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第三部分　其他词法与特殊句式
专题七　名词、冠词、介词、代词
一、 规则回顾
(一) 名词
典句研读 规则归纳
I have some books． 1. 单个名词复数的规则变化： (1) 一般加s； (2) 以s、x、ch、sh等结尾的名词加es； (3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es； (4) 以o结尾的名词加s或es； (5) 以f或fe结尾的名词，直接加s，或将f或fe改为v再加es。
There are many other branches of medicine in China.
We were all amused at his stories．
The team members were greeted like conquering heroes．
The shelves are easy to assemble.
She has a beautiful smile with straight, white teeth． 2. 单个名词复数的不规则变化： (1) 单复数形式相同，如：sheep → sheep, fish → fish； (2) 内部元音字母变化，如：foot → feet, tooth → teeth； (3) 外来词的不规则变化，如：crisis → crises, phenomenon → phenomena； (4) 词尾＋en或ren，如：ox → oxen, child → children； (5) 以s结尾的学科、新闻、组织、书名等的名词，形式是复数，但应看作单数，如：maths、politics。
The world is facing multiple crises, including climate change and economic instability.
The farmer used a pair of oxen to till the hard soil.
Maths is an intellectual exercise.
He shouted for help, hoping to catch the attention of any passers by． 3. 合成词的复数形式： (1) 有中心名词的合成词的复数，在中心名词后加s，如passer by → passers by； (2) 无中心名词的合成词的复数，通常在词尾加s，如：forget me not → forget me nots。
The garden was dotted with tiny, delicate blue forget me nots．
“He saved my son's life，” said Mrs Brown. 4. 名词的所有格： (1) 单数名词所有格，直接加's； (2) 复数名词所有格，一般加'； (3) 合成词或名词短语，在最后一个词后面加's(注意of所有格及双重所有格的用法)。
We had a very boring three days' journey.
This is Tom and Susan's desk.
These are Tom's and Susan's desks.
I'll never forget the beauty of the lake.
That little daughter of your cousin's is really lovely.
(二) 冠词
典句研读 规则归纳
Bob is an honest boy, and we all trust him. 1. 不定冠词a/an： (1) 表泛指，或指同类人或事物中的“一个”； (2) 表示类指，指一类人或物(强调的是类别中的任意个体)； (3) 可用于抽象名词前，使其具体化； (4) 用于固定搭配中，如：have a gift for、have a holiday、get a lift/ride、pay a visit to、lend sb a hand、as a result、as a rule、in a hurry、at a distance、a waste of、be/go on a diet、What a pity！等。
A tiger is a type of large and fierce cat.
We think this means that our experiment is a success and it supports the theory.
The heavy rain lasted for days. As a result, several villages downstream were flooded.
The university was founded in the early twentieth century. 2. 定冠词the： (1) 表特指，用于双方都知道的或上文提到的人或事物前； (2) 表示类指，用于单数可数名词或形容词前(强调整个类别的整体概念)； (3) 指世上独一无二的事物、自然现象、方位等； (4) 用于西洋乐器前； (5) 用于序数词、形容词最高级前； (6) 用于句型“the＋比较级， the＋比较级”中，表示“越……，越……” (7) 用于固定搭配中，如：at the moment、in the end、to the point、on the contrary、by the way、break the ice、burn the midnight oil等。
The organization offers free health care to the poor．
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west．
She practises the piano for three hours every day.
This is the best way to maintain good relationships.
The more she learns, the more she wants to learn.
(三) 介词
典句研读 规则归纳
He arrived at the famous town in Jiangsu at dusk. 1. 介词可用来表时间、方位、工具、手段或方式，如in、on、at、during、before、after等； 2. 介词还常见于固定搭配中，如at work、in a hurry、answer to、account for等。
Registration must be made at least two weeks in advance．
(四) 代词
典句研读 规则归纳
Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man. 1. 反身代词(myself、yourself、herself、himself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves)： (1) 当句子中动作的执行者和承受者为同一人或事物时常用反身代词做宾语、表语或者同位语； (2) 含有反身代词的常见短语有apply/devote oneself to、behave oneself、be oneself、come to oneself、enjoy oneself、make oneself at home 等。
She is not quite herself today.
He himself has done it lots of times！
After retiring, she decided to devote herself to charity work.
When he finally came to himself in the hospital bed, he couldn't remember how the accident had happened.
With butterflies in my stomach, I breathed deeply. 2. 物主代词： (1) 形容词性物主代词(my、your、his、her、its、our、your、their)不能单独使用，可用在名词前做定语或用在动名词前做逻辑主语； (2) 名词性物主代词(mine、yours、his、hers、its、ours、yours、theirs)相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可做主语、宾语或表语。
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions.
Lily forgot her pen, so she borrowed mine(＝my pen).
Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of information in advance. 3. 不定代词： (1) 常见不定代词(both、all、either、any、neither、none)的区别：表示“两者都”，用both；表示“两个当中的一个”，用either；表示“两个都不”，用neither；表示“三个或三个以上都”，用all；表示“三个或三个以上当中的一个”，用any；表示“三个或三个以上都不”，用none； (2) all、both等与not连用时，表示部分否定；如果要表示全部否定，需用none或者neither。
All students must submit their assignments by Friday.
As with any new skill, practice and hard work are always paid back.
Did you know that not all giant pandas are black and white？
None of these pens works.
Where is my dictionary I left it right on the desk. 4. it 的常见用法： (1) 指代上文提到的某样东西； (2) 指代时间、天气、环境、距离等； (3) it做形式主语； (4) it做形式宾语； (5) 用于强调句型等固定句型中； (6) 用于某些结构中，如：as it is、be worth it、call it a day、it (all) depends、make it、take it easy、when it comes to 等。
It is still a long way.
It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
It is years of hard work that has made her what she is today.
After years of struggle, he finally made it as a professional actor.
二、 规则应用
(一) 单句语法填空：阅读下列句子，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Group 1: 能力训练题
1. Mr Smith is an old friend of my ___________(father).
2. ___________ will be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change.
3. Many science museums launch activities to make complex technology accessible, which is effective in arousing________ (teenager) scientific passion.
4. Ecotourism has ___________(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
5. It might sound like one long, expensive vacation, but the couple has ___________ unusual way to make their travel affordable.
6. Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart we ___________(human) are.
7. As the saying goes, “When one door closes, another one opens”， and it will always stick in their memory. It sure does in ___________(I).
8. A new exhibition in Halifax uses everyday activities to explain the hidden maths principles we all use ___________ a regular basis.
9. In a survey carried out in 1987, 75% of the population identified ___________(they) as middle class.
10. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is ___________ great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
11. Encouraged by his words, I decided to give ___________ a try.
12. In the evening, when I take ___________ walk in the school garden, the singing of insects becomes more meaningful to me.
13. The Chinese film market has experienced a notable ___________(recover) this year.
14. As a special education teacher at the school, I was familiar ___________ the challenges David faced and was proud of his strong determination.
15. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on young.
Group 2: 高考真题
1. “In a Go game, each move should serve a long term goal. You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘___________(guide)’ till they lose，” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition.(2025全国一卷)
2. A decent winner always tries to beat the opponent ___________ no more than one or two points as a gesture(姿态) of respect for the other side.(2025全国一卷)
3. The sun dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live, thanks to the ___________(absent) of smog and plenty of blue sky ___________(afternoon) with lots of fresh air.(2025全国二卷)
4. Over time, I've found ___________(I) feeling extremely at home here. And in the process, I've experienced things that really surprise me at times.(2025全国二卷)
5. “I really want to make this work for ________(people) lives today …” she says.(2025浙江1月卷)
6. These plants included modern Western________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
7. I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion(《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways________ Romeo and Juliet.(2024新课标Ⅱ卷)
8. The meat should be fresh with ___________ touch of sweetness and the soup hot, clear and delicious.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)
9. Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.________friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.(2022全国甲卷)
(二) 语篇语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Besides oceans, glacier ice is 1.___________ largest source of water on the Earth. A glacier is a sheet of ice that moves 2.___________(it) under the influence of gravity. Some glaciers travel down mountains or valleys, while others spread across a large expanse of land. Heavily glaciated 3.___________(region) such as Greenland and Antarctica are called continental glaciers. These two ice sheets account 4.___________ more than 95 per cent of the Earth's glacial ice. The Greenland ice is so heavy that much of the region has been pressed below sea level so far. Smaller glaciers that occur 5.___________ higher altitudes are called alpine glaciers(高山冰川). Another way of classifying glaciers is 6.___________ terms of 7.___________(they) internal temperature. In temperate glaciers, the ice within the glacier is near its melting point.
The majority of the Earth's glaciers are located near the poles, though glaciers exist 8.___________ all continents, including Africa and Oceania. Glaciers formed in high alpine regions generally result 9.___________ cold temperatures throughout the year. The weight and pressure of ice accumulation cause glacier movement. As a glacier moves, it carves out 10.___________ U shaped valley similar to a riverbed, but with much steeper walls and a flatter bottom.
(三) 微写作(至少使用1～2个含本专题相关语法的句子)。
我对书的热爱一刻也不会停止，因为在我的生活中，书既是睿智的老师，也是益友。书是知识和力量的源泉，我从中受益匪浅。
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专题八　形容词与副词
一、 规则回顾
典句研读 规则归纳
It's an interesting book. (一) 形容词的常见用法： 1. 形容词在句子中做定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。 2. 多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时的排列顺序：限定词＋表评价的形容词＋大小、长短、高低＋形状＋新旧＋颜色＋国别、来源＋材料＋用途或目的＋名词中心词。 3. 形容词做定语修饰名词时，一般放在被修饰的名词前，但在修饰something、anything、someone、somebody等复合代词时，通常位于被修饰的名词之后，做后置定语。
The good news made him happy．
The boy sat in the corner, silent and alone．
They own a charming little old Italian restaurant.
Is there anything wrong with your car？
Frankly, I don't agree with you. (二) 副词的常见用法： 1. 副词做状语，修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。 2. 还可做表语、定语、宾语补足语。
The child smiled happily．
Time is up．
The girls there come from China.
Please ask them out．
Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (三) 特殊用法： 1. enough做副词修饰形容词、副词或动词时，一般位于它们后面；当它做形容词修饰名词时，位于名词之前。 2. 副词very可以修饰形容词或副词原级，但不能修饰动词。
There is enough food in the fridge.
I like English very much.
This is certainly the best meal I've had all year. (四) 形容词变副词： 1. 一般情况，直接加 ly。 2. 以y结尾的词，变y为i，再加ly，如：angry → angrily; necessary → necessarily (特殊情况：shy → shyly)。 3. 以le结尾的词，去e，再加y，如：gentle → gently; terrible → terribly (特殊情况：whole → wholly)。 4. 以ue结尾的词，去e，再加ly，如：true → truly (特殊情况：unique → uniquely)。 5. 以ic结尾的词，加ally，如：basic → basically; scientific → scientifically。 6. 以ll结尾的词，直接加y，如：full → fully。
The wounded bird flapped its wings clumsily before falling to the ground.
He gently wiped the tears from her cheek.
I truly appreciate all the help you've given me.
The two theories are basically the same.
I fully support your decision.
The final exam was harder than I expected. (五) 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则： 1. 单音节词直接加er/est。 2. 以字母e结尾的词，加r/st。 3. 以单个元音字母＋单个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，要双写末尾辅音字母，再加er/est。 4. 以辅音字母＋y结尾的双音节词，变y为i再加er/est。 5. 多音节词和部分双音节词，在词前加more/most。 6. 不规则变化，如： good/well → better → best； bad/badly → worse → worst； many/much → more → most； little → less → least。
The largest organ in the body is the liver.
I want some thinner paper.
Chaplin is considered to be one of the funniest actors.
He has certainly made more successful films than any other director in the West.
Nobody can do the work better than he did.
This hill is four times the height of that small one. (六) 倍数句式表达方式： 1. A is 倍数＋the size/length/width/height of B(A是B的几倍大小/长/宽/高). 2. A is 倍数 as＋形容词或副词原级＋as B(A是B的几倍). 3. A is 倍数＋形容词或副词的比较级＋than B(A比B多几倍).
This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.
This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
二、 规则应用
(一) 单句语法填空：阅读下列句子，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
Group 1: 能力训练题
1. That's a big problem and it is getting even ___________(bad).
2. If food waste were a country, it would be the third ___________(large) producer of greenhouse gases in the world.
3. Competition is getting ___________(hot) day by day.
4. After two years, the second group saw (remark) improvements in heart health.
5. Qian Xuesen was extremely ___________(knowledge), especially in the area of frontier science research.
6. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even ___________(soon).
7. When he looked down, he ___________(accidental) slipped and fell over the edge.
8. This film focuses ___________(specific) on the main character's most brilliant moments.
9. You're driving too fast. Can you drive a bit ___________(slowly)
10. High school is valuable for many reasons, but ___________(primary), this is the last low stakes time in a person's life when they can learn and explore in a variety of subjects and activities.
11. In France, quality of life is much ___________(important) than efficiency.
12. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far ___________(large) groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
13. For visitors who prefer a more leisurely pace, they can enjoy horseback rides, take a dip in the hot springs, or ___________(simple) sit back and admire the view.
14. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the ___________(successful) conservation programs ever initiated.
15. So there is a ___________(true) long way to go before a digital Peking Opera human with real time interaction capability is created.
Group 2: 高考真题
1. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, where bamboo and tea bushes grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free range, and _________(center) heating doesn't exist.(2025全国二卷)
2. Maybe this morning you debated whether to get up or stay in bed slightly _________(long).(2025北京卷)
3. In cold weather, the structure stays _________(close) to protect the plants.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
4. Yellowstone was the _________(large) United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell Saint Elias in southern Alaska … took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.(2024全国甲卷)
5. Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, _________(taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)
6. So, what are they learning _________(basic), how to describe a panda's life.(2023新课标Ⅱ卷)
7. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and _________(simple) in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.(2023浙江1月卷)
8. The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and _________(eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)
9. In the last five years, Cao has walked through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa's_________ (high) mountain.(2022全国甲卷)
10. That's a big problem and it is getting even_________ (bad).(2022北京卷)
level of population in the wild.(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)
(二) 语篇语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
The South China National Botanical Garden 1.___________(official) opened on July 11, 2022 in Guangzhou. It is the second national botanical garden in China, following the China National Botanical Garden in Beijing. With both gardens located in different climate 2.___________(zone), the species of plants that can be conserved in Guangzhou differ 3.___________(complete) from those in the Beijing garden.
With a total area of 333 hectares, the Guangzhou Garden is the 4.___________(large) subtropical(亚热带的) botanical garden in the world, as well as one of 5.___________(China) oldest institutions for botanical research and conservation. It is home to about 17，000 species of plants away from their 6.___________(nature) habitats, including 643 rare plants and 337 wild plant species on national key protection lists. So far, 36 species of 7.___________(endanger) plants, such as Camellia azalea and Dunnia sinensis, have returned to the wild thanks to the garden.
As one of the countries with the 8.___________(rich) plant diversity in the world, China has more than 37，000 9.___________(know) species of land plants, which account for about 10 per cent of the total in the globe. The founding of the national botanical garden system will enable the country to protect its plant species more 10.___________(effective).
(三) 微写作(至少使用1～2个形容词或副词)。
音乐对我很有吸引力，我有空的时候总是会听音乐，这把我带到了一个完全不同的世界。这种感觉无法用语言形容。因此，它已经成为我生活中非常重要的一部分了。
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专题九　情态动词与虚拟语气
一、 规则回顾
(一) 情态动词
典句研读 规则归纳
Many people can use the computer. 1. can/could表示“能力”，也可表示“请求”或“许可”，通常用于疑问句(could用来表示请求时比can委婉，回答时一般用can)。 2. can/could表示“可能性”时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。
Could you please do me a favour？
This can't be done by him.
—Might I go fishing with you tomorrow —Yes, you may/can． 1. may/might表示“允许”，在疑问句中表示“请求”，对might的请求作肯定回答时用may/can。 2. may/might well表示“很可能”；may/might as well表示“最好，倒不如”。 3. may可表示“祝愿”。 4. 表推测时主要用于肯定句或否定句，might的可能性比may小。
You may/might as well stay here.
May you be happy forever！
You mustn't play with the knife, or you may hurt yourself. 1. must表示“必须”，强调主观态度；mustn't表示“禁止”，是强制的命令。 2. 对must引出的一般疑问句，否定回答多用needn't/don't have to，表示“不必，没必要”。 3. must表示有把握的推测，意为“想必，一定”，只用于肯定句。 4. must表示“非要，偏偏”。
—Must I finish this report today —No, you needn't．/No, you don't have to. You can hand it in tomorrow.
You've been working all day. You must be tired.
If you must smoke, do it outside please.
Would you mind opening the window for me 1. will/would表示“请求”，would比will语气委婉。 2. will/would表示主观愿望或意志时，意为“愿意”。 3. 表示习惯或倾向时，will表示一般的习惯，would描述过去的习惯或例行的活动。
I will pay for the dinner tonight.
Fish will die without water.
Whenever I visited, she would bake my favourite cookies.
Shall we begin our new lesson today 1. shall用于第一或第三人称的疑问句时，表示说话人征求对方的意见。 2. shall用于第二或第三人称陈述句时，表示说话人给出的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。 3. shall还可表示法律、协定和条例中的规定或义务等。
You shall be punished for what you've done.
Whoever drives through a red light shall be fined at least 200 yuan.
You should learn to respect your elders. 1. should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。 2. should表示意外、惊讶、忧虑、惋惜等情绪，意为“竟会，竟然”。 3. should表示有一定根据的推测、推论或可能性，意为“按理说，按理应该”，可与ought to互换。
I'm sorry that she should be so selfish.
He should/ought to be here on time—he started early enough.
You ought to be on time for such an important meeting. ought to表示理所当然，应该做时，意为“理应，应该”。
You have to be back before 10 o'clock because the train leaves at 10：05. have to表示客观需要，意为“必须，不得不”，强调客观上的必要性。
You needn't come here this afternoon. 1. need表示“必要性”，常用于疑问句和否定句，needn't表示“不必”。 2. 对need引出的一般疑问句作肯定回答时用must，作否定回答时用needn't。
—Need I attend the meeting this afternoon —Yes, you must. It's crucial for the project./No, you needn't. I'll send you the minutes later.
She daren't go alone at night. dare意为“敢，胆敢”，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句，一般不用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday. I found it wet. must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测，意为“一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句。
Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 1. should have done意为“本该做某事(而实际上未做)”。 2. shouldn't have done意为“本不该做某事(而实际上做了)”。
You knew she was upset. You shouldn't have said that.
He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 1. could have done是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意为“本来能够做某事(而实际上未做)”。 2. can't/couldn't have done表示对过去事情的否定推测，意为“不可能做过某事”。
They can't/couldn't have finished the work that soon.
Honestly, you might have told me！ might have done意为“本可以做某事(而实际上未做)”。
You needn't have worked that late last night. It was harmful to your health. needn't have done意为“本不必做某事(而实际上做了)”。
(二) 虚拟语气
典句研读 规则归纳
If he had time, he would attend the meeting. 1. 用于非真实条件句： (1) 表示与现在的事实相反 if从句使用一般过去时(did/were)，主句使用would/should/could/might do； (2) 表示与过去的事实相反 if从句使用过去完成时(had done)，主句使用would/should/could/might have done； (3) 表示与将来的事实相反 if从句使用一般过去时(did/were)或should＋动词原形或were to＋动词原形，主句使用would/should/could/might do； (4) 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整，构成错综条件句； (5) 在if引导的虚拟条件句的从句中，谓语动词含有had、were、should时，可以把if省略，将had、were、should提到从句的句首，变成倒装句； (6) 含蓄条件句：有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达，而是隐含在某些词语或上下文中，常见的有with、without、but for等。
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.
She thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often.
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now．
If you had studied hard when you were young, you would have a good job now.
It might have saved me some trouble had I known the schedule (if I had known …).
But for your help/Without your help, we couldn't have succeeded.
I wish she were here. 2. 用于wish后的宾语从句中，表示“希望”：
I wish I had told him the truth.
I wish you could give me the book you borrowed from me.
If only he were more cautious. 3. 用于if only后的从句中，意为“要是……就好了”：
If only I hadn't involved in it at the very beginning!
If only I could speak several foreign languages！
I'd rather you didn't smoke in the car. 4. 用于would rather后的宾语从句中，表示“宁愿，但愿”：
I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.
I would rather the world were more peaceful in the future.
His pale face suggested(暗示，表明) that he was ill and I suggested(建议) he (should) have a rest． 5. 在表示“建议”“要求”“命令”等动词后的宾语从句中： (1) 谓语动词用“(should)＋do”表示虚拟语气，should可以省略。常用的有：suggest、insist、order、command、advise、propose、recommend、request、require、demand、ask、urge； (2) suggest表示“暗示，表明”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气；表示“建议”时，才用虚拟语气； (3) insist表示“坚持说，坚持认为”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气；表示“坚决要求”时，才用虚拟语气。
He insisted(坚持认为) that she was not seriously ill but I insisted(坚持要求) that she (should) be sent to hospital at once.
It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem. 6. 用于固定句型It's (about/high/very) time＋that … 从句中谓语动词用过去式或者“should＋动词原形”，意为“是某人该做某事的时间了”。
二、 规则应用
(一) 单句语法填空：阅读下列句子，在空白处填入适当的情态动词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Group 1: 能力训练题
1. He paid for a seat, but he ___________ have entered the theatre free of charge.
2. He ___________ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn't be enjoying himself by the seaside.
3. He is a bad tempered man, but he ___________ be quite kind and patient sometimes.
4. Although this ___________ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.
5. Mary hasn't come back home by now; she ___________ get lost!
6. Bob ___________ have completed the project by now, for he fell ill last week.
7. You ___________ have passed the job interview, but you were too nervous.
8. You________ (think) over the plan before you put it into practice, but you didn't.
9. I would rather you________ (keep) the secret from others at that time.
10. Since time is limited, we ________ as well think out a simpler solution at once.
Group 2: 高考真题
1. What should ___________(do) with such a beautiful place？(2024全国甲卷)
2. However, though it's nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages, it would help even more if they could sometimes ___________(offer) in smaller packs.(2024浙江1月卷)
3. It used to be that you ___________ drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.(2021天津卷)
4. If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I ___________(be) where I am.(2020江苏卷)
5. You missed the sightseeing, or we ___________(have) a good time together.(2019江苏卷)
(二) 语篇语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
Tom and Peter are twins. They look as if they 1.___________(be) the same person. Both the two boys are smart, but Tom is hard working while Peter is lazy. Tom always wins the first place in the exams while Peter doesn't. However, people believe if Peter 2.___________(work) as hard as Tom, he would do as well as his brother in his study.
At home, their parents suggest that they 3.___________(finish) their homework before playing computer games. But Peter insists that it 4.___________(be) OK to play games first as long as he can hand in his homework in time. Their mother gives in in the end.
One day, when doing his homework, Peter found he made a serious mistake. So he put his exercise book aside and found Tom's exercise book. He struck out Tom's name and signed his name on its cover 5.___________(happy), and handed it in as his own homework the next day.
When the teacher told the truth to the twins' mother, she was very angry and shouted at Peter, “How I wish you 6.___________(be) as diligent as your brother! Now it's time that I 7.___________(give) you a good lesson. And you mustn't play any computer games for a month！”
“Oh, no! Mom. Without a computer for such a long time, I 8.___________(die). I would rather you 9.___________(ask) me to do the dishes for a month alone，” Peter was upset.
“If you 10.___________(finish) your homework on time yesterday, you wouldn't be punished now，” said the mother.
(三) 微写作(至少使用1～2个含情态动词或虚拟语气的句子)。
无论晴雨，汤姆总是第一个到办公室。他家一定离办公室很近，否则他不可能总是准时上班。我多么希望住得离工作地点近一点，这样我就不用每天起那么早了。例如，昨天，如果我没有遇到交通堵塞，我就会像往常一样及时到班。老板对我很生气，他要求我以后一定要早点上班，并说如果我再迟到被抓住，他就要惩罚我。我现在必须停止做所有的事情去睡觉了。我希望明天能按时到班。
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专题十　特殊句式
一、 规则回顾
(一) 倒装句
典句研读 规则归纳
完全倒装 Here goes the story. 1. 以here、there、off、out、in、up、down、away、now、then等开头，句子谓语是come、go、fly等不及物动词或be动词，且其主语不是人称代词时，通常使用完全倒装。
Away flew the bird.
Then came another question.
In the cottage lives a family of six. 2. 表示地点的介词短语置于句首，句子谓语是表示存在意义的不及物动词(如lie、stand、live等)，且句子主语为名词(短语)时，使用完全倒装。
On either side of the great avenue stood many buildings.
Gone are the days when he was looked down upon. 3. 为保持句子平衡或强调表语部分，可将做表语的形容词、分词、介词短语等置于句首，构成完全倒装。
Standing around the teacher were her students.
Such were his last words. 4. such位于句首，使用完全倒装。
部分倒装 He once went abroad for further study. So did I． 1. so/neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语，表示前面所述的情况也适用于后者，构成部分倒装。
One of my friends cannot speak foreign languages. Neither/Nor can his wife.
Not until twelve o'clock did he go to bed last night. 2. 否定副词或部分短语置于句首时(否定词修饰主语除外)，句子通常采用部分倒装，常见的有：not、never、seldom、hardly、little、nowhere、rarely、scarcely、by no means、in no way、at no time、not until、no sooner … than …、hardly … when …、not only … but (also) … 等。
Not only was the city polluted, but (also) the streets were crowded.
Hardly had he finished his speech when the audience started cheering.
Successful as he is, he is not proud. 3. as/though引导的让步状语从句中，通常使用倒装语序(表语/状语/动词＋as/though＋主语)。
Try as I might, I could not lift the stone.
So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test. 4. so/such … that … 句型中，so/such部分放在句首，该部分需采用部分倒装。
Such a fine day is it that we'd like to play outside.
Were I you, I would go with them. 5. 当if引导的虚拟条件句中含有were、had、should时，可以把if省略，将were、had、should提到从句的句首构成倒装。
Should he come, say “Nobody in” to him.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 6. only与副词、介词短语及状语从句连用放在句首时，主句要进行部分倒装。
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.
(二) 强调句
典句研读 规则归纳
It is my mother that/who does the cooking every day. 1. It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分． (强调成分：主语、宾语、状语，被强调部分指人时，用who或that皆可；指物时，只能用that)
It was the beautiful lady that/who I met in the hotel yesterday.
It was in Beijing that we visited the Bird's Nest and Water Cube.
Was it in 2012 that the 30th Olympic Games were held in London？ 2. Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分？
How was it that your brother succeeded in finishing the difficult task？ 3. 特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他成分？
It was not until I got off the bus that I realized it. 4. It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分．
She does like English. 5. 强调谓语时，要采用“do/does/did＋动词原形”结构。
Do be careful while crossing the street.
(三) 省略句
典句研读 规则归纳
This beeper works well, but that one doesn't (work well). 1. 句子成分的省略： (1) 两个并列分句中，后一分句省略与前一个分句相同的部分； (2) 表示条件、时间、地点、方式或让步等的状语从句的谓语部分含有be动词，且从句的主语又和主句的主语一致，或者从句的主语是it时，常把从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。
If (it is) necessary, I'll go with you.
Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.
He said (that) English is very important and that we should try to learn it well. 2. 宾语从句中that的省略： 宾语从句中常省略that，但及物动词后跟两个或两个以上宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。
—Would you like to go with us —I'm glad to (go with you), but I'm too busy. 3. 不定式的省略： (1) 在动词不定式并列结构中，或上下文意思明确时，为避免重复，常省略不定式中的动词原形，只保留to。否定式的省略用not to； (2) 感官动词和使役动词后面做宾补的不定式要省略to；但被动语态中的to不可省略； (3) 介词but/except前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to。
The boy wanted to watch TV but was told by his mother not to (watch TV).
I saw him enter the classroom just now. ＝He was seen to enter the classroom just now.
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
(四) 祈使句
典句研读 规则归纳
Go away！ 动词原形＋其他成分．
Let me help you. Let＋宾语＋动词原形＋其他．
Be seated, please！ Be＋表语(名词/形容词)＋其他．
Never do it like that. Do/Be型祈使句的否定式是在肯定式之前加Don't/Never。
Don't be so anxious！
Let's not waste time. Let's/Let us (not)＋动词原形＋其他． Don't let＋宾语＋动词原形＋其他．
Don't let her go there.
No parking！ No＋(动)名词．
Do give my regards to your parents. 祈使句的强调形式为：Do＋动词原形＋其他．
Have a/A little patience and we'll look into it soon. ＝If you have a little patience, we'll look into it soon. 1. 祈使句＋and＋陈述句＝名词短语＋and＋陈述句＝if条件状语从句＋主句 2. 祈使句＋or＋陈述句＝if … not …＋主句
Work harder, or you'll fail. ＝If you don't work harder, you'll fail.
(五) 感叹句
典句研读 规则归纳
What a clever boy (he is)! ＝How clever a boy (he is)! ＝How clever the boy is！ What＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数(＋主语＋be动词)! What＋形容词＋可数名词复数/不可数名词(＋主语＋be动词)! How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数(＋主语＋be动词)! How＋形容词/副词(＋主语＋谓语)! How＋主语＋谓语！
What beautiful flowers (they are)！
How wonderful (it is)！
How time flies！
二、 规则应用
(一) 单句语法填空：阅读下列句子，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1. ___________ a strange plant! I've never seen it before.
2. Jane won't join us for dinner. Neither ___________ Tom.
3. Interesting ___________ it may seem, I don't like it.
4. If you have a job, ___________ devote yourself to it and finally you'll succeed.
5. John opened the door. There ___________(stand) a girl he had never seen before.
6. It is persistence_________helps us get through tough times in our long journey.
7. Hardly had the bell rung_________the students rushed out of the classroom immediately.
8. If _________(take) seriously, small suggestions can greatly improve our overall learning efficiency.
9._________it rain heavily tomorrow, the outdoor sports meeting would be put off until next week.
10. “He saved my son's life，” said Mrs Brown. “I don't know ___________ to thank him.”(2022新高考Ⅱ卷)
(二) 语篇语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Dear Zhang Yang，
1.___________ time flies! It has been half a year since you left your hometown. It is natural for you not to get used to the life there. Here 2.___________(be) some suggestions for you.
First of all, you should respect the local customs and try to involve yourself in the natives' lives. Just 3.___________ the saying goes, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.” Secondly, 4.___________(be) afraid to communicate with American students and make friends with them. It is friendship 5.___________ will bring you happiness and relaxation. What's more, 6.___________ not join in more outdoor activities 7.___________ in this way can you relax and have fun. Finally, mind your own manners when 8.___________(get) along with your friends.
I 9.___________ hope my suggestions will help. May you adapt to your new life 10.___________ enjoy your stay there!
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
(三) 微写作(至少使用1～2个特殊句式)。
我们都知道，健康很重要。只有当我们健康的时候，我们才能好好学习、享受生活。然而，许多青少年不注意自己的健康，尤其是在假期。他们花太多时间看电视或玩游戏，这对他们的健康有害。首先，这可能会使他们近视。其次，他们沉迷于在网上聊天，很少出去走动，所以他们的身体变得虚弱得多。第三，他们将失去与他人面对面交流的机会，这可能会对他们的心理健康产生不良影响。
在我看来，他们必须少花点时间在电视或电脑前，应该出去锻炼一下，做一些运动，拜访一些朋友。
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语法填空专项训练三
课时一
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
(一)
Rich in cultural resources, the Xizang autonomous region is home to traditional handicrafts like thangka paintings, 1.___________ Xizang art form with a history of more than 1，300 years.
Dechen Chodron, 32, is a thangka 2.___________(art). She learned painting at the Xueduibai School for Traditional Arts and Crafts. After graduating, she returned to teach there while also making her own thangka art. However, Chodron not only teaches students, but also runs thangka workshops for tourists.
In recent years, she 3.___________(see) more people from China and other countries becoming interested in thangka. However, this tradition is not easy 4.___________(keep). Long ago, thangka was usually taught from master 5.___________ student. Few girls had the chance to learn. Even now, most students in thangka classes are boys. “6.___________ takes at least five or six years to master it，” said Chodron.
Things improved in 2006 when thangka 7.___________(add) to China's national intangible cultural heritage list. After that, the government helped more people learn. Now, there are special schools and 8.___________(studio) for thangka. “At my school, everyone is welcome，” Chodron said. “Now families are more open minded, and more girls are learning too.”
The tourist workshops go beyond thangka; people can also try 9.___________(make) Xizang clothes, pottery and woodcarving. It is a hands on way to experience Xizang culture. “Tourists love it，” Chodron said with a smile. “They experience more than just sightseeing. Many share their experiences online and attract more friends to come, 10.___________ makes me really happy！”
(二)
Lost in the city's concrete jungle, urban residents 1.___________(eager) look forward to connecting with nature on weekends.
One natural forest 2.___________(frequent) by people in Sichuan Province is Shunan Bamboo Sea in Yibin. Spanning 120 square kilometers, this bamboo forest is the 3.___________(large) primeval(原始的) bamboo park in China, maintaining a mild winter climate 4.___________ rarely drops below 0℃. During the winter season, when many parts of the country are covered in snow and ice, this green scenery stands out 5.___________ a cozy escape.
Known as one of the country's 10 most beautiful forests, this site has been a popular tourist attraction since scenes from the Oscar winning Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 6.___________(shoot) there in 1999.
In 2003, the bamboo forest achieved global 7.___________(recognize) by earning an ecotourism rating and being listed as a world class bamboo reserve, becoming the fourth tourism destination in China 8.___________(receive) Green Globe 21 certification.
The bamboo forest covers Changning and Jiang'an, two counties in Yibin. Amazed at its vast expanse, Huang Tingjian, 9.___________ poet from the Song Dynasty(9601279), described it as “bamboo waves”. Given Huang's literary influence, this poetic depiction gave rise to the forest's popular nickname—the Bamboo Sea. Today it offers not just an escape, but a chance to reconnect with nature 10.___________ heritage alike.
(三)
Famous writer Lu Xun(18811936) once wrote that the beauty of Chinese characters 1.___________(present) in three aspects: Their meaning enlightens the mind, their sound touches the ear, 2.___________ their appearance appeals to the eye.
From writings on oracle bones(甲骨) and bronze ware, Chinese characters originated as a pictographic writing system, 3.___________(borrow) the shape of the sun, the moon, birds and beasts, among others.
4.___________(improve) aesthetics(美学) and efficiency of use, multiple scripts were developed over the passage of time, such as zhuanshu(seal script), lishu(clerical script), caoshu(cursive script) and kaishu(regular script). Their beauty is particularly visible in calligraphy to this day.
Many characters not only bear meanings and cultural significance 5.___________(pass) down for thousands of years but also indicate their 6.___________(pronounce). As a whole, characters are 7.___________ symbol of Chinese civilization, bridging the past, present and future.
According to the Ministry of Education's Center for Language Education and Cooperation, currently, Chinese is taught in more than 190 countries and regions, among 8.___________ 85 have included Chinese lessons in their national education systems.
With a growing number of people switching 9.___________ their mother tongue and Chinese, the deep rooted cultural elements in Chinese are 10.___________(like) to be better and more widely recognized.
课时二
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
(一)
Whenever you have to write a paper, a letter, or any other document for work or school, you probably head toward the computer. Now, most people reach for 1.___________(keyboard) faster than they pick up pens. In a Scottish primary school, however, Mr Norman Lewis is taking a different approach. He feels that neat handwriting 2.___________(be) still an important skill, so he has his students write not only by hand but also 3.___________ old fashioned fountain pens.
Fountain pens 4.___________(use) in schools long ago and have been regaining popularity lately because they are refillable. Today, a writer 5.___________(simple) throws an empty pen away and gets 6.___________ new one.
So far, Mr Lewis is pleased with the results of his experiment. He reports that his students are taking more care with their work, and their self confidence has improved as well. He is happy with the 7.___________(improve) he sees in his students' writing 8.___________ in his own writing. He knows that computers are here 9.___________(stay) and that they will not disappear. However, he believes that the practice with fountain pens helps students to focus, to write faster, and they can feel proud of 10.___________(they). (2024九省联考)
(二)
Initially built during the Sui Dynasty, the Xi'an City Wall now circles the historic city. Yet its long life has not escaped damage. By the early 1980s, before Xi'an undertook a 1. ________(sweep) restoration campaign, much of the structure 2. ________(fall) into a state of disrepair.
Today, data has become the wall's newest guardian. High precision 3D modeling has mapped its entire structure, creating 3. complete digital foundation. Plus, over 3，000 monitoring points and 1，300 smart devices track minor signs of structural damage 4. ________(cause) by anything from settlement to displacement, and feed data into a center 5.________AI analyzes and anticipates potential risks. These findings have not just informed targeted repairs that preserve the City Wall, 6.________addressed hidden weaknesses as well.
While technology plays a key role in its 7.________ (preserve), the wall has long been part of citizens' daily life in Xi'an. Visitors bike along its 12 meter wide top, watch cultural performances, or take photos while dressed 8.________traditional Hanfu against the backdrop of its ancient gates. Around the wall, some cafés and guesthouses offer “wall view” rooms. The contrast—the modern on the old—connects locals to the 9.________ (dynasty) that once ruled from here.
Watching the city evolve through centuries, the wall is more than bricks and earth. Here, tradition meets technology, and the past 10. ________(breathe) through modern life—brick by brick, byte(字节) by byte. (2026江苏南京、盐城一模)
(三)
Maijishan Grottoes is one of the four greatest grottoes in China. Different from the other three, Maijishan Grottoes are 1.________series of caves, excavated(开凿) into the side of the mountain Maijishan. The caves are 2. ________(undoubted) a large sculpture museum.
Inside the 194 caves are 7，200 statues, 3.________heights vary from 20 centimeters to 15 meters. The rock here is too soft, so the figures are, instead, clay models. The few sculptures 4. ________(create) from rock have been brought in from elsewhere. 5.________ (judge) from the figures and costumes of the statues, most of them reflect the characteristics of the Han nationality.
The grottoes 6.________ (carve) over a period of 1，500 years, starting in 384 AD, right up to the beginning of the twentieth century. The caves were not easily accessible, thus escaping much of the 7. ________(destroy) throughout tumultuous(动荡的) periods in history. The stairs leading up and around the grottoes were originally made of wood but these have been steadily replaced by metal supports 8.________safety reasons.
The sculptures represent the phased development of Chinese sculpture and architecture. The earliest examples demonstrate an influence of Indian design, with later native Chinese styles becoming more popular. All designs 9. ________(dedicate) to the pursuit of Buddhism. The sculptures have helped archeologists to track not only the growth and advance of Chinese sculpture 10.________the history and expansion of Buddhism in China. (2026江苏南通一模)
第三部分　其他词法与特殊句式
专题七　名词、冠词、介词、代词
(一) Group 1：
1. father's　2. It　3. teenagers'　4. its　5. an　6. humans
7. mine　8. on　9. themselves　10. of　11. it　12. a
13. recovery　14. with　15. the
Group 2：
1. guidance　2. by　3. absence; afternoons　4. myself
5. people's　6. favourites　7. to　8. a　9. A　10. themselves
(二) 1. the　2. itself　3. regions　4. for　5. at　6. in
7. their　8. on　9. from　10. a
(三) Never for a moment can I stop my love for reading because books are wise teachers as well as good friends in my life. Books are the source of knowledge and power, from which I benefit a lot．
专题八　形容词与副词
(一) Group 1：
1. worse　2. largest　3. hotter　4. remarkable
5. knowledgeable　6. sooner　7. accidentally　8. specifically
9. more slowly　10. primarily　11. more important
12. larger　13. simply　14. most successful　15. truly
Group 2：
1. central　2. longer　3. closed　4. largest　5. tasty
6. Basically　8. simpler　8. eventually　9. highest　10. worse
(二) 1. officially　2. zones　3. completely　4. largest
5. China's　6. natural　7. endangered　8. richest
9. known　10. effectively
(三) Music is so appealing to me that I always listen to music whenever I'm free, which brings me into a totally different world. The feeling is beyond my words. Consequently, it has become an incredibly important part in my life.
专题九　情态动词与虚拟语气
(一) Group 1：
1. could　2. must　3. can　4. may/might　5. must
6. can't/couldn't　7. could　8. should have thought
9. had kept　10. may/might
Group 2：
1. be done　2. be offered　3. could　4. wouldn't/couldn't/mightn't be　
5. would/could/should/might have had
(二) 1. were　2. worked　3. (should) finish　4. is
5. happily　6. were　7. gave/should give　8. would die
9. asked　10. had finished
(三) Rain or shine, Tom is always the first to arrive at the office. His home must be very close to the office, or he can't be always in time for work. How I wish that I lived close to work, so that I need not get up so early every day. Yesterday, for example, I would have arrived in time for work as usual if I hadn't been caught in a traffic jam. The boss was so angry with me that he demanded I should arrive at work early enough later on, saying that if I should be caught being late again/should I be caught being late again, he would punish me. I must stop doing everything and go to bed now. I hope I can arrive at work on time tomorrow.
专题十　特殊句式
(一) 1. What　2. will　3. as/though　4. do　5. stood
6. that　7. when　8. taken　9. Should　10. how
(二) 1. How　2. are　3. as　4. don't be　5. that　6. why
7. Only　8. getting　9. do　10. and
(三) As we all know, health is very important. Only when we are healthy can we study well and enjoy life. However, many teenagers don't pay any attention to their health, especially during the holiday. And they spend too much time watching TV or playing games, which is bad for their health. Firstly, this may make them get near sighted. Secondly, seldom do they move about for addiction to chatting on the Internet, so their bodies become much weaker. Thirdly, they do lose the chance to communicate with others face to face, which may have a bad effect on their mental health.
In my opinion, they must spend less time in front of the TV or the computer. They should go out to take some exercise, play some sports and visit some friends.
语法填空专项训练三
课时一
(一) 1. a　2. artist　3. has seen　4. to keep　5. to　6. It
7. was added　8. studios　9. making　10. which
(二) 1. eagerly　2. frequented　3. largest　4. that/which　5. as　6. were shot　
7. recognition　8. to receive　9. a　10. and
(三) 1. is present/is presented　2. and　3. borrowing
4. To improve　5. passed　6. pronunciation　7. a　8. which
9. between　10. likely
课时二
(一) 1. keyboards　2. is　3. with　4. were used
5. simply　6. a　7. improvement　8. and　9. to stay
10. themselves
(二) 1. sweeping　2. had fallen　3. a　4. caused　5. where
6. but　7. preservation　8. in　9. dynasties　10. breathes
(三) 1. a　2. undoubtedly　3. whose　4. created
5. Judging　6. were carved　7. destruction　8. for
9. are dedicated　10. but

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