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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
初中语法之句子成分和句子类型
一、句子成分
定义：构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁” “什么”的问题。主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当，如，名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。 句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语的构成如下：
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.
3.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词（介宾）后面。
宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）
They helped the old yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
4.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours （代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one （数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
5.定语：修饰限定名词、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等。可作定语的有形容词、名词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
6.状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
Singing and dancing, the students walk out of the classroom.（分词短语）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six （时间状语）
Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
7.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in good order in the lab.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
8.同位语：当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫作另一成分的同位语。如：
Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 劳拉·迈尔，BBC的记者，要求采访。
Influenza, a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。
Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend university. 玛丽是我所认识的最聪敏的姑娘之一，她正准备上大学。
Who is that man, the first in the front row 前排第一个人是谁？
We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子，一个男孩和一个女孩。
Grammar Practice 1
一、挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
　　　A B C D
② People all over the world speak English.
　 A B C D
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
　　A B C D
④ How many new words did you learn last class
　　　　　　　　 A B C D
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you
A B
二、挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
　　 A B C
② Why is he worried about Jim
　　A B C D
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
　　 A B C D
④ Soon they all became interested in the subject.
　　　 A B C D
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
　　　 A B C
三、挑出下列句中的定语
① On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
A B C D
② I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
　　　 A B C D
③ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
　　 A B C D
四、 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She wants the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
A B C D
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
　　　 A B C D
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
　　　 A B C D
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
　　　 A B C D
⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
A B C D
五、挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
　　 A B C D
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
　　 A B C
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
　　　 A B C D
④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
　　 A B C D
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
　　　　　 A B C D
六、划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me
二、句子类型
如果按照句子内部结构分类，英文句子可分为三个类型：简单句（Simple Sentence），并列句（Compound Sentence）和复合句（Complex Sentence）。
1.简单句（Simple Sentence）：简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子可能有两个或更多的主语，也可能有两个或更多的谓语，但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。例如：
China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects.
We often speak English in class.
2.并列句（Compound Sentence）：并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲，所谓“并列”、“对等”是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思，谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此，这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系。否则，它们就可能被分别写成简单句，而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中，要使两个或几个主谓结构（或者说，分句）连接在一起，就要用并列连词。按照并列的不同情况，有下面几种：
（1） 表示转折意思 : but , yet , however例如：
Everything in the world is outside you, but health belongs to you.
He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English.
John has his shortcomings, however, that doesn't mean he is not qualified for the job.
（2） 表示因果关系： for , so , therefore 例如：
You'd better take an umbrella with you, for it's going to rain.
I've got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now.
You are in the right ; therefore, we should support you.
(3) 表示并列关系: and , or , either…or
She came to my house yesterday evening, and I went to hers.
Do it this way ,or you'll be in trouble.
Either you tell him the truth , or I do it.
3.复合句（Complex Sentence）
复合句是指含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。从句按其在复合句中的作用，分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。例如：
That he didn't come yesterday made me very sad.
I believe that he will pass the exam.
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
三、句子结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
S十V主谓结构
e.g.: He runs quickly
S十V十F主系表结构
常见的系动词有look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fall,ill,asleep,stand/sit still,become,turn等
e.g: He seems interested in the book.
3. S十V十O主谓宾结构
e.g.: They found their home easily
4. S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
e.g: He offered me his seat/his seat to me
带双宾语的动词有：（“人间直物”）
Give, ask, bring, offer, send, pay, lend, show, tell, buy, get, rob, warn等
S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
e.g.: They named the boy Charlie
说明：S主语：谓语 ：表语 ：宾语 O：间接宾语 O2：直接宾语 C：宾补
Grammar Practice2
七、五种基本句型综合练习：指出下列句子属于哪种句型，并翻译成汉语。
The cook smells the food.
___________________________________________________________
It smells delicious.
___________________________________________________________
The train will come soon.
___________________________________________________________
Your dream will come true sooner or later.
___________________________________________________________
The days get longer.
___________________________________________________________
Can you get me some tea
___________________________________________________________
They are getting everything ready.
___________________________________________________________
He will get here on time.
_________________________________________________________
I got the first prize.
___________________________________________________________
He always keeps the windows open.
___________________________________________________________
They keep quiet in class.
___________________________________________________________
You can keep the books for a month.
___________________________________________________________
He is telling stories.
___________________________________________________________
He is telling the children stories.
___________________________________________________________
These coats cost me 1000 yuan.
___________________________________________________________
八、 语法练习
( ) 1. Our school is not far from my home.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 定语
( ) 2. It’s a great pleasure to talk with you.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 定语
( ) 3.All of us consider he is honest.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 定语
( ) 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 定语
( ) 5. He broke a piece of glass.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 定语
( ) 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 宾补
( ) 7. He loves music more than anything else in the world.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 定语
( ) 8. Trees turn green when spring comes.
A. 状语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 定语
( ) 9. They pushed the door open.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 宾补
( ) 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
A. 状语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 宾补
( ) 11. He wrote his name and address on the blackboard carefully.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 状语
( ) 12.All the students think highly of his teaching.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 状语
( ) 13. We need a place twice larger than this one.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 定语 D. 状语
( ) 14. He was asked to sing an English song.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 定语 D. 状语
( ) 15. Don’t get nervous just tell us what you think.
A. 状语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 宾补
( ) 16. We will make our school more beautiful.
A. 谓语 B. 状语 C. 宾语 D. 宾补
( ) 17. He didn’t come. That is why he didn’t know about the news.
A. 状语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 宾补
( ) 18. She showed us many of her pictures.
A. 宾补 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 状语
( ) 19. The old man lives alone.
A. 状语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D. 宾补
( ) 20. Luckily, the earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
A. 定语 B. 谓语 C. 状语 D. 宾补
九、语法过关练习
连词或词组成句。
mother, her, sent, coat, a, she(.)
______________________________________________________________
Mike, plane, a, his, model, gave, brother, to (.)
______________________________________________________________
bird, singing, the, is (.)
______________________________________________________________
grandfather, feels, my, in, countryside, happy, the (.)
_____________________________________________________________
a, bought, new, I, mobile phone (.)
______________________________________________________________
little, the, drove, mad, baby, nearly, me (.)
______________________________________________________________
together, they, do, homework, their, always, home, at (.)
______________________________________________________________
consider, a, teacher, I, him, good (.)
______________________________________________________________
sky, the, beautiful, looks (.)
______________________________________________________________
put, bag, his, on, floor, he, the (.)
______________________________________________________________
参考答案
一、挑出下列句中的宾语
DDDAB
挑出下列句中的表语
CDDCB
三、挑出下列句中的定语
BBB
四、 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
CCCCD
挑出下列句中的状语
DADDA
六、划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
1. us 间宾， a story 直宾
2. a new bike 直宾 me 间宾
3. us 间宾 history 直宾
4. it 直宾 Tom间宾
5. any message 直宾 me间宾
七、
S＋V＋O（主语十谓语十宾语）厨师闻食物。
S+L+P（主语十连系动词+表语）它闻起来很可口。
S＋V（主语十谓语）火车很快会到达。
S＋V（主语十谓语）你的梦想很快会实现。
S+L+P（主语十连系动词+表语）白天变长了。
S+V＋O+O（主语十谓语十间接宾语+直接宾语）你能给我一些茶吗？
S＋V＋O＋C（主语十谓语十宾语+宾语补足语）他们正使一切准备到位。
S＋V（主语十谓语）他将准时到那里。
S＋V＋O（主语十谓语十宾语）我得了一等奖。
S＋V＋O＋C（主语十谓语十宾语+宾语补足语）他总是使窗户开着。
S+L+P（主语十连系动词+表语）他们在课堂上保持安静。
S＋V＋O（主语十谓语十宾语）这些书你可以保管一个月。
S＋V＋O（主语十谓语十宾语）（现在进行时态）他正在讲故事。
S+V＋O+O（主语十谓语十间接宾语+直接宾语）（现在进行时态）他正在给孩子们讲故事。
S＋V＋O＋C（主语十谓语十宾语+宾语补足语）这些大衣花去我1000元。
八、
1-5 CDBCC
6-10 DCADA
11-15 DACAB
16-20 DBCAC
九、
1.She sent her mother a coat.
2.Mike gave his brother a model plane.
3.The bird is singing.
4.My grandfather feels happy in the countryside.
5.I bought a new mobile phone.
6.The little baby nearly drove me mad.
7.They always do their homework together at home.
8.I consider him a good teacher.
9.The sky looks beautiful.
10.He put his bag on the floor.

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