资源简介

(共133张PPT)
主题概述
本主题探讨各类自然灾害的成因、特征、影响及科学防范措施，旨在帮助学生深入了解地震、洪水、台风、干旱等自然灾害的发生规律、破坏程度、预警信息，培养防灾减灾意识和应急处理能力，引导学生掌握科学的自救互救技能，形成积极的防灾减灾观念和可持续发展理念
子话题1　灾害类型与相关现象
1. earthquake n.地震
2. flood n.洪水；水灾 v.淹没；泛滥
3. tsunami n.海啸
4. typhoon n.台风
5. hurricane n.飓风
6. sandstorm n.沙尘暴
7. drought n.干旱
主题单词
9. situation n.情况，状况；形势
10. tornado n.龙卷风
11. radiation n.辐射，放射线；辐射的热（或能量等）
12. crack n.裂纹；裂缝 vi.& vt.（使）破裂
13. collapse v.&n.倒塌；崩溃； （因病）倒下
14. occur v.发生；出现
occurrence n.发生；事件
8. slide vi.& vt.（slid，slid） 滑行； vi.贬值；逐渐陷入n.幻灯片； 滑行；山崩
15. emerge vi.出现，浮现
emergence n.出现，浮现；发生；露头
16. strike v.（struck， struck/stricken） 侵袭；袭击；罢工；敲响 n.袭 击；罢工
17. erupt v.爆发；喷发
eruption n.（火山）爆发；（疾病）发作
18. explode v.爆炸，爆裂；（感情）爆发； （人数、数量等）激增
explosion n.爆炸；激增；突增；猛增
19. remind vt.提醒，使想起
reminder n.提醒物；引起回忆的事物
20. emergent adj.紧急的；新兴的；处于发展初期的
emergency n.紧急情况
子话题2　灾害影响与后果
1. survive v.幸存；比……活得长
survivor n.幸存者；生还者
survival n.生存；幸存
2. damage v.&n.损害；破坏
3. destroy v.破坏；摧毁
destruction n.破坏；毁灭
destructive adj.引起破坏（或毁灭）的，破坏（或毁灭）性的
4. starve v.（使）挨饿；饿死
starvation n.饥饿，饿死
5. wound v.使受伤n.伤口
6. chaos n.混乱；混沌
7. property n.财产；所有物；房产
8. shortage n.短缺；不足
9. homeless adj.无家可归的
10. swell vi.（swelled，swollen） 膨胀，肿胀 vt.使膨胀
swollen adj.（身体部位）肿起的；肿胀的
11. bleed vi.（bled，bled）流血；失血
bleeding n.& adj.流血（的）；失血（的）
12. sneeze n.喷嚏，喷嚏声 vi.打喷嚏
13. choke vi.& vt.（使）噎住；（使）窒息
14. drown vi.& vt.（使）淹死；溺死；浸泡；淹没
drowning adj.溺水的
drowned adj.淹死的
15. desperate adj.绝望的；危急的；不顾一切的；非常需要的
desperately adv.绝望地；非常
desperation n.绝望的境地
子话题3　预警与应急响应
1. forecast n.&v.预报；预测
2. predict v.预言；预测
prediction n.预言；预测
3. alert v.使警惕n.警报 adj.警惕的
4. aid v.&n.援助；帮助
5. command n.&v.命令；指挥
6. response n.反应；回应；响应
7. control n.&v.控制；管理
8. rescue v.&n.营救；救援
9. deliver v.递送，传送；分娩
delivery n.（贸易）交付；分娩；递送
10. evacuate v.撤离；疏散
evacuation n.撤离；疏散
11. shelter n.避难所；庇护 v.躲避
12. ambulance n.救护车
13. ward n.病房
14. urge v.敦促；催促；力劝 n.冲动；强烈的欲望
urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的
15. warn v.提醒；警告
warning n.警告
子话题4　灾害救援与自我保护
1. whistle vi.吹口哨；发出笛声 vt.吹口哨n.哨子（声）；呼啸声
2. scream vi.& vt.（因愤怒或恐惧）高声喊；大声叫 n.尖叫；尖锐刺 耳的声音
3. grab vt.& vi.（grabbed， grabbed）抓住；攫取n.抓取；抢夺
4. wrap vt.& vi.缠绕；隐藏；掩护；包起来
wrapper n.（食品等的）包装材料，包装纸
5. trap vt.（trapped， trapped） 使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n.险 境；陷阱
6. motion n.运动；移动 v.做动作，示意
motionless adj.静止的；不运动的
7. leaflet n.散页印刷品；传单；小册子
子话题5　预防与灾后恢复
1. rebuild v.（rebuilt， rebuilt） 重建
2. reconstruct v.重建；改造
reconstruction n.重建；再现
3. recover v.恢复；痊愈；重新获得
recovery n.恢复；痊愈
4. restore v.恢复；修复；归还
restoration n.恢复，复原；归还，返还
5. reduce v.减少；降低
reduction n.减少；降低；折扣；还原；缩图
6. announce v.宣布；宣称
7. declare v.宣布；宣告；声明
8. insure v.投保；给……买保险；确保；保证
insurance n.保险
主题短语
1. sweep away 冲走
2. wipe out 彻底摧毁
3. call for 需要，要求
4. dig out 掘出；发现
5. evacuate from 从……撤离
6. recover from 从……恢复
7. respond to 回应
8. in advance 提前
11. hand out 分发
12. be trapped in ... 被困在……
13. in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪
14. on hand 现有（尤指帮助）
15. safe and sound 安然无恙地
16. in panic 惊慌失措
17. to one’s relief 让某人宽慰的是
9. under threat 受到威胁
10. be prepared for 为……做好准备
主题语块
1. make joint efforts 共同努力
2. return to normal 恢复正常
3. rebuild one’s home 重建某人的家园
4. issue early warnings 发布预警
5. establish emergency shelters 建立应急避难所
6. conduct emergency drills 进行应急演练
7. provide disaster relief 提供灾难救助
8. evacuate affected areas 疏散受灾地区
主题佳句
高考必背写作佳句
1. 句型公式：too＋形容词/副词＋to do ...太……而不能……
When the teacher asked me to answer a question，I was always too nervous to answer it， which made me very sad.
当老师让我回答问题时，我总是很紧张，回答不出来，这让我很 难过。
2. 句型公式：so that引导目的状语从句
He tries his best to teach us so that we can become knowledgeable persons in the future. （人物介绍）
他尽其所能教我们学习，使我们在将来能成为知识渊博的人。
基础知识巩固集训（一）　默写训练
Ⅰ.单词默写
1. vi.& vt.滑行 vi.贬值；逐渐陷入 n.幻灯片；滑行；山崩
2. v.&n.倒塌；崩溃；（因病）倒下
3. n.短缺；不足
4. adj.无家可归的
5. n.反应；回应；响应
6. n.&v.控制；管理
7. vi.吹口哨；发出笛声 vt.吹口哨n.哨子（声）；呼啸声
8. vt.& vi.抓住；攫取 n.抓取；抢夺
9. vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n.险境；陷阱
10. v.宣布；宣称
slide　
collapse　
shortage　
homeless　
response　
control　
whistle　
grab　
trap　
announce　
Ⅱ.派生单词默写
1. occur v.发生；出现
n.发生；事件
2. emerge vi.出现，浮现
n.出现，浮现；发生；露头
3. remind vt.提醒，使想起
n.提醒物；引起回忆的事物
4. emergent adj.紧急的；新兴的；处于发展初期的
n.紧急情况
occurrence　
emergence　
reminder　
emergency　
5. survive v.幸存；比……活得长
n.幸存者；生还者
n.生存；幸存
6. destroy v.破坏；摧毁
n.破坏；毁灭
adj.引起破坏（或毁灭）的，破坏（或毁灭）性的
7. desperate adj.绝望的；危急的；不顾一切的；非常需要的
adv.绝望地；非常
n.绝望的境地
survivor　
survival　
destruction　
destructive　
desperately　
desperation　
8. evacuate v.撤离；疏散
n.撤离；疏散
9. urge v.敦促；催促；力劝 n.冲动；强烈的欲望
adj.紧急的；急迫的
10. recover v.恢复；痊愈；重新获得
n.恢复；痊愈
11. restore v.恢复；修复；归还
n.恢复，复原；归还，返还
12. reduce v.减少；降低
n.减少；降低；折扣；还原；缩图
evacuation　
urgent　
recovery　
restoration　
reduction　
Ⅲ.短语/语块默写
1. 　冲走
2. 　需要，要求
3. 　提前
4. 　受到威胁
5. 　分发
6. 　被困在……
7. 　严重受损；破败不堪
8. 　现有（尤指帮助）
9. 　安然无恙地
10. 　惊慌失措
sweep away　
call for　
in advance　
under threat　
hand out　
be trapped in ...　
in ruins　
on hand　
safe and sound　
in panic　
was always too
nervous to answer it　
so that we can become knowledgeable
persons in the future　
基础知识巩固集训（二）　语境运用
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1. A severe flu outbreak （侵袭） the fire station last week， leaving half the team unable to work.
2. The weather （预报） warned residents of an approaching hurricane this weekend.
3. The emergency team received a （命令） to evacuate all civilians from the flood zone immediately.
struck　
forecast　
command　
4. Firefighters worked tirelessly to （营救） people trapped in the collapsed building after the disaster.
5. The current （情况） requires immediate action to prevent further damage from the wildfire.
6. Local residents sought （避难所） in the community center during the severe thunderstorm.
rescue　
situation　
shelter　
Ⅱ.用所给单词的正确形式填空
1. The volcanic （erupt） destroyed several villages and forced thousands of people to evacuate immediately.
2. The sudden （explode） of the gas tank caused panic among the residents in the neighborhood.
3. Many children in war-torn countries are suffering from severe （starve） and malnutrition.
4. The weather expert’s （predict） about the hurricane proved to be completely accurate and helpful.
eruption　
explosion　
starvation　
prediction　
worked hard to dig out the trapped survivors　
to recover from the terrible
earthquake　
must quickly respond to public concerns　
occur v.发生；出现→occurrence n.发生；事件
练通 单句语法填空
①The earthquake （occur） at 3：15 am， catching most residents completely off guard.
②Natural disasters are unpredictable （occur） that can strike any community at any time.
occurred　
occurrences　
it occurs to me that this will greatly enrich our campus
life　
用法
occur to sb 　　 某人想到……
it occurs to sb that ...　　某人想到……
occur in/at 　　在……发生
佳句 The thought occurred to him that sharing personal stories would make the column more engaging and relatable to students.
他想到分享个人故事会让这个栏目对学生们更有吸引力和亲和力。
积累
natural disaster occurrence 自然灾害发生
unexpected occurrence 意外事件
occur without warning 毫无预警地发生
strike v.（struck， struck/stricken） 侵袭；袭击；罢工；敲响 n.袭 击；罢工
练通 单句语法填空
①The typhoon （strike） the coastal city with unprecedented force last Tuesday night.
②The factory workers went strike due to unpaid overtime for months.
③ strikes me that we need better early warning systems for natural disasters.
struck　
on　
It　
写美 微写作
④ interactive columns can bridge the gap between students and make our school newspaper more vibrant.
我觉得互动栏目能够缩小学生之间的距离，让我们的校报更有活力。
It strikes me that　
用法
It strikes/occurs to/hits sb that ... 某人突然想起……
sth strikes/occurs to sb　　某人突然想到……
strike sb as ...　　给某人留下……的印象
go on strike 　　罢工
佳句 The hurricane struck with such violence that it seemed as if nature itself was unleashing its fury upon the helpless town.飓风袭击得如此猛 烈，仿佛大自然本身在向这个无助的小镇释放它的怒火。
积累
disaster-stricken area 受灾地区
strike without warning 毫无预警地袭击
remind vt.提醒，使想起→reminder n.提醒物；引起回忆的事物
练通 单句语法填空
①The emergency alarm system reminds residents the importance of disaster preparedness.
②The teacher reminded us （prepare） emergency kits before the hurricane season.
of　
to prepare　
写美 微写作
③This new column will that every student has unique stories worth sharing with others. （2025·全国一卷）
这个新栏目将温和地提醒我们，每个学生都有值得与他人分享的独特 故事。
serve as a gentle reminder　
用法
remind sb of sth 　　 使某人想起某事
remind sb to do sth 　　提醒某人做某事
serve as a reminder 　　起提醒作用
佳句 ①The column would remind students that everyone has interesting experiences that deserve recognition and celebration.这个栏目会提醒学 生们，每个人都有值得认可和庆祝的有趣经历。
②The empty swing in the backyard reminded her of her daughter’s laughter， now silenced by the cruel hand of fate.后院里空荡荡的秋千 让她想起了女儿的笑声，现在却被命运的残酷之手压制住了。
desperate adj.绝望的；危急的；不顾一切的；非常需要的 →desperately adv.绝望地；非常→desperation n.绝望的境地
练通 单句语法填空
①The rescue team worked （desperate） to reach survivors trapped in the collapsed building.
②In （desperate）， the flood victims climbed onto their rooftops and waited for help.
③Families were desperate news about their missing relatives after the tsunami.
desperately　
desperation　
for　
写美 微写作
④She the rubble， her hands bleeding as hope and desperation fought within her heart. （动作＋心理描写）
她绝望地在废墟中搜寻，双手流血，希望与绝望在她心中斗争着。
desperately searched through　
用法
be desperate for 　 急需要
be desperate to do 　　拼命想做
in desperation 　　绝望地
佳句 ①Schools are desperately seeking innovative ways to keep students engaged with traditional print media in our digital world.
学校正在拼命寻找创新方法，让学生在我们的数字世界中继续参与传 统印刷媒体。
②In that moment of desperation， when all seemed lost， she found a strength she never knew existed within her fragile frame.
在那绝望的时刻，当一切似乎都失去了时，她在自己脆弱的身躯中发 现了一种她从未知道存在的力量。
command n.&v.命令；指挥
练通 完成句子
①She multiple languages， which helps in international rescue missions.
她精通多种语言，这有助于国际救援任务。
②The government the disaster- stricken area immediately.
政府命令所有居民立即撤离受灾地区。
has an excellent command of　
commanded all residents to evacuate　
command more attention from
students　
用法
command sb to do 　 命令某人做某事
have a good command of 　　精通，掌握
under the command of 　　在……的指挥下
take command of 　　指挥，控制
佳句 ①Interactive features command more reader engagement than passive content， making them perfect for modern school publications.
互动功能比被动内容更能吸引读者参与，这使它们成为现代校园出版 物的完美选择。
②With calm authority， she commanded the evacuation while chaos erupted around them like a deadly storm.
在周围爆发如致命风暴般的混乱时，她以冷静的权威指挥着撤离。
deliver v.递送，传送；分娩→delivery n.（贸易）交付；分娩；递 送
练通 单句语法填空
①The （deliver） of medical aid was delayed due to damaged roads and bridges.
②The pregnant woman was safely delivered a healthy baby during the evacuation.
delivery　
of　
写美 微写作
③The old postman even as the floodwaters rose.
即使洪水上涨，这位老邮递员仍继续投递信件。
continued to deliver letters　
用法
deliver sth to sb/sp 把某物送给某人/某地
deliver a speech/message　　发表演讲/传达信息
be delivered of a baby　　生孩子
佳句 Through tears and determination， she managed to deliver the urgent message that would save dozens of lives trapped in the remote valley.
通过眼泪和决心，她成功地传递了那个紧急消息，这个消息拯救了被 困在偏远山谷中的数十条生命。
hand out 分发
练通 用hand的相关短语填空
①Students must their assignments by Monday or face late penalties.
②The company president will control to his son next month.
③These traditional farming techniques have been through many generations.
hand in　
hand over　
handed down　
began to hand out the
last of their food supplies　
用法
hand in 　　 上交
hand over 　　移交
hand down 　　传下来
hand back 　　归还
on hand 　　在场；现有
by hand 　　手工
give sb a hand 　　帮助某人
get out of hand 　　失控
佳句 In the midst of chaos and destruction， volunteers continued to hand out comfort and hope along with the basic necessities of survival.
在混乱和破坏中，志愿者们继续在分发基本的生存必需品的同时给予 安慰和希望。
写作靓词——读后续写小妙招
emerge vi.& vt.出现；浮现；暴露
佳句背诵
①A wide smile emerged from his blank expression. （神态描写）
他茫然的表情中露出了灿烂的笑容。
②We sat down next to each other， but David wouldn’t look at me. A flood of sympathy and sadness emerged from the bottom of my heart.
我们紧挨着坐下，但大卫不愿看我。一股同情和悲伤的情绪在我心底 油然而生。
靓句写作 ， the gloomy forest was suddenly bathed in warm， golden light.（环境描写）
随着太阳从云层后面出现，阴暗的森林突然沐浴在温暖的金色阳 光中。
As the sun emerged from behind the clouds　
敲黑板
①emerge from 从……出现/浮现/露出
②emerge from the crowd 从人群中脱颖而出
③emerge gradually above the horizon 逐渐从地平线上升起
写作佳句——应用文写作与读后续写佳句仿写
句型公式：too＋形容词/副词＋to do ...“太……而不能……”
点拨 这个句型表示“太……而不能……”。too表示过度，形容词/副 词表示性质或程度，to do表示无法完成的动作。
背诵 The book is too difficult for beginners to understand without guidance.
这本书对初学者来说太难了，没有指导就无法理解。
仿写
①这个项目太复杂了，我们无法在截止日期前完成。
The project is before the deadline.
②那个演讲太无聊了，观众无法保持专注。
The speech was .
too complex for us to complete　
too boring for the audience to stay focused　
句型公式：so that引导目的状语从句
点拨 so that引导目的状语从句，表示“为了……”，从句中常用情态 动词can， could， may， might等，表示“能够”或“可能”。
背诵 I woke up early so that I could prepare thoroughly for the important interview.
我早早起床，以便能充分准备重要的面试。
仿写
①他努力学习，以便能通过这个困难的考试。
He studied hard .
②我们省钱，以便暑假期间能出国旅行。
We saved money during the summer vacation.
so that he might pass the difficult exam　
so that we could travel abroad　
Ⅰ.多义词汇
赏句猜义，选出加蓝单词的正确意思
1. slide
A. vi.滑行　 B. vi.贬值　 　C. vi.逐渐陷入 D. n.幻灯片　　
E. n.滑行　　F. n.山崩
①The skier’s smooth slide down the mountain impressed the audience.
E　
②The company’s profits slid by 15％ due to market changes.
③She slid into bad habits after moving to the new city.
④A massive slide blocked the highway， causing long delays.
⑤The children slid down the icy slope， laughing all the way.
⑥The professor used a slide to illustrate the key points
of the lecture.
B　
C　
F　
A　
D　
A. vi.滑行　 B. vi.贬值　 　C. vi.逐渐陷入 D. n.幻灯片　　
E. n.滑行　　F. n.山崩
2. collapse
A. v.倒塌　 B. n.崩溃　 　C. v.（因病）倒下
①The ancient tower collapsed after years of neglect.
②His health collapsed under the pressure of overwork.
③The stock market collapse led to widespread panic.
A. v.侵袭　　 B. v.罢工　　　C. v.敲响 D. n.袭击　　E. n.罢工
①The terrorist strike on the embassy shocked the world.
A　
C　
B　
D　
3. strike
②Workers will strike next week to demand better working conditions.
③The clock struck nine， and we realized it was time for the meeting.
④A powerful earthquake struck the region， causing heavy damage.
⑤The miners’ strike lasted for two months before an agreement was reached.
B　
C　
A　
E　
A. v.侵袭　　 B. v.罢工　　　C. v.敲响 D. n.袭击　　E. n.罢工
4. explode
A. v.爆炸，爆裂　　 B. v.（感情）爆发
C. v.（人数、数量等）激增
①He exploded with rage when he found out he had been lied to.
②The fireworks exploded in the night sky， creating a beautiful display.
③The number of online shoppers exploded during the holiday season.
B　
A　
C　
5. recover
A. v.恢复　　 B. v.痊愈　　　C. v.重新获得
①The team managed to recover the lost data from the damaged hard drive.
②It took her three months to recover from the knee injury.
③With proper treatment， most patients recover within two weeks.
C　
A　
B　
Ⅱ.构词法
构词 法 合成形容词：指由两个或更多个单词通过连字符（-）或其他方式组合而成的新形容词，用于描述物体、人物或情况的特性
写出下列句中蓝体词的词性和词义
1. （2025·全国二卷）“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating，” she says.
adj.植物丰盈地　
adj.短
期的　
adj.放松肌肉的　
adj.务实的，脚踏实地的　
5. （2024·全国甲卷）The Saint Lukas is one of five government- sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.
6. My adviser saw this experience as a groundbreaking success， emphasising the collaborating skills I acquired.
adj.政府资助的　
adj.开创性的　
应用文写作（活动介绍——学校地震演练）
　　根据提示，用本主题词汇和句式完成下面的写作。
　　请以向学校英文报投稿的方式，用英语描述学校地震演练的经历 及从中获得的体验和感受。
注意：写作词数应为80个左右。
完成作文
　　Last Thursday， our school held a reality-based earthquake drill to prepare students for potential emergencies.
　　Initially， 1. （我 们大多数人都迫切需要明确的指导） as we’d rarely experienced such a drill before.Teachers then 2. （分发） emergency booklets 3. （这样我们就能学习保护措施；so that引导目的状语从句） like “drop， cover， hold on”
most of us were desperate for clear guidance　
handed out　
so that we could learn protection steps　
　　This meaningful activity not only boosted our emergency awareness but also showed the power of preparedness.
it occurred to me that　
reminded us of the
drill’s purpose　
had a good command of　
学会构思
首段——开篇点题
说明活动（地震演练）及目的（提升应急能力）。
中段——展开论述
①初始依赖；
②独立操作；
③突破瓶颈；
④持续精进。
尾段——总结重申
总结感悟。
读后续写（老人摔倒＋环境描写）
（一）语料积累——环境描写
单 词 1.dark adj.黑暗的　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2.bright adj.明亮的
3.quiet adj.安静的
4.noisy adj.吵闹的
5.dirty adj.脏的　　
6.empty adj.空的
语 块 1.a dark cloudy sky 乌云密布的天空
2.a bright sunny day 阳光明媚的日子　　
3.a cold winter morning 寒冷的冬日早晨
4.a warm spring afternoon 温暖的春日午后
5.a quiet empty street 安静空旷的街道　　
6.a noisy busy market 嘈杂繁忙的市场
佳 句 1.On this dark night， only a few streetlights illuminated the empty streets below.
在这个黑暗的夜晚，只有几盏路灯照亮着空旷的街道。
2.The bright sunlight streamed through the windows into the classroom， energizing the students.
明亮的阳光透过窗户洒进教室，让学生们精神振奋。
3.The library always remains quiet， providing readers with an excellent studying environment.
图书馆里总是保持安静，为读者提供良好的学习环境。
（二）学以致用——完成续写语段
　　前情介绍：在一个寒冷的冬日早晨，天空乌云密布，“我”走在 去学校的路上。在一条安静空旷的街道上，“我”看到一位老人摔倒 在地，痛苦地呻吟着。他几次尝试站起来都失败了，周围一个人也没 有，“我”心里很害怕，不知道该怎么办。
In a quiet empty street　
on a cold winter
morning　
In desperation　
shivering with cold　
too weak to stand up on his own　
commanded myself to act　
　　　 　　 　　　
命令自己行动起来）.I rushed over and helped him up.There is no doubt that choosing to help in a moment of crisis is the truest test of character.
学会构思
恶劣环境突显危急
↓
老人绝望无助的状态
↓
内心挣扎与犹豫
↓
克服恐惧，果断行动
↓
主题升华：危难时刻伸出
援手是品格的试金石
（分值：20分， 限时：15分钟）
阅读理解
A
〔灾害防范——防雹干预计划之争〕
　　（2024·1月浙江卷）On September 7， 1991， the costliest hailstorm （雹暴） in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs.As a result， since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project.Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous
hailstones.But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture （水分） is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
　　Norman Stienwand， who farms in that area， has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years.“Basically， the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary- Edmonton urban area from hail，” Mr.Stienwand says， “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
　　The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss， a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc.of Fargo， North Dakota.“We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air， so we cannot be causing drought，” Dr.Krauss says.“In fact， we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
　　One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell， a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.“In 1999， I personally saw significant tornadoes （龙卷风） form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas，” Dr.Doswell says.“Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind？ No one really knows， of course， but the seeding goes on.”
　　Given the degree of doubt， Mr.Stienwand suggests， “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In　practice， doubt has had the opposite effect.Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts， no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.Hence， private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加拿大艾伯塔地区的防 雹干预计划，以及不同相关方对该计划的不同态度。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加拿大艾伯塔地区的防
雹干预计划，以及不同相关方对该计划的不同态度。
1. What does the project aim to do？（　　）
A. Conserve moisture in the soil.
B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段第三句可知，飞机通过向有威胁 性的风暴云播撒一种化学物质，使得小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前先 变成雨落下，即这一计划旨在防止冰雹的形成。
√
2. Who are opposed to the project？（　　）
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.
B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials.
D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，Alberta中东部的 农民担心播云会带走他们干旱土地中的宝贵水分，即艾伯塔省中东部 的农民是反对这一计划的。
√
3. Why does Dr.Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999？ （　　）
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
√
解析：　目的意图题。根据第四段第一句中的One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell可知，Doswell博士对播云的安 全性持怀疑态度。接着他提到1999年目睹的由一个已经被播撒了化学 物质的风暴单体形成的巨大龙卷风。随后他又提出疑问：怀疑播云会 产生致命的风暴或减少下风处的水分。由此推断，Doswell博士提到 1999年的龙卷风是为了表明播云可能存在的风险。
4. What can we infer from the last paragraph？（　　）
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
解析：　推理判断题。根据文章末句可知，私营的气候工程公司可 以在相对合法的安全环境中继续进行下去，也就是这些公司会继续存 在下去。
√
　　（2021·新高考Ⅰ卷） When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America， the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.Unfortunately， it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.Millions of waterfowl （水禽） were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.
Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations， greatly reducing waterfowl habitat （栖息地）.
B
〔生态保护——美国联邦鸭票计划〕
　　In 1934， with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act （Act）， an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory （迁徙的） waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act， all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp.The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J. N. “Ding” Darling， a political cartoonist from Des Moines， Iowa， who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
　　About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934， better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了《候鸟狩猎印花税 法案》出台的背景，鸭票的设计和用途以及这一法案的作用和影 响。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了《候鸟狩猎印花
税法案》出台的背景，鸭票的设计和用途以及这一法案的作用和
影响。
5. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America？（　　）
A. Loss of wetlands.
B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers.
D. Arrival of other wild animals.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段中最后一句可知，湿地丧失是水 禽数量减少的原因之一。
√
6. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph？（　　）
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
√
解析：　词义猜测题。根据语境可知，画线词所在句与上文形成转 折，上文讲到了探险者抵达北美洲时，这片大陆上充满了各种各样的 野生物种，整个大陆生机勃勃。美洲土著居民明智地照顾着这些宝贵 的自然资源，因此画线词所在句应讲述这些资源受到的破坏——探险 者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年，就将大部分资源破坏，故画线 词与C项的意思最为接近。
7. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934？（　　）
A. The stamp price has gone down.
B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting.
D. The government has collected money.
√
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段中的About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund ... Since 1934， better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund可知，《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》带 来的一个直接结果就是政府筹到了钱。
8. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？（　　）
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
解析：　标题归纳题。通读文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了《候鸟 狩猎印花税法案》出台的背景、鸭票的设计和用途以及这一法案的作 用和影响，故A项适合作文章标题。
√
〔词汇积累〕
阅 读 理 解 A
hailstorm n.雹暴（合成词：hail＋storm）
insurance n.保险[派生词：insure（去e）＋-ance]
seed n.种子→v.播种（文章义）
moisture n.水分，湿气
provincial adj.省的，地方的[派生词：province（去e）＋-ial]
drought n.干旱
modification n.修改，改造
lawsuit n.诉讼（合成词：law＋suit）
engineering n.工程学（派生词：engineer＋-ing）
proceed v.继续进行
disastrous adj.灾难性的
be opposed to 反对
in practice 实际上
阅 读 理 解 B
explorer n.探险者
settler n.定居者
overly adv.过度地（派生词：over＋-ly）
ambitious adj.有雄心的
wetland n.湿地（合成词：wet＋land）
habitat n.栖息地
passage n.一段（文章）→n.通过（文章义）
annually adv.每年地（派生词：annual＋-ly）
biological adj.生物的
willingly adv.愿意地（派生词：willing＋-ly）
refuge n.避难所，保护区
initiate v.开始，发起
set foot upon 踏上
take action to do sth 采取行动做某事
A
　　（2026·湖北联考）A Chinese student studying in the UK shared a heartwarming story online about her tutor who quit her job to pursue a unique mission：knitting sweaters for penguins in Antarctica.The tutor’s email reply to the student read， “Thank you for your email.I have left to pursue my dream of making sweaters for penguins in Antarctica and no longer work for the School of Economics.I will be out of office on a permanent， indefinite， open-ended basis until my penguin friends are happy.”
Ⅰ.阅读理解
　　This act of kindness is part of a larger charity initiative that began after a major oil spill near Phillip Island， Australia， in the late 1990s.The spill severely affected the local penguin population， leading to a decline in their numbers and health over the following breeding seasons.When little penguins become oiled， they will try to clean the poisonous oil from their feathers with their beaks（喙）， and ingesting it can kill them.It also damages their delicate feathers， which exposes their skin to extreme temperatures and they are left cold， heavy and unable to swim or hunt for food.
　　In response to such incidents， the Penguin Foundation and Phillip Island Nature Parks launched a campaign urging knitting enthusiasts worldwide to knit sweaters for the affected penguins.These sweaters serve a dual purpose：They provide temporary warmth and prevent the penguins from reaching their oily feathers with their beaks.The last significant oil spill around Phillip Island occurred in 2001， affecting 438 little penguins.With the help of these sweaters， 96％ of them were successfully rescued and released back into the wild.
　　The penguin jumper program has been running for over 20 years， and during this time， more than 200，000 sweaters have been knitted for penguins by generous knitters across the globe.
　　While some argue that the sweaters could potentially add extra pressure to the penguins’ bodies or cause them to overheat， the Penguin Foundation explains that the sweaters are used temporarily to keep penguins warm before their bodies are washed and feathers recover.Besides， penguins need sweaters made of all wool， only those sweaters that meet the standard for wear can be received by the Penguin Foundation.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章以一名教师辞职去给南极洲企 鹅编织毛衣的事例引出对一项慈善活动的介绍，该活动呼吁全世界 的针织爱好者为受石油泄漏影响的企鹅编织羊毛毛衣。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章以一名教师辞职去给南极洲企
鹅编织毛衣的事例引出对一项慈善活动的介绍，该活动呼吁全世界
的针织爱好者为受石油泄漏影响的企鹅编织羊毛毛衣。
1. Why did the tutor quit her job？（　　）
A. She was more attracted to knitting.
B. She decided to protect penguins in Antarctica.
C. She was dissatisfied with the School of Economics.
D. She was offered a position at the Penguin Foundation.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，该教师辞职是为了 给南极洲企鹅编织毛衣；再结合第三段第二句可知，毛衣可以为受石 油泄漏影响的企鹅提供暂时的温暖，并防止企鹅用喙接触沾满石油的 羽毛。由此可知，该教师辞职实质上是为了保护南极洲企鹅。
√
2. What does the underlined word “ingesting” mean in paragraph 2？ （　　）
A. Taking in. B. Feeding on.
C. Breathing in. D. Sweeping away.
解析：　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，当小企鹅被石油污 染时，它们会试图用喙清理羽毛上的有毒石油。画线词后的it指代上 文的the poisonous oil，再结合常识可知，画线词的意思与A项“吞入 （体内）”最为接近。
√
3. What harm will the oil spill cause for the penguins？（　　）
A. It will make them overheated.
B. It will pose a threat to their survival.
C. It will make them more visible to the hunters.
D. It will make them fat and unhealthy.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可知，被石油污染后的 企鹅会试图用喙清理羽毛上的有毒石油，而吞入有毒石油可能会杀死 它们。由此可推知，石油泄漏会对企鹅的生存构成威胁。
√
4. Which of the following would be the best title for the article？ （　　）
A. Antarctic Penguins：A Call for Sweaters
B. Knitting for Conservation：A Global Issue
C. Antarctic Oil Spills：A Disaster on Penguins
D. Warmth in Every Stitch：Sweaters for Oiled Penguins
解析：　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了为受石油泄漏影响的企鹅编 织毛衣的活动，故D项为本文最佳标题。
√
B
　　More than 1，000 metres below the surface of the oceans， darkness dominates. Marine creatures rely on sound for navigation， communication， and searching for food. However， this way of life has come under threat from shipping， contributing to a rise in underwater volume of approximately 3.3 decibels （分贝） per decade. The trend shows little sign of levelling off.
　　With roughly 90％ of trade relying on shipping， quieting the ocean through reductions in shipping itself is untenable. While efficiency improvements of shipping may cut noise， experts say more is needed. That is why technologies like modified propellers （螺旋桨） and noise- reducing materials are being developed to help humans and marine life coexist.
　　Much of the underwater noise a ship produces comes from its propeller. Spinning blades （桨叶） create low pressure， causing the water to boil and produce bubbles， a process known as cavitation （空化 现象）. When those bubbles collapse， low-frequency noise is produced， disrupting the movements of marine life.
　　One solution， being developed by researchers at the University of British Columbia， integrates flexible polymers （聚合物） into the metal propeller blades， allowing their tips to bend and twist. This movement prevents bubbles from forming and thereby reduces the noise the blades produce. Based on simulations， the design could reduce cavitation noise by 20 decibels. Dr Jaiman says researchers intend to start testing a model next year.
　　Cavitation can also be reduced by increasing the number of bubbles， rather than reducing them. Researchers at MARIN， a Dutch research institute， have blown bubbles onto a propeller’s blades， which can dampen the resulting noise. Model-scale tests of this system showed a 12- decibel decrease in low-frequency noise. But shipping noise does not come only from the propeller， with roughly 20％ coming from engines and generators. To reduce this， MARIN researchers have experimented with a bubble screen generated from tubes positioned in belts around the outside of the ship. These bubbles prevent noise from spreading.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了航运所产生的噪音 对海洋生物的生活造成了威胁，人们正在采取相应措施来降低水下 船只产生的噪音。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了航运所产生的噪音
对海洋生物的生活造成了威胁，人们正在采取相应措施来降低水下
船只产生的噪音。
5. Which best explains the underlined word “untenable” in paragraph 2？（　　）
A. Impractical. B. Unavailable.
C. Unstable. D. Immeasurable.
解析：　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，航运产生很大的噪 音，而大约90％的贸易依赖航运，所以通过减少航运来减少噪音， 让海洋安静是不切实际的。untenable表示“不切实际的”。
√
6. What is the main source of underwater noise from ships？（　　）
A. The spinning blades.
B. The process of cavitation.
C. The engines and generators.
D. The bubbles generated by ships.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，船只水下噪音主要来源于 螺旋桨的旋转桨叶。
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7. What solution is being developed at MARIN？（　　）
A. Boosting ship efficiency.
B. Creating flexible blade tips.
C. Generating more bubbles on blades.
D. Using quieter engines and generators.
解析：　细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句可知，MARIN开发了在 螺旋桨叶片上吹气泡的解决办法，产生更多的气泡可以减弱桨叶产生 的噪音。
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8. What’s the passage mainly about？（　　）
A. Strategies to prevent ships from making noise.
B. Innovations to minimize underwater ship noise.
C. Adapted propeller designs to restore undersea quiet.
D. Negative impacts of underwater noise on marine life.
解析：　主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了航运所 产生的噪音对海洋生物的生活造成了威胁，人们正在采取相应措施来 降低水下船只产生的噪音。
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Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　（2026·湖南二模）Floods can come from multiple sources.It can be a hurricane， a failed dam， or an overflowing river.The disasters can move quickly.9. 　　 It’s important to know how to keep your family and belongings safe during such an event.Full preparation can put you at ease for its coming.
　　A flood is simply an event where water overflows a natural area and covers normally dry places.In general， there are two types.10. 　　 The soil in these areas can’t absorb a lot of moisture.The water then rapidly runs off the surface， resulting in a torrent （激流） of rapidly moving water.River flooding is when a river overflows its banks due to excessive （过量的） water and the situation can get worse if barriers such as a dam or a levee （防洪堤） break as well.
　　A flood can be caused by many things.11. 　　 Living next to a river， dam， on the coast， or in a low-lying area puts you at risk for flooding.
　　There is no specific flood season.12. 　　 Any time there is a large amount of rain in a short period， flooding can occur.Man-made and natural disasters can also cause flooding outside of those months.For example， the collapse of a dam can cause a flood.A natural disaster， such as a tsunami， can also cause flooding on a massive scale.
　　13. 　　 Using existing maps and examining lowlying areas can determine high risk areas for flooding.Moreover， flood warnings are sent out to areas that could experience flooding when there is a large amount of rainfall over a short time.
A. The rising river threatens people’s lives.
B. Floods can be preventable and predictable.
C. Flash floods are more common in dry areas.
D. And sometimes they come with little warning.
E. The weather forecast accurately predicts all disasters.
F. They include severe weather， geography， and other man-made factors.
G. Generally， the period from spring to fall is considered a heightened risk for floods.
语篇解读：人与自然——自然灾害与防范——洪水。　　　
9. D　上文提到造成洪水的原因有多种，且洪水速度很快，下文提到 保护家人和财产安全的重要性，建议做好充分的准备。D项（有时， 它们来得毫无征兆）承上启下，符合语境。
语篇解读：人与自然——自然灾害与防范——洪水。　　　
10. C　上文提到洪水的定义，以及包含两种类型，下文具体描述第 一种类型的洪水。C项（山洪暴发在干旱地区更为常见）承上启下， 符合语境。C项中的dry areas和下文的can’t absorb a lot of moisture相 呼应。
11. F　上文提到洪水的起因很多，下文提到了地理因素，F项（它们 包括恶劣的天气、地理和其他人为因素）承上启下，符合语境。F项 中的They指代上文的many things。
12. G　上文提到洪水暴发没有特定的季节。G项（一般来说，从春天 到秋天这段时间被认为是洪水的高发时期）承接上文，符合语境。G 项中的from spring to fall和上文的flood season相呼应。
13. B　空处位于段首，是段落主旨句，需统领段落内容。下文主要 介绍了如何预测和预防洪水，B项（洪水是可以预防和预测的）符合 语境。

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