏醒过来; 醒悟过来; 恢复理性
8)for oneself 为自己; 代表自己; 独力地; 亲自地
9)depend on oneself依靠某人自己
10)hurt oneself伤害某人自己
11. few, a few, little, a little.
可作名词或形容词性使用，在句中可作主语，表语，宾语或定语，表示“少量，不多”的意思。
词语 修饰名词 含义 感彩
few 可数名词复数 很少，几乎没有 否定（几乎没）
a few 可数名词复数 有几个，有一些 肯定（有，但不多）
little 不可数名词 很少，几乎没有 否定（几乎没）
a little 不可数名词 有一点 肯定（有，但不多）
如Of my friends few live in the USA. 我的朋友当中几乎没人住在美国。
You are many, they are few. 你们人多，他们人少。
That’s too little. 那太少了。
There are few mistakes in the composition. 作文中几乎没有错误。
There are a few mistakes. 有一些错误。
Hurry up! We’ve little time to waste. 时间不多了。
例：What a pity that Tina has made ___ mistakes in the English test.
A) just little B) quite a few C) few D) a little
★ 在与only, still连用时用肯定形式，即a few, a little.
例：--- How much time do we have -- Only __.
A. a few B. little C. a little D. a lot
中考模块1、2习题-名代词
【2026华益二模】Sports have a long history in China. Traditional Chinese sports like tai chi, kung fu and dragon boat racing are not only popular in China but also get more and more ____26____ (fan) all over the world.
fans
【2026一中九下期中】Because of this special quality, when saying goodbye to loved ones, people gave ____48____ (they) a willow branch.
them
【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】The princesses, such as Snow White, Cinderella, and Belle, have taught us about love, ____28____ (kind) and the power of inner beauty.
kindness
【2025麓山国际二模】The ____33____ (open) ceremony (仪式) was set to take place outside the church, but bad weather forced it to be moved inside.
opening
【2025麓山国际二模】Notre Dame is an 862-year-old church (教堂) inParis. It has played an important role in ____26____ (France) history for hundreds of years. In the past, it was the church where the country’s kings and queens were married or buried (安葬).
French
【2025立信二模】“But I can’t,” Les refused again. “I’m educable mentally handicapped.” The rest of the class broke into 51. _______ (laugh).
laughter
【2025明德九下期中】They sang for 51. _______ (they) supper and slept anywhere they could find, in woods, fields, and sometimes houses.
their
【2025附中博才期中】The boy is responsible for controlling the ____29____ (direct) of the dragon boat, so he must have a good understanding of the water conditions.
direction
【2025长郡一模】At times, students may feel rather stressed. In such situations, it’s important to take a deep 　(breathe) and stay calm.
breath
【2025立信九下月考】Everyone knows that pesticides(农药) can lead to the land 　 　
　 　 (pollute), and they are bad for our health.
pollution
【2025立信九下月考】Subash plans to improve _______ (he) tool and hopes to get it to market by the time he starts college.
his
【2025长雅九下月考】However，Muniba refused to let her　 　 （disable） get in the way of her life.
disability
【2024雅礼九上期末】I carried out a simple experiment (实验) to discover why there were 　
　 　 (difference) in their ability to find chances.
differences
【2024长郡九上期末】 The average piece of clothing is only worn 10 　 　
(time) before it is thrown away.
times
【2024南雅九下入学考】“We check to see what is in the feces(排泄物) and what color it is. For example, if it is green, it means the panda has been eating bamboo 　 　 (leaf),” she said.
leaves
【2024中雅九下月考1】Chinese clothing companies have got a lot of 　 　
(order) for it from abroad.
orders
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】As Kondo herself told The Washington Post, it is not to cut down on your things or declutter your space, but “to learn to make meaningful 　 (choose) and find thankfulness in everyday life.”
choices
【2024雅礼九下月考1】He soon learned that Chinese and European 　 (language) were very different.
languages中考语法模块3-冠词
1、冠词分类及读法：
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音因素开头的词前面; an用在元音因素开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本用法：
(1)表示某一个人或东西。
如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。
如：An elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。) (不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。
表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:
定冠词的基本用法：
表示特指的人或事物。
如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。
如：Look at the blackboard, Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
复述前面提到过的人或事物。
如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人,那个人叫罗伯特。)
表示世界上独一无二的事物。
如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
用在表示方位的名词前面。
如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。)
在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。
如：Who is the first one to go (谁第一个去？) /
Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
常用在乐器名称的前面。
如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。
如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。
如：He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)
用在姓氏之前表示一家人。
如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
same之前一般用the。
如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
几个用定冠词的习语：
at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况：
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。
如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国)
Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。
如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。
如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一)
They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。
如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
三餐饭前不用。
如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
节、假日前一般不用。
如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
球类名词前不用。
如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)
a/an
a one-day meeting
a university
a uniform
a useful book
an actor actress accident address(演说) agreement(协议) airplain alien American angle answer apology(道歉) apple artical Asian
an 18(eighteen) elephant engineer (工程师) enemy(敌人) event
explanation（解释） excuse(借口) eye
an excellent book an exciting story (一有趣/令人兴奋的故事),
an FBI agent
an hour an honest person honor(荣幸)
an idea inventor(发明家) island industry(工厂) interesting movie
an orange office opinion old man
an umbrella unusual day understanding question ugly woman
中考语法模块3习题-冠词
【2026华益二模】It is ____31____ international sport, with competitions held in many countries around the world.
【2026明德二模】Following the popularity of the “City Walk”, a new activity called “Color Walk” is sweeping social media this spring. ____48____ activity is a great way to focus on the beauty and joy of the city life.
【2026长郡双语二模】In Grade 7, you started as ___26___ shy and quiet boy who was not confident and always waited for teachers to tell you what to do.
【2025青竹湖二模】Her father would ask the man to write a poem. If both the daughter and her father were satisfied with 53. _______ young man’s poem and his look, she might agree to marry him.
【2025明德九下期中】They also plan to start 55. _______ education- themed charity to help traditional country activities. The future looks good.
【2025附中博才期中】For Chinese people, the dragon boat races are more than a sport. It is also about team spirit and a shared purpose. Each member in the race plays ____27____ important role.
【2025一中一模】Robert felt surprised and looked at the woman for 31________ long time.
【2025立信九下月考】Subash made 47. _______ tool that can find pesticides on fruits and vegetables.
【2024雅礼九上期末】I gave both “lucky” and “unlucky” people ___48___ newspaper and asked them to look through it and tell me how many photos were inside.
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】An iron is also 53. _______ useful tool because it can work like glue.
【2024南雅九下入学考】Wen worked as 47. _______ volunteer at the Wolong China Giant Panda Garden in Sichuan that summer.
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】An iron is also 53. _______ useful tool because it can work like glue.
【2024附中博才九下一模】After working for several years as ____31____ teacher in Beijing, Lu Xun again returned to writing.
【2024华益九下月考1】In the Shiniuzhai Scenic Area in Hunan Province, there is ____26____ very special convenience store (便利店).
【2024南雅九下月考1】___28___ dragon is important in Chinese culture.
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】Marie Kondo from Japan is probably ____26____ best-known decluttering consultant (整理收纳师).
【2024雅礼九下月考1】This is why translators should have ___53___ creative mind.
【2024长郡九下月考3】At sunset, the man finished his work, but Jamie found there wasn’t 52. _______ fence at all.
【2024中雅九下月考1】The two smooth panels (饰片) in the front overlap (交叠) each other, and so do the two smooth panels in ___26___ back.中考语法模块3-冠词
1、冠词分类及读法：
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音因素开头的词前面; an用在元音因素开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本用法：
(1)表示某一个人或东西。
如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。
如：An elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。) (不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。
表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:
定冠词的基本用法：
表示特指的人或事物。
如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。
如：Look at the blackboard, Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
复述前面提到过的人或事物。
如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人,那个人叫罗伯特。)
表示世界上独一无二的事物。
如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
用在表示方位的名词前面。
如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。)
在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。
如：Who is the first one to go (谁第一个去？) /
Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
常用在乐器名称的前面。
如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。
如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。
如：He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)
用在姓氏之前表示一家人。
如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
same之前一般用the。
如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
几个用定冠词的习语：
at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况：
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。
如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国)
Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。
如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。
如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一)
They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。
如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
三餐饭前不用。
如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
节、假日前一般不用。
如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
球类名词前不用。
如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)
a/an
a one-day meeting
a university
a uniform
a useful book
an actor actress accident address(演说) agreement(协议) airplain alien American angle answer apology(道歉) apple artical Asian
an 18(eighteen) elephant engineer (工程师) enemy(敌人) event
explanation（解释） excuse(借口) eye
an excellent book an exciting story (一有趣/令人兴奋的故事),
an FBI agent
an hour an honest person honor(荣幸)
an idea inventor(发明家) island industry(工厂) interesting movie
an orange office opinion old man
an umbrella unusual day understanding question ugly woman
中考语法模块3习题-冠词
【2026华益二模】It is ____31____ international sport, with competitions held in many countries around the world.
an
【2026明德二模】Following the popularity of the “City Walk”, a new activity called “Color Walk” is sweeping social media this spring. ____48____ activity is a great way to focus on the beauty and joy of the city life.
The
【2026长郡双语二模】In Grade 7, you started as ___26___ shy and quiet boy who was not confident and always waited for teachers to tell you what to do.
a
【2025青竹湖二模】Her father would ask the man to write a poem. If both the daughter and her father were satisfied with 53. _______ young man’s poem and his look, she might agree to marry him.
the
【2025明德九下期中】They also plan to start 55. _______ education- themed charity to help traditional country activities. The future looks good.
an
【2025附中博才期中】For Chinese people, the dragon boat races are more than a sport. It is also about team spirit and a shared purpose. Each member in the race plays ____27____ important role.
an
【2025一中一模】Robert felt surprised and looked at the woman for 31________ long time.
a
【2025立信九下月考】Subash made 47. _______ tool that can find pesticides on fruits and vegetables.
a
【2024雅礼九上期末】I gave both “lucky” and “unlucky” people ___48___ newspaper and asked them to look through it and tell me how many photos were inside.
a
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】An iron is also 53. _______ useful tool because it can work like glue.
a
【2024南雅九下入学考】Wen worked as 47. _______ volunteer at the Wolong China Giant Panda Garden in Sichuan that summer.
a
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】An iron is also 53. _______ useful tool because it can work like glue.
a
【2024附中博才九下一模】After working for several years as ____31____ teacher in Beijing, Lu Xun again returned to writing.
a
【2024华益九下月考1】In the Shiniuzhai Scenic Area in Hunan Province, there is ____26____ very special convenience store (便利店).
a
【2024南雅九下月考1】___28___ dragon is important in Chinese culture.
The
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】Marie Kondo from Japan is probably ____26____ best-known decluttering consultant (整理收纳师).
the
【2024雅礼九下月考1】This is why translators should have ___53___ creative mind.
a
【2024长郡九下月考3】At sunset, the man finished his work, but Jamie found there wasn’t 52. _______ fence at all.
a
【2024中雅九下月考1】The two smooth panels (饰片) in the front overlap (交叠) each other, and so do the two smooth panels in ___26___ back.
the中考语法模块4-介词
一、介词
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of (从…中出来), because of (因为), away from (距离…), on top of (在…顶上), ever since (自从…), next to (在…隔壁), according to (根据…), in front of(在…前方)等。
二、介词的用法
①作定语:介词短语在句中作定语时，放在所修饰的名词之后。
如He is the monitor of Class Four. 他是四班班长。
②作状语：介词短语作状语，用来修饰句中的动词。
如We do eye exercises at nine every morning. 我们每天上午九点钟做眼保健操。
注意：在含有介词短语作状语的句子中，状语按照先地点（由小到大），再方式，最后时间（由小到大）的顺序排列。
如 He arrived in Paris by air at 9:00.他9点钟乘飞机到了巴黎。
③作表语:介词短语作表语时往往与连系动词一起使用。
如It sounds like fun. 这听起来很有趣。
注意：在last, next, this, that, these, those, a, some, every,each等词前不用介词。
如He had a bad cold that week.那个星期他患重感冒。
Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇。
三、介词的分类
介词可以分为时间介词、方位介词、方式介词和其他介词。
时间介词
in在...时候; 在（多久）之后, on在某天/某天...时候, at在某时刻,
for有…(之久), since自从…(至今), ever since从那时起至今,
between...and...在...与...之间, from...to...从...到..., during在…期间,
before在…以前, after在…以后, till, until直到…时, not...until直到...才,
past过了…(时), about大约, by到…为止,
at the beginning of在...开始, at the end of在...末, at the time of在...时, at the age of在...岁时
by the time of...直到..., by the end of到...末为止
in, on, at
in: 世纪、年、月、季节、早上、下午、晚上；（in +一段时间）在（多久）之后
on: 具体某一天/具体某一天的早上、下午、晚上
at: 点钟；at noon 在下午 at night
in the ninetenth century, in 2002, in May, in winter, in the morning / afternoon / evening
on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning
如Mother’ Day is on the second Sunday in May in the United States.
We’ll go to school in two weeks.
for有…(之久), since自从…(至今), ever since从那时起至今
现在完成时态 have/has done
如I have lived in China for 10 years
She has worked in factory since 2000.
before在…以前, after在…以后
如He won’t come back before five o’clock.
He said that he would be here after 6:00.
between...and...在...与...之间, from...to...从…到…, during在…期间
如The book is written between 1998 and 2010.
In Britain, the long vacation is from June to October. 在英国，长的假期是从六月到十月。
He was in hospital for six weeks during the summer. 他在夏天住了 6 个星期的医院。
till, until直到…时 not...until直到...才 college university
如I will wait till（until）seven o'clock.
Tom didn't come back till（until）midnight.
past过了…(时), about大约, by到…为止, 8:55 to five to nine
如It’s 15minutes past 6 o’clock now.
They have kept the book for about 2weeks. borrow lend keep
The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
at the beginning of在...开始, at the end of在...末尾, ending
at the time of在...时, at the age of在...岁时
by the time of...直到... by the end of到……末为止
如At the beginning of this term, a great many students were sick.本学期初，大量学生生病了。
At the end of the year I went to America.
At the time of every year, I always think of my hometown.每年的这个时候，我总是想起家乡。
By the time of last year, a new building had been completed.到去年年底，一座新楼峻工了。
By the end of last month ,I had planted thousands of trees.到上个月末，我已经种了数千棵树了。
方位介词
上：above在…上面, over在....上方, on在...上面, on top of在...顶部, up在...上面
下：below在...下面/低于... under在...下方
前后：in (the) front of在...前面, before在...前, after在...后面, behind在...后
里外：in在...里面, inside在...里面,out of在...之外, outside在...外面,
之间：in the middle of在...的中间, between在...之间, among在…中间
旁边：beside在...旁边, by在...旁边, across在…对面, against倚着..., along沿着
靠近：close to靠近..., near靠近..., from来自...
周围：around/round在…周围, at the end of在...的末端
穿过：across “横穿”, through “穿过，贯穿”, past “经过”, over “穿过、通过”
in, on, to
in在范围内
on不在范围内，接壤
to不在范围内，不接壤
如.Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。(台湾是中国东部的一个省份，是中国的领土，在中国的疆域之内)
Sichuan Province is on the north of Guizhou Province. 四川省在贵州省的北边。
Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。(日本在中国范围之外，且有日本海分隔)
above, below over, under
不一定垂直 垂直
如The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升过地平线上了。
There is a lake below the mountain. 此山下有个湖。
I want to have a rest under the tree. 我想在树下休息一会儿。
The river is under a bridge.这条河在桥下面。
in front of in the front of
in front of“在…的前面”（外部），与in the front of“在…的前部”（内部）。
如There is a tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵树。(在房子外部）
There is a big desk in the front of the classroom. It's for the teacher. 教室的前部有一张大桌子，是老师用的。(在教室范围里面)
across, through, past, over
through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”；
across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over.
past表示“路过”
go/walk/run across=cross go/walk/run past=pass
如Go across the bridge, and you’ll find the park. = Cross the bridge, and you'll find the park.
越过这座桥，你就会找到公园。
The rabbit ran across the field. 这只兔子跑过那块田野。
He went through the forest finally .他终于走出了那遍森林。
Don't throw anything through the window.不要从窗户扔东西出去。
He jumped over the wall. 他跳过了墙。
The horse jumped over the fence. 马跳过栅栏。
He walked past me without saying“Hello”.=He passed me without saying "Hello".
他没打招呼就从我身边走过。
方式介词
by 1)乘坐 2)被 3)通过...方式+动词ing
in用…(语言)
on徒(步)；通过(收音机/电视机)
through通过...+名词
with在...帮助下；随着...；戴眼镜；用(工具、材料)；用(手/脚/耳/眼)；表伴随
without没有…
as作为....；正如
like像…一样
by
如They came here by the first bus. 他们是坐第一班车来的。
He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。
He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。
in
如Please speak it in English.
on
如He always goes to school on foot.
He listens to music on the radio.
with without
如With the help of him, I won the game.
The boy with glasses is my young brother.
Cut the bag with the knife.
Please take the table with your hand.
Would you like to go shopping with me
He left without saying a word.
as like
如As a student, we should do our best to study.
He talked to me like my mother.
其他介词
except除了…, besides除了…还...
about关于..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言
towards针对..., against反对....,
for对于/就…而言, of…的,有关...
except, besides
如Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom. 除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院。
Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects. 除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课。
about, on, to, towards
如What is your excuse about your being late yesterday
It’s a book on animals.
Family is important to everyone.
A dog is running towards me.
against
如Although he was against my opinion, the old professor didn't come up with his own.
Are you for or against 你是赞成还是反对？
He is against the plan.他不赞成这个计划。
4. for, of
如Let’s go for a walk.
Sanya is famous for Tianya Haijiao.
I think drinking milk is good for our health.
It’s difficult for me to work out the math problem.
It’s kind of you to help me.
中考语法模块4习题-介词
【2026长郡双语二模】From a follower, you became a more independent and confident person, ready ___31___ the future.
【2026华益二模】Sports play an important role in Chinese people’s lives. Whether they are traditional sports ____35____ modern sports, they bring health and happiness to people.
【2026明德九下期中】In a city, a green-themed tour are organized last month by the local officials, inviting walkers to see willow trees (柳树) at gardens, enjoy springtime green rice balls, and walk through tea gardens which are full ____54____ tea plants.
【3-2025青竹湖二模】In ancient China, the pingfeng was mainly used to protect privacy. Women would hide themselves 51. _______ the screen when guests arrived.
【2025长郡九下期中】Food waste is a serious problem worldwide. According 46. _______ a research, millions of tons of food is wasted every year, contributing to environmental pollution. 47. 【2025一中九下期中】It is also important to wash our hands before eating and keep devices away 54. _______ the dining table.
【2025明德九下期中】It was a sunny Saturday afternoon in the small market town of Petersfield. Three young men arrived in the High Street 46. _______ backpacks and walking sticks. One of the young men put his hat down on the side of the road, and put up a sign:
【2025华益九下期中】And they can provide a quick and easy escape 47. _______ me whenever the boredom hits me.
【2025长郡一模】Every student dreams ____26____ achieving something great in life.
【2025一中一模】34__________ that time, Robert found something amazing.
【2025雅礼九下月考】50________ his dad’s help, Mateo started a ‘bottle and can’ drive.
【2025立信九下月考】We should be patient 52. _______ the tool.
【2024师大博才九上期末】They also learned to make wise decisions to protect themselves ____50____ a fire.
【2024雅礼九上期末】Depend ___54___ your instincts (直觉)—they are often right.
【2024长郡九上期末】You can give yours to them and they can give theirs to you ____53____ return.
【2024南雅九下入学考】Each volunteer works for 49. _______ least one day.
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】48. _______ the morning of December 7, the city welcomed an ice-collecting festival which is a symbol of the city’s ice and snow season.
【2024附中博才九下一模】There, he began writing articles ____29____ several Chinese student magazines to make a living.
【2024华益九下月考1】In addition, the store sells cakes and drinks, providing much-needed energy _33_______ them.
【2024南雅九下月考1】People believed that ___31___ the help of the dragon, they could have a good harvest (收获) in autumn.
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】This can lead ____33____ wasted time.
【2024雅礼九下月考1】Xu was born into a literary family in Nanchang ___50___ April 18th, 1921.
【2024长郡九下月考3】He said, “Sir, I’m looking for some work. Have you got some work for me ” Jamie thought for a while and said, “Yes. Look at the farm across 49. _______ the river. My brother Jackie lives there.
【2024中雅九下月考1】These clothes connect traditional Chinese elements (元素) ___34___ modern designs.
【2023长郡一模】By repackaging and labeling things in order, people can feel in control 59._______ their environment.
【2023雅礼期中】And now they are even made 63_____ many shapes like pigs and giant pandas．
【2023青竹湖九下期中】It was said that silver chopsticks would turn black if they touched poisoned(有毒的) food (but we know it was wrong today), so in history many kings used them to see whether the food was bad 59. _______ them or not.
【2022长郡双语】It also reminds us 44 the fact that families with very little money might be better than wealthy families with no love.
【2022雅礼实验】This helps people know what had happened just 61 a crash came.【2022青竹湖三模】After it first showed 59．_______ December 2017，it soon became popular．中考语法模块4-介词
一、介词
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of (从…中出来), because of (因为), away from (距离…), on top of (在…顶上), ever since (自从…), next to (在…隔壁), according to (根据…), in front of(在…前方)等。
二、介词的用法
①作定语:介词短语在句中作定语时，放在所修饰的名词之后。
如He is the monitor of Class Four. 他是四班班长。
②作状语：介词短语作状语，用来修饰句中的动词。
如We do eye exercises at nine every morning. 我们每天上午九点钟做眼保健操。
注意：在含有介词短语作状语的句子中，状语按照先地点（由小到大），再方式，最后时间（由小到大）的顺序排列。
如 He arrived in Paris by air at 9:00.他9点钟乘飞机到了巴黎。
③作表语:介词短语作表语时往往与连系动词一起使用。
如It sounds like fun. 这听起来很有趣。
注意：在last, next, this, that, these, those, a, some, every,each等词前不用介词。
如He had a bad cold that week.那个星期他患重感冒。
Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇。
三、介词的分类
介词可以分为时间介词、方位介词、方式介词和其他介词。
时间介词
in在...时候; 在（多久）之后, on在某天/某天...时候, at在某时刻,
for有…(之久), since自从…(至今), ever since从那时起至今,
between...and...在...与...之间, from...to...从...到..., during在…期间,
before在…以前, after在…以后, till, until直到…时, not...until直到...才,
past过了…(时), about大约, by到…为止,
at the beginning of在...开始, at the end of在...末, at the time of在...时, at the age of在...岁时
by the time of...直到..., by the end of到...末为止
in, on, at
in: 世纪、年、月、季节、早上、下午、晚上；（in +一段时间）在（多久）之后
on: 具体某一天/具体某一天的早上、下午、晚上
at: 点钟；at noon 在下午 at night
in the ninetenth century, in 2002, in May, in winter, in the morning / afternoon / evening
on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning
如Mother’ Day is on the second Sunday in May in the United States.
We’ll go to school in two weeks.
for有…(之久), since自从…(至今), ever since从那时起至今
现在完成时态 have/has done
如I have lived in China for 10 years
She has worked in factory since 2000.
before在…以前, after在…以后
如He won’t come back before five o’clock.
He said that he would be here after 6:00.
between...and...在...与...之间, from...to...从…到…, during在…期间
如The book is written between 1998 and 2010.
In Britain, the long vacation is from June to October. 在英国，长的假期是从六月到十月。
He was in hospital for six weeks during the summer. 他在夏天住了 6 个星期的医院。
till, until直到…时 not...until直到...才 college university
如I will wait till（until）seven o'clock.
Tom didn't come back till（until）midnight.
past过了…(时), about大约, by到…为止, 8:55 to five to nine
如It’s 15minutes past 6 o’clock now.
They have kept the book for about 2weeks. borrow lend keep
The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
at the beginning of在...开始, at the end of在...末尾, ending
at the time of在...时, at the age of在...岁时
by the time of...直到... by the end of到……末为止
如At the beginning of this term, a great many students were sick.本学期初，大量学生生病了。
At the end of the year I went to America.
At the time of every year, I always think of my hometown.每年的这个时候，我总是想起家乡。
By the time of last year, a new building had been completed.到去年年底，一座新楼峻工了。
By the end of last month ,I had planted thousands of trees.到上个月末，我已经种了数千棵树了。
方位介词
上：above在…上面, over在....上方, on在...上面, on top of在...顶部, up在...上面
下：below在...下面/低于... under在...下方
前后：in (the) front of在...前面, before在...前, after在...后面, behind在...后
里外：in在...里面, inside在...里面,out of在...之外, outside在...外面,
之间：in the middle of在...的中间, between在...之间, among在…中间
旁边：beside在...旁边, by在...旁边, across在…对面, against倚着..., along沿着
靠近：close to靠近..., near靠近..., from来自...
周围：around/round在…周围, at the end of在...的末端
穿过：across “横穿”, through “穿过，贯穿”, past “经过”, over “穿过、通过”
in, on, to
in在范围内
on不在范围内，接壤
to不在范围内，不接壤
如.Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。(台湾是中国东部的一个省份，是中国的领土，在中国的疆域之内)
Sichuan Province is on the north of Guizhou Province. 四川省在贵州省的北边。
Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。(日本在中国范围之外，且有日本海分隔)
above, below over, under
不一定垂直 垂直
如The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升过地平线上了。
There is a lake below the mountain. 此山下有个湖。
I want to have a rest under the tree. 我想在树下休息一会儿。
The river is under a bridge.这条河在桥下面。
in front of in the front of
in front of“在…的前面”（外部），与in the front of“在…的前部”（内部）。
如There is a tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵树。(在房子外部）
There is a big desk in the front of the classroom. It's for the teacher. 教室的前部有一张大桌子，是老师用的。(在教室范围里面)
across, through, past, over
through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”；
across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over.
past表示“路过”
go/walk/run across=cross go/walk/run past=pass
如Go across the bridge, and you’ll find the park. = Cross the bridge, and you'll find the park.
越过这座桥，你就会找到公园。
The rabbit ran across the field. 这只兔子跑过那块田野。
He went through the forest finally .他终于走出了那遍森林。
Don't throw anything through the window.不要从窗户扔东西出去。
He jumped over the wall. 他跳过了墙。
The horse jumped over the fence. 马跳过栅栏。
He walked past me without saying“Hello”.=He passed me without saying "Hello".
他没打招呼就从我身边走过。
方式介词
by 1)乘坐 2)被 3)通过...方式+动词ing
in用…(语言)
on徒(步)；通过(收音机/电视机)
through通过...+名词
with在...帮助下；随着...；戴眼镜；用(工具、材料)；用(手/脚/耳/眼)；表伴随
without没有…
as作为....；正如
like像…一样
by
如They came here by the first bus. 他们是坐第一班车来的。
He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。
He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。
in
如Please speak it in English.
on
如He always goes to school on foot.
He listens to music on the radio.
with without
如With the help of him, I won the game.
The boy with glasses is my young brother.
Cut the bag with the knife.
Please take the table with your hand.
Would you like to go shopping with me
He left without saying a word.
as like
如As a student, we should do our best to study.
He talked to me like my mother.
其他介词
except除了…, besides除了…还...
about关于..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言
towards针对..., against反对....,
for对于/就…而言, of…的,有关...
except, besides
如Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom. 除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院。
Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects. 除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课。
about, on, to, towards
如What is your excuse about your being late yesterday
It’s a book on animals.
Family is important to everyone.
A dog is running towards me.
against
如Although he was against my opinion, the old professor didn't come up with his own.
Are you for or against 你是赞成还是反对？
He is against the plan.他不赞成这个计划。
4. for, of
如Let’s go for a walk.
Sanya is famous for Tianya Haijiao.
I think drinking milk is good for our health.
It’s difficult for me to work out the math problem.
It’s kind of you to help me.
中考语法模块4习题-介词
【2026长郡双语二模】From a follower, you became a more independent and confident person, ready ___31___ the future.
for
【2026华益二模】Sports play an important role in Chinese people’s lives. Whether they are traditional sports ____35____ modern sports, they bring health and happiness to people.
or
【2026明德九下期中】In a city, a green-themed tour are organized last month by the local officials, inviting walkers to see willow trees (柳树) at gardens, enjoy springtime green rice balls, and walk through tea gardens which are full ____54____ tea plants.
of
【3-2025青竹湖二模】In ancient China, the pingfeng was mainly used to protect privacy. Women would hide themselves 51. _______ the screen when guests arrived.
behind
【2025长郡九下期中】Food waste is a serious problem worldwide. According 46. _______ a research, millions of tons of food is wasted every year, contributing to environmental pollution.
to
【2025一中九下期中】It is also important to wash our hands before eating and keep devices away 54. _______ the dining table.
from
【2025明德九下期中】It was a sunny Saturday afternoon in the small market town of Petersfield. Three young men arrived in the High Street 46. _______ backpacks and walking sticks. One of the young men put his hat down on the side of the road, and put up a sign.
with
【2025华益九下期中】And they can provide a quick and easy escape 47. _______ me whenever the boredom hits me.
for
【2025长郡一模】Every student dreams ____26____ achieving something great in life.
of
【2025一中一模】34__________ that time, Robert found something amazing.
At
【2025雅礼九下月考】50________ his dad’s help, Mateo started a ‘bottle and can’ drive.
With
【2025立信九下月考】We should be patient 52. _______ the tool.
with
【2024师大博才九上期末】They also learned to make wise decisions to protect themselves ____50____ a fire.
from
【2024雅礼九上期末】Depend ___54___ your instincts (直觉)—they are often right.
on
【2024长郡九上期末】You can give yours to them and they can give theirs to you ____53____ return.
in
【2024南雅九下入学考】Each volunteer works for 49. _______ least one day.
at
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】48. _______ the morning of December 7, the city welcomed an ice-collecting festival which is a symbol of the city’s ice and snow season.
On
【2024附中博才九下一模】There, he began writing articles ____29____ several Chinese student magazines to make a living.
for
【2024华益九下月考1】In addition, the store sells cakes and drinks, providing much-needed energy _33_______ them.
for
【2024南雅九下月考1】People believed that ___31___ the help of the dragon, they could have a good harvest (收获) in autumn.
with
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】This can lead ____33____ wasted time.
to
【2024雅礼九下月考1】Xu was born into a literary family in Nanchang ___50___ April 18th, 1921.
on
【2024长郡九下月考3】He said, “Sir, I’m looking for some work. Have you got some work for me ” Jamie thought for a while and said, “Yes. Look at the farm across 49. _______ the river. My brother Jackie lives there.
from
【2024中雅九下月考1】These clothes connect traditional Chinese elements (元素) ___34___ modern designs.
with中考模块5-数词
分类：
数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。
基数词：
表示数目的词叫基数词。
★基数词修饰hundred, thousand, million, billion等词时，用单数；若与of搭配表示不确定的数目，用复数形式。
如The earthquake killed more than five thousand people.
There are hundreds of people in the hall.
in one’s +数词复数，“在某人......多岁时”。
如The scientist invented a new machine in his fifties.
(2) in the +年的复数。“在几十年代”。
如Our country changed a lot in the eighties of the last century.
(3)表示时间
年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
时刻：5：15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30→ eight thirty或half past eight ;
10：45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
“半”的表达：1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour,
1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
表示编号
Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen;
P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
小数的读法
5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
序数词：
表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
(1) 两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。
如thirty-sixth
(2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the.
如I’m in the third grade.
(3)分数：“几分之几”有复数形式。
1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ;
3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
如More than two-thirds of middle school girls are fond of handsome starts.
表示日期：
12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。
如The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)
Shall we read the text a third time (我们把课文读第三遍,好吗？)
中考模块6-形容词、副词
形容词：
定义：
用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
形容词的句法作用：
作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。
3、形容词在句子中的位置：
⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。
如a big yellow wooden wheel.一个黄色的大木轮。
⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。
如The price sounds reasonable.这个价格听起来算是合理。
⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。
如We must try our best to keep our environment clean.我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁。
⑷后置的情况：
①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。
如Something serious has happened to him.他发生了严重的事故。
②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。
如He’s 1.8 meters tall.他身高1.8米。
The moon is about 380,000 kilometers away from the earth.月球离地38万公里。
4、有关形容词的用法辨析
(1) whole, all
the whole+n.=all the +n.
如He was busy the whole morning. 整个早晨他都很忙。
He can remember all the words he learns. 他能记住学过的所有单词。
tall与high, short与low
人 物（山脉）
如He’s very tall/short. 他个子高/矮。
A few people live on high mountains. 少量的人住在高山上。
interested, interesting
前者主体是人，后者主体是物体。
too many, too much, much too
too many +可n复
too much+不可n/可放在一些动词（watch, talk, eat等），表示程度
much too+adj./adv.
如I am full because I have had too much rice. 我饱了，因为我吃了太多的米饭。
That coat is much too dear. 那件大衣太贵了。
lonely, alone
lonely孤独的，孤单的 alone单独地、一个人地
如He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独。
He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.
他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易。
other, else
other放在名词前；
else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much并后置。
如.The other students are on the playground. 其他学生在操场上。
Who else can work out this maths problem 还有谁能解出着道数学题？
Do you have anything else to say for yourself 你还有什么要为自己说的吗？
sick, ill
sick可以做定语、表语，而ill只能做表语。
He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.他病了很久,现在非常虚弱。
Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱。
副词：
定义
用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词。用来修饰v, adj, adv。
2、分类：
时 间 副 词 频度副词 地点/方位副词 程度副词 方式副词 疑问/连接副词 其他副词
today, tomorrow, once, here, there, very, too, well, how, too, also,
yesterday, now, twice, home, below, enough, hard, where, nor, so,
then, early, late, always, anywhere, rather, quite, alone, when, as, on,off,
once, soon, just, usually, above, outside, how, so, fast, why, either,
tonight, long, often, in, inside, out, much, just, together, whether yes, no,
already, yet, before, sometimes, back, up, down, nearly, only suddenly, however, etc. not, neither
ago, later, ever since never, away, off, far, almost, hardly, -ly结尾 关系副词 maybe,
after, whenever (seldom), near, nearby, as long as等, 的副词 where, perhaps,
first, someday, wherever even, all, why, how certainly,
sometime, last, everywhere, a little, a bit when,
3、用法
(1) 频度副词
be动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前。
如Sometimes I get up early. 我有时起得早。
The workers usually have lunch at the factory. 工人们通常在厂里吃午饭。
enough、too、so、very、quite、very much
enough (“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后；
too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前
very much(“非常”)放在动词之后
如.She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车。It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。
I don’t like sweets very much.我不很喜欢糖果。
The film was very moving and everyone swept.电影非常动人,大家都哭了。
You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校。
too、also、either、nor
too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾，且用逗号隔开；
also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前；
either(“也”)用于否定句末尾，也用逗号隔开；
nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首；
如Are you American,too 你也是美国人吗？
He is not happy and I am not happy, either.他不愉快,我也不。
He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.他没有看足球赛,我也没有。
You can also find the market is very good.你还可以发觉那个市场很好。
sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time
sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间
sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、some times(数次)表示次数
如.Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.他们有时徒步旅行到山里去。
I will stay here some time.我会在这儿呆些时候的。
I will meet your father sometime.我什么时候要见见你的父亲。
hard, hardly
hard作为副词意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”
hardly是否定词，意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。
如They study English very hard.他们英语学得很刻苦。
You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰。
(be) worth、(be) worthy of
worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可用well修饰；
worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。
如.What is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 凡是值得做的，就值得好好去做。
The house is worth ￥300,000.房子价值30万元。
This book is well worth reading several times.这本书值得好好读几遍。
It is a thing worthy of being seen. 这是一个值得看的东西。
形容词、副词的原级
肯定句：as + adj./adv.原级 + as
如He is as excited as his younger sister. 他和他妹妹一样兴奋。
Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady. 莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢。
They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).他们摘的苹果和农民一样多。
否定句：not as + adj./adv.原级 + as
如He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.他没他妹妹那么兴奋。
Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. 莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢。
They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). 他们摘的苹果不如农民多。
形容词、副词比较级
定义：表示两者比较。
基本句型：主+谓+比较级+(than+比较对象)。
如A modern train is faster than a car. 现代的火车比轿车快多了。
This book didn’t cost me more than that one. 这本书花费我的钱不比那本多。
This car runs faster than the other. 这辆汽车比另一辆跑得快。
3、特殊句型
1) “比较级+and+比较级”表示 “越来越……”。
如The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了)
“the+比较级…, the+比较级…”表示 “越…就越…”。
如The more trees we plant, the better it will be. 我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好。
The harder you try, the greater your progress is. 你越是努力,进步就越大。
一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much / far / a lot / a little / a bit / a little bit / even / any / still等词。
如It is much colder today than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷多了。
Japan is a little larger than Germany. 日本比德国大一点儿。
形容词、副词最高级
定义：表示三者及以上比较。
基本句型：主+谓+the＋最高级＋名词＋范围。其中，adj最高级不可以省略the，adv最高级可以省略the。
如The Changjiang River is the longest in China.长江是中国最长的河流。
He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).三个男生中他跳得最高。
特殊句型
主+谓+one of the +最高级+n复数+范围，“最......之一”。
如One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire. 最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中烧毁了。
Einstein is one of the greatest scientists in the world.
主+谓+the first (second, three times...) +最高级+n单数+范围，“...是第...最...的”
Hainan island is the second largest island in China.
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法
(1) 符合规则的：
一般情况直接加 -er; -est tall-taller-tallest old-older-oldest
以e结尾的词加–r; -st nice-nicer-nicest
以“辅音+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-er; -est heavy-heavier-heaviest
以一个辅音字母结尾的词辅音字母双写，再加-er; -est thin-thinner-thinnest
多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加more; most
more delicious/interesting most delicious/interesting
不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：
good/well-better-best bad/badly/ill-worse-worst
many/much-more-most little-less-least
far-farther/further-farthest/furthest
中考模块6习题-形容词、副词
【2026长郡双语九下二模】In Grade 9, you were under great exam pressure, but you became ___30___ (happy) and stronger than before.
【2026明德九下期中】Internet users share the colors they chose and the stories of their walks ____49____ (happy).
【2026华益二模】 It is suitable for people of all ages, ____27____ (special) the elderly.
【2025一中岳麓全真模拟】This new way of telling the story makes the movie 53. ___________ (attractive) to young people than ever before.
【2025一中岳麓全真模拟】These elements take us back to the rich world of Chinese mythology, making us feel 50. ___________ (pride) of our traditional culture.
【2025一中岳麓全真模拟】In the movie, we can see many traditional 47. ___________ (culture) elements.
【2025青竹湖二模】The Chinese pingfeng (folding screen) is an ancient invention and traditional Chinese furniture(家具). Its designs are not only artistic but also 46. ______________ (meaning).
【2025麓山国际二模】As part of the ceremony, the church’s large organ (管风琴) was played. The organ, which has 8,000 pipes, is the ____35____ (large) in France.
【2025麓山国际二模】Many guests seemed amazed by the ____34____ (new) repaired church and its connection to history. As part of the ceremony, the church’s large organ (管风琴) was played.
【2025附中植基二模】In China, there are many amazine intangible cultural heritages. One of the 46. (fantastic) ones is the iron flower display. It has a long history and is 47. (deep) rooted(植根于) in the local culture.
【2025华益九下期中】They offer 51. _______ (person) space where neighbors can meet, chat, and get to know each other.
【2025华益九下期中】What makes pocket parks 50. _______ (true) special is their ability to serve as gathering spots(聚集场所) for local communities.
【2025附中九下期中】Zhuazhou is a special custom practised on a baby’s first birthday in China. The ____26____ (early) record of this custom can go back to the Song Dynasty, about 1,000 years ago. In the late Qing Dynasty, the custom got popular in Beijing.
【1-2025长郡一模】Some students prefer science because they find it much 29___________ (useful), while others enjoy arts.
【1-2025长郡一模】Some students fail in their exams because they don’t study hard enough, while others may be 27______________ (absence) from school due to health issues.
【1-2025一中一模】How 35______________ (embarrass) Robert was at that moment!
【1-2025雅礼九下月考】“It was 55_____________ (actual) a lot of fun,” he says, “especially in the summer time.”
【1-2025立信九下月考】In 15 years, I hope to be designing and building devices(设备) that can help make the world a much 55. _______ (good) place.
【1-2025立信九下月考】The pesticides can make our health 49. _______ (bad) hurt, and the boy wondered if washing did any good.
【2024师大博才九上期末】The findings showed that over 80% of children could 49_______ (clear) tell the advantages and disadvantages of different choices.
【2024雅礼九上期末】I had placed a large message halfway through the newspaper 49________(secret).
【2024雨花九上期末】The moon was so hurt that it cried 58______________ (sad) for days.
【2024长郡九上期末】They are 51______________ (like) to have some clothes they don’t like or want either, so you can give 52______________ (you) to them and they can give theirs to you 53______________ return.
【2024北雅九下入学】31___________ (actual), it is not an easy job, but Feng really enjoys it.
【2024南雅九下入学考】She 52. _______ (careful) analyzed the feces(排泄物) .
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】54. _______ winter is cold, these sculptures brighten the long and cold months with their beauty and 55. _______ (create).
【2024附中博才九下一模】27___________ (unlucky), his father became seriously ill and died in 1896.
【2024华益九下月考1】“The store is so cool, as you do not find such a store 35_____________ (easy) in your daily life,” a visitor said.
【2024南雅九下月考1】Also, people eat special foods on that day. 32______________ (usual), the foods are named after dragons. For example, people eat “dragon whisker (细须)” noodles and dumplings called “dragon teeth”.
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】But 28______________ (recent), Kondo said that she would be giving up on tidying her house to spend more time on her children.
【2024雅礼九下月考1】Although Xu was ___55___ (wide) considered to be the best, he never stopped trying to become better.
【2024长郡九下月考3】“After I said and did something bad to make you 54. _______ (comfortable), you still built this bridge! I’m really sorry, Jamie.” Jamie hugged his brother.
【2024中雅九下月考1】All this shows that we are becoming much ___35___ (confident) in our own culture than before!中考模块5-数词
分类：
数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。
基数词：
表示数目的词叫基数词。
★基数词修饰hundred, thousand, million, billion等词时，用单数；若与of搭配表示不确定的数目，用复数形式。
如The earthquake killed more than five thousand people.
There are hundreds of people in the hall.
in one’s +数词复数，“在某人......多岁时”。
如The scientist invented a new machine in his fifties.
(2) in the +年的复数。“在几十年代”。
如Our country changed a lot in the eighties of the last century.
(3)表示时间
年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
时刻：5：15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30→ eight thirty或half past eight ;
10：45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
“半”的表达：1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour,
1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
表示编号
Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen;
P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
小数的读法
5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
序数词：
表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
(1) 两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。
如thirty-sixth
(2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the.
如I’m in the third grade.
(3)分数：“几分之几”有复数形式。
1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ;
3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
如More than two-thirds of middle school girls are fond of handsome starts.
表示日期：
12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。
如The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)
Shall we read the text a third time (我们把课文读第三遍,好吗？)
中考模块6-形容词、副词
形容词：
定义：
用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
形容词的句法作用：
作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。
3、形容词在句子中的位置：
⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。
如a big yellow wooden wheel.一个黄色的大木轮。
⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。
如The price sounds reasonable.这个价格听起来算是合理。
⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。
如We must try our best to keep our environment clean.我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁。
⑷后置的情况：
①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。
如Something serious has happened to him.他发生了严重的事故。
②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。
如He’s 1.8 meters tall.他身高1.8米。
The moon is about 380,000 kilometers away from the earth.月球离地38万公里。
4、有关形容词的用法辨析
(1) whole, all
the whole+n.=all the +n.
如He was busy the whole morning. 整个早晨他都很忙。
He can remember all the words he learns. 他能记住学过的所有单词。
tall与high, short与low
人 物（山脉）
如He’s very tall/short. 他个子高/矮。
A few people live on high mountains. 少量的人住在高山上。
interested, interesting
前者主体是人，后者主体是物体。
too many, too much, much too
too many +可n复
too much+不可n/可放在一些动词（watch, talk, eat等），表示程度
much too+adj./adv.
如I am full because I have had too much rice. 我饱了，因为我吃了太多的米饭。
That coat is much too dear. 那件大衣太贵了。
lonely, alone
lonely孤独的，孤单的 alone单独地、一个人地
如He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独。
He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.
他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易。
other, else
other放在名词前；
else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much并后置。
如.The other students are on the playground. 其他学生在操场上。
Who else can work out this maths problem 还有谁能解出着道数学题？
Do you have anything else to say for yourself 你还有什么要为自己说的吗？
sick, ill
sick可以做定语、表语，而ill只能做表语。
He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.他病了很久,现在非常虚弱。
Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱。
副词：
定义
用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词。用来修饰v, adj, adv。
2、分类：
时 间 副 词 频度副词 地点/方位副词 程度副词 方式副词 疑问/连接副词 其他副词
today, tomorrow, once, here, there, very, too, well, how, too, also,
yesterday, now, twice, home, below, enough, hard, where, nor, so,
then, early, late, always, anywhere, rather, quite, alone, when, as, on,off,
once, soon, just, usually, above, outside, how, so, fast, why, either,
tonight, long, often, in, inside, out, much, just, together, whether yes, no,
already, yet, before, sometimes, back, up, down, nearly, only suddenly, however, etc. not, neither
ago, later, ever since never, away, off, far, almost, hardly, -ly结尾 关系副词 maybe,
after, whenever (seldom), near, nearby, as long as等, 的副词 where, perhaps,
first, someday, wherever even, all, why, how certainly,
sometime, last, everywhere, a little, a bit when,
3、用法
(1) 频度副词
be动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前。
如Sometimes I get up early. 我有时起得早。
The workers usually have lunch at the factory. 工人们通常在厂里吃午饭。
enough、too、so、very、quite、very much
enough (“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后；
too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前
very much(“非常”)放在动词之后
如.She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车。It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。
I don’t like sweets very much.我不很喜欢糖果。
The film was very moving and everyone swept.电影非常动人,大家都哭了。
You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校。
too、also、either、nor
too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾，且用逗号隔开；
also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前；
either(“也”)用于否定句末尾，也用逗号隔开；
nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首；
如Are you American,too 你也是美国人吗？
He is not happy and I am not happy, either.他不愉快,我也不。
He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.他没有看足球赛,我也没有。
You can also find the market is very good.你还可以发觉那个市场很好。
sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time
sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间
sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、some times(数次)表示次数
如.Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.他们有时徒步旅行到山里去。
I will stay here some time.我会在这儿呆些时候的。
I will meet your father sometime.我什么时候要见见你的父亲。
hard, hardly
hard作为副词意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”
hardly是否定词，意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。
如They study English very hard.他们英语学得很刻苦。
You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰。
(be) worth、(be) worthy of
worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可用well修饰；
worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。
如.What is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 凡是值得做的，就值得好好去做。
The house is worth ￥300,000.房子价值30万元。
This book is well worth reading several times.这本书值得好好读几遍。
It is a thing worthy of being seen. 这是一个值得看的东西。
形容词、副词的原级
肯定句：as + adj./adv.原级 + as
如He is as excited as his younger sister. 他和他妹妹一样兴奋。
Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady. 莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢。
They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).他们摘的苹果和农民一样多。
否定句：not as + adj./adv.原级 + as
如He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.他没他妹妹那么兴奋。
Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. 莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢。
They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). 他们摘的苹果不如农民多。
形容词、副词比较级
定义：表示两者比较。
基本句型：主+谓+比较级+(than+比较对象)。
如A modern train is faster than a car. 现代的火车比轿车快多了。
This book didn’t cost me more than that one. 这本书花费我的钱不比那本多。
This car runs faster than the other. 这辆汽车比另一辆跑得快。
3、特殊句型
1) “比较级+and+比较级”表示 “越来越……”。
如The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了)
“the+比较级…, the+比较级…”表示 “越…就越…”。
如The more trees we plant, the better it will be. 我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好。
The harder you try, the greater your progress is. 你越是努力,进步就越大。
一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much / far / a lot / a little / a bit / a little bit / even / any / still等词。
如It is much colder today than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷多了。
Japan is a little larger than Germany. 日本比德国大一点儿。
形容词、副词最高级
定义：表示三者及以上比较。
基本句型：主+谓+the＋最高级＋名词＋范围。其中，adj最高级不可以省略the，adv最高级可以省略the。
如The Changjiang River is the longest in China.长江是中国最长的河流。
He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).三个男生中他跳得最高。
特殊句型
主+谓+one of the +最高级+n复数+范围，“最......之一”。
如One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire. 最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中烧毁了。
Einstein is one of the greatest scientists in the world.
主+谓+the first (second, three times...) +最高级+n单数+范围，“...是第...最...的”
Hainan island is the second largest island in China.
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法
(1) 符合规则的：
一般情况直接加 -er; -est tall-taller-tallest old-older-oldest
以e结尾的词加–r; -st nice-nicer-nicest
以“辅音+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-er; -est heavy-heavier-heaviest
以一个辅音字母结尾的词辅音字母双写，再加-er; -est thin-thinner-thinnest
多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加more; most
more delicious/interesting most delicious/interesting
不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：
good/well-better-best bad/badly/ill-worse-worst
many/much-more-most little-less-least
far-farther/further-farthest/furthest
中考模块6习题-形容词、副词
【2026长郡双语九下二模】In Grade 9, you were under great exam pressure, but you became ___30___ (happy) and stronger than before.
happier
【2026明德九下期中】Internet users share the colors they chose and the stories of their walks ____49____ (happy).
happily
【2026华益二模】 It is suitable for people of all ages, ____27____ (special) the elderly.
especially
【2025一中岳麓全真模拟】This new way of telling the story makes the movie 53. ___________ (attractive) to young people than ever before.
more attractive
【2025一中岳麓全真模拟】These elements take us back to the rich world of Chinese mythology, making us feel 50. ___________ (pride) of our traditional culture.
proud
【2025一中岳麓全真模拟】In the movie, we can see many traditional 47. ___________ (culture) elements.
cultural
【2025青竹湖二模】The Chinese pingfeng (folding screen) is an ancient invention and traditional Chinese furniture(家具). Its designs are not only artistic but also 46. ______________ (meaning).
meaningful
【2025麓山国际二模】As part of the ceremony, the church’s large organ (管风琴) was played. The organ, which has 8,000 pipes, is the ____35____ (large) in France.
largest
【2025麓山国际二模】Many guests seemed amazed by the ____34____ (new) repaired church and its connection to history. As part of the ceremony, the church’s large organ (管风琴) was played.
newest
【2025附中植基二模】In China, there are many amazine intangible cultural heritages. One of the 46. (fantastic) ones is the iron flower display. It has a long history and is 47. (deep) rooted(植根于) in the local culture.
most fantastic
【2025华益九下期中】They offer 51. _______ (person) space where neighbors can meet, chat, and get to know each other.
personal
【2025华益九下期中】What makes pocket parks 50. _______ (true) special is their ability to serve as gathering spots(聚集场所) for local communities.
truly
【2025附中九下期中】Zhuazhou is a special custom practised on a baby’s first birthday in China. The ____26____ (early) record of this custom can go back to the Song Dynasty, about 1,000 years ago. In the late Qing Dynasty, the custom got popular in Beijing.
earliest
【1-2025长郡一模】Some students prefer science because they find it much 29___________ (useful), while others enjoy arts.
more useful
【1-2025长郡一模】Some students fail in their exams because they don’t study hard enough, while others may be 27______________ (absence) from school due to health issues.
absent
【1-2025一中一模】How 35______________ (embarrass) Robert was at that moment!
embarrassed
【1-2025雅礼九下月考】“It was 55_____________ (actual) a lot of fun,” he says, “especially in the summer time.”
actually
【1-2025立信九下月考】In 15 years, I hope to be designing and building devices(设备) that can help make the world a much 55. _______ (good) place.
better
【1-2025立信九下月考】The pesticides can make our health 49. _______ (bad) hurt, and the boy wondered if washing did any good.
badly
【2024师大博才九上期末】The findings showed that over 80% of children could 49_______ (clear) tell the advantages and disadvantages of different choices.
clearly
【2024雅礼九上期末】I had placed a large message halfway through the newspaper 49 ________ (secret).
secretly
【2024雨花九上期末】The moon was so hurt that it cried 58______________ (sad) for days.
sadly
【2024长郡九上期末】They are 51______________ (like) to have some clothes they don’t like or want either, so you can give yours to them and they can give theirs to you in return.
unlikely
【2024北雅九下入学】31___________ (actual), it is not an easy job, but Feng really enjoys it.
actually
【2024南雅九下入学考】She 52. _______ (careful) analyzed the feces(排泄物) .
carefully
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】54. _______ winter is cold, these sculptures brighten the long and cold months with their beauty and 55. _______ (create).
Although creativity
【2024附中博才九下一模】27___________ (unlucky), his father became seriously ill and died in 1896.
Unluckily
【2024华益九下月考1】“The store is so cool, as you do not find such a store 35_____________ (easy) in your daily life,” a visitor said.
easily
【2024南雅九下月考1】Also, people eat special foods on that day. 32______________ (usual), the foods are named after dragons. For example, people eat “dragon whisker (细须)” noodles and dumplings called “dragon teeth”.
Usually
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】But 28______________ (recent), Kondo said that she would be giving up on tidying her house to spend more time on her children.
recently
【2024雅礼九下月考1】Although Xu was ___55___ (wide) considered to be the best, he never stopped trying to become better.
widely
【2024长郡九下月考3】“After I said and did something bad to make you 54. _______ (comfortable), you still built this bridge! I’m really sorry, Jamie.” Jamie hugged his brother.
uncomfortable
【2024中雅九下月考1】All this shows that we are becoming much ___35___ (confident) in our own culture than before!
more confident中考模块7-情态动词
常见的情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must, shall (should),will (would), need等,另外have to, had better, ought to, dare (dared)也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
can, could
表体力、脑力方面的能力。“can”的过去式是“could”。
如He can swim. 他会游泳。
表请求和许可。could比can更委婉。
如---Can/Could you come to my birthday party tomorrow
---I' d love to, but I have to study for my exam.
表否定推测。常用于否定句和疑问句。意为“可能，会”。
如That can' t be Mr Li. 那不可能是李先生。
---Look at the boy in red. Is it Tom
---It can' t be him. I saw him go to the teacher' s office just now.
may, might
表示请求、许可，意为“可以”。
用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes, you may.;
否定回答一般用can' t或mustn't.
如May I ask you a question 可以问你一个问题吗？
---Certainly. 当然可以。
You may go now. 现在你可以走了。
表推测可能。常用肯定句中，might可能性更小些。
如It may be in your pocket. 它可能在你的衣袋里。
表祝愿、祈祷。
如May you succeed.
May you have a sweet dream.
must, have to
表义务、命令、必要。意为“必须”、“一定”。mustn't 意为“禁止”。
如We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)
We mustn't waste our time.我们不许浪费时间。
用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't/don't have to；
如Must we clean the room before we leave 我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗？
–Yes, you must.或No,you needn't /don' t have to. 是的,必须打扫。/不,不必要。
“have to”表示客观“不得不”、“必须”。must 表示主观“必须”。
如We' ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.
You don' t have to do so.(=You needn't do so.) 你不必这么做。
I must work hard.
shall, should
shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；
如Shall we go to the zoo this weekend 我们这个周末去动物园好吗？
Shall I carry the bag for you
shall在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。
如He shall bring his own book next time. 他下次必须带自己的书来。
3) should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。
如.We should speak to old people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)
注意： ought to 与should 用法一致，意为“应该”
will, would
will表“意愿”、“决心”等,一般与第二人称连用。would表过去的“意愿”、“决心”。
如.Will you please close the door for me 请你替我把门关上好吗？
I will teach you a lesson.我要教训你一顿.
He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边。
would也可以表示现在的情况，表达要求、请求，比“will”婉转。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I' d) like to”来表示。
如Would you like to have a rest at the moment (你现在想要休息一下吗？)
need
表示“需要”，用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时，都可以用。
如 He needn't do it in such a hurry. 他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事
He needs some help. 他需要一些帮助。
He doesn't need to bring his football socks then.那么他就无须带上足球袜了。
注意：dare是“敢”的意思，用法几乎与“need”完全相同，在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词。在肯定句中和实义动词一样，后面加to。
如How dare you say I am a fool 你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？
He didn't dare to touch the red button. 他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮。
had better (do)“最好是”。否定式是：had better not (do).
如You' d better sit here and say nothing. 你最好坐在这儿不讲话。
You' d better not speak because he is sleeping.你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉。
中考模块8-连词
连词
连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。
连词的分类
连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。
并列连词包括1）单个并列连词和2）并列连词短语。
并列连接词有：
and(和，而且), but(但是), or(或者,否则), because(因为),so(所以), however(然而,无论如何)
as well as(也), both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…), neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。
从属连接词有：
when(当…时候), while(正当…时候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自从), until(直到), as soon as(一…就…), by the time…(到…时候),
if(假如), unless (除非), as long as(只要), once(一旦)
because(因为), as(由于), since (因为), for (因为)
so that…(以便), in order that…(为了),
so…that…(如此…以致), now that…(现在既然),
although/though(虽然), even if/though(即使),
as …as…(和…一样), than(比…)
as(正如), as if/though…(仿佛，似乎),
no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。
单个并列连词
and(和，而且), but(但是), or(或者,否则), because(因为),so(所以), however(然而,无论如何)
如The train was late, so we had to wait for half an hour.
It’s going to rain. You’d better take an umbrella, or you may be wet.
并列连词短语
both…and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…), neither… nor…(既不…也不…), not...but...（不是...而是…），as well as(也)【就远原则】等。
如You either watch TV or play games. 你要么看电视要么玩游戏。
I as well as my sister am going to London. 我要到伦敦去，我妹妹也要去。
Neither Tom nor Jack has passed the exam. 汤姆和杰克已经通过了考试。
Not only students but also teachers have been there. 不仅是学生，老师也一直在那里。
Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。
从属连词
用于引导状语从句
时间状语从句:
when, while, as
since, ever since
before, after
until/till, not...until/till,
as soon as
by the time...
如Please call me when you need some help.当你需要帮助的时候，请给我打电话。
Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.当别人工作的时候不要说话那么大声。
We have made many dumplings since we began to cook. 自从我们开始做饭起，我们已经包了许多饺子了。
We haven't seen each other ever since we parted. 我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。
I will wait for my friend until / till he comes. 我要一直等到我朋友来。
We won't start our discussion until / till he comes. 我们要等到他来了，再开始我们的讨论。
I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就告诉他这件事。
By the time /when we got to the bus station, the bus had left.在我们到达车站时，汽车早开走了。
条件状语从句：if, unless, as long as, once, now that...
if
如If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the zoo. 如果明天下雨，我们就不去动物园。
If I like the house, I will buy it. 如果我喜欢这房子，我就会把它买下。
unless
如She will keep on singing unless she is told to stop. 她会一直唱下去，除非有人叫她停止。
as long as
如As long as I live, I will help you. 只要我活着，我都会帮助你。
I don't mind as long as it doesn't rain. 只要不下雨就行了。
once
如Once (it is) found, any mistake must be corrected. 一旦发现任何错误就必须加以改正。
Once you have taken the examination, you will be able to relax.你一旦考完试就可以轻松一下。
now that...
Now that none of us knows her telephone number, we will have to send someone to deliver the message．既然咱们谁也不知道她的电话号码，只有找个人去把消息告诉她了。
Now that everyone is here let's start work．既然人都齐了，咱们开始干吧。
原因状语从句: because, since, as, for
如Because Lingling was ill, she didn't come to school. 玲玲因病，没有上学。
I stayed at home because of the rain. 因为下雨我呆在家里。
Since I understood very little Japanese, I couldn't follow the conversation. 我日语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。
As Xiaowang was not ready, we went without him. 由于小王没有准备好，我们只好不带他去。
The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了，因为现在已是十二月份。
④目的状语从句: so that.., in order that...
如He is going to the lecture early so (that) he will get a good seat.
She goes closer to the speaker in order that she can hear him clearer.
⑤结果状语从句：so...that, such...that
如He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again. 这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
This teacher is so kind that we all like him. 这个老师非常和谒，我们都喜欢他。
He ran so quickly that we all couldn’t catch up with him. 他跑得很快，我们都追不上他。
This is so interesting a book that we all enjoy reading it. 这本书非常有趣，我们都喜欢看。
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了很多跤，以致于全身上下青一块，紫一块的。
He had so little education that he was unfit for this job. 他所受教育很少，不适合做这个工作。
⑥比较状语从句：as (so)...as, than
如 German is as difficult as English.德语和英语一样难学.
I am not so tall as Li Lei.
My father drives faster than me.
⑦让步状语从句：although/though, even if/though
如Although / though he is a child, he knows a lot.
He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试。
she won’t leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭。
⑧方式状语从句：as, as if/though
如You must do the exercise as I taught you.
As if /though you are the first one to arrive here.
中考模块8习题-连词
【2026雅礼九下其中】Yunnan people believe wamao could keep away bad luck 48. ______________bring peace. In 2023, wamao became Yunnan's provincial intangible cultural heritage(省级非物质文化遗产).
【2026长郡九下二模】Sometimes, you failed a test and felt really sad, ___27___ you gradually learned that falling down was just part of growing up.
【2025附中博才期中】The drummer sets the pace (节奏) and the paddlers power the boat. ____30____ someone doesn’t pay attention to the pace, the whole team may lose the race.
【2025长郡一模】So, take every chance to learn and grow, ____35____ you will not manage to reach your goals.
【2025雅礼九下月考】It is not only good for nature 46________ also benefits a community in surprising ways.
【2024雅礼九下月考1】They are always trying to improve their translations 54____________ they expect to make sure the translations are correct and beautiful.
【2024师大博才九上期末】Meanwhile, children have less knowledge about fire safety and are not as physically strong as adults, 55________ they’re often most at risk. “With these VR experiences, we can make children understand the risks and realize they can help,” said Weber.中考模块7-情态动词
常见的情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must, shall (should),will (would), need等,另外have to, had better, ought to, dare (dared)也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
can, could
表体力、脑力方面的能力。“can”的过去式是“could”。
如He can swim. 他会游泳。
表请求和许可。could比can更委婉。
如---Can/Could you come to my birthday party tomorrow
---I' d love to, but I have to study for my exam.
表否定推测。常用于否定句和疑问句。意为“可能，会”。
如That can' t be Mr Li. 那不可能是李先生。
---Look at the boy in red. Is it Tom
---It can' t be him. I saw him go to the teacher' s office just now.
may, might
表示请求、许可，意为“可以”。
用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes, you may.;
否定回答一般用can' t或mustn't.
如May I ask you a question 可以问你一个问题吗？
---Certainly. 当然可以。
You may go now. 现在你可以走了。
表推测可能。常用肯定句中，might可能性更小些。
如It may be in your pocket. 它可能在你的衣袋里。
表祝愿、祈祷。
如May you succeed.
May you have a sweet dream.
must, have to
表义务、命令、必要。意为“必须”、“一定”。mustn't 意为“禁止”。
如We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)
We mustn't waste our time.我们不许浪费时间。
用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't/don't have to；
如Must we clean the room before we leave 我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗？
–Yes, you must.或No,you needn't /don' t have to. 是的,必须打扫。/不,不必要。
“have to”表示客观“不得不”、“必须”。must 表示主观“必须”。
如We' ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.
You don' t have to do so.(=You needn't do so.) 你不必这么做。
I must work hard.
shall, should
shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；
如Shall we go to the zoo this weekend 我们这个周末去动物园好吗？
Shall I carry the bag for you
shall在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。
如He shall bring his own book next time. 他下次必须带自己的书来。
3) should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。
如.We should speak to old people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)
注意： ought to 与should 用法一致，意为“应该”
will, would
will表“意愿”、“决心”等,一般与第二人称连用。would表过去的“意愿”、“决心”。
如.Will you please close the door for me 请你替我把门关上好吗？
I will teach you a lesson.我要教训你一顿.
He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边。
would也可以表示现在的情况，表达要求、请求，比“will”婉转。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I' d) like to”来表示。
如Would you like to have a rest at the moment (你现在想要休息一下吗？)
need
表示“需要”，用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时，都可以用。
如 He needn't do it in such a hurry. 他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事
He needs some help. 他需要一些帮助。
He doesn't need to bring his football socks then.那么他就无须带上足球袜了。
注意：dare是“敢”的意思，用法几乎与“need”完全相同，在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词。在肯定句中和实义动词一样，后面加to。
如How dare you say I am a fool 你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？
He didn't dare to touch the red button. 他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮。
had better (do)“最好是”。否定式是：had better not (do).
如You' d better sit here and say nothing. 你最好坐在这儿不讲话。
You' d better not speak because he is sleeping.你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉。
中考模块8-连词
连词
连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。
连词的分类
连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。
并列连词包括1）单个并列连词和2）并列连词短语。
并列连接词有：
and(和，而且), but(但是), or(或者,否则), because(因为),so(所以), however(然而,无论如何)
as well as(也), both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…), neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。
从属连接词有：
when(当…时候), while(正当…时候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自从), until(直到), as soon as(一…就…), by the time…(到…时候),
if(假如), unless (除非), as long as(只要), once(一旦)
because(因为), as(由于), since (因为), for (因为)
so that…(以便), in order that…(为了),
so…that…(如此…以致), now that…(现在既然),
although/though(虽然), even if/though(即使),
as …as…(和…一样), than(比…)
as(正如), as if/though…(仿佛，似乎),
no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。
单个并列连词
and(和，而且), but(但是), or(或者,否则), because(因为),so(所以), however(然而,无论如何)
如The train was late, so we had to wait for half an hour.
It’s going to rain. You’d better take an umbrella, or you may be wet.
并列连词短语
both…and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…), neither… nor…(既不…也不…), not...but...（不是...而是…），as well as(也)【就远原则】等。
如You either watch TV or play games. 你要么看电视要么玩游戏。
I as well as my sister am going to London. 我要到伦敦去，我妹妹也要去。
Neither Tom nor Jack has passed the exam. 汤姆和杰克已经通过了考试。
Not only students but also teachers have been there. 不仅是学生，老师也一直在那里。
Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。
从属连词
用于引导状语从句
时间状语从句:
when, while, as
since, ever since
before, after
until/till, not...until/till,
as soon as
by the time...
如Please call me when you need some help.当你需要帮助的时候，请给我打电话。
Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.当别人工作的时候不要说话那么大声。
We have made many dumplings since we began to cook. 自从我们开始做饭起，我们已经包了许多饺子了。
We haven't seen each other ever since we parted. 我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。
I will wait for my friend until / till he comes. 我要一直等到我朋友来。
We won't start our discussion until / till he comes. 我们要等到他来了，再开始我们的讨论。
I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就告诉他这件事。
By the time /when we got to the bus station, the bus had left.在我们到达车站时，汽车早开走了。
条件状语从句：if, unless, as long as, once, now that...
if
如If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the zoo. 如果明天下雨，我们就不去动物园。
If I like the house, I will buy it. 如果我喜欢这房子，我就会把它买下。
unless
如She will keep on singing unless she is told to stop. 她会一直唱下去，除非有人叫她停止。
as long as
如As long as I live, I will help you. 只要我活着，我都会帮助你。
I don't mind as long as it doesn't rain. 只要不下雨就行了。
once
如Once (it is) found, any mistake must be corrected. 一旦发现任何错误就必须加以改正。
Once you have taken the examination, you will be able to relax.你一旦考完试就可以轻松一下。
now that...
Now that none of us knows her telephone number, we will have to send someone to deliver the message．既然咱们谁也不知道她的电话号码，只有找个人去把消息告诉她了。
Now that everyone is here let's start work．既然人都齐了，咱们开始干吧。
原因状语从句: because, since, as, for
如Because Lingling was ill, she didn't come to school. 玲玲因病，没有上学。
I stayed at home because of the rain. 因为下雨我呆在家里。
Since I understood very little Japanese, I couldn't follow the conversation. 我日语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。
As Xiaowang was not ready, we went without him. 由于小王没有准备好，我们只好不带他去。
The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了，因为现在已是十二月份。
④目的状语从句: so that.., in order that...
如He is going to the lecture early so (that) he will get a good seat.
She goes closer to the speaker in order that she can hear him clearer.
⑤结果状语从句：so...that, such...that
如He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again. 这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
This teacher is so kind that we all like him. 这个老师非常和谒，我们都喜欢他。
He ran so quickly that we all couldn’t catch up with him. 他跑得很快，我们都追不上他。
This is so interesting a book that we all enjoy reading it. 这本书非常有趣，我们都喜欢看。
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了很多跤，以致于全身上下青一块，紫一块的。
He had so little education that he was unfit for this job. 他所受教育很少，不适合做这个工作。
⑥比较状语从句：as (so)...as, than
如 German is as difficult as English.德语和英语一样难学.
I am not so tall as Li Lei.
My father drives faster than me.
⑦让步状语从句：although/though, even if/though
如Although / though he is a child, he knows a lot.
He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试。
she won’t leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭。
⑧方式状语从句：as, as if/though
如You must do the exercise as I taught you.
As if /though you are the first one to arrive here.
中考模块8习题-连词
【2026雅礼九下其中】Yunnan people believe wamao could keep away bad luck 48. ______________bring peace. In 2023, wamao became Yunnan's provincial intangible cultural heritage(省级非物质文化遗产).
and
【2026长郡九下二模】Sometimes, you failed a test and felt really sad, ___27___ you gradually learned that falling down was just part of growing up.
but
【2025附中博才期中】The drummer sets the pace (节奏) and the paddlers power the boat. ____30____ someone doesn’t pay attention to the pace, the whole team may lose the race.
if
【2025长郡一模】So, take every chance to learn and grow, ____35____ you will not manage to reach your goals.
or
【2025雅礼九下月考】It is not only good for nature 46________ also benefits a community in surprising ways.
but
【2024雅礼九下月考1】They are always trying to improve their translations 54____________ they expect to make sure the translations are correct and beautiful.
because
【2024师大博才九上期末】Meanwhile, children have less knowledge about fire safety and are not as physically strong as adults, 55________ they’re often most at risk. “With these VR experiences, we can make children understand the risks and realize they can help,” said Weber.
so中考模块9-动词时态
一、动词时态
be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：
一 般 现 在 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时
I am…. You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. (I等各人称) will be…. I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are I have been…. You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been….
一 般 过 去 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时
I was…. You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were…. (I等各人称) would be…. I was He/She/It was going to be.. We/You/They were I had been…. You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been….
注意：句型变化时,否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)；
疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：
现在时态 一 般 现 在 时 现 在 进 行 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时
谓语动词构成 动词用原形(单三加s / es) (问句和否定句借用助词do / does) am is +动词-ing are will + 动词原形 am is +going to+动词原形 are have/has+过去分词
过去 时态 一 般 过 去 时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时
谓语动词构成 动词用过去式 (问句和否定句借用助词did) was/were+动词-ing would + 动词原形 was/were+going to+动词原形 had +过去分词
二、动词语态
英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：
现在时态 一般现在时 现在进行时 一 般 将 来 时 现在完成时
谓语动词构 成 am is +p.p. are am is +being+p.p. are will + be+p.p. am is +going to+ be + p.p. are have(has) +been+p.p.
过去时态 一般过去时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过去完成时
谓语动词构 成 was/were+p.p. was/were+being+p.p. would +be+p.p. was/were+going to+be+p.p. had +been+p.p.
[注] p.p.表示过去分词。
一、一般现在时
概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如：
The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)
Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快)
时间状语：
Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays,
基本结构：
主语+谓语动词（若主语第三人称单数，动词改为第三人称单数形式）+其他
Mary is a student. We speak Chinese.
5.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他；此时态的谓语动词若为其他动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
主语+am/is/are +not +其他.（be动词）
主语+don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+其他.（其他动词）
Mary isn’t a student. We don’t speak Chinese.
My father doesn’t enjoy himself in the club.
6.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
Am/Is/Are+主语+其他？（be动词）
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not.
Is Mary a student ---Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
Do/Does+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词）
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋do/does.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋don’t/doesn’t.
Do you speak Chinese ---Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
7.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？
What(When,Where,How...)+am/is/are+主语+其他？（be动词）
What(When,Where,How...)+do/does+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词）
How does your father go to work
Who is your favorite football player
常用的疑问词有:what 、who 、whose 、which 、when 、where 、how 、why等。回答特殊疑问句时，不能用yes / no，即问什么答什么，尤其是简略回答。
疑问代词:
what(什么)who(谁)which(哪个，在一定范围内选择)whose(谁的)whom(谁)
疑问副词:
when(询问时间)where(询问地点)why(询问原因)how(询问怎么样)
疑问形容词:
what(which，whose)+名词
what time(什么时候) what colour(什么颜色)... ...
How many多少（数量）How much多少钱（价格），多少(对不可名提问)
How long多长 How often多少次 How big多大 How heavy多重（重量）
How far多远（路程）How soon多久之后How old多大（年龄）
如What time does he get up every morning﹖
What class are you in﹖
动词的三单形式变化规则：
1.一般情况下，直接加-s
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es
4. have要变has
一般过去时
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time.
3.基本结构：主语+动词/be的过去时（was, were）+ 其他
I got up at 6:30 yesterday. 我昨天6:30起床。
My father was very busy last week. 我父亲上周很忙。
She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。
4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
主语+wasn’t/weren’t+其他
主语+didn’t+动词原形+其他.（其他动词）
Old Henry wasn’t happy last Friday.上星期五老亨利不高兴。
I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。
The girl didn’t play computer games yesterday afternoon.这个女孩昨天下午没玩电子游戏。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
Was/Were+主语+其他？（be动词）
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was／were.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t／weren’t.
Did+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词）
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋did.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋didn’t.
--- Was your weekend OK 你的周末过得还行吧？
--- Yes, it was.／No, it wasn’t. 是的，还行。／不，不行。
--- Did you go to the beach 你们去海滩了吗？
--- Yes, we did.／No, we didn’t. 是的，我们去了。／不，我们没有。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句（顺序）？
What(When,Where,How...)+was/were+主语+其他？（be动词）
What(When,Where,How...)+did+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词）
--- What did Li Lei do last weekend 李雷上周末干什么了？
--- He visited his grandparents. 他去看了他的祖父母。
--- Where were you yesterday 你昨天在哪儿？
--- I was at home. 我在家里。
过去式的构成
be动词和实义动词过去式的构成：
⑴ 动词be 的过去式有两种形式：was和were（am,is-was are-were）
⑵ 规则动词过去式的构成：
①一般在动词末尾加---ed。【举例】walk→walked play→played
②以不发音e结尾的动词末尾只加---d。【举例】love→loved decide→decided
③结尾是“辅音字母＋y ”的动词。先将y 变为i，再加---ed。
【举例】study→studied carry→carried
④末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写该辅音字母，再加---ed。
【举例】stop→stopped plan→planned
一般将来时
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：
主语+will/shall +动词原形+其他
主语+am/is/are +going to +动词原形+其他
(1).I shall/will go to Beijing next month.(I will=I'll)下个月我将要去北京.
(2).You will come to see me tomorrow.(you will=you'll)明天你将要来看我.
(3).She will read English tomorrow morning.(She will=She'll)明天早上她将要读英语.
4.否定形式：
主语+will/shall not +动词原形+其他
主语+am/is/are not going to +动词原形+其他
I am not going to play basketball tomorrow. 明天我不将踢足球。
She is not/isn't going to visit Shanghai next year. 明年她不参观上海。
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
Am/Is/Are +主语+going to+动词原形+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not.
Is it going to rain --Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.
Will/Shall+主语+动词原形+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋will.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋will not (won’t).
--Shall we play volleyball next class 下一节课我们将打排球吗
--Yes,you will.是的,你们将.
6.特殊疑问句:
(1).What(Where,How...)+be(am,is,are)+主语+going to+动词原形+其他
(A)--What are you going to do tomorrow 明天你将要做什么
-I'm going to the park 我将要去动物园.
(B).--Where are you going to swim 你将要去哪儿游泳
--I'm going to swim in the river.
(2). What(When,Where,How...)+will+主语+动词原形+其他
(A).---What will you do next week？ 下个星期你将要做什么
---I will do my homework。 我将要做作业.
(B).--How will she come here tomorrow 明天她将要怎么来这儿
--She will come here by bus。 她将要乘公共汽车来这儿。
补充说明:
1.有些词如:go(去),come(来),leave(离开),start(开始)用现在进行时表示将来时.
(1)She is coming here tomorrow.她明天将要来这儿.
(2).When are you leaving here 你什么时间将要离开这儿
2."主语+be(am,is,are) going to+动词原形+其他" 表示一个事先考虑好的意图,相当于文中的"打算,计划,准备"
(1).I am going to spend my holiday in Beijing.我打算在北京度假.
(2).Where are you going to spend your holiday 你将要到哪儿度假
表示将来的其它形式
Be to do sth表示拟定或计划中要发生的动作或按之则必须做的事情。
Be about to do sth常when从句连用，表示将要做某事时，在这时……。
Be on the way to do sth 表示即将发生的动作。
现在进行时
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, Look! Listen!.
3.基本结构：
主语+be(am, is, are) +动词ing +其他
They are cleaning the house.他们在打扫屋子。
He is brushing his teeth.他正在刷牙。
Mother is waiting for me.母亲在等我。
4.否定形式：
主语+be(am, is, are) +not +动词ing+其他
I'm not doing anything right now.我现在没做什么事情。
She is not dancing，but doing exercise.她不是在跳舞，而是在锻炼。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
Am/Is/Are+主语+动词ing+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not.
Are you leaving already 你这么早就要走了吗
Is it raining now ---Yes，it is./No，it isn't.
现在下雨吗 ------是的，在下雨。/不，不下了。
Are they helping the old lady ---Yes，they are./No，they aren't.
他们在帮助这位老妇人吗 ------是的。/不，没帮助她。
特殊疑问句句型：
What(When,Where,How...)+ am/is/are + 主语 + 动词ing...
Who are you waiting for ---I'm not waiting for anybody.你在等谁 ------我没在等谁。
What are you doing ---I'm just tying up my shoelaces.你在干什么 ------我在系鞋带。
What time are you coming back ---I'm not sure what time I'm coming back.
你打算什么时候回来 ------我不能肯定我将在什么时候回来。
What's your brother planning to do tomorrow ---He can't decide what to do.
你兄弟明天打算做什么 ------他还没定要做什么。
现在进行时的结构：be+动词ing.
一般直接加，见e去e加。重读辅元辅，双写尾字母。
1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study-studying, work-working.
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write-writing,
3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get-getting, begin-beginning.
口诀：停止游泳， ___________ _____________
开始跑步和跳绳， ___________ _____________ ___________
到达商店购物， ___________ _____________
忘记坐下切蛋糕。 __________ _____________ ___________
过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：.at+具体时刻+过去时间(at five last Saturday); .at this time+过去时间(at this time yesterday); 过去时间段(from nine to ten last evening,(a year) ago); .at that time/momen; when &while引导的过去时间状语从句等。
3.基本结构：
主语+was/were +doing +其他
He was cooking supper this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭
The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具。
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。
He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.他住在这里时老向我借钱。
否定形式：
主语+was/were + not +动词ing+其他
I was not watching TV at eight last night.
He was not having breakfast at seven this morning.
一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）
Was/Were +主语 +动词ing+其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was/were.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t/weren’t.
--Were you watching TV at eight last night --Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
--Was he having breakfast at seven this morning
--Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？
疑问词+was/were+主语+动词ing+其它？
---What were you doing yesterday morning
---I was reading newspapers.
Who was singing at this time yesterday --Mary.
现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, up to now, since+时间点,for+时间段, recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：
主语+have/has +done（动词过去分词）+其他
I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年,农村发生巨大变化。
否定形式：
主语+have/has + not +done（动词过去分词）+其他
I have not finished all of my work (so far).
Guo zijun hasn’t been to America.
一般疑问句：have或has提前。
Have/Has +主语+done（动词过去分词）+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语+have/has.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋have/has not (haven’t/hasn’t).
--Have you written to your parents yet 你已经给你父母写过信了吗？
--Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？
What(Where,How...)+have/has +主语+done（动词过去分词）+其他
What have they just done 他们刚刚做了什么？--They have learned music.
How many times have you been to Disneyland ---Three times.
现在完成时的构成
规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
二、用法：
用法一：表示过去（已经、曾经或从未）发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
标志词：①already, ②never, ③ever, ④just, ⑤yet, ⑥before,
⑦once/twice...+ times
I have cleaned my room.我已打扫了房间。（房间现在是干净的，不需要打扫）
They have left. 他们已经离开了。（也就是说现在他们人不在这里）
I have never had a car. 我从未有过汽车。
I have been there twice.我来这里两次了。
a）already 往往用于肯定句,用在疑问句时表示强调或加强语气; yet用于否定句疑问句。
He has already left here. 他已经离开这里了。
Has he already left here 他（真的）已经离开这里了吗？（表示加强语气）
My teachers haven’t had breakfast yet. 我的老师们还没有吃早饭。
Have you written to your parents yet 你已经给你父母写过信了吗？
b）never 是否定词,表示“从来没有”,而ever 表示“曾经”
We have never been to the Great Wall. 我们从来没有去过长城。
Have you ever been to Canada 你们曾经去过加拿大吗？
c）just用于句中, 表示“刚刚”
I’ve just had breakfast. 我刚吃完早饭。
What have they just done 他们刚刚做了什么？
d）before用于句末, 表示“以前”
I’ve seen it before. 我以前见过它。
练习：用never,ever,already,before, just或yet填空。
1. I have __________seen him before, so I have no idea about him.
2. Jack has __________finished his homework.
3. --Have you _________seen the film --No, I have ________seen it.
4. ---Has the bus left _______ ---Yes, it has ________ left.
5. Would you like to go to the zoo with me Yes, but I have been there______.
★ has gone to, has been to, has been in 的区别：
1. have/has gone to 去了某地（还在某地没回来）
---Where is your father 你爸爸在哪里？
---He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
2. have/has been to 曾经去过（已回,已不在去过的地方） +次数（once/twice/ 数字+times）
My father has been to Shanghai 3 times. 我爸爸去过上海3次。
画线提问：________________ has your father been to Shanghai
3. have/has been in 待了多久（去了,现在仍在所待的地方）+ for + 时间段/ + since + 时间点
My father has been in Shanghai for two months/ since two months ago. 我爸已经在上海待了两个月了。
画线提问：_______________has your father been in Shanghai
▲注意：注意遇到四个地点副词要去掉to/in, 这四个地点副词是：here ,there ,home ,abroad
练习：用have gone to / have been to / have been in / went to 填空。
1. _____ you ever _____ Disneyland
2. How many times _____ you _____ Disneyland
3. I _____ Nanjing since two years ago
4. Mr. Li _____ Hong Kong. And he'll come back in two days.
5. ---How long _____ you _____ Disneyland
---For three days. I __________ the theme park last Sunday.
6. My father __________ Hong Kong two weeks ago.
7. My father __________ Hong Kong in 2005.
8. My father __________ Hong Kong since 2005.
9. My father __________ Hong Kong twice.
10. My father __________ Hong Kong and he hasn't come back yet.
11. ---Where's Lucy
---She has__________ to a restaurant for lunch.
12. Have you __________ to this park before.
13. I have__________ there only once this year.
14. She has __________ to the shop to buy a notebook.
15. You're late, Lao Wang has __________ to Guangzhou.
用法二：表示过去已经开始, 并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
标志词：⑦up to now, ⑧so far, ⑨for +时间段 ⑩since+时间点
I have learned English for more than ten years.我已经学了10多年的英语。
She has swum since half an hour ago.我已经游泳了半个小时。
a) for +一段时间
Eg. I have been here for 5 weeks. 我在这里5周了。
He’s studied English for 3 years. 他学习英语3年了。
b) since +(表示过去某一时间的)时间点/单词/词组/ 从句(一般过去时)
Eg. I have been here since 2000. 我自从2000年开始在这里。
I have been here since 5 years ago. 我自从5年前就在这里。
I have been here since I graduated in 2000. 我自从2000年毕业就在这里。
注：1) 对for或since引导的时间状语提问 必须用how long, 决不能用when.
Eg. I have lived here for 10 years. 画线提问： ________ _______ have you lived here
注2): 短暂性动词不能和for或since引导的时间状语连用, 当然也不能用于how long引导的问句中
Eg.(误)I have left there for 5 years.
(正)I have been away there for 5 years.
★为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词来代替短暂性动词。
become →be, begin→ have, borrow → keep, buy → have,
go out → be out come (go, arrive, get) →be in die→ be dead,
finish→be over, join→ be in...（be a member of...） leave→ be away ( from...),
open→ be open close→ be closed
练习： 选用 for和 since填空:
1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time.
2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago.
3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes.
4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China.
5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years.
6. It’s five years _______ we met last time.
三、与一般过去时的用法比较
1现在完成时和一般过去时都是说过去的事情,但现在完成时注意的不是事情本身,而是强调事情与现在保持的某种密切联系（如现在的结果,影响,一直延续到现在等）,不与表示过去的时间连用; 而一般过去时,则只讲述发生在过去的动作和事情与现在没有关系,常与表示过去的时间连用。
eg：He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。
He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。
第一句用现在完成时时态,想表达意为：“He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. And he still has it” “过去他买了一本英汉字典,现在他还有这本字典” 。
第二句用过去时只叙述过去他买过一本英汉字典这一事实,至于现在他是否有这本字典并未强调说明。
2．常与一般过去时连用的典型的表示过去时间的状语:
yesterday(昨天), the day before yesterday(前天), just now(刚才), 时间+ ago, last +时间 等;
eg: The plane took off ten minutes ago.
We finished our task last week.
过去完成时
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：before+过去时间点, by the end of last year (term, month…), by the time+过去时间点 等。
3.基本结构：
主语+had + done（过去分词）+其他
As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。
By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上个月底我们复习了四本书。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.
否定形式：
主语+had + not + done（过去分词）+其他
They hadn’t already had breakfast when I met them.
They hadn’t arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
Had+主语+ done（过去分词）+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋had.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋hadn’t.
--Had he finished his homework when you saw him yesterday evening
--Yes, he had./ No, he hadn’t.
6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What(When,Where,How...)+had+主语+ done（过去分词）+其他
--What had Jane done by the time he was seven
--He had learned all the words of book I.
过去完成时的判断依据
由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及 by,before,until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：
1）by +过去的时间点。
如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
2）by the end of / by the time + 过去的时间点。
如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ had worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能）
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
3）before + 过去的时间点。
如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English for about five years.
2.由“过去的过去”来判定
过去完成时表示"过去的过去",是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在
1）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
2）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在"过去的过去"）
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：
Where did you study before you came here
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为"助动词 have (has) + 过去分词"; 过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调"过去的过去",只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。
- Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。（"等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
- John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
- Where had he been 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即"过去的过去"）
四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去"; 而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too.
She had just won the first in the composition competition.
中考模块10-主谓一致
一、语法一致
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数。
2、由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
但并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Both he and I are right.
Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom.
The poet and writer has come.
3、由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
4、主语和谓语之间插入了分词短语，谓语要与主语保持一致。
Mr Smith , followed by his wife and three children , has just arrived.
5、由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。
Is everybody ready
Somebody is using the phone.
6、有两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
注意：如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如：
Where are my shoes I can’t find them.
Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
My new pair of socks is on the bed.
二、意义一致
1、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。
如：Twenty years is not a long time.
Ten dollars is too dear.
2.集合名词
★常作复数的集合名词：如 “people（人们）”“police（警察）”“cattle（牛群）” 等，谓语动词要用复数形式。
如：The police are searching for the missing child.警察们正在搜寻失踪的孩子。
Cattle are grazing in the field.牛群在田野里吃草。
★常作不可数名词的集合名词：如 “equipment（设备）”“furniture（家具）”“luggage（行李）” 等，谓语动词用单数。
如：The equipment in our laboratory is very advanced.我们实验室的设备非常先进。
This furniture is made of high - quality wood.这件家具是用高品质木材制作的。
★既可作单数又可作复数的集合名词：常见的有 “family（家庭；家人）”“team（团队；队员）”“class（班级；同学们）” 等。
当把集合体视为一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；
当强调集合体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。
如：My family is a big one.我的家庭是个大家庭。
My family are all music lovers.我的家人都是音乐爱好者。
不定代词
由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数;如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如：
All of the work has been finished.
All of the people have gone.
疑问代词
★主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数
★主语表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数。例如：
Who is your brother
Who are League members
“分数或百分数+of+名词”
作主语时，其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。
★名词是复数，谓语动词用复数；
★名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。
如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.
Three -fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
half, the rest等表示不定数量的名词
作主语时
★如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数;
★如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数。
如：
I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.
Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick.
三、就近原则与就远原则
就近原则
由or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but, there be等连接的并列成分作主语时，其谓语通常要与靠近的主语保持一致。如：
He or I am in the wrong, 他或是我错了。
Neither you nor he is tired. 你和他都没累。
Not you but I am to blame. 不该怪你而该怪我。
Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
就远原则
当用作主语的成分后面跟有由with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, including, as much as, no less than等引出的短语时，谓语动词习惯上要与这些结构前面的主语保持一致（即与比较远的那个主语保持一致，简称“就远原则”）。如：
Everybody except you is down on me. 除了你，大家都看不起我。
A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。
Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。
My father, no less than I, is a base-ball fan. 我的父亲不亚于我也是个棒球迷。
中考模块11-动词被动语态
一、被动语态的概念
英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态。
如：We clean the classroom.我们打扫教室。
主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。
如：The classroom is cleaned (by us).教室被（我们）打扫。
被动语态的基本结构：
助动词be + done+（by+宾语）
其中by意为“被...；由...”，表动作的执行者。
如：The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那个男孩打破的。
be有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。
如：English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式）
English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式）
Is English widely spoken around the world （疑问式） Yes, it is./No, it isn’t.
【注意】
含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + done +（by+宾语）
如：The work can be done. 这项工作很容易做。
Other planets may be visited in the future. 将来其他的星球也会有人登陆。
主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to的不定式，在变被动句时，要加上to。
使役动词make/ have/ let sb do sth
感官动词see/ hear/ feel/ notice sb do sth
主动表被动的动词
★need：例如，“The flower needs watering.”（这花需要浇水。）
★want：例如，“The flower wants watering.”（这花需要浇水。）
★require：例如，“The roof needs repairing.”（这屋顶需要修理。）
★deserve：例如，“This movie deserves watching.”（这部电影值得一看。）
★be worth：例如，“This book is worth reading.”（这本书值得一读。）
4.没有被动语态的动词
★不及物动词：本身不接宾语，因此没有被动语态。例如：appear, disappear, take place, happen, die, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep。
★系动词：表示状态或特征，而非动作，因此通常没有被动语态。例如：be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
★表示静态的及物动词：这些动词虽然可以接宾语，但在表达某种静态关系时，一般不用于被动语态。例如：fit, suit, hold（容纳）, suffer, last（持续）
★自动词：这些动词表达的是主语自身的动作，不需要借助宾语，因此没有被动语态。例如： sell, wash, run out, give out, turn out（证实）。
如：They heard a girl sing in the next room.→ A girl was heard to sing in the next room (by them).
一、一般现在时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+ am / is / are +done (动词过去分词) +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
eg .English is studied (by us ) every day.
Workers are needed very much here.
This English song is not often sung by us.
否定句：主语+ am / is / are + not + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
eg. English is not studied (by us ) every day.
一般疑问句：Am / Is / Are +主语 + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are.
eg.-- Is English studied (by us ) every day. --Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.
特殊疑问句：What/Where/When...+ am / is / are +主语+done+ 其他
eg. When is English studied (by us )
二、一般过去式的被动语态
肯定句：主语 + was / were + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
eg.This bridge was built in October last year.这座桥是去年十月份建的。
These cakes were made by my mother last night.这些蛋糕是我妈昨晚做的。
The girl said she was often beaten by her brother.女孩说她经常被她兄弟打。
否定句：主语+wasn’t / weren’t + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
eg. This bridge wasn’t built in October last year.
一般疑问句：Was / Were +主语 + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was / were.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t / weren’t.
eg.--Was your office cleaned yesterday afternoon —Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
--Were your rooms painted again last week --Yes, they were./No,they weren’t.
特殊疑问句：What/Where/When...+ was / were +主语+done+ 其他
eg. --When was your brother sent to work in Beijing
你兄弟是什么时候被派到北京去工作的？
--Last year. / He was sent to work in Beijing last year.
去年。/ 他是去年被派到北京工作的。
--Where was the party held last Sunday 上周日聚会在哪儿举行的？
--At home. / It was held at home. 在家里。/ 在家里举行的。
三、一般将来时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+shall / will + be + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他. 如：
We shall be punished if we break the rule.如果我们违反规定，我们将要受到惩罚。
The new film will be shown next Thursday.这部新电影将在下周四上映。
否定句：主语+shall / will + not + be + done+(by+人代宾格 )+其他.（可缩写成shan’t或won’t）
The meeting won’t be held tomorrow.明天不再举行会议。
The exhibition won’t be put off till next week.展览会将不会推迟到下周。
一般疑问句：Shall / Will +主语+ be + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他.（回答用yes或no）如：
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋shall / will.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋shan’t / won’t .
Won’t water be turned into ice, it it is belwo freezing 如果气温在冰点下，水难道不会成冰吗？
---Will the work be finished at once ---Yes, it will.
---这项工作会立刻被完成吗？ ---是的，立刻就完成。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + shall / will + 主语+ be + done+(by+人代宾格 )+其他.如：
When will these books be published 这些书将在什么时候被出版？
Whom will this book be written by 谁来写这本书？
其他结构构成：be going to be done
Some old buildings are going to be put down. 一些旧的楼房将被推倒。
The problem isn’t going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
这个问题将不在明天的会议上被讨论。
---Are these trees going to be cut down？---Yes，they are.
---这些树将被砍倒吗？---是的，将被砍倒
四、现在进行时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+be（am, is, are）+ being＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他.
My new house is being decorated.
我的新房子正在装修。
Money is being collected for the Hope Project.
正在为希望工程募捐。
Another bridge is being built over the Changjiang River. 长江上正在修建另一座大桥。
否定句：主语＋be（am, is, are）＋not＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他
The engineer is not being treated fairly.
目前这位工程师没有受到公平的待遇。
一般疑问式：Be（Am, Is, Are）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am /is / are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am /is / are not.
Is the life of pandas being studied by the scientists
科学家们正在研究熊猫的生活习惯吗？
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be（am, is, are）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
Where is the new science lab being built
新的科技馆正在哪里建造？
五、过去进行时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+be（was / were）+ being＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他.
The room was being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning.
A story was being told by Peter's mother to Peter.
Peter was being told a story by his mother.
He told me that a new station was being built. 他说正在修建一个新车站。
否定句：主语＋be（was / were）＋not＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他
The room wasn’t being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning.
一般疑问式：Be（was / were）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was / were.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t / weren’t.
Was the room being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be（was / were）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
When was the room being cleaned by him
六、现在完成时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+have/has＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他.
The new schools have been set up. 新学校都已经建成了。
The experiment has been done successfully. 这个实验做得很成功。
The books have been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书被老师借走了。
Tom’s novel has been published. 汤姆的小说出版了。
否定句：主语＋have/has＋not＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他
The new schools have not been set up. 新学校还没有建成。
The experiment has not been done successfully. 这个实验还没有成功。
The books have not been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书还没有被老师借走了。
Tom’s novel has not been published. 汤姆的小说还没有被出版。
一般疑问式：Have/Has＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋have/has.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋have/has.
Have the new schools been set up 新学校都已经建成了。
Has the experiment been done successfully 这个实验做得很成功。
Have the books been borrowed by the teacher 那些书被老师借走了。
Has Tom’s novel been published 汤姆的小说出版了。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Have/Has＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
When have the new schools been set up
七、过去完成时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+had＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他.
The new schools had been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前已经建成了。
否定句：主语＋had＋not＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他
The new schools had not been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前还没有建成。
一般疑问式：Had＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋had.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋had not.
The new schools had not been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前还没有建成。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Had＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
When the new schools had been set up before you left？新学校在你离开之前什么时候建成的？
中考模块9-11习题-动词时态&语态
【2026长郡双语二模】For high school, more challenges and hopes will ___32___ (bring) to you. The subjects will be deeper, and the books will be thicker, but I know you can discover new interests there.
【2026华益二模】Dragon boat racing is a popular sport during the Dragon Boat Festival. Teams of people row dragon-shaped boats in rivers or lakes. The racing ____30____ (see) as a symbol of teamwork and perseverance (毅力).
【2026明德九下期中】In a city, a green-themed tour ____52____ (organize) last month by the local officials, inviting walkers ____53____ (see) willow trees (柳树) at gardens, enjoy springtime green rice balls, and walk through tea gardens.
【2026华益二模】In the past few years, modern sports like basketball, football and tennis ____32____ (become) very popular in China.
【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】From the early days of Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse to the more recent additions like Moana and Raya, Disney ____27____ (create) many characters over the past few years.
【2025青竹湖二模】They symbolize wealth and good luck. The design of the pingfeng 50. _______ (carry) people’s beautiful wishes.
【2025立信二模】At that point, the teacher 52. _______ (step) out from behind his desk and looked Les straight in the eye. “Don’t ever say that again,” he told him seriously. “Someone else’s opinion of you does not have to become your reality.”
【2025附中植基二模】The iron 49. (heat) by the craftsmen at a very high temperature until it becomes liquid.
【2025一中九下期中】Samples(样本) 46. _______ (take) from 38 devices and other things like toilet seats. Then 47. _______ (get) the result, the scientists counted the bacteria colonies(细菌菌落) — groups of bacteria that grow together.
【2025附中博才期中】The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the most important festivals in China. It ____26____ (celebrate) on the fifth day of the fifth lunar (农历) month.
【2025一中一模】When he was looking around, he suddenly found that the seat next to him 28____________ (take) by a little snake.
【2025立信九下月考】It 53. _______ (say) that PestiSCAND might soon help people choose healthier food.
【2025雅礼九下月考】“There were cans and bottles always thrown around the road,” he says. In Michigan, they can 49________ (collect) and sold for money.
【2024师大博才九上期末】It presents a situation for children aged 10—12. In the situation, they ____47____ (ask) to look after a friend’s dog just before a fire event begins.
【2025附中九下期中】The Zhuazhou ceremony (仪式) usually ____27____ (take) place before lunchtime on the baby’s first birthday.
【2025长郡一模】In order to build your confidence, you can firstly start by choosing a subject that 30____________ (interest) you the most.
【2025一中一模】He 27____________ (stop) to look around, but saw nobody.
【2025立信九下月考】It 51. _______(change) many people’s life since it came out.
【2025雅礼九下月考】Since then, Mateo’s recycling effort 52________ (make) a great difference and helped at least 50 local youth groups.
【2024师大博才九上期末】Children thought it especially important and meaningful, because 91% of ____51____ (they) didn’t have knowledge of fires at the beginning, and 67% said that they ____52____ (be) too young to make safety decisions in a fire.
【2024中雅九下月考1】Recently, the skirt 28_________ (get) more attention. “For us, ___29___ (wear) the skirt is not just for fashion,” said Mao, one of the hanfu lovers.
【2024雅礼九上期末】Ten years ago, I started to study luck. I wanted to know why some people were always in the right place at the right time, while others always experienced ill luck. Plenty of people 46________________ (invite) for my research.
【2024南雅九下入学考】The panda’s home must 50. _______ (clean) every morning.
【2024附中博才九下一模】And his other novels, such as The True Story of Ah Q and Kong Yiji, ____33____ (read) by Chinese young people in that period.
【2024华益九下月考1】In the past, the store ____29____ (regard) as a resting point for rock climbers through their climbs.
【2024南雅九下月考1】It ___34___ (say) that a haircut during the first lunar month may make mother’s brothers unlucky, so people avoid ___35___ (cut) their hair before the Dragon Head Raising Day at the beginning of a new year.
【2024长郡九上期末】If each adult gave away all the clothes not worn in the past year to charity shops, 4.9 billion kilograms of CO2 emissions (二氧化碳排放) could ____48____ (save).
【2024北雅九下入学】Besides, he ___34___ (encourage) by many of his customers and fans who praise his skills so far.
【2024长郡九上期末】It is reported that 360,000 tons of the textiles (纺织品) thrown away in the UK every year ____46____ (be) clothes.
【2024北雅九下入学】So far, he ___27___ (create) more than 40 miniatures for people from around the country, reproducing the old houses that carry their memories.
【2024雅礼九下月考1】In an old building in Peking University, a yellow light shone into the old and dark house of the night. The famous translator Xu Yuanchong ___46___ (sit) behind the window and stared at the computer screen.中考模块9-动词时态
一、动词时态
be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：
一 般 现 在 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时
I am…. You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. (I等各人称) will be…. I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are I have been…. You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been….
一 般 过 去 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时
I was…. You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were…. (I等各人称) would be…. I was He/She/It was going to be.. We/You/They were I had been…. You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been….
注意：句型变化时,否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)；
疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：
现在时态 一 般 现 在 时 现 在 进 行 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时
谓语动词构成 动词用原形(单三加s / es) (问句和否定句借用助词do / does) am is +动词-ing are will + 动词原形 am is +going to+动词原形 are have/has+过去分词
过去 时态 一 般 过 去 时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时
谓语动词构成 动词用过去式 (问句和否定句借用助词did) was/were+动词-ing would + 动词原形 was/were+going to+动词原形 had +过去分词
二、动词语态
英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：
现在时态 一般现在时 现在进行时 一 般 将 来 时 现在完成时
谓语动词构 成 am is +p.p. are am is +being+p.p. are will + be+p.p. am is +going to+ be + p.p. are have(has) +been+p.p.
过去时态 一般过去时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过去完成时
谓语动词构 成 was/were+p.p. was/were+being+p.p. would +be+p.p. was/were+going to+be+p.p. had +been+p.p.
[注] p.p.表示过去分词。
一、一般现在时
概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如：
The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)
Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快)
时间状语：
Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays,
基本结构：
主语+谓语动词（若主语第三人称单数，动词改为第三人称单数形式）+其他
Mary is a student. We speak Chinese.
5.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他；此时态的谓语动词若为其他动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
主语+am/is/are +not +其他.（be动词）
主语+don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+其他.（其他动词）
Mary isn’t a student. We don’t speak Chinese.
My father doesn’t enjoy himself in the club.
6.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
Am/Is/Are+主语+其他？（be动词）
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not.
Is Mary a student ---Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
Do/Does+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词）
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋do/does.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋don’t/doesn’t.
Do you speak Chinese ---Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
7.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？
What(When,Where,How...)+am/is/are+主语+其他？（be动词）
What(When,Where,How...)+do/does+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词）
How does your father go to work
Who is your favorite football player
常用的疑问词有:what 、who 、whose 、which 、when 、where 、how 、why等。回答特殊疑问句时，不能用yes / no，即问什么答什么，尤其是简略回答。
疑问代词:
what(什么)who(谁)which(哪个，在一定范围内选择)whose(谁的)whom(谁)
疑问副词:
when(询问时间)where(询问地点)why(询问原因)how(询问怎么样)
疑问形容词:
what(which，whose)+名词
what time(什么时候) what colour(什么颜色)... ...
How many多少（数量）How much多少钱（价格），多少(对不可名提问)
How long多长 How often多少次 How big多大 How heavy多重（重量）
How far多远（路程）How soon多久之后How old多大（年龄）
如What time does he get up every morning﹖
What class are you in﹖
动词的三单形式变化规则：
1.一般情况下，直接加-s
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es
4. have要变has
一般过去时
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time.
3.基本结构：主语+动词/be的过去时（was, were）+ 其他
I got up at 6:30 yesterday. 我昨天6:30起床。
My father was very busy last week. 我父亲上周很忙。
She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。
4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
主语+wasn’t/weren’t+其他
主语+didn’t+动词原形+其他.（其他动词）
Old Henry wasn’t happy last Friday.上星期五老亨利不高兴。
I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。
The girl didn’t play computer games yesterday afternoon.这个女孩昨天下午没玩电子游戏。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
Was/Were+主语+其他？（be动词）
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was／were.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t／weren’t.
Did+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词）
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋did.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋didn’t.
--- Was your weekend OK 你的周末过得还行吧？
--- Yes, it was.／No, it wasn’t. 是的，还行。／不，不行。
--- Did you go to the beach 你们去海滩了吗？
--- Yes, we did.／No, we didn’t. 是的，我们去了。／不，我们没有。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句（顺序）？
What(When,Where,How...)+was/were+主语+其他？（be动词）
What(When,Where,How...)+did+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词）
--- What did Li Lei do last weekend 李雷上周末干什么了？
--- He visited his grandparents. 他去看了他的祖父母。
--- Where were you yesterday 你昨天在哪儿？
--- I was at home. 我在家里。
过去式的构成
be动词和实义动词过去式的构成：
⑴ 动词be 的过去式有两种形式：was和were（am,is-was are-were）
⑵ 规则动词过去式的构成：
①一般在动词末尾加---ed。【举例】walk→walked play→played
②以不发音e结尾的动词末尾只加---d。【举例】love→loved decide→decided
③结尾是“辅音字母＋y ”的动词。先将y 变为i，再加---ed。
【举例】study→studied carry→carried
④末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写该辅音字母，再加---ed。
【举例】stop→stopped plan→planned
一般将来时
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：
主语+will/shall +动词原形+其他
主语+am/is/are +going to +动词原形+其他
(1).I shall/will go to Beijing next month.(I will=I'll)下个月我将要去北京.
(2).You will come to see me tomorrow.(you will=you'll)明天你将要来看我.
(3).She will read English tomorrow morning.(She will=She'll)明天早上她将要读英语.
4.否定形式：
主语+will/shall not +动词原形+其他
主语+am/is/are not going to +动词原形+其他
I am not going to play basketball tomorrow. 明天我不将踢足球。
She is not/isn't going to visit Shanghai next year. 明年她不参观上海。
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
Am/Is/Are +主语+going to+动词原形+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not.
Is it going to rain --Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.
Will/Shall+主语+动词原形+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋will.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋will not (won’t).
--Shall we play volleyball next class 下一节课我们将打排球吗
--Yes,you will.是的,你们将.
6.特殊疑问句:
(1).What(Where,How...)+be(am,is,are)+主语+going to+动词原形+其他
(A)--What are you going to do tomorrow 明天你将要做什么
-I'm going to the park 我将要去动物园.
(B).--Where are you going to swim 你将要去哪儿游泳
--I'm going to swim in the river.
(2). What(When,Where,How...)+will+主语+动词原形+其他
(A).---What will you do next week？ 下个星期你将要做什么
---I will do my homework。 我将要做作业.
(B).--How will she come here tomorrow 明天她将要怎么来这儿
--She will come here by bus。 她将要乘公共汽车来这儿。
补充说明:
1.有些词如:go(去),come(来),leave(离开),start(开始)用现在进行时表示将来时.
(1)She is coming here tomorrow.她明天将要来这儿.
(2).When are you leaving here 你什么时间将要离开这儿
2."主语+be(am,is,are) going to+动词原形+其他" 表示一个事先考虑好的意图,相当于文中的"打算,计划,准备"
(1).I am going to spend my holiday in Beijing.我打算在北京度假.
(2).Where are you going to spend your holiday 你将要到哪儿度假
表示将来的其它形式
Be to do sth表示拟定或计划中要发生的动作或按之则必须做的事情。
Be about to do sth常when从句连用，表示将要做某事时，在这时……。
Be on the way to do sth 表示即将发生的动作。
现在进行时
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, Look! Listen!.
3.基本结构：
主语+be(am, is, are) +动词ing +其他
They are cleaning the house.他们在打扫屋子。
He is brushing his teeth.他正在刷牙。
Mother is waiting for me.母亲在等我。
4.否定形式：
主语+be(am, is, are) +not +动词ing+其他
I'm not doing anything right now.我现在没做什么事情。
She is not dancing，but doing exercise.她不是在跳舞，而是在锻炼。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
Am/Is/Are+主语+动词ing+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not.
Are you leaving already 你这么早就要走了吗
Is it raining now ---Yes，it is./No，it isn't.
现在下雨吗 ------是的，在下雨。/不，不下了。
Are they helping the old lady ---Yes，they are./No，they aren't.
他们在帮助这位老妇人吗 ------是的。/不，没帮助她。
特殊疑问句句型：
What(When,Where,How...)+ am/is/are + 主语 + 动词ing...
Who are you waiting for ---I'm not waiting for anybody.你在等谁 ------我没在等谁。
What are you doing ---I'm just tying up my shoelaces.你在干什么 ------我在系鞋带。
What time are you coming back ---I'm not sure what time I'm coming back.
你打算什么时候回来 ------我不能肯定我将在什么时候回来。
What's your brother planning to do tomorrow ---He can't decide what to do.
你兄弟明天打算做什么 ------他还没定要做什么。
现在进行时的结构：be+动词ing.
一般直接加，见e去e加。重读辅元辅，双写尾字母。
1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study-studying, work-working.
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write-writing,
3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get-getting, begin-beginning.
口诀：停止游泳， ___________ _____________
开始跑步和跳绳， ___________ _____________ ___________
到达商店购物， ___________ _____________
忘记坐下切蛋糕。 __________ _____________ ___________
过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：.at+具体时刻+过去时间(at five last Saturday); .at this time+过去时间(at this time yesterday); 过去时间段(from nine to ten last evening,(a year) ago); .at that time/momen; when &while引导的过去时间状语从句等。
3.基本结构：
主语+was/were +doing +其他
He was cooking supper this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭
The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具。
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。
He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.他住在这里时老向我借钱。
否定形式：
主语+was/were + not +动词ing+其他
I was not watching TV at eight last night.
He was not having breakfast at seven this morning.
一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）
Was/Were +主语 +动词ing+其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was/were.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t/weren’t.
--Were you watching TV at eight last night --Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
--Was he having breakfast at seven this morning
--Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？
疑问词+was/were+主语+动词ing+其它？
---What were you doing yesterday morning
---I was reading newspapers.
Who was singing at this time yesterday --Mary.
现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, up to now, since+时间点,for+时间段, recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：
主语+have/has +done（动词过去分词）+其他
I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年,农村发生巨大变化。
否定形式：
主语+have/has + not +done（动词过去分词）+其他
I have not finished all of my work (so far).
Guo zijun hasn’t been to America.
一般疑问句：have或has提前。
Have/Has +主语+done（动词过去分词）+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语+have/has.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋have/has not (haven’t/hasn’t).
--Have you written to your parents yet 你已经给你父母写过信了吗？
--Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？
What(Where,How...)+have/has +主语+done（动词过去分词）+其他
What have they just done 他们刚刚做了什么？--They have learned music.
How many times have you been to Disneyland ---Three times.
现在完成时的构成
规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
二、用法：
用法一：表示过去（已经、曾经或从未）发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
标志词：①already, ②never, ③ever, ④just, ⑤yet, ⑥before,
⑦once/twice...+ times
I have cleaned my room.我已打扫了房间。（房间现在是干净的，不需要打扫）
They have left. 他们已经离开了。（也就是说现在他们人不在这里）
I have never had a car. 我从未有过汽车。
I have been there twice.我来这里两次了。
a）already 往往用于肯定句,用在疑问句时表示强调或加强语气; yet用于否定句疑问句。
He has already left here. 他已经离开这里了。
Has he already left here 他（真的）已经离开这里了吗？（表示加强语气）
My teachers haven’t had breakfast yet. 我的老师们还没有吃早饭。
Have you written to your parents yet 你已经给你父母写过信了吗？
b）never 是否定词,表示“从来没有”,而ever 表示“曾经”
We have never been to the Great Wall. 我们从来没有去过长城。
Have you ever been to Canada 你们曾经去过加拿大吗？
c）just用于句中, 表示“刚刚”
I’ve just had breakfast. 我刚吃完早饭。
What have they just done 他们刚刚做了什么？
d）before用于句末, 表示“以前”
I’ve seen it before. 我以前见过它。
练习：用never,ever,already,before, just或yet填空。
1. I have __________seen him before, so I have no idea about him.
2. Jack has __________finished his homework.
3. --Have you _________seen the film --No, I have ________seen it.
4. ---Has the bus left _______ ---Yes, it has ________ left.
5. Would you like to go to the zoo with me Yes, but I have been there______.
★ has gone to, has been to, has been in 的区别：
1. have/has gone to 去了某地（还在某地没回来）
---Where is your father 你爸爸在哪里？
---He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
2. have/has been to 曾经去过（已回,已不在去过的地方） +次数（once/twice/ 数字+times）
My father has been to Shanghai 3 times. 我爸爸去过上海3次。
画线提问：________________ has your father been to Shanghai
3. have/has been in 待了多久（去了,现在仍在所待的地方）+ for + 时间段/ + since + 时间点
My father has been in Shanghai for two months/ since two months ago. 我爸已经在上海待了两个月了。
画线提问：_______________has your father been in Shanghai
▲注意：注意遇到四个地点副词要去掉to/in, 这四个地点副词是：here ,there ,home ,abroad
练习：用have gone to / have been to / have been in / went to 填空。
1. _____ you ever _____ Disneyland
2. How many times _____ you _____ Disneyland
3. I _____ Nanjing since two years ago
4. Mr. Li _____ Hong Kong. And he'll come back in two days.
5. ---How long _____ you _____ Disneyland
---For three days. I __________ the theme park last Sunday.
6. My father __________ Hong Kong two weeks ago.
7. My father __________ Hong Kong in 2005.
8. My father __________ Hong Kong since 2005.
9. My father __________ Hong Kong twice.
10. My father __________ Hong Kong and he hasn't come back yet.
11. ---Where's Lucy
---She has__________ to a restaurant for lunch.
12. Have you __________ to this park before.
13. I have__________ there only once this year.
14. She has __________ to the shop to buy a notebook.
15. You're late, Lao Wang has __________ to Guangzhou.
用法二：表示过去已经开始, 并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
标志词：⑦up to now, ⑧so far, ⑨for +时间段 ⑩since+时间点
I have learned English for more than ten years.我已经学了10多年的英语。
She has swum since half an hour ago.我已经游泳了半个小时。
a) for +一段时间
Eg. I have been here for 5 weeks. 我在这里5周了。
He’s studied English for 3 years. 他学习英语3年了。
b) since +(表示过去某一时间的)时间点/单词/词组/ 从句(一般过去时)
Eg. I have been here since 2000. 我自从2000年开始在这里。
I have been here since 5 years ago. 我自从5年前就在这里。
I have been here since I graduated in 2000. 我自从2000年毕业就在这里。
注：1) 对for或since引导的时间状语提问 必须用how long, 决不能用when.
Eg. I have lived here for 10 years. 画线提问： ________ _______ have you lived here
注2): 短暂性动词不能和for或since引导的时间状语连用, 当然也不能用于how long引导的问句中
Eg.(误)I have left there for 5 years.
(正)I have been away there for 5 years.
★为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词来代替短暂性动词。
become →be, begin→ have, borrow → keep, buy → have,
go out → be out come (go, arrive, get) →be in die→ be dead,
finish→be over, join→ be in...（be a member of...） leave→ be away ( from...),
open→ be open close→ be closed
练习： 选用 for和 since填空:
1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time.
2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago.
3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes.
4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China.
5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years.
6. It’s five years _______ we met last time.
三、与一般过去时的用法比较
1现在完成时和一般过去时都是说过去的事情,但现在完成时注意的不是事情本身,而是强调事情与现在保持的某种密切联系（如现在的结果,影响,一直延续到现在等）,不与表示过去的时间连用; 而一般过去时,则只讲述发生在过去的动作和事情与现在没有关系,常与表示过去的时间连用。
eg：He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。
He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。
第一句用现在完成时时态,想表达意为：“He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. And he still has it” “过去他买了一本英汉字典,现在他还有这本字典” 。
第二句用过去时只叙述过去他买过一本英汉字典这一事实,至于现在他是否有这本字典并未强调说明。
2．常与一般过去时连用的典型的表示过去时间的状语:
yesterday(昨天), the day before yesterday(前天), just now(刚才), 时间+ ago, last +时间 等;
eg: The plane took off ten minutes ago.
We finished our task last week.
过去完成时
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：before+过去时间点, by the end of last year (term, month…), by the time+过去时间点 等。
3.基本结构：
主语+had + done（过去分词）+其他
As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。
By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上个月底我们复习了四本书。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.
否定形式：
主语+had + not + done（过去分词）+其他
They hadn’t already had breakfast when I met them.
They hadn’t arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
Had+主语+ done（过去分词）+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋had.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋hadn’t.
--Had he finished his homework when you saw him yesterday evening
--Yes, he had./ No, he hadn’t.
6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What(When,Where,How...)+had+主语+ done（过去分词）+其他
--What had Jane done by the time he was seven
--He had learned all the words of book I.
过去完成时的判断依据
由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及 by,before,until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：
1）by +过去的时间点。
如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
2）by the end of / by the time + 过去的时间点。
如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ had worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能）
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
3）before + 过去的时间点。
如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English for about five years.
2.由“过去的过去”来判定
过去完成时表示"过去的过去",是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在
1）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
2）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在"过去的过去"）
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：
Where did you study before you came here
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为"助动词 have (has) + 过去分词"; 过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调"过去的过去",只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。
- Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。（"等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
- John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
- Where had he been 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即"过去的过去"）
四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去"; 而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too.
She had just won the first in the composition competition.
中考模块10-主谓一致
一、语法一致
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数。
2、由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
但并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Both he and I are right.
Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom.
The poet and writer has come.
3、由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
4、主语和谓语之间插入了分词短语，谓语要与主语保持一致。
Mr Smith , followed by his wife and three children , has just arrived.
5、由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。
Is everybody ready
Somebody is using the phone.
6、有两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
注意：如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如：
Where are my shoes I can’t find them.
Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
My new pair of socks is on the bed.
二、意义一致
1、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。
如：Twenty years is not a long time.
Ten dollars is too dear.
2.集合名词
★常作复数的集合名词：如 “people（人们）”“police（警察）”“cattle（牛群）” 等，谓语动词要用复数形式。
如：The police are searching for the missing child.警察们正在搜寻失踪的孩子。
Cattle are grazing in the field.牛群在田野里吃草。
★常作不可数名词的集合名词：如 “equipment（设备）”“furniture（家具）”“luggage（行李）” 等，谓语动词用单数。
如：The equipment in our laboratory is very advanced.我们实验室的设备非常先进。
This furniture is made of high - quality wood.这件家具是用高品质木材制作的。
★既可作单数又可作复数的集合名词：常见的有 “family（家庭；家人）”“team（团队；队员）”“class（班级；同学们）” 等。
当把集合体视为一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；
当强调集合体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。
如：My family is a big one.我的家庭是个大家庭。
My family are all music lovers.我的家人都是音乐爱好者。
不定代词
由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数;如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如：
All of the work has been finished.
All of the people have gone.
疑问代词
★主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数
★主语表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数。例如：
Who is your brother
Who are League members
“分数或百分数+of+名词”
作主语时，其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。
★名词是复数，谓语动词用复数；
★名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。
如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.
Three -fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
half, the rest等表示不定数量的名词
作主语时
★如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数;
★如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数。
如：
I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.
Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick.
三、就近原则与就远原则
就近原则
由or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but, there be等连接的并列成分作主语时，其谓语通常要与靠近的主语保持一致。如：
He or I am in the wrong, 他或是我错了。
Neither you nor he is tired. 你和他都没累。
Not you but I am to blame. 不该怪你而该怪我。
Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
就远原则
当用作主语的成分后面跟有由with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, including, as much as, no less than等引出的短语时，谓语动词习惯上要与这些结构前面的主语保持一致（即与比较远的那个主语保持一致，简称“就远原则”）。如：
Everybody except you is down on me. 除了你，大家都看不起我。
A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。
Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。
My father, no less than I, is a base-ball fan. 我的父亲不亚于我也是个棒球迷。
中考模块11-动词被动语态
一、被动语态的概念
英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态。
如：We clean the classroom.我们打扫教室。
主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。
如：The classroom is cleaned (by us).教室被（我们）打扫。
被动语态的基本结构：
助动词be + done+（by+宾语）
其中by意为“被...；由...”，表动作的执行者。
如：The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那个男孩打破的。
be有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。
如：English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式）
English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式）
Is English widely spoken around the world （疑问式） Yes, it is./No, it isn’t.
【注意】
含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + done +（by+宾语）
如：The work can be done. 这项工作很容易做。
Other planets may be visited in the future. 将来其他的星球也会有人登陆。
主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to的不定式，在变被动句时，要加上to。
使役动词make/ have/ let sb do sth
感官动词see/ hear/ feel/ notice sb do sth
主动表被动的动词
★need：例如，“The flower needs watering.”（这花需要浇水。）
★want：例如，“The flower wants watering.”（这花需要浇水。）
★require：例如，“The roof needs repairing.”（这屋顶需要修理。）
★deserve：例如，“This movie deserves watching.”（这部电影值得一看。）
★be worth：例如，“This book is worth reading.”（这本书值得一读。）
4.没有被动语态的动词
★不及物动词：本身不接宾语，因此没有被动语态。例如：appear, disappear, take place, happen, die, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep。
★系动词：表示状态或特征，而非动作，因此通常没有被动语态。例如：be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
★表示静态的及物动词：这些动词虽然可以接宾语，但在表达某种静态关系时，一般不用于被动语态。例如：fit, suit, hold（容纳）, suffer, last（持续）
★自动词：这些动词表达的是主语自身的动作，不需要借助宾语，因此没有被动语态。例如： sell, wash, run out, give out, turn out（证实）。
如：They heard a girl sing in the next room.→ A girl was heard to sing in the next room (by them).
一、一般现在时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+ am / is / are +done (动词过去分词) +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
eg .English is studied (by us ) every day.
Workers are needed very much here.
This English song is not often sung by us.
否定句：主语+ am / is / are + not + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
eg. English is not studied (by us ) every day.
一般疑问句：Am / Is / Are +主语 + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are.
eg.-- Is English studied (by us ) every day. --Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.
特殊疑问句：What/Where/When...+ am / is / are +主语+done+ 其他
eg. When is English studied (by us )
二、一般过去式的被动语态
肯定句：主语 + was / were + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
eg.This bridge was built in October last year.这座桥是去年十月份建的。
These cakes were made by my mother last night.这些蛋糕是我妈昨晚做的。
The girl said she was often beaten by her brother.女孩说她经常被她兄弟打。
否定句：主语+wasn’t / weren’t + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
eg. This bridge wasn’t built in October last year.
一般疑问句：Was / Were +主语 + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was / were.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t / weren’t.
eg.--Was your office cleaned yesterday afternoon —Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
--Were your rooms painted again last week --Yes, they were./No,they weren’t.
特殊疑问句：What/Where/When...+ was / were +主语+done+ 其他
eg. --When was your brother sent to work in Beijing
你兄弟是什么时候被派到北京去工作的？
--Last year. / He was sent to work in Beijing last year.
去年。/ 他是去年被派到北京工作的。
--Where was the party held last Sunday 上周日聚会在哪儿举行的？
--At home. / It was held at home. 在家里。/ 在家里举行的。
三、一般将来时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+shall / will + be + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他. 如：
We shall be punished if we break the rule.如果我们违反规定，我们将要受到惩罚。
The new film will be shown next Thursday.这部新电影将在下周四上映。
否定句：主语+shall / will + not + be + done+(by+人代宾格 )+其他.（可缩写成shan’t或won’t）
The meeting won’t be held tomorrow.明天不再举行会议。
The exhibition won’t be put off till next week.展览会将不会推迟到下周。
一般疑问句：Shall / Will +主语+ be + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他.（回答用yes或no）如：
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋shall / will.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋shan’t / won’t .
Won’t water be turned into ice, it it is belwo freezing 如果气温在冰点下，水难道不会成冰吗？
---Will the work be finished at once ---Yes, it will.
---这项工作会立刻被完成吗？ ---是的，立刻就完成。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + shall / will + 主语+ be + done+(by+人代宾格 )+其他.如：
When will these books be published 这些书将在什么时候被出版？
Whom will this book be written by 谁来写这本书？
其他结构构成：be going to be done
Some old buildings are going to be put down. 一些旧的楼房将被推倒。
The problem isn’t going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
这个问题将不在明天的会议上被讨论。
---Are these trees going to be cut down？---Yes，they are.
---这些树将被砍倒吗？---是的，将被砍倒
四、现在进行时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+be（am, is, are）+ being＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他.
My new house is being decorated.
我的新房子正在装修。
Money is being collected for the Hope Project.
正在为希望工程募捐。
Another bridge is being built over the Changjiang River. 长江上正在修建另一座大桥。
否定句：主语＋be（am, is, are）＋not＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他
The engineer is not being treated fairly.
目前这位工程师没有受到公平的待遇。
一般疑问式：Be（Am, Is, Are）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am /is / are.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋am /is / are not.
Is the life of pandas being studied by the scientists
科学家们正在研究熊猫的生活习惯吗？
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be（am, is, are）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
Where is the new science lab being built
新的科技馆正在哪里建造？
五、过去进行时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+be（was / were）+ being＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他.
The room was being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning.
A story was being told by Peter's mother to Peter.
Peter was being told a story by his mother.
He told me that a new station was being built. 他说正在修建一个新车站。
否定句：主语＋be（was / were）＋not＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他
The room wasn’t being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning.
一般疑问式：Be（was / were）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was / were.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t / weren’t.
Was the room being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be（was / were）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
When was the room being cleaned by him
六、现在完成时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+have/has＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他.
The new schools have been set up. 新学校都已经建成了。
The experiment has been done successfully. 这个实验做得很成功。
The books have been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书被老师借走了。
Tom’s novel has been published. 汤姆的小说出版了。
否定句：主语＋have/has＋not＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他
The new schools have not been set up. 新学校还没有建成。
The experiment has not been done successfully. 这个实验还没有成功。
The books have not been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书还没有被老师借走了。
Tom’s novel has not been published. 汤姆的小说还没有被出版。
一般疑问式：Have/Has＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋have/has.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋have/has.
Have the new schools been set up 新学校都已经建成了。
Has the experiment been done successfully 这个实验做得很成功。
Have the books been borrowed by the teacher 那些书被老师借走了。
Has Tom’s novel been published 汤姆的小说出版了。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Have/Has＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
When have the new schools been set up
七、过去完成时的被动语态
肯定句：主语+had＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他.
The new schools had been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前已经建成了。
否定句：主语＋had＋not＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他
The new schools had not been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前还没有建成。
一般疑问式：Had＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋had.
否定回答为：No, 主语＋had not.
The new schools had not been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前还没有建成。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Had＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？
When the new schools had been set up before you left？新学校在你离开之前什么时候建成的？
中考模块9-11习题-动词时态&语态
【2026长郡双语二模】For high school, more challenges and hopes will ___32___ (bring) to you. The subjects will be deeper, and the books will be thicker, but I know you can discover new interests there.
be brought
【2026华益二模】Dragon boat racing is a popular sport during the Dragon Boat Festival. Teams of people row dragon-shaped boats in rivers or lakes. The racing ____30____ (see) as a symbol of teamwork and perseverance (毅力).
is seen
【2026明德九下期中】In a city, a green-themed tour ____52____ (organize) last month by the local officials, inviting walkers ____53____ (see) willow trees (柳树) at gardens, enjoy springtime green rice balls, and walk through tea gardens.
was organized to see
【2026华益二模】In the past few years, modern sports like basketball, football and tennis ____32____ (become) very popular in China.
have become
【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】From the early days of Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse to the more recent additions like Moana and Raya, Disney ____27____ (create) many characters over the past few years.
has created
【2025青竹湖二模】They symbolize wealth and good luck. The design of the pingfeng 50. _______ (carry) people’s beautiful wishes.
carries
【2025立信二模】At that point, the teacher 52. _______ (step) out from behind his desk and looked Les straight in the eye. “Don’t ever say that again,” he told him seriously. “Someone else’s opinion of you does not have to become your reality.”
stepped
【2025附中植基二模】The iron 49. (heat) by the craftsmen at a very high temperature until it becomes liquid.
is heated
【2025一中九下期中】Samples(样本) 46. _______ (take) from 38 devices and other things like toilet seats. Then 47. _______ (get) the result, the scientists counted the bacteria colonies(细菌菌落) — groups of bacteria that grow together.
were taken to get
【2025附中博才期中】The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the most important festivals in China. It ____26____ (celebrate) on the fifth day of the fifth lunar (农历) month.
is celebrated
【2025一中一模】When he was looking around, he suddenly found that the seat next to him 28____________ (take) by a little snake.
was taken
【2025立信九下月考】It 53. _______ (say) that PestiSCAND might soon help people choose healthier food.
is said
【2025雅礼九下月考】“There were cans and bottles always thrown around the road,” he says. In Michigan, they can 49________ (collect) and sold for money.
be collected
【2024师大博才九上期末】It presents a situation for children aged 10—12. In the situation, they ____47____ (ask) to look after a friend’s dog just before a fire event begins.
are asked
【2025附中九下期中】The Zhuazhou ceremony (仪式) usually ____27____ (take) place before lunchtime on the baby’s first birthday.
takes
【2025长郡一模】In order to build your confidence, you can firstly start by choosing a subject that 30____________ (interest) you the most.
interests
【2025一中一模】He 27____________ (stop) to look around, but saw nobody.
stopped
【2025立信九下月考】It 51. _______(change) many people’s life since it came out.
has changed
【2025雅礼九下月考】Since then, Mateo’s recycling effort 52________ (make) a great difference and helped at least 50 local youth groups.
has made
【2024师大博才九上期末】Children thought it especially important and meaningful, because 91% of ____51____ (they) didn’t have knowledge of fires at the beginning, and 67% said that they ____52____ (be) too young to make safety decisions in a fire.
them were
【2024中雅九下月考1】Recently, the skirt 28_________ (get) more attention. “For us, ___29___ (wear) the skirt is not just for fashion,” said Mao, one of the hanfu lovers.
has got wearing
【2024雅礼九上期末】Ten years ago, I started to study luck. I wanted to know why some people were always in the right place at the right time, while others always experienced ill luck. Plenty of people 46________________ (invite) for my research.
were invited
【2024南雅九下入学考】The panda’s home must 50. _______ (clean) every morning.
be cleaned
【2024附中博才九下一模】And his other novels, such as The True Story of Ah Q and Kong Yiji, ____33____ (read) by Chinese young people in that period.
were read
【2024华益九下月考1】In the past, the store ____29____ (regard) as a resting point for rock climbers through their climbs.
was regarded
【2024南雅九下月考1】It ___34___ (say) that a haircut during the first lunar month may make mother’s brothers unlucky, so people avoid ___35___ (cut) their hair before the Dragon Head Raising Day at the beginning of a new year.
is said cutting
【2024长郡九上期末】If each adult gave away all the clothes not worn in the past year to charity shops, 4.9 billion kilograms of CO2 emissions (二氧化碳排放) could ____48____ (save).
be saved
【2024北雅九下入学】Besides, he ___34___ (encourage) by many of his customers and fans who praise his skills so far.
has been encouraged
【2024长郡九上期末】It is reported that 360,000 tons of the textiles (纺织品) thrown away in the UK every year ____46____ (be) clothes.
are
【2024北雅九下入学】So far, he ___27___ (create) more than 40 miniatures for people from around the country, reproducing the old houses that carry their memories.
has created
【2024雅礼九下月考1】In an old building in Peking University, a yellow light shone into the old and dark house of the night. The famous translator Xu Yuanchong ___46___ (sit) behind the window and stared at the computer screen.
sat中考模块12-非谓语动词
非谓语动词，是句子中不是谓语的动词，包括to do、doing和done。
一：动词不定式
动词不定式的构成
它的否定形式为“not +to+动词原形”。它的被动式为”to be done”。
动词不定式的用法
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特点在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语和宾补。
句型：
1)It’s adj. (for/of sb.) to do sth.对某人来说做某事是...的/某人是...的
2)It takes/took sb +时间to do sth花费时间做某事
3)It’s time to do sth.
4)...make/find/discover it adj. for sb. to do sth.
5)...be +adj.+enough+to do sth.
6)...be too+adj.+to do sth.
7)...prefer to do sth rather than do sth.=prefer doing to doing sth.
8)...be seen/noticed/heard/made to do sth.
9)...the first/last/only/best to do sth.
10)表目的，放于句首，用to do
短语：
1)...be ready/afraid/ to do sth.
2)...be able to do sth.
3)...call on sb to do sth.
4)...in order to do sth.
动词：
1)...want / would like / hope / manage / plan / afford / decide / determine / expect / prepare / promise / refuse / force / order / warn / intend / offer / agree+ to do sth.
2)...ask / allow / tell / encourage / advise / force / invite / order / remind /request / require + sb. to do sth.
...ask / advise / wonder / discover... wh-疑问词+to do sth.
例子：
To learn Chinese well is very difficult for us= It is very difficult for us to learn Chinese well.
My job is to help the patient． 我的工作就是帮助病人。
My goal is to become a doctor when I grow up.我的目标是长大称为一名医生。
I would like to drink some water. 我想要喝点水。
When did you learn to speak English 你什么时候开始学英语的？
He does not know which one to take. = He doesn’t know which one he should take.
Tell me how to get to the station. = Tell me how I can get to the station 告诉我怎么样去车站。
I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.我发现学骑车不很容易。
I would like you to see my parents. 我想要你见见我的父母。
Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. 妈妈叫我帮助她做饭。
The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。
I have many things to do. 我还有很多事情要做。
We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿
To arrive there on time, I got up one hour earlier than usual.为按时到达,我们比平时早起一小时。
He studied day and night to get good grades. 他夜以继日的学习是为了取得好成绩。
He hurried to the school to find nobody there．他着急的赶到学校，却发现那一个人都没有。
He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。
They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
二、动名词
动名词的构成
动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。否定式为“not + 动名词”。
动名词的用法
动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语，可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。
句型：
There be sb. doing sth.
There is no point (in) doing sth.【介词后面+doing】
...spend...(in) doing sth.
...have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth.
5) doing做主语/宾语，注意：谓语动词用单数
6) ...see/hear/notice sb. doing sth.
7) ...need/require/want doing sth.
8) ...be worth doing=...be worthy to be done=be worthy of being done
短语：
...be used to doing sth.
...devote oneself to doing sth.
...look forward to doing sth.
...prevent/stop...(from) doing sth.
动词：
enjoy / consider / avoid / finish / practice / risk / mind / miss / keep / suggest / advise / allow / imagine + doing sth.
注意：1) make / have / let sb. +do sth.
had better +do sth.
would rather +do sth.
Why not + do sth.=Why don’t you + do sth.
例子：
Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.自学好英语不那么容易。
It no use crying over spoilt milk. 覆水难收。
My job is putting these parts together. = Putting these parts together is my job.
我的工作是把这些部件拼起来。
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
My hair needs cutting. 我需要理发。
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
例：—What about____ a basketball match this evening？
— Good idea.
A.watching B. watch C.look D.looking
下列动词既可以后接动名词宾语，又可以后接不定式宾语，但意义不同。
stop to do 停下来去做 I stop to have a rest. 我停下休息会。
stop doing 停止做 I stop running. 我停止跑步了。
forget to do 忘记要做 I forget to inform him. 我忘记通知他了。
forget doing 忘记做过 I forget seeing this movie. 我忘记看过这个电影了
remember to do 记得要做 Remember to call me. 记得要打电话给我哦。
remember doing 记得做过 He remembered going to Shanghai. 他记得去过上海。
regret to do 遗憾要做 We regret to tell you that you are fired. 很遗憾通知你被炒了。
regret doing 后悔做过 I didn’t regret helping you. 我不后悔帮过你。
try to do 企图做，尽力做 I try to my finish my homework 我尽力完成我的作业。
try doing 试着做 I tried making a snowman. 我试着堆雪人
go on to do 继续做 After lunch, we go on working. 午餐后。我们继续工作。
go on doing 继续做 After playing the piano, he goes on to play the guitar.
mean to do 打算做 I did not mean to insult you. 我不是有意侮辱你的。
mean doing 意味做 Red light means stopping. 红灯意味着停。
三、done
...make/get/have sb.(sth.) done
中考模块12习题-非谓语动词
【2026长郡双语二模】Most of all, I hope you have a great time ___34___ (learn) and continue to grow into a person you are proud of.
【2026明德九下期中】Several Chinese cities have followed this activity by ____51____ (design) local tours with special color themes.
【2026华益二模】Many schools offer sports courses and organize sports events to encourage students ____33____ (take) part in physical activities.
【2026华益二模】The government also supports the development of sports by ____34____ (build) more sports facilities (设施) and hosting international sports events.
【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】The heroes like Hercules and Aladdin have shown us the importance of being brave enough ____29____ (deal) with the problems in our life.
【2025青竹湖二模】It was used 47. _______ (help) stop the wind at the very beginning.
【2025长郡九下期中】It allows me 53. _______ (save) money and prevents food waste. I enjoy it a lot,” said a customer of Xishi Magic Bag.
【2025明德九下期中】Then they started singing 47. _______ (tradition) folk songs. People passing by stopped 48. _____________ (listen) and smile.
【2025华益九下期中】While there aren’t any large, traditional parks in my neighbourhood, I’m lucky 46. _______ (have) a few pocket parks nearby.
【2025附中九下期中】____31____ (choose) the stamp means the baby will be an officer in the future. If the baby picks a pen, he or she may become a writer.
【2025长郡一模】Some may choose to start their own business, while others may continue their education ____33____ (get) more qualifications (学历).
【2025立信九下月考】His mother always told him to remember 48. _______ (wash) fruit before eating it.
【2025雅礼九下月考】The team was new and needed money ____48____ (travel) to tournaments (锦标赛), so Mateo made a plan.
【2025长雅九下月考】They were encouraged (6)　 (embrace) the challenges，accept themselves as they are and go for (7)　 　 (they) dreams.
【2024师大博才九上期末】The new VR experience was developed by the University of South Australia, hoping to educate children 46________ (learn) how to be safe in a fire.
【2024雅礼九上期末】Spend a few moments each day ___55___ (remember) things that went well.
【2024雨花九上期末】The little girl, however, missed the moon so much that she started singing a song to make the moon ____60____ (rise).
【2024长郡九上期末】The activity encourages more people ____49____ (buy) secondhand clothes and give away what they no longer need or wear for 30 days.
【2024北雅九下入学】To better reproduce the old house, he uses real building materials, such as cement (水泥), wood and soil, and then thinks about how ___32___ (make) it look old.
【2024南雅九下入学考】Wen spent three days 46. _______ (learn) how Jingke ate, slept and played.
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】Tools are important for 51. _______ (make) ice sculptures.
【2024附中博才九下一模】Although successful, Lu Xun still worried greatly about China’s future. In 1926, he moved to Shanghai and gave up ____34____ (write) stories in order to focus on articles which could call on people to fight for a better country.
【2024华益九下月考1】____30____ (it) special location (位置) — right next to a protected climbing route (路线) — makes it a top place for climbers to stop for ____31____ (eat) something.
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】However, when our minds are full of cleanliness and order, we may end up ____31____ (pay) too much attention to small things.
【2024雅礼九下月考1】He was exploring how ___49___ (spread) Chinese culture abroad by translating Chinese beauty into Western beauty.
【2024中雅九下月考1】“For us, ___29___ (wear) the skirt is not just for fashion,” said Mao, one of the hanfu lovers.中考模块12-非谓语动词
非谓语动词，是句子中不是谓语的动词，包括to do、doing和done。
一：动词不定式
动词不定式的构成
它的否定形式为“not +to+动词原形”。它的被动式为”to be done”。
动词不定式的用法
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特点在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语和宾补。
句型：
1)It’s adj. (for/of sb.) to do sth.对某人来说做某事是...的/某人是...的
2)It takes/took sb +时间to do sth花费时间做某事
3)It’s time to do sth.
4)...make/find/discover it adj. for sb. to do sth.
5)...be +adj.+enough+to do sth.
6)...be too+adj.+to do sth.
7)...prefer to do sth rather than do sth.=prefer doing to doing sth.
8)...be seen/noticed/heard/made to do sth.
9)...the first/last/only/best to do sth.
10)表目的，放于句首，用to do
短语：
1)...be ready/afraid/ to do sth.
2)...be able to do sth.
3)...call on sb to do sth.
4)...in order to do sth.
动词：
1)...want / would like / hope / manage / plan / afford / decide / determine / expect / prepare / promise / refuse / force / order / warn / intend / offer / agree+ to do sth.
2)...ask / allow / tell / encourage / advise / force / invite / order / remind /request / require + sb. to do sth.
...ask / advise / wonder / discover... wh-疑问词+to do sth.
例子：
To learn Chinese well is very difficult for us= It is very difficult for us to learn Chinese well.
My job is to help the patient． 我的工作就是帮助病人。
My goal is to become a doctor when I grow up.我的目标是长大称为一名医生。
I would like to drink some water. 我想要喝点水。
When did you learn to speak English 你什么时候开始学英语的？
He does not know which one to take. = He doesn’t know which one he should take.
Tell me how to get to the station. = Tell me how I can get to the station 告诉我怎么样去车站。
I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.我发现学骑车不很容易。
I would like you to see my parents. 我想要你见见我的父母。
Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. 妈妈叫我帮助她做饭。
The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。
I have many things to do. 我还有很多事情要做。
We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿
To arrive there on time, I got up one hour earlier than usual.为按时到达,我们比平时早起一小时。
He studied day and night to get good grades. 他夜以继日的学习是为了取得好成绩。
He hurried to the school to find nobody there．他着急的赶到学校，却发现那一个人都没有。
He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。
They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
二、动名词
动名词的构成
动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。否定式为“not + 动名词”。
动名词的用法
动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语，可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。
句型：
There be sb. doing sth.
There is no point (in) doing sth.【介词后面+doing】
...spend...(in) doing sth.
...have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth.
5) doing做主语/宾语，注意：谓语动词用单数
6) ...see/hear/notice sb. doing sth.
7) ...need/require/want doing sth.
8) ...be worth doing=...be worthy to be done=be worthy of being done
短语：
...be used to doing sth.
...devote oneself to doing sth.
...look forward to doing sth.
...prevent/stop...(from) doing sth.
动词：
enjoy / consider / avoid / finish / practice / risk / mind / miss / keep / suggest / advise / allow / imagine + doing sth.
注意：1) make / have / let sb. +do sth.
had better +do sth.
would rather +do sth.
Why not + do sth.=Why don’t you + do sth.
例子：
Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.自学好英语不那么容易。
It no use crying over spoilt milk. 覆水难收。
My job is putting these parts together. = Putting these parts together is my job.
我的工作是把这些部件拼起来。
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
My hair needs cutting. 我需要理发。
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
例：—What about____ a basketball match this evening？
— Good idea.
A.watching B. watch C.look D.looking
下列动词既可以后接动名词宾语，又可以后接不定式宾语，但意义不同。
stop to do 停下来去做 I stop to have a rest. 我停下休息会。
stop doing 停止做 I stop running. 我停止跑步了。
forget to do 忘记要做 I forget to inform him. 我忘记通知他了。
forget doing 忘记做过 I forget seeing this movie. 我忘记看过这个电影了
remember to do 记得要做 Remember to call me. 记得要打电话给我哦。
remember doing 记得做过 He remembered going to Shanghai. 他记得去过上海。
regret to do 遗憾要做 We regret to tell you that you are fired. 很遗憾通知你被炒了。
regret doing 后悔做过 I didn’t regret helping you. 我不后悔帮过你。
try to do 企图做，尽力做 I try to my finish my homework 我尽力完成我的作业。
try doing 试着做 I tried making a snowman. 我试着堆雪人
go on to do 继续做 After lunch, we go on working. 午餐后。我们继续工作。
go on doing 继续做 After playing the piano, he goes on to play the guitar.
mean to do 打算做 I did not mean to insult you. 我不是有意侮辱你的。
mean doing 意味做 Red light means stopping. 红灯意味着停。
三、done
...make/get/have sb.(sth.) done
中考模块12习题-非谓语动词
【2026长郡双语二模】Most of all, I hope you have a great time ___34___ (learn) and continue to grow into a person you are proud of.
learning
【2026明德九下期中】Several Chinese cities have followed this activity by ____51____ (design) local tours with special color themes.
designing
【2026华益二模】Many schools offer sports courses and organize sports events to encourage students ____33____ (take) part in physical activities.
to take
【2026华益二模】The government also supports the development of sports by ____34____ (build) more sports facilities (设施) and hosting international sports events.
building
【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】The heroes like Hercules and Aladdin have shown us the importance of being brave enough ____29____ (deal) with the problems in our life.
to deal
【2025青竹湖二模】It was used 47. _______ (help) stop the wind at the very beginning.
to help
【2025长郡九下期中】It allows me 53. _______ (save) money and prevents food waste. I enjoy it a lot,” said a customer of Xishi Magic Bag.
to save
【2025明德九下期中】Then they started singing 47. _______ (tradition) folk songs. People passing by stopped 48. _____________ (listen) and smile.
traditional to listen
【2025华益九下期中】While there aren’t any large, traditional parks in my neighbourhood, I’m lucky 46. _______ (have) a few pocket parks nearby.
to have
【2025附中九下期中】____31____ (choose) the stamp means the baby will be an officer in the future. If the baby picks a pen, he or she may become a writer.
Choosing
【2025长郡一模】Some may choose to start their own business, while others may continue their education ____33____ (get) more qualifications (学历).
to get
【2025立信九下月考】His mother always told him to remember 48. _______ (wash) fruit before eating it.
to wash
【2025雅礼九下月考】The team was new and needed money ____48____ (travel) to tournaments (锦标赛), so Mateo made a plan.
to travel
【2025长雅九下月考】They were encouraged (6)　 (embrace) the challenges，accept themselves as they are and go for (7)　 　 (they) dreams.
to embrace their
【2024师大博才九上期末】The new VR experience was developed by the University of South Australia, hoping to educate children 46________ (learn) how to be safe in a fire.
to educate
【2024雅礼九上期末】Spend a few moments each day ___55___ (remember) things that went well.
remembering
【2024雨花九上期末】The little girl, however, missed the moon so much that she started singing a song to make the moon ____60____ (rise).
rise
【2024长郡九上期末】The activity encourages more people ____49____ (buy) secondhand clothes and give away what they no longer need or wear for 30 days.
to buy
【2024北雅九下入学】To better reproduce the old house, he uses real building materials, such as cement (水泥), wood and soil, and then thinks about how ___32___ (make) it look old.
to make
【2024南雅九下入学考】Wen spent three days 46. _______ (learn) how Jingke ate, slept and played.
learning
【2024中雅培粹九下入学】Tools are important for 51. _______ (make) ice sculptures.
making
【2024附中博才九下一模】Although successful, Lu Xun still worried greatly about China’s future. In 1926, he moved to Shanghai and gave up ____34____ (write) stories in order to focus on articles which could call on people to fight for a better country.
writing
【2024华益九下月考1】____30____ (it) special location (位置) — right next to a protected climbing route (路线) — makes it a top place for climbers to stop for ____31____ (eat) something.
Its eating
【2024青竹湖九下月考1】However, when our minds are full of cleanliness and order, we may end up ____31____ (pay) too much attention to small things.
paying
【2024雅礼九下月考1】He was exploring how ___49___ (spread) Chinese culture abroad by translating Chinese beauty into Western beauty.
to spread
【2024中雅九下月考1】“For us, ___29___ (wear) the skirt is not just for fashion,” said Mao, one of the hanfu lovers.
wearing中考模块13-从句
一、概念：
从句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.
爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。
It seemed as if the meeting would never end. 看起来会议没完没了。
However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.
不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。
二、分类：
从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为定语从句、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和状语从句等。
定语从句：
在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
★定语从句的位置：
放在名词或代词的后面。
如The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。
★语法术语的改变：
被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who、whom等称为关系代词,where、when、how、why等称为关系副词。
如This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. 这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。
Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. 请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
如This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. 这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。
I can never forget the day when I first saw you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。
★限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。
如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of.
她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。
【that, which】
◎关系代词只能用that, 而不用which的情况：
当先行词是/被指事物的不定代词(all, anything, some, any, little,much等)修饰
如All that Lily told me seems untrue. Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。
Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside 能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？
I've written down all that（＝what）the teacher doesn't allow us to do.我已记下了老师不允许我们做的一切事情。
They haven't got any dictionaries that we need.他们没有我们所需要的任何字典。
2）先行词是/被序数词或the last修饰时
如.This is the first textbook that I studied in the primary school.这是我在小学学的第一本书。
He is in the last row that is next to the window.他在挨着窗户的最后一排。
3）先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
如.That is the highest building that I have seen.那是我见到过的最高的大楼。
Have you worked out the most difficult maths problem that our teacher told us to do？你解出老师让我们做的那道最难的数学题了吗？
4）先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时
如This is the very novel that you want to borrow.这就是你想借的那本小说。
I need the same dictionary that you have.我需要同你的一样的字典。
5）先行词是两个或多个分别表示人和物的名词时
如He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard.他给我们讲了我们从没听到过的人和事。
7）主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。
如Who is the man that you spoke to just now？你刚才跟他说话的那个人是谁？
Which is the book that you want to borrow？你想要借的书是哪一本？
◎关系代词用which, 不用that：
1）引导非限制性定语从句时, 通常只用which。
如Jack drove too fast, which was reckless. 杰克开车开得太快, 根本不考虑后果。
We took what he said literally, which may have been a mistake. 我将他所说的照字面意思来理解, 但可能错了。
The church, which dated back to the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. 那座教堂是13世纪建成的, 两年前在一次地震中被毁了。
2）当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom或whose+n,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who.
如This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) 这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的英文小说。
【注意】：
1）当定语从句中介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
2）关系副词
关系副词：在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
如This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
如This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
如Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
宾语从句
在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
★宾语从句的种类
宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that没有意义，可以省略。例如：
如He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2. 由连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：
如Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is
I don’t know why the train is late.
3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
★宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：
如I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.
I think (that) you will like this school soon.
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.
★宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。
如I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：
如He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：
如Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
状语从句
修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。
1. 时间状语从句
(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, (not)...until, as soon as引导。
It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.
While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.
As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.
He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.
After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.
I will tell him everything when he comes back.
He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.
2. 条件状语从句
(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless, once, as long as引导。
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow
Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.
(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。
I’ll help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.
He won’t be late unless he is ill.
“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。
Study hard and you will pass the exam. = If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as, for, now that引导。
He didn’t come to school because he was ill.
As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.
Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
4. 结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that引导。
He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.
My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.
It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.（天花板）
He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.
有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。
It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.
=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.
(2)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。
Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema（去看电影） with you.
5. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。
Tom runs faster than John does.
6. 目的状语从句
(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that（为了，以便）引导。
We started early so that we could catch the first train.
He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.
We used the computer in order that we might save time.
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest.
7. 让步状语从句
(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though, as, even if, even though等连词引导。
Though he is young, he knows a lot.
Although I am tired, I must go on working.
(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。并且句子中不能再用but。
我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.
应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或者：It was raining hard, but he still went out.（二者单独用，但是汉语翻译的时候，可以把but的含义“但是”翻译出来）
8. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句常常由where, wherever来引导。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
9.方式状语从句　　
地点状语从句常常由as, as if, as though来引导。
You should do this math problem as I told you.
You seem as if the first one to arrive here.
总结：状语从句分类及常用连词：
类别　　　　　　　 连词
时间状语从句　　when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once（一但）
地点状语从句　　where, wherever
原因状语从句　　because, since, as, for, now that（既然，由于）
目的状语从句　　in order that(为了，以便), so that
结果状语从句　　so…that, such…that
条件状语从句　　if, unless, as(so)long as
让步状语从句　　though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever
比较状语从句　　as…as, (not) as/so…as, than
方式状语从句　　as, as if, as though
4、主语从句：
在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that, whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。
如When we should start is still a question. 我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。
What we need are good doctors.我们需要的是好的医生。
It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.水在的确是在32华氏度结冰的。
5、表语从句：
在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
如That is why he did not come to school yesterday.
It is because you are so clever.
中考模块13习题-从句
【2026立信九下一模】It was at the age of 17 that he started learning sugar blowing. Every day, he trained so hard 48. ___________ his skills were soon admired by many.
【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】Mickey, Cinderella, Elsa… Who are your childhood friends In 2023, Disney, the company ____26____ created these movie characters, celebrated its 100th birthday!
【2025一中岳麓全真模拟】However, Ne Zha doesn’t just copy the old stones. It adds new ideas. Ne Zha’s character is very different from 51. _______ we used to know.
【2025立信二模】To make matters worse, he had a twin brother 49. _______ was bright and smart.
【2025明德九下期中】Their families worry about their future, 53. _______ they don’t. Last year they started a website, and they 54. _______ (make) a CD of 16 of their songs.
【2025华益九下期中】_______ pocket parks are small, they are nicely designed with different kinds of plants. In these beautiful places, you can take a walk, have a picnic with friends, or even do some light exercise like tai chi or yoga.
【2025附中九下期中】Without help from anybody, the baby is free to choose ____29____ he or she likes. The item he or she chooses is used to predict his or her ____30____ (interesting) and job in the future.
【2025立信九下月考】50. _______ we find them, we can avoid eating them and lower the risk of those health problems,
【2025一中一模】Robert likes taking a walk in the park after work. One day, he was walking in the park 26________ he heard someone calling his name.
【2024长郡九上月考3】Both of them were so angry 48. _______ they stopped talking to each other.中考模块13-从句
一、概念：
从句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.
爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。
It seemed as if the meeting would never end. 看起来会议没完没了。
However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.
不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。
二、分类：
从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为定语从句、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和状语从句等。
定语从句：
在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
★定语从句的位置：
放在名词或代词的后面。
如The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。
★语法术语的改变：
被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who、whom等称为关系代词,where、when、how、why等称为关系副词。
如This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. 这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。
Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. 请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
如This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. 这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。
I can never forget the day when I first saw you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。
★限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。
如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of.
她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。
【that, which】
◎关系代词只能用that, 而不用which的情况：
当先行词是/被指事物的不定代词(all, anything, some, any, little,much等)修饰
如All that Lily told me seems untrue. Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。
Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside 能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？
I've written down all that（＝what）the teacher doesn't allow us to do.我已记下了老师不允许我们做的一切事情。
They haven't got any dictionaries that we need.他们没有我们所需要的任何字典。
2）先行词是/被序数词或the last修饰时
如.This is the first textbook that I studied in the primary school.这是我在小学学的第一本书。
He is in the last row that is next to the window.他在挨着窗户的最后一排。
3）先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
如.That is the highest building that I have seen.那是我见到过的最高的大楼。
Have you worked out the most difficult maths problem that our teacher told us to do？你解出老师让我们做的那道最难的数学题了吗？
4）先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时
如This is the very novel that you want to borrow.这就是你想借的那本小说。
I need the same dictionary that you have.我需要同你的一样的字典。
5）先行词是两个或多个分别表示人和物的名词时
如He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard.他给我们讲了我们从没听到过的人和事。
7）主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。
如Who is the man that you spoke to just now？你刚才跟他说话的那个人是谁？
Which is the book that you want to borrow？你想要借的书是哪一本？
◎关系代词用which, 不用that：
1）引导非限制性定语从句时, 通常只用which。
如Jack drove too fast, which was reckless. 杰克开车开得太快, 根本不考虑后果。
We took what he said literally, which may have been a mistake. 我将他所说的照字面意思来理解, 但可能错了。
The church, which dated back to the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. 那座教堂是13世纪建成的, 两年前在一次地震中被毁了。
2）当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom或whose+n,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who.
如This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) 这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的英文小说。
【注意】：
1）当定语从句中介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
2）关系副词
关系副词：在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
如This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
如This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
如Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
宾语从句
在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
★宾语从句的种类
宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that没有意义，可以省略。例如：
如He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2. 由连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：
如Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is
I don’t know why the train is late.
3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
★宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：
如I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.
I think (that) you will like this school soon.
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.
★宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。
如I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：
如He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：
如Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
状语从句
修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。
1. 时间状语从句
(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, (not)...until, as soon as引导。
It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.
While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.
As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.
He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.
After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.
I will tell him everything when he comes back.
He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.
2. 条件状语从句
(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless, once, as long as引导。
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow
Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.
(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。
I’ll help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.
He won’t be late unless he is ill.
“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。
Study hard and you will pass the exam. = If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as, for, now that引导。
He didn’t come to school because he was ill.
As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.
Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
4. 结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that引导。
He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.
My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.
It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.（天花板）
He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.
有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。
It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.
=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.
(2)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。
Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema（去看电影） with you.
5. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。
Tom runs faster than John does.
6. 目的状语从句
(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that（为了，以便）引导。
We started early so that we could catch the first train.
He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.
We used the computer in order that we might save time.
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest.
7. 让步状语从句
(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though, as, even if, even though等连词引导。
Though he is young, he knows a lot.
Although I am tired, I must go on working.
(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。并且句子中不能再用but。
我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.
应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或者：It was raining hard, but he still went out.（二者单独用，但是汉语翻译的时候，可以把but的含义“但是”翻译出来）
8. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句常常由where, wherever来引导。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
9.方式状语从句　　
地点状语从句常常由as, as if, as though来引导。
You should do this math problem as I told you.
You seem as if the first one to arrive here.
总结：状语从句分类及常用连词：
类别　　　　　　　 连词
时间状语从句　　when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once（一但）
地点状语从句　　where, wherever
原因状语从句　　because, since, as, for, now that（既然，由于）
目的状语从句　　in order that(为了，以便), so that
结果状语从句　　so…that, such…that
条件状语从句　　if, unless, as(so)long as
让步状语从句　　though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever
比较状语从句　　as…as, (not) as/so…as, than
方式状语从句　　as, as if, as though
4、主语从句：
在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that, whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。
如When we should start is still a question. 我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。
What we need are good doctors.我们需要的是好的医生。
It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.水在的确是在32华氏度结冰的。
5、表语从句：
在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
如That is why he did not come to school yesterday.
It is because you are so clever.
中考模块13习题-从句
【2026立信九下一模】It was at the age of 17 that he started learning sugar blowing. Every day, he trained so hard 48. ___________ his skills were soon admired by many.
that
【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】Mickey, Cinderella, Elsa… Who are your childhood friends In 2023, Disney, the company ____26____ created these movie characters, celebrated its 100th birthday!
which
【2025一中岳麓全真模拟】However, Ne Zha doesn’t just copy the old stones. It adds new ideas. Ne Zha’s character is very different from 51. _______ we used to know.
what
【2025立信二模】To make matters worse, he had a twin brother 49. _______ was bright and smart.
who
【2025明德九下期中】Their families worry about their future, 53. _______ they don’t. Last year they started a website, and they 54. _______ (make) a CD of 16 of their songs.
but made
【2025华益九下期中】_______ pocket parks are small, they are nicely designed with different kinds of plants. In these beautiful places, you can take a walk, have a picnic with friends, or even do some light exercise like tai chi or yoga.
Although
【2025附中九下期中】Without help from anybody, the baby is free to choose ____29____ he or she likes. The item he or she chooses is used to predict his or her ____30____ (interesting) and job in the future.
what interests
【2025立信九下月考】50. _______ we find them, we can avoid eating them and lower the risk of those health problems.
If
【2025一中一模】Robert likes taking a walk in the park after work. One day, he was walking in the park 26________ he heard someone calling his name.
when
【2024长郡九上月考3】Both of them were so angry 48. _______ they stopped talking to each other.
that

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