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(共132张PPT)
主题概述
本主题探讨自然科学领域的重要研究、重大发现及其发展历程，旨在帮助学生了解科学探索的过程，学习科学家的创新精神和严谨态度，培养学生的科学素养和探究能力，引导学生树立崇尚科学、勇于探索的科学观念
子话题1　发现、理论与影响
1. discover v.发现
discovery n.发现；被发现的事物
2. spot v.看见；看出；注意到n.斑点；污迹；污渍
3. conclude v.得出结论；结束
conclusion n.结论；结尾
主题单词
4. evidence n.证据；证明
5. prove v.原来是；证实；证明
proof n.证据；证明
6. define v.阐明；限定；给……下定义；描出……的界线
definition n.定义；清晰度
7. definitely adj.确定无疑的；明确的
8. cite v.引用；援引；提及 n.引文；引语
9. revolution n.革命；巨变
revolutionary adj.革命性的；创新的
10. groundbreaking adj.开创性的；突破性的
11. addition n.增加物，添加物
additional adj.附加的，额外的
additionally adv.此外
子话题2　科学领域与核心概念
1. scientific adj.科学的
2. astronomy n.天文学
astronomer n.天文学家
3. biology n.生物学
biologist n.生物学家
4. genetics n.遗传学
5. gene n.基因
6. chemistry n.化学
chemist n.化学家
chemical adj.化学的；化学反应的 n.化学品；化合物
7. physics n.物理学
physicist n.物理学家
physician n.医师；（尤指）内科医生
8. cell n.细胞；小隔间；电池
9. organism n.生物体；有机体
10. universe n.宇宙；世界
universal adj.普遍的，共同的；普遍存在的
universally adv.普遍地；到处
11. gravity n.重力；引力
12. relativity n.相对论；相关性
子话题3　实验室、工具与技术
1. process v.处理 n.过程
2. function v.运行 n.功能；函数
functional adj.功能的；有多种用途的；机能性
3. mechanism n.机制；机理；机械装置
4. theory n.理论；学说
5. principle n.原理；原则
6. model n.模型；模式；榜样
7. calculate v.计算
calculation n.计算；估计
8. measure v.衡量；测量；量度为…… n.措施；尺度
measurement n.测量；尺寸
9. substance n.物质；实质
substantial adj.大量的；结实的；基本的；实质性的
10. sample n.样本；样品
11. microscope n.显微镜
12. pipe n.管子；管道；管乐器 v.用管道输送
13. formula n.（pl.formulas/formulae） 配方；公式
14. react v.（作出）反应；过敏；起化学反应
reaction n.反应；不良反应；抗拒，反对
子话题4　科学方法与过程
1. assume v.假设；承担；就任（职责）；呈现
assumption n.假设；假定
2. suspect v.猜想；觉得；怀疑
3. invest v.投资；投入（时间或精力）
investigate v.调查；研究
investigation n.调查；研究
4. examine v.检查；审查
5. confirm v.证实；确认
confirmation n.证实，确认书
6. demonstrate v.证明；展示；论证
demonstration n.示范，演示；证明； 示威（游行）
7. divide v.分，划分；分配n.分歧，差异； （数学中的）除，除法
division n.分配；分开；分歧
8. classify v.分类；归类
classification n.分类；类别；分类法
9. compare v.比较
comparison n.比较；对照；比喻
10. contrast n.对比；对照；反差 v.对比；对照；形成对比；显 出差异
11. experiment n.&v.实验；试验
experimental adj.实验的
12. doubtful adj.感到怀疑的；不确定的
13. version n.描述；变体；变种
14. vary vi.（根据情况）变化，变更；相异，不同
various adj.各种各样的；多方面的
variety n.多样；种类；变化，多样化
variation n.变化；变体；变奏曲
15. mixture n.混合物；混合体；结合体；混合剂
16. publish v.发表；出版
17. system n.体系；制度；系统
systematic adj.系统的；体系的
18. valid adj.有效的；有根据的
19. accurate adj.精确的；准确的
accuracy n.精确性；准确度
20. logical adj.逻辑的；合乎逻辑的
21. subject n.话题；学科；实验对象 adj.主观的； 臣服的 v.提出； 使……隶属
主题短语
1. find out 发现，查明
2. come up with 提出（理论、想法）
3. break through 取得突破
4. set up 建立，设立（实验）
5. account for 解释，说明
6. rule out 排除（可能性）
7. build on 以……为基础
8. figure out 弄清楚，想出
11. work out 计算出，解决
12. zoom in on 聚焦于
9. look into 调查，研究
10. test out 试验，测试
主题语块
1. make a scientific discovery 做出科学发现
2. propose a new theory 提出一个新理论
3. conduct an experiment 进行一项实验
4. collect and analyze data 收集和分析数据
5. draw a conclusion 得出结论
6. publish research findings 发表研究成果
7. challenge existing assumptions 挑战现有假设
8. explore the unknown 探索未知
9. advance human knowledge 增进人类知识
10. apply scientific principles 应用科学原理
11. in the field of science 在科学领域
12. in the long run 从长远来看
13. make a great breakthrough 取得重大突破
14. to name but a few 略举几例
主题佳句
高考必背写作佳句
1. 句型公式：This/That is why ...这/那就是为什么……
That is why red packets are used during Chinese New Year and other celebrations.
那就是为什么在中国新年和其他庆祝活动中要使用红包。
2. 句型公式：if省略结构
You can resort to professionals for an effective approach to free us from our phone dependence，if necessary.（建议信）
如果有必要，你可以求助于专业人士，找到一个有效的方法来摆脱对 手机的依赖。
基础知识巩固集训（一）　默写训练
Ⅰ.单词默写
1. v.看见；看出；注意到n.斑点；污迹；污渍
2. adj.确定无疑的；明确的
3. v.引用；援引；提及 n.引文；引语
4. n.模型；模式；榜样
5. n.管子；管道；管乐器 v.用管道输送
6. v.猜想，觉得， 怀疑
7. v.检查；审查
spot　
definitely　
cite　
model　
pipe　
suspect　
examine　
8. n.对比；对照；反差 v.对比；对照；形成对比；显出 差异
9. n.混合物；混合体；结合体；混合剂
10. v.发表；出版
contrast　
mixture　
publish　
Ⅱ.派生单词默写
1. addition n.增加物，添加物
adj.附加的，额外的
adv.此外
2. physics n.物理学
n.物理学家
n.医师；（尤指）内科医生
3. universe n.宇宙；世界
adj.普遍的，共同的；普遍存在的
adv.普遍地；到处
additional　
additionally　
physicist　
physician　
universal　
universally　
4. calculate v.计算
n.计算；估计
5. substance n.物质；实质
adj.大量的；结实的；基本的；实质性的
6. assume v.假设；承担；就任（职责）；呈现
n.假设；假定
7. invest v.投资；投入（时间或精力）
v.调查；研究
n.调查；研究
calculation　
substantial　
assumption　
investigate　
investigation　
8. confirm v.证实；确认
n.证实，确认书
9. divide v.分，划分；分配 n.分歧，差异；（数学中的）除，除法
n.分配；分开；分歧
10. classify v.分类；归类
n.分类；类别；分类法
11. compare v.比较
n.比较；对照；比喻
12. experiment n.&v.实验；试验
adj.实验的
confirmation　
division　
classification　
comparison　
experimental　
13. vary vi.（根据情况）变化，变更；相异，不同
adj.各种各样的；多方面的
n.多样；种类；变化，多样化
n.变化；变体；变奏曲
14. system n.体系；制度；系统
adj.系统的；体系的
15. accurate adj.精确的；准确的
n.精确性；准确度
various　
variety　
variation　
systematic　
accuracy　
Ⅲ.短语/语块默写
1. 　发现，查明
2. 　建立，设立（实验）
3. 　排除（可能性）
4. 　调查，研究
5. 　试验，测试
6. 　计算出，解决
7. 　提出一个新理论
8. 　进行一项实验
9. 　收集和分析数据
10. 　得出结论
find out　
set up　
rule out　
look into　
test out　
work out　
propose a new theory　
conduct an experiment　
collect and analyze data　
draw a conclusion　
Ⅳ.主题佳句默写
1. red packets are used during Chinese New Year and other celebrations.
那就是为什么在中国新年和其他庆祝活动中要使用红包。
2. You can resort to professionals for an effective approach to free us from our phone dependence， .
如果有必要，你可以求助于专业人士，找到一个有效的方法来摆脱对 手机的依赖。
That is why　
if necessary　
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1. We need more （科学的） research to understand the long-term effects of this new drug.
2. The police found no （证据） that he was at the scene of the crime.
3. The experiment was designed to （证实） that the new drug is effective.
4. Learning a new skill is a gradual （过程） that requires patience and practice.
scientific　
evidence　
prove　
process　
基础知识巩固集训（二）　语境运用
　　
5. Einstein’s （理论） of relativity is a fundamental concept in modern physics.
6. The machine operates on the basic （原理） of magnetism.
theory　
principle　
Ⅱ.用所给单词的正确形式填空
1. The （discover） of the new planet was a significant moment for the team of astronomers.
2. After reviewing all the evidence， the jury reached a final （conclude） of “not guilty”.
3. The dictionary provides a clear （define） for each word， along with example sentences.
4. The invention of the smartphone was a truly （revolution） step in communication technology.
5. Despite its age， the old radio is still fully （function） and works perfectly.
discovery　
conclusion　
definition　
revolutionary　
functional　
to make a scientific discovery　
came up with a brilliant
plan　
managed to break
through　
are trying to figure out　
account for many phenomena　
conclude v.得出结论；结束→conclusion n.结论；结尾
练通 单句语法填空
①The （conclude） of his speech was met with thunderous applause from the audience.
②（2025·1月浙江卷） conclusion， I believe we should encourage meaningful content creation while being mindful of privacy and academic focus.
conclusion　
In　
concluded that life could not
exist on that planet　
came to/reached/drew a
conclusion that life could not exist on that planet　
用法
conclude sth from sth　　　从……推断出……
come to/reach/draw a conclusion 　　得出结论
in conclusion 　　总而言之
jump to conclusions 　　草率下结论
佳句 I reached the painful conclusion that my own selfishness had overshadowed my brother’s deep-seated need for companionship. （2025·全国一卷）
我得出了一个痛苦的结论：我自己的自私已经盖过了我弟弟对陪伴的 深切需求。
积累
conclude an experiment 结束一项实验
logical conclusion 逻辑结论
prove v.原来是；证实；证明→proof n.证据；证明
练通 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The new fossil discovery （prove） that the ancient creature could fly.
②Scientists are still searching for conclusive （prove） of life on Mars.
③The experiment ， opening up new possibilities in the field of physics.
这个实验被证明是成功的，在物理学领域开辟了新的可能性。
proved　
proof　
proved to be a success　
this new column will prove to be a valuable
addition　
用法
prove sb wrong/right 　　　证明某人是错/对的
prove to be ...　　结果是……
living proof 　　活生生的例子
佳句 ①This interactive column will surely prove its worth by boosting student engagement and fostering a stronger school spirit.
这个互动栏目必将通过提升学生参与度和培养更强的学校精神来证明 其价值。
②The empty dog leash hanging by his door was living proof of the void I had created in his life.
挂在他门上那根空荡荡的狗绳活生生地证明了我在他生活中造成 的空虚。
积累
provide solid proof 提供确凿的证据
prove a hypothesis 证实一个假设
measure v.衡量；测量；量度为…… n.措施；尺度
练通 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The government has taken strict （measure） to prevent the spread of the virus.
②My small act of selfishness had， large measure， contributed to a sorrow that was beyond measure.
③This mountain in height.
这座山的高度超过8，000米。
measures　
in　
measures over 8，000 meters　
写美 微写作
④The success of this new column can readership， but by the smiles and conversations it creates in the hallways. （2025·全国一卷）
这个新栏目的成功不仅可以通过读者数量来衡量，还可以通过它在走 廊里创造的微笑和交谈来衡量。
be measured not just by　
用法
measure ...by ...　　　　用……来度量……
make ...to sb’s measure　　给某人量身定做……
take measures to do sth　　　　采取措施做某事
in large measure 　　在很大程度上
佳句 The true measure of a school newspaper’s success is its ability to connect students and reflect their vibrant life.
衡量一份校报成功的真正标准是它连接学生并反映他们多彩生活 的能力。
积累
a measure of success 成功的标志
safety measures 安全措施
点津 （1）measure用作“措施”时，常用其复数形式。
（2）measure表示“有……长（宽、高等）”时，是系动词，后跟测 量的结果，不用于被动语态及进行时态。
assume v.假设；承担；就任（职责）；呈现→assumption n.假 设；假定
练通 完成句子
①We should not without proper guidance.
我们不应认为每个人都能在没有适当指导的情况下自然养成健康 习惯。
②Many start diets weight loss alone ensures complete well-being.
许多人开始节食，假定仅仅减肥就能确保完全的健康。
assume everyone to naturally adopt healthy habits　
assuming/on the assumption that　
it is generally assumed that readers enjoy
learning about　
用法
（1）assume sb to do sth 认为/假设/猜想某人做某事
it is （generally） assumed that ...（普遍）认为……
（2）make an assumption 　　做出假设
on the assumption that ...　　假定……
（3）assuming that ...　　假定……（引导条件状语从句）
佳句 I’m working on the assumption that students prefer active participation over passive reading， which is why I support “Guess who I am”.（2025·全国一卷）
我的出发点是假设学生们更喜欢主动参与而非被动阅读，这就是我支 持“猜猜我是谁”的原因。
联想 “假设，如果”的表达方式还有supposing/suppose that ...、 providing/provided that ...、on condition that ...
compare v.比较→comparison n.比较；对照；比喻
练通 单句语法填空
①When （compare） with Earth， Mars is much smaller and colder.
②In （compare） with traditional methods， this new technique is far more efficient.
③The professor compared the structure of an atom a miniature solar system.
compared　
comparison　
to　
in
comparison with　
用法
compare A to B 　把A比作B
compare A with/and B 　　把A和B进行比较
in comparison with/to 　　与……相比
beyond comparison 　　无与伦比
make a comparison 　　作比较
by comparison 　　相比之下
佳句 By comparison， “Guess who I am” is not just a column； it’s a community-building activity that will get everyone talking. （2025·全国 一卷）
相比之下，“猜猜我是谁”不仅仅是一个栏目；它是一项能让每个人 都参与讨论的社区建设活动。
vary v.（根据情况）变化，变更；相异，不同→various adj.各种各 样的；多方面的→variety n.多样；种类；变化，多样化
练通 单句语法填空
①The symptoms of the disease can vary greatly one patient to another.
②The museum has a wide （vary） of scientific exhibits from different historical periods.
③The research team is composed of experts from （vary） scientific fields.
from　
variety　
various　
allow for a wide variety of
clues　
用法
vary from ...to ...　　　　从……到……不等
vary in ...　　在……方面不同
a variety of 　　各种各样的
for a variety of reasons　　出于各种原因
a wide variety of　　各种各样的
佳句 I finally understood that his life wasn’t a single note of grief， but a melody of varying emotions， with Toby as its constant rhythm. （2025·全国一卷）
我终于明白，他的生活不是一个悲伤的单音符，而是一段情感变化的 旋律，而托比是它不变的节奏。
积累
vary widely 差异很大
cultural variety 文化多样性
写作靓词——读后续写小妙招
seize vt. 抓住；夺取；控制
佳句背诵
①I was suddenly seized by/with a feeling of loneliness.
我突然感到孤独。
②The moment I saw my father’s cloudy face， fear/panic immediately seized me/ I was seized by/with fear/panic immediately （心理与表情 描写）
一看到父亲那阴云密布的脸，我就立刻感到了恐惧。
③I seized her by the arm tightly and gazed deep into her eyes， trying to give her courage. （肢体动作描写）
我紧紧地抓住她的胳膊，深深地凝视着她的眼睛，试图给她勇气。
靓句写作 and he stood there， frozen. （情感细节）
他一阵愧疚，站在那里，愣住了。
A sense of guilt seized him　
写作佳句——应用文写作与读后续写佳句仿写
句型公式：This/That is why ... 这/那就是为什么……
点拨 该句型用于引出一个结果或结论。This或That指代前面已经陈述 的原因或情况，而why引导一个表语从句，用来说明这个原因所导致 的结果。
背诵 He consistently works hard and never gives up on his goals.That is why he has achieved great success.（个人成长）
他坚持不懈地努力，从不放弃自己的目标。那就是他取得巨大成功的 原因。
This is
why　
That is why
he is so popular　
Ⅰ.多义词汇
赏句猜义，选出加蓝单词的正确意思
1. spot
A. v.看见；注意到　　 B. n.斑点；污迹 C. n.地点；场所
①I managed to spot a rare bird in the forest during my hike.
②We found a quiet spot by the river to have our lunch.
③He got a coffee spot on his new white shirt.
A　
C　
B　
2. model
A. n.模型　 B. n.模式；范例　 C. n.榜样；模范
①The architect showed us a scale model of the new building.
②As a teacher， you should be a good role model for your students.
③Many countries have followed the Singaporean economic model.
A　
C　
B　
3. measure
A. v.测量；量度　　 B. v.衡量；评估
C. n.措施；方法　 D. n.尺度；标准
①The government has implemented new measures to protect the environment.
②We need to measure the room before buying new furniture.
③Exam results are not always a true measure of a student’s ability.
④You can’t really measure a person’s intelligence just by their exam scores.
C　
A　
D　
B　
4. assume
A. v.假设；假定 B. v.就任（职位）
C. v.呈现；显出（某种特质）　　 D. v.承担（责任）
①She will assume the position of CEO after the current one retires.
②In the dim light， the old statue assumed a frightening appearance.
③Let’s assume that the information is correct and proceed with the plan.
④He had to assume full responsibility for the project’s failure.
B　
C　
A　
D　
5. divide
A. v.分开；划分　 B. v.使产生分歧 C. n.分歧；差异
①The teacher divided the students into four groups for the project.
②The issue of building a new highway has divided the local community.
③There is a deep political divide between the two main parties.
A　
B　
C　
6. subject
A. n.话题；主题　 B. n.学科；科目 C. n.实验对象　
D. adj.易遭受……的
①My favorite subject in school has always been history.
②This coastal area is subject to frequent typhoons during the summer.
③The subject of today’s meeting is the new marketing strategy.
④All the subjects in the medical trial were volunteers.
B　
D　
A　
C　
Ⅱ.构词法
构词法 词根geo＝earth地球
写出下列句中蓝体词的词性和词义
1. Students enjoy learning geography because they discover interesting places around the world.
2. The geology professor explained how mountains formed millions of years ago slowly.
3. High school students must take geometry to learn about shapes and angles.
n.地理　
n.地质学　
n.几何学　
4. The geologist studied rock samples to understand the area’s earthquake risk factors.
5. Modern geopolitics involves complex relationships between countries and their natural resources worldwide.
6. Ancient people believed in a geocentric universe with Earth at the center.
n.地质学家　
n.地缘政治　
adj.以地球为中心的　
应用文写作（投稿——介绍科技展）
　　根据提示，用本主题词汇和句式完成下面的写作。
　　假定你是校英文报编辑李华，请你写一篇关于上周学校举办的科 技展的短文。内容包括：（1）展览的整体印象；（2）展览的亮点； （3）总结与建议。
注意：（1）写作词数应为80个左右；（2）可以适当增加细节，以使 行文连贯。
proved to be a
massive success　
varying from robotics to
virtual reality　
In comparison with
previous years　
That is why so many students felt truly inspired　
　　5. （总而言之）， the exhibition successfully sparked our interest in science.6. （假 定……） we want to foster this spirit of innovation， I suggest the school 7. （采取措施建立） a permanent science club.This would provide a platform for us to explore our ideas further.
In conclusion　
On the assumption that　
take measures to establish　
学会构思
首段——开篇点题
说明写作意图：分享对科技展的看法，并给出总体评价。
中段——展开论述
①介绍展览亮点；
②展品多样性；
③互动性强及其带来的积极影响。
尾段——总结重申
总结展览的成功之处，并基于良好反响提出建议。
读后续写（灾害救援＋修辞手法之暗喻）
（一）语料积累——修辞手法之暗喻
　　暗喻是英语中常用的修辞手法，不使用like、as等明显的比喻 词，而是直接将一个事物说成另一个事物，或通过隐含的方式表达两 者之间的相似性，使描述更加生动形象。基本结构为：
①A＋be＋B；②A＋be＋B’s＋名词；③用B直接指代A
词 块 1.life is a journey 人生是一场旅程　　　　　　
2.time is money 时间就是金钱　　
3.a heart of stone 铁石心肠（冷酷无情）　　
4.a sea of troubles 困难的海洋
5.flood of tears 泪如洪水
6.a mountain of work 工作如山
7.an ocean of knowledge 知识的海洋　　
8.a river of time 时间长河
佳 句 1.After reading the farewell letter， she couldn’t hold back a flood of tears.
读完那封告别信，她再也忍不住，泪如洪水般涌出。
2.After losing his job， he felt like he was drowning in a sea of troubles.
失业后，他感觉自己陷入了困难的海洋之中。
3.Her voice is an angel’s song， calming everyone in the chaotic room.
她的声音是天使的歌声，使混乱房间里的每个人都平静下来。
（二）学以致用——完成续写语段
　　根据提示，用本主题词汇和以上续写语料完成下面的写作。
　　前情介绍：一场突如其来的地震摧毁了宁静的小镇。年轻的救援 队员里奥（Leo）在废墟中搜寻着幸存者，面对眼前的残垣断壁，他 感到前所未有的压力和绝望。
the silence that followed
was deafening　
a mountain of work　
a sea of troubles　
a beacon of hope　
relief came in 5. （泪如洪水）.The sight would have moved even someone with 6. （铁石心肠）.This moment reminded Leo why he chose this job： to bring light into the darkest of times.
a flood of tears　
a heart of stone　
学会构思
地震发生，救援者里奥感到绝望
↓
微弱哭声传来，成为希望的灯塔
↓
团队奋力营救，救出幸存女孩
↓
女孩与母亲重逢，母亲泪如洪水
↓
里奥被此景感动，重拾救援信念
（分值：22.5分， 限时：20分钟）
Ⅰ.阅读理解
〔自然科学研究——生物样本数据的可用性〕
　　（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct， researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.Today， most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos， videos， and other digital records.Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area， a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
　　“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru， who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens （标本）， and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change， I wanted to know： Are they usable？”
　　Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants， insects，birds， and animals， Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
　　“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias （使有偏差） data， like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
　　Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.Moreover， these data are biased and favor certain regions， time periods， and species.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
　　What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity？
　　“Quite a lot，” Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data， biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个有关生物样本 数据的研究，探讨了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现 的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个有关生物样本
数据的研究，探讨了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现
的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。
1. What do we know about the records of species collected now？ （　　）
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，现在大多数生物 多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他的数字记录的形式存在。B 项中的electronic form是对原文中videos， and other digital records的同义转换。
√
2. What does Daru’s study focus on？（　　）
A. Threatened species.
B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data.
D. Mobile applications.
√
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，Daru及其团队使 用观察数据来研究物种是如何对全球变化做出回应的，他想知道这些 观察数据是否可用；再根据第三段内容可知，Daru及其团队使用一个 全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上展示了实际的全球生物多样 性模式。综合可知，Daru的研究关注观察数据。
3. What has led to the biases according to the study？（　　）
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第四段中Daru所说内容可知，研究人员 对探索可能导致数据偏差采样的方方面面特别感兴趣，比如公民科学 家很有可能只拍开花植物而不拍它旁边的青草。由此推断，采样方式 不当会导致数据偏差。
√
4. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps？（　　）
A. Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
√
解析：　细节理解题。根据最后一段中Daru的解释可知，生物多样 性应用程序可以使用Daru他们的研究结果来让用户知道哪些地区是采 样过量的地区，并且引导他们去对采样不是很好的地方或者物种进行 采样。为了改善观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序也鼓励用户让 专家确认他们上传的图片。再结合第五段第三句中的the people ...citizen scientists可知，此处的用户指代的是公民科学家。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
〔自然科学发现——室内种花养草的益处〕
　　（2023·全国乙卷）Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much， but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home. 5. 　　， but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood （心情）， reducing stress and helping their memory. What’s more， indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
　　What are indoor plants？
　　Indoor plants， also known as houseplants or pot plants， are plants that like to grow indoors. Many of these species （物种） are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK， especially in the winter. 6. 　　.
　　Why are indoor plants good for you？
　　Will Spoelstra， who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens， says， “7. 　　. I find during the winter months， plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity， focus and memory. There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases， such as carbon dioxide. They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. 8. 　　.
　　Which plants can you grow？
　　Aloe vera， peace lilies and spider plants are some of the species that are easy to grow indoors. You can buy plants from supermarkets， garden centres or online. Younger plants are often cheaper than fully grown ones， and you get to care for them as they mature — which is part of the joy of owning plants.“9. 　　，” Spoelstra says. “It can bring a new interest and focus into people’s lives and help to make the link between home and nature.”
A. All plants are different
B. Not only do they look beautiful
C. There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
D. Instead， they grow better inside， where it is warmer
E. Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best
F. Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G. Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了什么是室内植物、室内 植物带来的好处以及人们能种植哪些室内植物。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了什么是室内植物、室内
植物带来的好处以及人们能种植哪些室内植物。
5. B　空后表明室内绿植还可以通过改善心情、减轻压力、增进记忆 力来提升人们的幸福感，且空后的but与B项中的Not only在意思上构 成递进关系。
6. D　上文说在英国许多这样的物种不适宜在室外生长，特别是在冬 季，和D项（相反，它们在较温暖的室内生长得更好）构成转折关 系，符合语境。
7. C　根据本段小标题和本段内容可知，本段主要讲述了室内种植绿 植有许多好处，此处引用别人的话也应呼应这一主题。故选C项。
8. E　设空处位于段尾，与上文存在例证关系，上文说盆栽植物可以 通过消除二氧化碳等有害气体来净化周围的空气，还可以消去一些来 自油漆或烹饪的有害化学物质。E项中的peace lilies and devil’s ivy （和平百合和绿萝）正是效果最好的植物，符合语境。
9. G　空后一句中的It指代该空内容，说明这样做可以给人们的生活 带来新的兴趣和焦点并帮助人们增强家与自然的联系。故G项（了解 每种植物的需求会很有益处）符合语境。
〔词汇积累〕
阅 读 理 解 document v.记录，记载
biodiversity n.生物多样性（派生词：bio-＋diversity）
shift n.改变，转变
primary adj.主要的→adj.最初的（文章义）
represent v.代表，表现
likelihood n.可能性（派生词：likely＋-hood）
reveal v.揭示，显示
imperfect adj.不完美的（派生词：im-＋perfect）
eye-catching adj.引人注目的（合成词：eye＋catching）
identification n.鉴定，识别
outnumber v.在数量上超过（派生词：out-＋number）
observational adj.观察的（派生词：observation＋-al）
with the aid of 在……的帮助下
阅 读 七 选 五 ideally adv.理想地（派生词：ideal＋-ly）
mature v.成熟（词性活用）
creativity n.创造力
rewarding adj.有益的（派生词：reward＋-ing）
back up 支持，证实
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
A
　　（2026·济南模拟）Wildlife photographer Ingo Arndt discovered his first enormous ant mound （蚁丘） as a child exploring the forest with his father near their home almost 50 years ago.They were bird-watching and came around a bend in a thickly wooded area when there it was： a five- foot-tall mound， standing upward like a large stalagmite （石笋）.Arndt wanted to investigate more closely， but a very particular smell suggested he rethink that.The air felt thick and sharp，discomforting his nose.“ All my life，” he says，“I could remember the smell.”
　　Several years later， Arndt moved to the countryside.He continued his fascination with the mounds and their armies of tiny ngineers.Outfitted with a high-resolution camera， he began photographing the mounds and sharing his imagery with researchers for a scientific perspective.It turned out the mound makers were indeed special.They were red wood ants — one of the smallest of all so-called keystone species.Keystone species such as elephants and sharks are watched closely because their behaviors affect so many aspects of the ecosystem that if they disappeared， it would struggle to adapt.Researchers also explained the smell from the mound.As the insects build a nest， they generate formic acid （蚁酸），the origin of the smell， which helps to fight against enemies.
　　But in recent decades， the population of ants has been declining as the forests have fallen victim to logging， urbanization，and wildfires， as well as drought and higher temperatures that have become more frequent with climate change.This has led several countries across the ants’ range， including Germany， to enlist them as a protected species by law.
　　Today Arndt’s photos put on display that as social insects， these small ants not only form complex societies， but also cohabit with a wide variety of species， creating a mass of coexisting relationships across a variety of plant and animal species.They are also a reminder that by protecting these unnoticed creatures， we are actually protecting ourselves.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章通过Arndt对红木蚁的研究，强 调了这些微小物种在自然界中的重要性。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章通过Arndt对红木蚁的研究，强
调了这些微小物种在自然界中的重要性。
1. How was Arndt’s first encounter with the ant mound？ （　　）
A. It reminded him of a bad experience.
B. It left him an unforgettable memory.
C. It aroused his enthusiasm for nature.
D. It inspired him to protect the forests.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段尾句可知，Arndt对蚁丘的气味印 象深刻，这次经历给他留下了难忘的记忆。
√
2. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to？ （　　）
A. The wooded area.
B. The mound maker.
C. The keystone species.
D. The entire ecosystem.
解析：　代词指代题。根据it所在的句子可知，大象和鲨鱼等关键物 种的行为影响生态系统的许多方面，以至于如果它们消失，整个生态 系统将会很难适应。所以，画线代词it指的是上文提到的生态系统。
√
3. What contributed to the decrease in the number of ants？ （　　）
A. Their worsened habitats.
B. Their changing behavior.
C. Their severe competition.
D. Their limited population.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，蚂蚁数量的减少是由 于森林砍伐、城市化、野火、干旱和气温升高等因素导致的栖息地恶 化而引起的。
√
4. What is the text mainly intended to tell us？（　　）
A. Massive lives exist on earth.
B. Tiny species count it nature.
C. Social creatures live in groups.
D. Little ants are master architects.
解析：　主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是最后一段尾句可知，文章通 过讲述Arndt对红木蚁的研究，说明了它们是关键物种之一，对生态 系统的许多方面产生影响，强调了这些微小的物种在生态系统中的重 要性。
√
B
　　（2026·武汉调研考试）A corn plant knows how to find water in soil with the very tips of its roots， but some varieties， including many used for developing high-output corn in the US， appear to have lost part of that ability， according to a Stanford-led study.With climate change increasing droughts， the findings hold potential for developing more drought- resistant varieties of corn.
　　The study， published in the journal Science， uncovers genetic mechanisms （遗传机制） behind root “hydropatterning”， or how plant roots branch toward water and avoid dry spaces in soil. In particular， the researchers discovered that ethylene， a plant hormone （激素） known to help bananas ripen， also influences how roots grow to seek water.
　　For this study， the researchers developed a new， simplified way to study water sensitivity in roots.They found corn varieties adapted to hot and wet regions like Mexico were very good at making new root branches toward water and avoid dry areas.In contrast， the varieties adapted to moderate regions of North America frequently grew roots randomly without distinguishing between dry and wet areas in the soil.
　　“Interestingly， the plants that are better at sensing where the water is are also making deeper root systems，” said lead author Johannes Scharwies.“One idea is that if the plant doesn’t waste time growing root branches into places where it doesn’t find any water and nutrients， then it has more energy to grow deeper down where water is more likely.”
　　Genetic analyses reveal two plant hormones， auxin and ethylene， play a role in how corn roots respond to water.While auxin was already known to help control this process， ethylene’s involvement was a new discovery.In experiments with thale cress — a model plant often used in research — the researchers found auxin signaling promotes root branch development toward water， while ethylene stops branching when the root is exposed to air.
　　Further research is needed to better understand the interaction of these genetic pathways before corn varieties can be developed with more drought-resistant root systems， but the findings highlight the significance of studying these localized responses at root tips， researchers said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。斯坦福大学主导的一项研究揭示了 植物根系如何通过遗传机制寻找水分。研究发现，乙烯和生长素这 两种植物激素在玉米根系对水分的反应中起作用。这些发现为培育 更具抗旱性的玉米品种提供了潜力。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。斯坦福大学主导的一项研究揭示了
植物根系如何通过遗传机制寻找水分。研究发现，乙烯和生长素这
两种植物激素在玉米根系对水分的反应中起作用。这些发现为培育
更具抗旱性的玉米品种提供了潜力。
5. What is the primary focus of the Stanford-led study？（　　）
A. Drought-resistant corn varieties.
B. Ethylene’s effect on fruit ripening.
C. Genetic regulation of root branching.
D. Impact of climate change on plant roots.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，这项研究揭示了根 系“向水性模式”背后的遗传机制，即植物根系如何朝着水分生长并 避开土壤中的干燥区域。因此这项研究的主要焦点是根系分支的遗传 调控。
√
6. What can be inferred from Johannes Scharwies’ remarks？（　　）
A. Plant hormones make a big differenee to root growth.
B. Nutrients guarantee better water-seeking root systems.
C. Root branching conserves energy for higher production.
D. Stronger hydropatterning is linked to greater root depth.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第四段Johannes Scharwies说的话可知， 那些更善于感知水源位置的植物，其根系系统也更深。由此可推知， 植物根系的“向水性模式”越强大，其根越深。
√
7. What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about？（　　）
A. Model plants in research.
B. Hormones role in root growth.
C. Genetic analysis methods.
D. Findings of previous research.
解析：　段落大意题。第五段首句是本段的主旨句，主要讲激素在 根系生长中的作用。
√
8. What does the last paragraph suggest future research do？（　　）
A. Prioritize development of new corn varieties.
B. Work out the mechanisms of genetic interactions.
C. Concentrate merely on localized root responses.
D. Expand practical applications of hydropatterning.
解析：　细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，在培育出更具抗旱性根 系的玉米品种之前，人们还需要进一步研究，以更好地了解这些遗传 神经通路之间的相互作用。
√
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　（2026·南昌模拟）If you’ve been feeling a little pale and dried out， imagine how your houseplants feel in winter. While the sun streams in through windows all summer long， during winter it’s all shadows and drafts. 9. 　　 Here are the four ways you can make them happier.
　　Adjust the light. It’s not only that the sunlight is lower in the sky — it’s also available for fewer hours in the day. To guarantee your plants are getting enough light， you can try moving them closer to southern- facing windows. 10. 　　 Plant lights can ensure that your plant gets enough light where it needs it.
　　Slow down the watering. I know that watering feels like the way in which we give plants love， but it is also the way in which we drown them. Too much water results in root rot. Ideally you want to water only so much that the soil is damp， but not wet， when you stick your finger in a few inches down. 11.
　　Dust your leaves. If you love your plants， you’ll tend to their leaves by dusting them. Plants absorb nutrients from the air through their leaves. 12. 　　 In this case， spray them with water and wipe them with a cloth. If you’re seeing leaf issues， such as all the leaves dropping， that can be a sign of over — or under watering.
　　13. 　　 Your plants enjoy the same conditions as you do. They don’t enjoy hot or cold air， as either will dry them out. Each houseplant has specific needs， whether full sun， partial sun， partial shade or full shade， and you should keep their needs in mind when providing sun exposure through the day.
A. Avoid unfavorable factors.
B. Create a welcoming environment.
C. And their “tiny holes” can get blocked by dust.
D. It should have time to dry out in between watering.　
E. As a result， your plants may be looking a little dull.
F. But ultimately you may need some man-made assistance.
G. You should be careful about watering the root， as it requires more water.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章指出冬季室内植物因光照、气 流等因素会状态不佳，进而从光照、浇水、叶片清洁和环境营造等 方面介绍了植物养护的相关事项。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章指出冬季室内植物因光照、气
流等因素会状态不佳，进而从光照、浇水、叶片清洁和环境营造等
方面介绍了植物养护的相关事项。
9. E　空前提到冬季室内环境不利于植物生长。空后句中的them代指 plants，句子提到有四种可以让植物状态更好的方法。E项引出下文， 符合语境。
10. F　空前提到为保证植物获得足够的光照，可将其移至朝南窗户 附近，空后说植物灯能确保植物在需要的地方获得足够光照。这说明 仅靠移动位置可能不够，还需要人工辅助（植物灯），F项承上启 下，符合语境。F项中的But表示转折。
11. D　该段主题是减少浇水，空前提到理想的浇水情况是当你把手 指伸进土壤几英寸深时，土壤是潮湿的，而不是湿透的。D项进一步 说明了浇水的注意事项，符合“减少浇水”这一主题。
12. C　该段主题是清洁叶片。空前提到植物通过叶片从空气中吸收 养分；空后提到在这种情况下，用水喷洒它们，然后用布擦拭。所以 空处应该提到叶片有问题的情况。C项承上启下，与上文内容紧密相 关，也与下文In this case相呼应，符合语境。
13. B　根据第二至四段的段落结构可判断，本空为最后一条建议， 作段落主旨句，所以本段与植物所需环境有关。B项符合语境。

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