资源简介

第一部分 句法结构
专题一　句子成分、结构及基本句型
一、 规则回顾
(一) 句子成分
句子成分 典句研读 规则归纳
主语 Subject New members will receive extra guidance on Saturday mornings. 主语是谓语所表示的动作的发出者，一般位于句子开头，一般不能省略。可以做主语的有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、动词不定式、从句等。
Mastering a foreign language will be of great help in our life.
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
谓语 Predicate He practises running every morning. 谓语用来说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语通常由动词或动词短语构成，一般放在主语之后。
A big plan occurred to him.
In this exhibition, you can see paper cutting with all kinds of patterns.
宾语 Object You should pay attention to your teacher in class. 宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词(短语)或介词的后面。可以做宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。
She ordered herself a new dress．
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets.
表语 Predicative Paper cutting is a traditional art form in China. 表语一般位于系动词之后，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。可以做表语的有：名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。
He always kept silent at the meeting.
The children in the park are in high spirits．
定语 Attributive The little boy needs a blue pen. 定语对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用，汉语中常用“……的”表示。单个词做定语通常位于被修饰的成分前，而短语或从句做定语时，则要放在被修饰的成分之后。可以做定语的有：形容词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday．
Athletes from our school team have won many gold medals of table tennis contests in recent years.
状语 Adverbial Actually I am very fond of Tang poems. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语可位于句首、句中或句尾。可以做状语的有：副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格、从句等。
The boy likes the pen bought by his mother very much．
The game was cancelled due to heavy rain．
补语 Complement We'll try our best to make our country more and more beautiful． 在主动语态的句子中，一些及物动词的宾语后可能加上一个补语，对其作进一步补充说明，该补语叫作宾语补足语(在被动语态中，补充说明主语的成分叫作主语补足语)。可以做补语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。
The old house was found completely empty．
To his surprise, Jack found his son dressed as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.
同位语 Appositive We students should study hard. 同位语是一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明。可以做同位语的有：名词、代词、动名词、从句等。
Beijing, the capital of China, is a thriving international metropolis.
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill．
(二) 五种基本句型
句型 典句研读 规则归纳
SV (主＋谓) We | will learn | from 8：00 a．m. to 10：00 a．m. 该句型常用来表示主语的动作或状态。句子的谓语动词为不及物动词，能表达完整的意思，可以加副词、介词短语、动词不定式等做状语。
In order to keep fit, we | should exercise | regularly.
SVP (主＋系＋表) He | is | a teacher. 该句型侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词等。
This matter | remains | a mystery.
This kind of cloth | feels | very soft.
She | grew | rich | within a short time.
SVO (主＋谓＋宾) He | has refused | to help them. 该句型的特点是：谓语动词都具有实际意义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟上一个宾语，才能使意思完整。
He | admitted | that he was mistaken.
As an outgoing girl, I | get along well with | my classmates.
SVOO (主＋谓＋ 间宾＋直宾) I | showed | him | my pictures. 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；另一个指物，为直接宾语。一般顺序为：动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。
She | cooked | her husband | a delicious meal.
He | taught | me | how to run the machine.
SVOC (主＋谓＋ 宾＋宾补) The war | made | him | a soldier. 该句型的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
New methods | make | the job | easy.
I | often find | him | at work.
I | saw | the boy | taken away by two men.
(三) 句子类别
句子类别 典句研读 规则归纳
简单句 The sun rises in the east. 简单句只包含一个核心主谓结构(可以有并列主语或并列谓语)。
My brother and I sing and dance.
并列句 The teacher's name is Smith, and the student's name is John. 并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。并列连词分为： 1. 表示平行并列，常用连词有and、not only … but also …、neither … nor …等； 2. 表示选择并列，常用连词有or、either … or …等； 3. 表示转折并列，常用连词有but、yet、while等； 4. 表示因果并列，常用连词有so、for等。
Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.
He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively.
August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
主从 复合句 I believe that honesty is the best policy． 主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句、状语从句等。
What he said made everyone present very angry.
This is the house where my grandfather grew up．
She was reading a novel when I entered the room．
并列 复合句 I like coffee, but my sister, who lives in France, prefers tea. 并列复合句是并列句和主从复合句的结合体。它同时满足：包含至少两个由并列连词连接的独立分句(即构成并列关系)；至少有一个独立分句中包含一个从句(即该独立分句本身是主从复合句)。
She knew that she had to study hard for the exam, so she turned off her phone and focused on her books until late at night.
二、 规则应用
(一) 指出下列句子属于哪种基本句型。
A. SV(主＋谓)
B. SVP(主＋系＋表)
C. SVO(主＋谓＋宾)
D. SVOO(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
E. SVOC(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
(　　)1. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(　　)2. Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
(　　)3. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now
(　　)4. The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
(　　)5. My father bought me a new bike last week.
(　　)6. They found the house decorated with beautiful flowers.
(　　)7. They arrived here at 10：00 yesterday morning.
(　　)8. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
(二) 用所给的基本句型翻译下列句子。
1. 在这种环境下，师生们正快乐地生活，努力地工作着。(SV)
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2. 在我看来，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。(SVP)
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3. 最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。(SVO)
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4. 同时，父母给孩子的保护太多了。(SVOO)
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5. 作为一名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。(SVOC)
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(三) 语篇语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Scientists have long understood the key role that oceans play in controlling the Earth's climate. One of the oceans' most important climate 1.__________(function) is absorbing heat and carbon dioxide(CO2), one of the gases that cause global warming. 2.__________(cover) over 70% of the surface of the globe, oceans store a thousand times more heat than the atmosphere does. The oceans 3.__________(absorb) huge amounts of heat and CO2 in the last forty years. In fact, the oceans are saving us from faster climate change—they are putting a brake on the climate system. The bad news is 4.__________ the oceans only slow the atmospheric warming. Once the oceans come up against a greenhouse gas warmed Earth, the extreme heat will remain in the atmosphere and things will get much 5.__________(hot).
Another important role 6.__________(play) by the oceans is that of distributor. The oceans' currents carry oxygen, nutrients 7.__________ heat throughout the globe, just as blood tubes bring oxygen and nutrition to cells in the human body. The oceans distribute 25% to 50% of energy 8.__________ the planet receives from the sun. For example, the Gulf Stream(墨西哥湾流) 9.__________(carry) heat across the Atlantic. This warm current makes northwestern Europe warmer than it would 10.__________(normal) be.
(四) 微写作(至少使用1～2个不同句型)。
发表演讲对我来说仍然是一个挑战，因为我发现在公共场合自信地讲话很难。我新学期的目标是提高我的沟通技能。为了达到这个目标，我会鼓励自己多提问、多回答问题。
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专题二　定语从句
一、 规则回顾
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。被修饰的部分叫作先行词，引导定语从句的词叫作关系词，定语从句通常位于先行词的后面。
(一) 关系词
典句研读 规则归纳
限制性定语从句 Do you know the man that/who is waiting outside？ 限制性定语从句指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句，对所修饰的对象加以限制。从句不可去掉，一旦去掉主句的意思则不完整。限制性定语从句可由关系代词that、which、who、whom、whose、as引导。关系代词在从句中通常做主语、宾语、表语或定语，做宾语时常可以省略。主要用法如下： 1. that指代人/物，做主语、宾语、表语。 2. which指代物，做主语、宾语。 3. who指代人，做主语、宾语。 4. whom指代人，做宾语。 5. whose指代人/物，做定语。 6. as 多用在such … as、the same … as、such as、as … as等结构中。
He showed me the photos that/which he took on his trip to Xi'an．
My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be．
The woman whom/who/that you met yesterday is my sister.
The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.
I like the same book as you do．
He acquired as rare a stamp as exists in the collection．
Do you remember a time when/at which you had no worries stopping you from getting a good night's rest 定语从句也可以由关系副词when、where、why 引导。关系副词在定语从句中做状语。主要用法如下： 1. when做时间状语，修饰 time、moment、day、month、year、period 等表示时间的先行词，可以用“介词＋which”来代替。 2. where做地点状语，修饰 place、house、city、country、world 等表示地点的先行词，可以用“介词＋which”来代替。 3. why做原因状语，修饰 reason等表示原因的先行词，可以用“for＋which”来代替。
In a society where/in which being thin is often seen as being beautiful, teenagers sometimes turn to extreme methods to slim down quickly.
Do you know the reason why/for which we feel tired in the middle of a class？
非限制性定语从句 I live in Nanjing, which is a big city． 非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充说明，通常用逗号与主句隔开，由关系代词which、who、whom、whose、as 或关系副词 when、where 等引导。从句去掉后，主句意义仍完整。
I like my English teacher, who speaks good English．
I visit my grandparents at the weekend, when I do not go to school．
He missed the show, which was a pity． which 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词可以是某个单词或短语，也可以是整个主句或主句的一部分。
Jack told me he would join the poetry club, which surprised me greatly．
Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on a diet. 在非限制性定语从句中，whom、which 前面可以加 some/many/all of 等修饰词，表示整体中的部分或所有。
In 2020, the deep sea manned submersible Fendouzhe completed thirteen successful dives, eight of which exceeded a depth of 10，000 metres．
The night has turned cold, as is usual around here． 1. as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词可以是整个主句或主句的一部分，从句可置于主句前、主句中或主句后。 2. as有“如，正如”的含义，which 没有。 3. as后面的谓语动词多是see、know、expect、say、mention、report等。
As is known to all, the Moon travels around the Earth.
(二) 高频考点
典句研读 规则归纳
只能用that，不能用which引导的情况 Everything that we saw was interesting. 先行词是something、anything、nothing、everything、much、little、none、few等不定代词，或被这些词修饰时
None of the books that were recommended were available at the library.
This is the first book that was written in English. 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级，或被这些词修饰时
This is the funniest thing that I have ever heard.
This is all the information that I can provide. 先行词被all、every、the only、the very、the same、the last等修饰时
Basketball is the only thing that interests him
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. 先行词既有人又有物时
Which is the bus that you will take？ 主句主语是疑问词which时
不能用that引导的情况 Beijing, which is China's capital, is rich in culture. 引导非限制性定语从句时
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
What's that which flashed through the sky just now 先行词本身为that时
Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands 用“介词＋关系代词”结构时
He is the man the father of whom is a teacher. (the father of whom＝whose father)
This is the neighbourhood from which I borrowed the bicycle.
关系词可省略的情况 The stranger (whom) I spoke of came again. 关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时
I like the way (that/in which) she smiles. 当先行词是 way且定语从句要表示“以……的方式”时
关系代词与关系副词的选择 The factory where he once worked is closed now. 若定语从句缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；若从句的谓语为不及物动词，且从句中缺少状语，则用关系副词引导。
The factory that/which he set up last year is closed now.
定语从句中的主谓一致 A book that has colourful pictures is more attractive to children. 关系代词做从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。
The students who are listening to the lecture come from different countries.
He is one of the employees who work overtime every day. “one of＋复数名词”做先行词，且关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数；但当one前面有the、the only、the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词用单数。
He is the only one of the employees who works overtime every day.
二、 规则应用
(一) 单句语法填空：阅读下列句子，在空白处填入适当的关系词。
Group 1: 能力训练题
1. Volunteers on behalf of the United Nations built shelters for survivors ___________ homes had been damaged in Ukraine.
2. A tank is a large military vehicle ___________ is equipped with weapons and moves along on metal tracks.
3. The deaf dancers think dancing is an activity ___________ sight matters more than hearing.
4. The reason ___________ I was late for school was that my bike broke down halfway.
5. Handwriting is something ___________ is done with a pen or pencil, not printed or typed.
6. The scientist believes that the Earth is unlikely to be the only planet ___________ life has developed gradually.
7. If you behave yourself, you act in the way ___________ people think is correct and proper.
8. Those ___________ have a preference for something would like to have or do that thing rather than something else.
9. American women usually identify their best friend as someone with ___________ they can talk frequently.
10. The film brought the hours back to me ___________ I was taken good care of in that small village.
11. The reason ___________ he gave for his not coming to the party was that his car broke down halfway.
12. Last winter ___________ I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chickens.
13. He spent his Sunday afternoon in the library ___________ was built with stones by the workers.
14. He was the only one of the boys ___________ was late for class.
15. When the news of the scientist's passing away was reported, there were many fans on social media ___________ expressed their sadness over his death.
Group 2: 高考真题
1. An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, ___________ originated in China more than 4，000 years ago.(2025全国一卷)
2. However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, ___________ accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024.(2025北京卷)
3. Tanya is also looking beyond special occasion dresses to less formal clothing, ___________ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers.(2025浙江1月卷)
4. The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing(追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ___________ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
5. Chinese cultural elements commemorating(纪念) Tang Xianzu, ___________ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”，add an international character to Stratford upon Avon, William Shakespeare's hometown.(2024新课标Ⅱ卷)
6. Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way ___________ will make them the most money.(2024浙江1月卷)
7. “There was once a town in the heart of America, ___________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age old fables.(2023全国甲卷)
8. Nina recently finished her year long series of runs in Chicago, ___________ thousands were attending a water conference.(2023北京卷)
9. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)
10. That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ___________ are only good for one use.(2022北京卷)
(二) 语篇语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的关系词。
A scientist is not merely a specialist in a lab; he is a curious explorer of the unknown. The field 1.___________ a scientist conducts groundbreaking research is often highly specialized. There are numerous reasons 2.___________ individuals are drawn to this career, but their intense curiosity about the world 3.___________ fundamentally drives them is remarkable. The moment 4.___________ a hypothesis is confirmed truly marks the peak of their excitement.
Marie Curie，5.___________ we all admire, was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes. She is the only one of the female scientists of her era 6.___________ achieved worldwide acclaim in physics. The laboratory in Paris 7.___________ she conducted her groundbreaking research on radioactivity has become a shrine for scientists. The theory of radioactivity，for 8.___________ she is famous, revolutionized modern physics. The determination and rigor(艰辛) with 9.___________ she approached her work are what every researcher should learn. Ultimately, this unwavering spirit 10.___________ led to her extraordinary success became her most notable trait.
(三) 微写作(至少使用1～2个含定语从句的句子)。
人们越来越关注睡眠问题了。睡眠不好的人可能会经历身体发育迟缓的情况。但我们怎样才能睡个好觉呢？这里有些建议给你。首先，试着坚持你的睡眠时间表，即使周末也许是你睡懒觉的时间。第二，让你的卧室成为一个让你觉得舒服的地方。另外，不要喝那些可能让你失眠的饮料。最后，清除你头脑中的压力和担忧。这些消极的想法是你保持清醒的原因之一。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________专题三　名词性从句
一、 规则回顾
名词性从句是在句子中起到名词作用的句子，它的功能相当于名词词组，在复合句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语或者同位语，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
(一) 名词性从句的分类
典句研读 规则归纳
主语 从句 That Tom should cheat me is disappointing. 在句子中充当主语的从句叫主语从句，它位于谓语动词之前。有时为了平衡句子结构，常用it代替主语从句，而将主语从句移到句尾。
Whether we'll have a picnic hasn't been decided.
What you need is a good long vacation.
When he arrives doesn't matter.
It is natural that they should have different views．
宾语 从句 He insisted (that) we (should) accept the gifts． 宾语从句是在复合句中做宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句的谓语动词(及物动词)、介词或形容词之后。我们也常用it做形式宾语，把真正做宾语的that从句放在句尾。
I doubt whether/if he will come．
He did what he could to comfort her.
She inquired how we are getting on．
I find it strange that she doesn't want to travel．
表语 从句 The trouble is that we are short of money． 在复合句中放在系动词之后做表语的从句称为表语从句，可以接表语从句的系动词除最常见的be动词之外，还有look、remain、seem等。
The question is whether you will support me．
That's where you are wrong．
The traditions of the tribe remain what they have always been.
同位语 从句 He gave me some advice that I should read English every day． 同位语从句通常位于表示概念或者思维的抽象名词之后，对该抽象名词起解释说明的作用。
There is some doubt whether he will come．
The question who will replace him is still not clear.
I have no idea how large the physical universe is．
(二) 名词性从句的连接词分类
典句研读 规则归纳
从属连词 The reason was that he missed the train this morning. that只起连接作用，无实意，不做句子成分，引导宾语从句时可省略。
I hope (that) everything is all right.
Finally, he decided to give himself a few months to see whether/if it would get any better. whether/if表“是否”，不做句子成分，多数宾语从句中两者可互换(除1.与or not连用时；2.后接不定式时；3.做介词后的宾语时)，其他从句只用whether。
Although repetition helps memory, psychologists doubt whether/if it helps long term memory.
连接代词 What he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. who、whoever、whom、whomever、which、whichever、what、whatever在从句中可做主、宾、表语，whose做定语。
Whoever commits a crime can never escape from being punished.
He asked me whose pronunciation in English was the best in the class.
连接副词 The last time we had great fun was when we were visiting the Water Park. when、whenever、where、wherever、why、how、however在从句中做状语。
The humble apartment is where the great writer once lived
Is that why you had a few days off
The problem is how we can improve our reading skills in such a short time.
二、 规则应用
(一) 单句语法填空：阅读下列句子，在空白处填入适当的连接词。
Group 1: 能力训练题
1. It remains to be seen ___________ the committee's policy can be put into practice.
2. ___________ you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.
3. The problem is ___________ we can stay tonight.
4. ___________ he had finished his work so quickly surprised everyone.
5. It was never clear ___________ the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.
6. I wonder ___________ it is that prevented him from coming to school on time every day.
7. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of ___________ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
8. For ten years, there was no evidence ___________ this figure existed.
9. The gold medal will be awarded to ___________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
10. There's no doubt ___________ he will win the game.
11. A sense of responsibility is a factor. It affects ___________ an employee works.
12. ___________ sets the Harbin festival apart is the scale and size of the sculptures and the beautiful lighting.
13. Scientists have obtained more evidence ___________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
14. What students do at college seems to matter much more than ___________ they go.
15. Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I'm still putting to use ___________ he taught me.
Group 2: 高考真题
1. The truth, though, is ___________ could be guessed—there's never anyone else here. Just me, Nick, and the quiet forest.(2025北京卷)
2. If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that's ___________ they'll promote.(2024浙江1月卷)
3. On a cool, starry night in mid September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in ___________ is now northwestern Wyoming.(2024全国甲卷)
4. They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is ___________ they need an English trainer.(2023新课标Ⅱ卷)
5. It's easy to explain how we determine ___________ smells are dangerous or not: we learn.(2022北京卷)
(二) 语篇语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的连接词。
Light's Many Colours
1.___________ white light is made up of different colours was proved through Newton's work.
The English scientist, Isaac Newton(16431727), did a lot of experiments to study light. 2.___________ interested him was the colour of light. 3.___________ light is “white” or “colourful” was still unknown to the people of his time. Few doubted the common knowledge 4.___________ white light was “pure” light without colours.
The question is 5.___________ he did the experiment. It is quite simple. He allowed a beam of light to pass through a piece of triangular(三角形的) glass and then fall on a white wall.
6.___________ he saw on the wall was a band of colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Were the colours produced by the glass No. When Newton passed the light that had come out of the first triangular glass through a second triangular glass, all he got was white light.
7.___________ light is colourful was still a question. However, 8.___________ the colours came from was answered through the experiment. It is certain 9.___________ the colours of light are from the light itself, not from the glass or anything else. The experiment showed 10.___________ light had to be looked upon in a new way. Man needs to learn more about light.
(三) 微写作(至少使用1～2个含名词性从句的句子)。
李华热爱阅读。他空闲时，最常做的就是读英文报纸、杂志和原著。他有良好的读书习惯和方法，已经写了三本读书笔记。他曾获得学校“模拟联合国”辩论赛的一等奖和省中学生英语演讲比赛第一名。他表示“阅读使人进步，英语让我快乐！”
参考词汇：模拟联合国辩论赛 the debate of Model UN；原创的 original
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
专题四　连词和状语从句
一、 规则回顾
根据连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分是否平等，连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词用以连接彼此是并列关系的单词、短语或句子，被连接的两个部分彼此独立，在句法上是平等的；从属连词用来连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句，即引导名词性从句(见专题三)和状语从句。
(一) 连词
典句研读 规则归纳
I bought apples and oranges. and、or、both … and …、not only … but (also) …、neither … nor …等表并列、递进或顺承关系
He not only read the book but also remembered what he had read.
He is young, but he is very experienced. but、while、yet、whereas等表转折、对比关系
Outgoing people enjoy surrounding themselves with many friends, while shy people prefer fewer but closer friendships.
You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday. or、either … or …等表选择关系
Either you come with us or you stay home.
He was tired, so he went to bed early. for、so等表因果关系
He must be tired, for he has been working all day.
(二) 状语从句
典句研读 规则归纳
时间状 语从句 We hadn't run a mile before he felt tired. when、while、as、since、before、after、till、until、as soon as、the moment等引导时间状语从句
You may stay here until/till the rain stops.
When I was listening to my favourite songs, my mother asked me to do my homework first.
Enjoy the beautiful countryside as you spend a day driving along the new highway.
It has been six years since he lived here.
The moment my sister gained the diploma after four years of hard work, she was filled with joy.
地点状 语从句 Where there is a will, there is a way. where、wherever等引导地点状语从句
I will go wherever I am needed.
原因状 语从句 My school appeared on the news last week because we had made an important change in our local area. because、since、as、now that、considering (that)、in that等引导原因状语从句
Since you are tired, you can have a rest.
Now that we are all here, let's begin our work.
Even this was remarkable, considering that she had so many delays.
条件状 语从句 I'll buy a computer if I am able to save enough money. if、unless、as/so long as、on condition that、in case、only if、suppose/supposing (that)、provided/providing (that)等引导条件状语从句
Unless (you are) invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
They'll have respect for you as long as you play fair.
We may go to the party provided that it does not rain.
方式状 语从句 When in Rome, do as the Romans do. as、as if/though、the way等引导方式状语从句
Please pronounce the word the way I do.
目的状 语从句 My mother turned off the TV so that I could better concentrate on my studies. in order that、so that、in case、for fear that等引导目的状语从句
She explained again in case we should misunderstand her.
He spoke softly for fear that he might wake the baby.
结果状 语从句 I got a fever, so that I won't go to school. so that、so/such … that等引导结果状语从句
Such a nice man does he seem that we all like him.
比较状 语从句 He works as hard as his brother does. as … as、not as/so … as、than等引导比较状语从句
Don't take on more work than you can handle.
让步状 语从句 Although/Though the two men have very different backgrounds and do not get along at first, they eventually become friends. though、although、as(用于倒装句)、even if/though、while、no matter who/what/when/where/how/why、“疑问词＋ever”等引导让步状语从句
While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. Strong as/though you may be, you can't lift it.
No matter what(＝Whatever) you do, do it well.
二、 规则应用
(一) 单句语法填空：阅读下列句子，在空白处填入适当的连词。
Group 1: 能力训练题
1. It has been ten years ___________ he graduated from Peking University.
2. The scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier ___________ that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
3. We had sailed four days and four nights ___________ we saw land.
4. I didn't hand in my paper ___________ I examined it carefully.
5. The disagreement was ___________ sharp that neither he nor I knew how to settle it.
6. A society won't progress ___________ its members are willing to accept new ideas.
7. Child ___________ he is, he can tell the names of all the cars.
8. The old lady treats the boy ___________ he were her own son.
9. Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home ___________ you can't use what you've bought while it's still fresh.
10. They worked harder than usual ___________ they could finish the work ahead of time.
Group 2: 高考真题
1. Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces, ___________ the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk screen prints for the exhibition.(2025全国一卷)
2. It is a distinct visual contrast that shouldn't work, ___________ somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.(2023全国乙卷)
3. To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill, ___________ to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)
4. ___________ gardening may be hard physical work, those who love it find it very relaxing mentally.(2022天津6月卷)
5. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept ___________ the late 1980s.(2021全国乙卷)
(二) 语篇语法填空：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的连词。
I was walking down the street 1.___________ I noticed an old lady who was lying on the ground. It seemed that she was knocked down. 2.___________ time went by, more and more people gathered, but no one was willing to help her. What made me annoyed was that some people even laughed at her. After what seemed a few minutes, a young man came up to the lady. And I also went up to give a hand. 3.___________ her leg was bleeding, I advised him to leave her 4.___________ she was. Meanwhile, I tried to calm her down 5.___________ the old lady wouldn't be scared. And I called 120. It wasn't long 6.___________ an ambulance arrived. She was taken to the nearest hospital, where she would be treated in time. Small 7.___________ the thing was, it made a great difference. The fact is that 8.___________ everyone devotes a little love, the world will be more beautiful.
(三) 微写作(至少使用1～2个含状语从句的句子)。
为帮助我们更好地理解保护环境的重要性，学校上周日组织了植树活动。我们按计划于早上8点在校门口集合。认真聆听老师的指示后，我们兴致勃勃地开始在学校后山脚下种树。尽管工作很累人，但我们很开心。
看着我们种下的小树苗，我觉得很自豪，也很开心，因为我们用双手为自然、为我们的社会做了力所能及的事。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
语法填空专项训练一
课时一
1. Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak ___________ she could do so remotely; about three quarters of the time, they agreed.
2. During China's dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing ___________ arranged the residential areas according to social classes.
3. It's been an honour to watch the panda programme develop ___________ to see the pandas settle into their new home.
4. One of the earliest known inventions is the bow and arrow, which is still used throughout the world today, 15，000 years ___________ it was first invented.
5. BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
6. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ___________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
7. He hung on for a few minutes ___________ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
8. We need to get to the root of the problem ___________ we can solve it.
9. On our way to the house, it was raining ___________ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there.
10. I found the contact information of the company ___________ emailed its president.
11. My bike was old and shaky ___________ did the job.
12. Over time, ___________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
13. In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index(体重指数) across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier ___________ that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
14. On average, the population becomes older ___________ before.
15. I work not because I have to, ___________ because I want to.
16. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ___________ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
17. Although Mary loved flowers, ___________ she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
18. ___________ is so unbelievable is that he always remains calm in great danger.
19. I'm not sure ___________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
20. You can ask for help ___________ you need it.
21. The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued(发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation ___________ cultural exchanges.
22. At that time, a private car with the words “Welcome southern guests; I'll give you a free ride” parked in front of us, ___________ the driver told us that he could take us to the hotel.
23. If you don't understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people ___________ you figure it out.
24. The sellers from restaurants sell the food door to door, especially in the entertainment places like theatres, ___________ are crowded with many people.
25. As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ___________ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
课时二
1. A loaf of home made bread has simple ingredients such as flour, water, salt and sugar. ___________ you make it yourself, you have control over your ingredients.
2. The GPNP is designed to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ___________ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产) for future generations”．
3. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ___________ suits you best.
4. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ___________ showed a mere 5 to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of early deaths from all causes.
5. Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ___________ plants can spread to new places.
6. Kate, ___________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work.
7. Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ___________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted through it.
8. I have reached a point in my life ___________ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
9. Hold your dream, ___________ you might regret some day.
10. He recently returned home for a visit and wanted to have some barbecue, ___________ he failed to find seats in four different restaurants.
11. Atule'er, a 200 year old village in Sichuan Province, made headlines around the world when photographs emerged in 2016 of schoolchildren going down the cliff(悬崖) on unstable handmade ladders or “sky ladders”，___________ locals called them.
12. Compared with more physically demanding sports such as the ball games, swimming or gym workouts, baduanjin is slow and usually accompanied by soft music, ___________ it used to be considered as the exclusive sport for the elders.
13. All the neighbours admire this family, ___________ the parents are treating their child like a friend.
14. But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ___________ welcomes the fast paced development of modern life，with 21st century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
15. Having survived many centuries, kites have become one of the country's representative traditional handicrafts, ___________ making techniques were included in the list of China's national intangible cultural heritage in 2006.
16. Technological transformation is affecting the way in ___________ people learn and grow.
17. Every spring ___________ foggy days moisten the emerald hillsides, villagers know their harvest will come.
18. Many civilian teams actively joined rescue work ___________ China increased its aid to neighbouring countries.
19. Breathwork is thought to influence the vagus nerve, which stretches from the brain to the gut and makes up the majority of ___________ is known as the parasympathetic nervous system.
20. Any seasoned language learner will tell you ___________ the beauty of mastering a foreign language is the world which it opens up to you.
21. The city was barely known by outsiders ___________ it went viral on Chinese social media platforms recently.
22. Today, the time honoured folk art of the Jingxi Taiping Drum is being taken up by the young people ___________ is presenting its lively artistic charm on a global stage.
23. Traditional Chinese aesthetic concepts are reflected in the drum playing, all of ___________ represent distinctive local features.
24. The ruins, ___________ core area covers 14.3 square kilometres in the northwest of Hangzhou, are considered as important representation of early urban civilization.
25. And the Ming Dynasty marked a boom in the economy of Suzhou, the very period ___________ turned the city into a major cultural centre.
第一部分　句法结构
专题一　句子成分、结构及基本句型
(一) 1—5 BCEBD　6—8 EAC
(二) 1. In the environment, teachers and students are living happily and working hard.
2. In my opinion, a person without friends will never be happy.
3. Finally, we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently.
4. At the same time, parents are giving their children too much protection.
5. As a middle school student, I consider English a very important subject.
(三) 1. functions　2. Covering　3. have absorbed　4. that　5. hotter　6. played　7. and　8. that/which　9. carries　10. normally
(四) Delivering a speech still remains a challenge for me because I find it difficult to speak confidently in public.(主句SVP，从句SVOC) My goal in the new term is to improve my communication skills.(SVP) In order to achieve this goal, I'll encourage myself to ask and answer more questions.(SVOC)
专题二　定语从句
(一) Group 1：
1. whose　2. which/that　3. where　4. why　5. that
6. where　7. which/that　8. who　9. whom　10. when
11. which/that　12. when　13. which/that　14. who/that
15. who/that
Group 2：
1. which　2. which　3. which　4. which/that　5. who
6. which/that　7. where　8. where　9. that　10. which
(二) 1. where　2. why　3. which/that　4. when
5. whom/who　6. who/that　7. where　8. which
9. which　10. which/that
(三) There is growing concern about sleep problems. People who do not sleep well may experience situations where body development slows down. But how can we get a better night's sleep Here are some tips for you. First, try to stick to your sleep schedule, even though weekends are probably the time when you feel like a lie in. Second, make your bedroom a place where you feel comfortable. In addition, avoid drinks that may keep you from sleeping. Last but not least, clear your head of stress and worry. These negative thoughts are one reason why you stay awake．
专题三　名词性从句
(一) Group 1：
1. whether/if　2. What　3. where　4. That　5. why
6. what　7. how　8. that　9. whoever　10. that　11. how
12. What　13. that　14. where　15. what
Group 2：
1. what　2. what　3. what　4. why　5. whether
(二) 1. That　2. What　3. Whether　4. that　5. how
6. What　7. Why　8. where　9. that　10. that
(三) Li Hua loves reading. In his free time, what he does most often is reading English newspapers, magazines and original English novels. He has good reading habits and methods and has written three books of reading notes. He has won the first prize in the school's debate of Model UN and the first place in the Provincial English Speech Contest for middle school students. He believes that what makes people progress is reading and that English brings him happiness.
专题四　连词和状语从句
(一) Group 1：
1. since　2. and　3. before　4. until/till　5. so
6. unless　7. as/though　8. as if/as though　9. or
10. in order that/so that
Group 2：
1. and　2. but　3. or　4. Although/Though/While
5. until/till
(二) 1. when　2. As　3. Because/Since/As　4. where
5. so that/in order that　6. before　7. as/though
8. if/as long as
(三) Aiming to help us better understand the importance of protecting the environment, our school organized a tree planting activity last Sunday. We got together at the school gate at eight in the morning as scheduled. After we listened to the teachers' instructions carefully, we set out to plant our own trees in high spirits at the foot of the hill behind our school. Tiring as the work was, we did enjoy ourselves.
Looking at the little trees we planted, I felt extremely proud and delighted because we had done what we could for nature and our society with our own hands.
语法填空专项训练一
课时一
1. whether/if　2. and　3. and　4. after/since
5. that/which　6. that　7. and　8. before/so that/in order that　9. so　10. and　11. but/yet　
12. as/when　13. and 14. than　15. but　16. and　17. neither　18. What
19. who　20. whenever/no matter when　21. and　22. and
23. until/till　24. which　25. how
课时二
1. Since/As/Because　2. and　3. whichever　4. that/which
5. so (that)　6. whose　7. where　8. where　9. or
10. but/yet　11. as　12. so　13. where/for/because/since/as　14. that/which　15. whose　16. which　17. when/as　18. as/when　19. what　20. that　21. until/till/before
22. and　23. which　24. whose　25. that

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