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现在完成时Present Perfect Tense
语法专讲
Spring has already come.
Can summer still be far behind
春天已经来了，夏天还会远吗？
现在完成时Present Perfect Tense
助动词
否定
haven’t
hasn’t
疑问
Have you…
Has he…
现在完成时动词构成：
have/has为助动词，没有实际的意义，常可以与前面的名词或代词缩写。如Mike has = Mike's, they have = they've.助动词要和主语的人称、数保持一致。
I_______ already read Little Women.
Tina______decided to write about Treasure Island.
have
has
have /has+v 过去分词
一、现在完成时的句式
我已经完成了
他已经完成了
他们已经完成了
I have finished.
He has finished.
They have finished.
1. 肯定句：主语 + have/has + 过去分词 (+ 其他)
2. 否定句：主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词(+ 其他)
注意缩写：
have not = haven't
has not = hasn't
I have finished.
I have not finished.
He has finished.
He has not finished.
They have finished.
They have not finished.
3. 一般疑问句：--Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词(+ 其他)
I have finished.
Have you finished
Yes , I have.
/ No , I haven’t.
He has finished.
Has he finished
Yes, he has.
/No ,he hasn’t.
They have finished.
Have they finished
Yes , they have.
/No , they haven’t.
肯定回答：--Yes, 主语+have/has.
否定回答：--No, 主语+haven't/hasn't.
Who has read Journey to the West
特殊疑问词 + have / has + 主语+过去分词 (+ 其他)
What has she read
She has read Journey to the West.
She has read Journey to the West.
4. 特殊疑问句：
注：当对主语提问时，直接用特殊疑问词替换主语，其它位置不变。
I have taught English since 2014.
Who has taught English since 2014
What have you done since 2014
What have you taught since 2014
How long have you taught English
现在完成时结构归纳：
肯定句：主语 + have/ has + 过去分词+其他
否定句:主语+haven't /hasn't+过去分词+其他
疑问句:Have / Has+主语+过去分词+其他
肯定回答：--Yes, 主语+have/has. /否定回答：--No, 主语+haven't/hasn't.
I haven't finished my homework.
Have you finished your homework
I have finished my homework.
结构
He has finished his homework.
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has +过去分词+其他
He hasn't finished his homework.
Has he finished his homework
What have you read
Yes , I have.
/ No , I haven’t.
Yes, he has.
/No ,he hasn’t.
+主语
Who has read Little Women
1. She has taught in the school for five years. (变否定句)
_____________________________________________
2. I have washed the dishes for three hours. (变一般疑问句)
_____________________________________________
3. Have you ever been to Beijing (作否定回答)
_____________________________________________
小试牛刀 (1)
She has not taught in the school for five years.
Have you washed the dishes for three hours
No, I haven’t.
1. Jim has finished doing his homework.
Jim hasn't finished doing his homework.
Has Jim finished doing his homework
What has Jim done
小试牛刀 (2)
否定句：
一般疑问句：
肯定回答：
Yes,he has.
否定回答：
No, he hasn't.
就划线部分提问：
2. I have studied in Class Six for one year.
否定句：
一般疑问句：
I haven't studied in Class Six for one year.
肯定回答：
Have you studied in Class Six for one year
Yes, I have.
否定回答：
No, I haven't.
就划线部分提问：
Where have you studied for one year
二、动词过去分词的变化规则
1，规则变化：
与动词的过去式的构成规则相同
1),一般的动词，在词尾直接加“ed”
work-worked-worked visit-visited-visited
2),以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”
like-liked-liked live-lived-lived
3),以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，将y 变为i,再加“ed”
study-studied-studied cry-cried- cried copy-copied-copied
4),重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”
stop-stopped-stopped drop-dropped-dropped
2,不规则变化：特殊记忆（P137-141）
AAA型 (cut,put,shut,hurt,cost,hit,let,set,read,spread)
ABA型 (run,come,become)
AAB型 (beat)
ABC型（be,begin,sing,bear,wear,go, do,drive,give......）
ABB型（bring,buy,catch,fight,find, leave,keep, spell,
smell, sleep,send,lend,spend......）
三、现在完成时的用法
表示到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成的动作。
用法一：
By now, I have remembered 1000 English words.
So far, we have planted all the trees.
直到现在
翻译句子：
1.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
She has passed the exam so far.
2.至今，我还没有收到他的来信。
By now, I haven't heard from him.
Someone has broken the window.
I have already lost the key.
I haven’t read that book yet .
I have just cleaned my hands.
(窗户现在是坏的)
(我现在没有钥匙)
(不了解书的内容)
(手是干净的)
用法二：
表示过去发生的或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
The classroom is very tidy .
The students have cleaned the classroom.
He knows many things.
He has read lots of books.
He is very healthy.
He has done much exercise.
He has eaten much healthy food .

常与already(已经), yet(已经), just(刚刚),ever(曾经)，never(从来没有)，before(以前)，once（一次）等词连用.
注: 有already的句子在时态上并不都是现在完成时,判断时要看该词后是否有动词的过去分词.
Eg. She’s already eighty years old.
It was already very late.
He says he has been to the USA three times.
他说他已经去过美国三次了。
(7).以动作发生的次数为标志
He has already seen this film five times.
这部电影他已经看过五遍了.
1. I ________(have) lunch already.
2. the train_______ (arrive), yet
3.Tom ____ never_______ (be to ) China.
4. The twin ______just _____(see) my father.
5. The twins ____(see) my father just now.
6. Many tall buildings ____________(build) in the past 5 years.
Exercises
have had
arrived
has
been to
has
seen
saw
have been built
Has
I started learning English in 2016.
（一般过去时）
（现在进行时）
（现在完成时）
2016
started learning English
have learned English
ten years
2026
learning
I am learning English these days.
I have learned English for 10 years.
用法三：
表示过去所发生的动作或存在的状态，一直持续到现在并可能还将持续下去。动词使用延续性动词。常与for或since引导的时间连用。
（1）、for＋一段时间
（two weeks/six months/five days）for短语表示动作延续多长时间 。
He has taught in this school for four years.
（他已经在这所学校教4年了。）
He has kept the book for 2 weeks.
（这本书他借了两周了。）
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.
（1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。）
I have known Daniel since 7 years ago.
自从7年前我就认识丹尼尔。
He’s learned about 500 words since he went to college.（他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词）
一个时间点
一段时间＋ago
一般过去时态句子
（2）、since
(3)、since 和 for 用法的相互转换：
for +一段时间= since+ 一段时间+ ago
(4)、对since和for的提问用_________。
如：
---How long have you been in Nanjing
----For three years./ Since three years ago.
how long
非延续性动词与时间段的关系
●非延续性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用，这些动词是：become, begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come/go, die, fall, finish, get to know, join, leave, marry 等。
●为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词”来代替短暂性动词.
例：他奶奶死了三年了。
His grandma (die)for three years.
has been dead
1. 直接变成 延续性动词
buy – catch(get) a cold – borrow — come/go /become —
put on —
2. 转换成 be+名词
join the army –
join the Party –
go to school –
have
have a cold
keep
be here/there
wear
be a soldier
be a Party member
be a student
3. 转换成 be + 形容词或副词
die — finish – begin — leave —
fall sleep – close –
4. 转换成 be + 介词短语
go to school –
join the army –
be dead
be over
be on
be away
be asleep
be closed
be in school
be in the army
短暂性动词 延续性动词 短暂性动词 延续性动词
become close
finish join
return get married
go/leave buy
open borrow
begin/start
end
die
be
be over
be back
be away (from)
be open
be on
be over
be dead
be closed
be in
be married
have
keep
小测一下
His father has died. (for 2 years)
The football match has begun.(since9:00a.m)
The twins have joined the army. (since they are 18 years old)
4.My teacher has just left Nanjing. (for 3 days)
Exercises
His father has been dead for 2 years.
The football match has been on since 9:00 a.m.
The twins have been in the army since they were 18 years old.
My teacher has been away from Nanjing for 3 days
1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time.
2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago.
3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes.
4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China.
5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years.
6. It’s five years _______ we met last time.
7. Mr. Brown has had his TV ______ 15 years.
8. My friends haven’t visited me ______my birthday.
9. We haven’t used our car _____ a long time .
10. Tom has worn glasses _______he was 7 years old.
for
since
for
since
for
since
for
for
since
since
选用 for和 since填空:
翻译句子：
1.凯特已经在这里住了三年了。
Kate has lived here for 3 years.
2.自从三年前凯特就住在这里了。
Kate has lived here since 3 years ago.
3.自从凯特来到中国，她就住在中国了。
Kate has lived here since she came to China.
4.我成为工程师已经5年了。
I have been an engineer for 5 years.
翻 译 练 习：
I have bought this watch for five years.
I have had this watch for five years/since 5 years ago.
The old man has died for ten years.
The old man has been dead for ten years/since 10 years ago.
1.我买了这块手表五年了。
2.这位老人已经死了十年了。
×
√
×
√
He has come back for 3 days.
He has been back for 3 days/since 3 days ago.
I have left hometown for 10 years.
I have been away from hometown for 10 years.
3.他已经回来三天了。
4.我离开家乡已十年了。
×
√
×
√
改 错
1. The film has began for an hour.
2. I have borrowed this book for two weeks.
3. Kitty has bought a book since last week.
been on
kept
had
4. I have borrowed the book for 3 months.
5. My bother has joined the army since he was 18.
6. Jack and Tom have lived here since 5 years.
7. The film has been on since I have come to the cinema.
have kept
has been in/ been a member of the army
since 5 years ago/ for 5 years
came
注：※非延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,表示动作已经完成，它不能跟一段时间。但它的否定式可以跟一段时间状语连用.
Tom has left Beijing.
Tom hasn’t left Beijing since he came to this city in 2004.
He has borrowed a pen from me.
He hasn’t borrowed a pen from me since we argued.
四、注意事项
1. 被形容词最高级所修饰的名词后的定语从句(that 引导)中，一般用现在完成时态。
这是我所吃过的最美味的食物。
她是我见过的最美丽的姑娘
This is the most delicious food (that) I’ve ever eaten.
She is the most beautiful girl (that) I’ve ever seen.
This is the best film that I‘ve (ever) seen.
the最高级+名词+that+现在完成时
这是我看过的最好的电影。
注意:
2.It is the first / second time+现在完成时
这是我第一次听他唱歌。
这是我第一次见到如此漂亮的女孩。
这是这个男孩第三次迟到了。
It is the first time (that) I‘ve heard him sing.
It is the first time that I have seen such a beautiful girl .
It is the third time that the boy has been late.
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all 　 　
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before 　
---No, it‘s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　
C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
B
D
3. It has been+一段时间+since从句
一段时间+has passed+ since从句
eg. 他死了两年了。
He has been dead for two years /since two years ago.
He died two years ago.
It has been two years since he died.
Two years has passed since he died.
时间、金钱、距离作主语，谓语动词用单数。
这本书我借了一个月了。
I borrowed this book a month ago.
I have kept the book for a month. /since a month ago.
It has been a month since I borrowed the book.
A month has passed since I borrowed the book.
练习
五、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
I lived here 2 years ago.
past
present
I have lived here for two years .

现在完成时: 强调这一动作产生的结果对现在的影响或结果，与现在有关。
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
一般过去时: 仅表示在过去某一时刻曾发生过这一动作，与现在无关。
他已学英语五年了。
He has studied English for five years.
（说明他还会继续学下去）
他曾学过五年英语。
He studied English for five years.
（只说明他过去学过五年英语）
1.I here for ten years. (live)
(现在仍住这儿)
2.I here ten years ago. (live)
(现在可能不住这儿了)
3.He a house already . (buy)
(侧面表达他拥有一座房子)
4.He a house yesterday.(buy)
(单纯讲述昨天买了房子这件事)
have lived
填出所给词的正确形式。
lived
has bought
bought
（电影的内容已经知道了）
5.I this film yesterday. (see)
（只说明动作发生在过去）
saw
6.I this film before. (see)
have seen
A： I ____________(not see) George since he__________ (leave) this school a year ago . ______ you ever _______(see) him
again
B： Yes, I have. I ________(meet) him a few days ago .
A： Where _______ you _______ (meet) him
B： I _______ (meet) him in the museum . He was looking at some paintings when I ________ (see) him . We ________ (say)
hello to each other .
根据情景用动词的适当形式填空
haven’t seen
left
Have
seen
met
did meet
met
saw
said
六、练习
句式变换：
1. Jack has visited China before.(改为否定句）
Jack visited China before.
2. They have come into the classroom.(改为一般疑问句）
come into the classroom
3. He has been here for 12 years.(划线提问）
has he been here
4、He has never surfed, （改成反意疑问句）
5、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
have they been here
6、The old man ______ last year.
He for a year. (die) （动词填空）
hasn’t
Exercises
Have they
How long
has he
How long
died
has been dead
4.This factory was opened twenty years ago.(转换成现在完成时)
This factory _____ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (转换成现在完成时)
Miss Gao an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（改为过去式）
Her mother _______ the Party three years_______.
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (转换成现在完成时)
two years the Green family moved to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
___________________________________________
has been open
has been away since
joined
ago
It has been
since
The bus has been here for ten minutes .
现在完成时(Present perfect tense)：

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