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(共152张PPT)
必修第三册　
Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world
内容索引
词汇复现 语境串记
多维演练 素养提升
基础默测
高效课堂 考点突破
课时作业
词汇复现 语境串记
返回
熟读话题外刊，速记单元词汇
In a 1.province (n.省)far away, a 2.scientific (adj. 科学的)genius was on a mission to change the world. He conducted his 3.experiment (n. 实验)4.broadly (adv. 广阔地)，5.intending (v. 意指)to address a 6.deadly (adj. 致命的)issue that had troubled households for generations. The 7.data (n. 数据)he gathered was 8.sufficient (adj. 充足的)to 9.illustrate (v. 说明)the severity of the problem. However, the 10.limitation (n. 限制)was lack of resources and he had to 11.postpone (v. 推迟)his 12.trials (n. 试验)multiple times.
province
scientific
experiment
broadly
intending
deadly
data
sufficient
illustrate
limitation
postpone
trials
13．Through trial and error (phr. 反复试验)，he discovered a method to 14.speed up (phr. 加速)the process. His 15.conduct (n. 行为)during these trials was perfect, always referring to his notes and previous data to ensure no step was missed. The 16.surrounding (adj. 周围的)community began to take notice and be 17.favourable (adj. 支持的)to his work, offering support and resources.
Through trial and error
speed up
conduct
surrounding
favourable
His experiments began to 18.pay off (phr. 取得成功). The household 19.benefited (v. 得益于)from the results, 20.indicating (v. 表明)a significant reduction in 21.accidents (n. 事故). The community 22.credited (v. 称赞)him for his devotion. His 23.involvement (n. 参与)24.negated (v. 消除)any potential danger. His findings were so revolutionary that they were 25.applied (v. 应用)globally.
In the end, his work was not just about scientific advancement but also about the 26.moral (adj. 道德的)responsibility to ensure 27.survival (n. 生存). His story is an indication that perseverance, combined with 28.intelligence (n. 才智)and a bit of luck, can truly change the world.
pay off
benefited
indicating
accidents
credited
involvement
negated
applied
moral
survival
intelligence
高效课堂 　考点突破
返回
1 intend vt. & vi. 想要，计划；意指
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①I intend to take (take)up a part-time job，through which I can have broad horizons.
②(2025·全国二卷)This article about Canadian sports is intended for our school newspaper's sports column specifically.

A
重难考点
to take
for
③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide (provide)stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
④(2025· 全国一卷)She has every intention (intend)of staying and continuing doing what she loves.
⑤He has made up his mind to intend his son to manage (manage)the company.
⑥It is intended that production will start at the end of the month.
to provide
intention
to manage
that
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑦我本打算这个周末和你一起出去，但出了意外。所以我写信向你道歉。
I had intended to go out with you this weekend but something unexpected happened. So I'm writing to express my apology to you.(应用文写作之道歉信)
had intended to go out with you
知识归纳
(1)intend to do/doing sth. 打算做某事
intend sb.to do sth. 打算让某人做某事
(2)It is intended that… 打算……；计划……
be intended for/to do sth. 被用于……；为……打算(或设计)的
had intended to do sth.(＝intended to have done sth.)本打算做某事(但事实上没做)
(3)intention n. 打算；计划；意图
with an/the intention of 抱有……的目的；打算……
[写作佳句]　Last weekend，our school organized a fruit-picking activity, intending to make us students further understand the hardship of farmers.(读后续写之场景描写)
上周末，我们学校组织了一场水果采摘活动，旨在让我们这些学生更进一步地理解农民的艰辛。
2 postpone vt. 延迟，延期 n．延误，耽搁；耽搁的时间；推迟
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①School Day is coming; we can't put off preparing for it.
②We'll have to postpone the meeting until/to next week.
③Let's postpone making (make)a decision until we have more information.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
④很遗憾地通知您，由于天气不好，运动会已经被推迟。
It is regretted to inform you that the sport meeting has been postponed due to the bad weather.(应用文写作之通知)
off
until/to
making
the sport meeting has been
postponed
知识归纳
[写作佳句]　With the exam postponed, students felt relieved and excited.(读后续写之心理描写)
随着考试被推迟，学生们感到松了一口气并且有些兴奋。
postpone/put off/delay 延迟，延期
postpone sth. (to/until)将某事推迟(到……)
postpone doing sth.推迟做某事
3 surround vt. 围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings (surround)．
②(2025·全国一卷)When all guests gathered in the small backyard, my brother's dog Toby was surrounded (surround)by excited children.
③(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding (surround)environment.
surroundings
was surrounded
surrounding
[能力提升]—— 句式升级
④In the yard was an old man telling stories. Quite a few children surrounded him．
→In the yard was an old man telling stories, with quite a few children surrounding him．(with的复合结构)(读后续写之情景描写)
with quite a few children
surrounding him
知识归纳
[写作佳句]　The hungry bear followed its nose to our camp, which was surrounded with a high wire fence.(读后续写之动作、情景描写)
这只饥饿的熊靠嗅觉指引来到我们被高高的铁丝篱笆包围着的营地。
(1)surround…with… 用……包围……
be surrounded with/by… 被……包围
(2)surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的
(3)surroundings n. 环境
4 favour (AmE favor)vt. 较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n. 帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①In some places, people favour shaking (shake)hands, bowing, or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
②(2021·全国甲卷)Word came that a class meeting would be held in our school，so I'm writing to ask you to do me a favour.
③Most of them were in favour of my opinion while David was against it.

shaking
a
in
④We ought to set sail soon when the weather is still favourable (favour)．
⑤The menu contained traditional favourites (favourite)as well as more adventurous dishes.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑥正如路易·巴斯德所说： “幸运总是垂青有准备的人。”
As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind．”(应用文写作之演讲稿)
favourable
favourites
favours the prepared mind
知识归纳
(1)favour doing sth. 更喜欢做某事
(2)ask sb. a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮忙
do a favour for sb.＝do sb. a favour帮助某人
owe sb. a favour欠某人一个人情
in favour of 赞同；有利于
(3)favourable adj. 赞成的；有利的；讨人喜欢的
(4)favourite adj. 特别喜爱的 n. 特别喜爱的人(或事物)
[写作佳句]　I'm writing this letter, asking you a favour with my coming interview.(应用文写作之求助信)
我写这封信是想请您在我即将到来的面试一事上帮助我。
5 charge vt. & vi. 充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n. 收费；控告；谴责；掌管
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①(人教版选必四U1)Whoever is charged with a crime should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise.
②(2025·全国一卷)As the editor in charge of our school English newspaper, I need to make the final decision about the new column.
③I wonder how much you charge for your service.
④The class is in the charge of an experienced teacher.
with
in
for
the
⑤(2023·全国甲卷)Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading (lead)the charge.
⑥I need to charge (charge)the battery of my phone before we go on the road trip.
⑦She was appointed to take charge of the company's new project.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑧(2022·全国乙卷)所有全日制学生(包括本科生)，在教师带领下，可以享受每人2英镑的特价门票。
A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.(应用文写作之通知)
leading
to charge
of
A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person
知识归纳
(1)charge sb.with (doing)sth.＝accuse sb. of (doing)sth. 指控某人犯……罪；因(做)……而控告某人
charge sb. money for sth. 因某物/事收某人钱
charge the battery 给电池充电
(2)free of charge＝for free 免费
in charge of 掌管(表状态)
in the charge of 被……掌管；由……负责
take charge of 掌管(表动作)
lead the charge 带头
[写作佳句]　Last week we had a heated debate about whether citizens can access the Science Museum free of charge/for free．(应用文写作之报道)
上周我们就市民是否可以免费进入科学博物馆展开了热烈的讨论。
6 involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①(2025·全国一卷)This new column involves students sharing (share)personal experiences and helps them recall wonderful school moments.
②You shouldn't have got him involved in your argument.
③Her involvement (involve)in the project was crucial to its success, and she received recognition for her work.
④The teacher involved the students in a discussion about the future of education.
sharing
in
involvement
in
[能力提升]—— 一句多译
⑤所有师生都积极参加了这次越野赛跑。
→All the teachers and students were actively involved in the cross-country running race.
→All the teachers and students involved themselves actively in the cross-country running race.(应用文写作之报道)

were actively involved in
involved themselves actively in
知识归纳
(1)involve sb. in (doing)sth. 使某人卷入(做)某事
involve oneself in… 参加……
involve (sb.)doing… 包括/需要(某人)做……
(2)involved adj. 涉及的；受牵连的；卷入的；复杂难解的
be/get involved in参与；卷入；专注于……
(3)involvement n. 包括；涉及；参与
[写作佳句]　(2025·浙江1月卷)Recently, many students have been involved in filming short videos on campus. (应用文写作之演讲稿)
最近，许多学生参与了在校园拍摄短视频的活动。
7 permit vt. & vi. 允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n. 许可证
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①His health didn't permit his going (go)with you.
②(2025·全国一卷)Does the school policy permit us to include (include)a student voting section in the new column
③The man entered the meeting room without permission (permit)．
④I have recently made the decision to apply for a permit to build a new house.
going
to include
permission
a
[能力提升]—— 一句多译
⑤天气允许的话，我们将举办冬日远足活动，让我们接近大自然并提高学生的健康意识。
→Weather permitting, a winter hike will be launched to get us close to nature and raise us students' health awareness.(独立主格结构)
→If weather permits, a winter hike will be launched to get us close to nature and raise us students' health awareness.(条件状语从句)
Weather permitting,
If weather permits,
知识归纳
[写作佳句]　I would like to ask permission to use the conference room for our next team meeting.(应用文写作之申请信)
我想要请求对我们下次的团队会议使用会议室的许可。
(1)permit sb. (to do)sth. 允许某人(做)某事
permit (one's)doing sth. 允许(某人)做某事
(2)apply for a permit 申请许可证
(3)permission n. 准许，许可
with/without one's permission 获得某人同意/未获得某人许可
ask permission for 请求对……许可
8 declare vt. 公布，宣布；表明，宣称；申报
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①In 1939, Britain declared war on/against Germany after Germany invaded Poland.
②Because of the solid evidence，the judge finally declared the man charged with murder to be (be)innocent.
③The politician declared strongly against the policy put forward at the conference，which made the others present unhappy.
④They issued a declaration (declare)to the effect that the covenant would not have any place in the agreement.
on/against
to be
against
declaration
⑤The government declared the area as/to be/不填 a protected wildlife shelter.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑥据宣布，新的交通法将于下个月开始实施生效。
It is declared that the new traffic law will come into effect next month.(应用文写作之告知信)
as/to be/不填
It is declared that the new traffic law
知识归纳
(1)declare…to be/as…宣布……为……
declare war on/against… 向……宣战
declare for/against 表示赞成/反对
It is declared that… 据宣布……
declare that… 宣称……
(2)declaration n. 宣言，声明
[写作佳句]　Some factories declared that they would take action to reduce their emissions and take measures to improve air quality.(应用文写作之投稿)
一些工厂宣布他们将采取行动减少排放，并实施措施以改善空气质量。
9 refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①(2025·浙江1月卷)Referred (refer)to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.
②(2025·全国二卷)In your article, please don't forget to refer to your special interest in ice hockey, a popular Canadian sport.
③We were completely in the dark in reference (refer)to his future plans.
④We have referred your complaint to our supplier，so wait patiently for a few days.
Referred
to
reference
to
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑤如果你在阅读时遇到一些生词或短语，最好不要马上查词典。
If you come across some new words or phrases while reading, you'd better not refer to/turn to your/a dictionary at once. (应用文写作之建议信)

refer to/turn to your/a dictionary
知识归纳
(1)refer to/turn to a dictionary 查词典
refer to…as… 把……称作……
refer to sb./sth.提及……
refer…to… 把……提交给……
(2)reference n. 谈及，提到；参考
in/with reference to 关于
[写作佳句]　(2021·全国甲卷)I am writing to ask for your advice with reference to what kinds of traditional Chinese cultures appeal to foreigners most.(应用文写作之求助信)
我写信向您寻求关于什么样的中国传统文化最吸引外国人的建议。
10 pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的；还清(借款)；得到回报
[基础检测]—— 用pay的相关短语填空
①He paid back the money he owed us immediately he returned home.
②Perhaps I'll pay a visit to England this winter.
③Have you ever paid attention to what you eat and drink
④I am willing to pay for the tickets as a way of showing my appreciation.
⑤After years of hard work, he was finally able to pay off all his debts.

paid back
pay a visit to
paid attention to
pay for
pay off
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑥她致力于她的研究，并且她的努力最后得到了回报。
She devoted herself to her research and her efforts paid off at last．(记叙文写作之人物介绍)
her efforts paid off at
last
知识归纳
[名师指津]　pay off意为“成功，奏效，达到目的；得到回报”时为不及物动词短语，无被动语态。
pay off all one's debts偿还某人所有的债务
pay back 偿还；报复
pay for 支付；为……付出代价；赔偿；因……受处罚
pay sb. for 为……给某人报酬
pay a visit to 参观，拜访
pay attention to 注意
11 句型公式：it作形式宾语
(教材原句)Now，we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.
如今，我们科学家理所当然地认为，生而有所不知是完全有可能的。
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①A teacher shouldn't take it for granted that every student has understood what he said in class.
②I like it when I have the opportunity to travel and explore new places.
it
when
③It is essential for parents to see to it that their children receive a proper education.
[能力提升]—— 句式升级
④You can rely on my helping you when you are in trouble.
→You can rely on it that I will help you when you are in trouble.(含有it作形式宾语的复合句)
You can rely on it that
to
知识归纳
[写作佳句]　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I would appreciate it if you could take my invitation into consideration/account.(应用文写作之邀请信)
如果您能考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。
(1)在“take it for granted＋that从句”中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的that从句。
(2)与此类似的用法有rely on/depend on/see to it＋that从句；appreciate it＋if从句；like/hate it＋when从句。
[查漏补缺]
1．He was limited to a cage underwater but that did not bother him.
2．The writer Mo Yan draws on/upon his childhood memories for the material of most of his stories.
3．At no time will China be the first to use (use)nuclear weapons.
4．Volunteering at the local shelter can make a difference in the lives of homeless animals.
5．Through trial (try)and error, scientists have been able to develop groundbreaking discoveries.
B
拾遗考点
to
on/upon
to use
a
trial
6．The man said he involved himself in this affair by accident, not on purpose.
7．The team won their last four games, ending the season with a bang.
8．As long as we put aside our cellphones and get down to spending time with our family，we will never let our family down．
9．She put forward some cogent (有说服力的)reasons for abandoning the plan.
10．As to the matter of the missing keys, I have no idea where they could be.
by
a
down
forward
to
知识点拨
1.by accident 偶然，意外地
2．put forward 提出，提议，建议
3．through trial and error 反复试验
4．as to 关于，至于
5．be limited to 限于；被限制在……上
6．make a difference 有影响，起作用
7．被序数词、形容词最高级或the only所修饰的名词，常用不定式作后置定语。
8．draw on/upon 凭借，利用
9．with a bang 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响
10．let sb. down 使某人失望
多维演练 　素养提升
返回
维度一　单句语法填空
1．(2025·全国一卷)The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened (broad)my view and touched my heart.
2．(2025·全国二卷)If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one (or a few！)doesn't make it.
3．As is indicated (indicate)in the report，most students in China are under great stress nowadays and some parents show their concern about this indication.
broadened
with
is indicated
4．(2025·全国一卷)Joanna Wright, a senior political (politics)science major, loves coffee and goes to the cafe at least six days a week.
5．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters (experiment)move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
6．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission (permit)to participate.
political
experimenters
permission
7．(2021·天津卷)In all，80 examinations were conducted (conduct)for the project between January and September，2019，focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
8．Essentially, what we are suggesting is that the firm needs to change.
9．(2025·浙江1月卷)When filming short videos on campus, students should be aware of their surroundings and avoid disrupting others' learning.
10．Taking everything into consideration, he worked out a detailed plan.
were conducted
what
of
out
维度二　一词多义和熟词生义
1．conduct
(1)From childhood, she tried to live by the teachings of her parents and gradually accumulated a set of standards of conduct．B
(2)Knowledge is the candle to conduct you to the bright and true life.D
(3)(2024·浙江1月卷)The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖)test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.C
(4)Most metals can conduct electricity.A
(5)Who will conduct the orchestra tonight？E
A.vt. 传导　B．n. 行为；举止　C．vt. 实施　D．vt. 引导　E．vt. 指挥
B
D
C
A
E
2．credit
(1)To his credit, Jack never told anyone exactly what had happened.C
(2)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payment may affect your credit．B
(3)You must pass the examination to get credits for the course.A
(4)(2024·北京卷)Tinniswood，who doesn't smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life.D
A.n. 学分　B．n. 信用　C．n. 赞扬　D．vt. 归功于
C
B
A
D
3．charge
(1)(2025·全国一卷)New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. C
(2)(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Failure to provide enough chaperones will result in an extra charge of $50 per absent adult.A
(3)My phone is having a dead battery；please help me charge it.E
(4)To our shock，the shy man should be charged with murdering his wife.D
A.n. 收费　B．v. 收费；要价　C．n. 充电　D．v. 指控；控告　E．v. 充电　F．v. 向……冲
C
A
E
D
(5)They normally charge three hundred pounds but we got it for half price.B
(6)The dog barked，jumping—four feet in the air—mouth open and charging at the man.F
A.n. 收费　B．v. 收费；要价　C．n. 充电　D．v. 指控；控告　E．v. 充电　F．v. 向……冲
B
F
4．快速阅读下列句子并猜测句中加黑词汇的词性和意思
(1)As an examiner, she showed no favour to any candidate.
n. 偏袒，较喜欢
点拨：favor(熟义)vt. 有助于 n. 帮助，好事。此处用作名词，意为“偏袒，较喜欢”。
(2)There are traditional proverbs which express a moral or a piece of advice.n. 寓意，教益
点拨：moral(熟义)adj. 道德的；道义上的；品行端正的。此处用作名词，意为“寓意，教益”。
n. 偏袒，较喜欢
n. 寓意，教益
维度三　写作素养提升
Ⅰ.单元话题写作
假设你是李华，请你写一篇关于“我最尊敬的科学家”的英文演讲稿，要求演讲稿中讲的是真实的事例，并说明你尊敬这位科学家的原因。
Step 1要点提示(黑体部分请用本单元知识)
①今天，我想谈谈一位我非常钦佩的科学家，尼古拉·特斯拉。
Today, I'd like to talk about a scientist I deeply admire, Nikola Tesla.
②他是一位电力领域的先驱。
He is a pioneer in the field of electricity．
a scientist I deeply admire,
in the field of electricity
③他的实验和试验为现代电力系统奠定了基础。
His experiments and trials laid the foundation for modern electricity systems.
④我最尊重特斯拉的不仅仅是他的智慧和知识，还有他的毅力。
What I respect most about Tesla is not just his wisdom and knowledge but his perseverance.
⑤他面临诸多挑战。
He faced numerous challenges．
⑥他的努力终于得到了回报。
His efforts finally paid off．
His experiments and trials
What I respect most about
wisdom and knowledge
numerous challenges
efforts finally paid off
Step 2句式升级
⑦用定语从句将句①和句②合并起来
Today, I'd like to talk about a scientist I deeply admire，Nikola Tesla, who is a pioneer in the field of electricity.
⑧将句⑤和句⑥用despite合并起来
Despite facing numerous challenges, his efforts finally paid off.
Today, I'd like to talk about a scientist I deeply admire，Nikola Tesla, who is a pioneer in the field of electricity.
Despite facing numerous challenges, his efforts finally paid off.
Step 3衔接成文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇)
Today, I'd like to talk about a scientist I deeply admire，Nikola Tesla, who is a pioneer in the field of electricity. His experiments and trials laid the foundation for modern electricity systems. While many of his contemporaries stuck to established theories, Tesla was not afraid to challenge them. What I respect most about Tesla is not just his wisdom and knowledge but his perseverance. Despite facing numerous challenges, his efforts finally paid off. He is respected as a great scientist.
In conclusion, Tesla's dedication to science and his persistent pursuit of knowledge make him a figure of inspiration for all of us.
Thank you.
Today, I'd like to talk about a scientist I deeply admire，Nikola Tesla, who is a pioneer in the field of electricity. His experiments and trials laid the foundation for modern electricity systems. While many of his contemporaries stuck to established theories, Tesla was not afraid to challenge them. What I respect most about Tesla is not just his wisdom and knowledge but his perseverance. Despite facing numerous challenges, his efforts finally paid off. He is respected as a great scientist.
In conclusion, Tesla's dedication to science and his persistent pursuit of knowledge make him a figure of inspiration for all of us.
Thank you.
Ⅱ.读后续写微技能
情感细节描写：绝望与无助
[语言素材]——输入必备知识
单词 1.helpless adj.无助的
2．despair n．绝望 v．感到绝望
3．desperate adj.绝望的；不顾一切的
4．panic v．/n.(使)恐慌
5．tremble v．颤抖；哆嗦
6．pale adj.苍白的；无血色的
7．frozen adj.僵住的；冻结的
8．collapse v．/n.崩溃
词块 1.be filled with despair 充满了绝望
2．frozen to the spot 僵在原地
3．a sense of hopelessness 一种无望感
4．fall into despair 陷入绝望
5．collapse completely 彻底崩溃
6．abandon all hope 放弃所有希望
[跟踪演练]——提升关键能力
任务1　单句表达
1．迷失在森林里，他感到完全无助，不知道该往哪个方向走。(helpless)
Lost in the forest, he felt completely helpless, not knowing which way to go.
2．在绝望的尝试中，他试图呼救，但他的声音在风中消失了。(desperate)
In a desperate attempt, he tried to call for help, but his voice was lost in the wind.
felt completely helpless,
In a desperate attempt,
3．当他意识到自己被困住时，他的嘴唇开始因寒冷和恐惧而颤抖。(tremble)
His lips began to tremble with cold and fear when he realized he was trapped.
4．看到眼前毁灭的景象，他的脸变得苍白如纸。(pale)
His face turned as pale as a sheet upon seeing the scene of destruction before him.
5．当他听到远处传来狼嚎声时，他吓得僵在原地。(spot)
He was frozen to the spot with fear when he heard the sound of a wolf howling in the distance.
to tremble with cold
His face turned as pale as a sheet
was frozen to the spot
任务2　语段表达
Trapped in the collapsed building, the man began to 1.fall into despair (陷入绝望). 2.A sense of hopelessness (一种无望感)washed over him as darkness surrounded him completely. He 3.tried not to panic (尽量不恐慌)，but his mind was racing with terrible thoughts. He felt his emotional strength 4.start to collapse (开始崩溃)under the immense weight of the situation. Just as he was about to 5.abandon all hope (放弃所有希望)，he heard a faint voice calling his name. For a moment, he was frozen, thinking he was imagining it, before shouting back with all his remaining strength.
fall into despair
A sense of hopelessness
tried not to panic
start to collapse
abandon all hope
基础默测
返回
一、核心单词写得准
1．republic n. 共和国，共和政体
2．province n. 省，省份
3．trial n. 试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验 vi. & vt. 测试，试验
4．postpone vt. 延迟，延期
5．broad adj. 广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的
6．intend vt. & vi. 想要，计划；意指
7．experiment n. 实验，试验；尝试，实践 vi. 做试验，进行实验；尝试
A
默写达标
republic
province
trial
postpone
broad
intend
experiment
8．limited adj. 有限的
9．container n. 容器；集装箱，货柜
10．wisdom n. 智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智
11．beneficial adj. 有益的，有用的
12．sufficient adj. 足够的，充足的
13．error n. 错误，差错
14．charge vt. & vi. 充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n. 收费；控告；谴责；掌管
15．standout adj. 突出的 n. 突出的人(或物)
16．credit n. 赞扬，认可；信用 vt. 存入金额；把……归于
limited
container
wisdom
beneficial
sufficient
error
charge
standout
credit
17．negate vt. 取消，使无效；否认，否定
18．authority n. 权威，权力；官方
19．publish vt. 出版，发行；发表；公布
negate
authority
publish
二、拓展单词通变化
1．conduct vt. & vi. 组织，实施；指挥；引导；举止→conductor n. (公共汽车)售票员；(乐队)指挥
2．surround vt. 围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→surrounding adj. 周围的→surroundings n. 周围的环境
3．indicate vt. 表明；暗示；提及；指出→indication n. 表明；暗示
4．accident n. 意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇→accidental adj. 意外的；偶然的→accidentally adv. 偶然地，意外地
5．intelligent adj. 有才智的，聪明的；有智力的→intelligence n. 才智

conduct
conductor
surround
surrounding
surroundings
indicate
indication
accident
accidental
accidentally
intelligent
intelligence
6．favour vt. 较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n. 帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒→favourable adj. 赞同的；支持的；有利的→favourite adj. 最喜爱的
7．involve vt. 包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加→involved adj. 有关联；积极参与的；复杂难解的→involvement n. 参与
8．scientific adj. 科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的→science n. 科学→scientist n. 科学家
9．ignorance n. 无知→ignorant adj. 不了解的，无知的；很无礼的→ignore vt. 忽视；不理睬
10．freedom n. 自由→free adj. 自由的；免费的→freely adv. 自由地

favour
favourable
favourite
involve
involved
involvement
scientific
science
scientist
ignorance
ignorant
ignore
freedom
free
freely
11．permit vt. & vi. 允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n. 许可证→permission n. 允许，许可
12．responsibility n. 责任，负责；职责，义务→responsible adj. 负责的
13．declare vt. 表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报→declaration n. 宣布；宣告；声明
14．marriage n. 结婚，婚姻；已婚状态→marry v. 结婚→married adj. 已婚的

permit
permission
responsibility
responsible
declare
declaration
marriage
marry
married
三、阅读单词晓词义
1．malaria n. 疟疾
2．extract n. 提取物；选录 vt. 提取；选录；取出；设法得到
3．mould n. 霉菌；模具；类型 vt. 浇铸；塑造
4．bacteria n. (sing. bacterium)细菌
5．lightning n. 闪电
6．thunderstorm n. 雷雨，雷暴
7．atomic adj. 原子能的；原子的
8．evil n. 罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处 adj. 恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的
9．mystery n. 神秘；神秘的人(或事物)；悬疑作品
10．evolution n. 进化；演变，发展
疟疾
提取物；选录
提取；选录；取出；设法得到
霉菌；模具；类型
浇铸；塑造
细菌
闪电
雷雨，雷暴
原子能的；原子的
罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处
恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的
神秘；神秘的人(或事物)；悬疑作品
进化；演变，发展
四、重点短语明搭配
1．refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
2．speed up (使)加速
3．pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的
4．through trial and error 反复试验
5．by accident 偶然，意外地
6．with a bang 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响
7．as to 关于，至于
8．take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然
9．let sb. down 使某人失望
refer to
speed up
pay off
through trial and error
by accident
with a bang
as to
take it for granted
let sb. down
10．thanks to 幸亏，归因于
11．far from the truth 根本不是事实
thanks to
far from the truth
五、教材佳句会运用
1．然而，直到20世纪70年代，屠呦呦才在多次试验失败之后发现了青蒿素。(It was not until...that...强调句型)
However, it was not until the 1970s that Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu, after many failed experiments.
2．科学体现价值的第一种方式对每个人而言都耳熟能详……(the way作先行词的定语从句；be＋of＋抽象名词)
The first way in which science is of value is familiar to everyone...
it was not until the 1970s that Tu succeeded in discovering
The first way in which science is of value
3．据一本1 600多年前的古籍记载，古人通过冷水制备青蒿提取物，受此启发，屠呦呦重新设计了实验，为了不破坏其(抗疟的)有效成分，她尝试在低温下提取青蒿。(过去分词短语作状语)
Inspired by an over 1，600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part.
Inspired by an over 1，600-year-old text about preparing qinghao
extract with cold water,
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Many people do not like the idea of experiments (实验)on animals.
2．Please convey my apologies to your boss for postponing (推迟)interviewing him.
3．In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell conducted (实施)a successful experiment, which marked the birth of the telephone.
4．Sue Wood was only nine when her first short story was published (出版)．
5．The man was charged (控告)with an attempted murder.
B
基础检测
experiments
postponing
conducted
published
charged
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．She has a firm intention (intend)to be the best swimmer.
2．She made no reference (refer)to her illness but only to her future plans.
3．This book shares some of our experience during our exploration (explore)．
4．Walking is extremely beneficial (benefit)to your body shaping.
5．It's said that the cobra is one of the world's deadliest (deadly)snakes.

intention
reference
exploration
beneficial
deadliest
Ⅲ.选词填空
1．At last, his years of hard work paid off and he was admitted into Beijing University.
2．Thanks to your timely help, I wasn't trapped in the heavy rain.
3．You can't imagine what great difficulty we have ever had finding the person you referred to in your letter.
4．The new set of equipment is expected to speed up the production process.
5．Lily's account of the accident was far from the truth．
speed up; thanks to; pay off; far from the truth; refer to
paid off
Thanks to
referred to
speed up
far from the truth
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1．他的音乐才能一直到19世纪早期才被充分认可。(It was not until...that... 强调句型)
It was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognized.
2．我不喜欢他看着我的那个样子。(the way作先行词的定语从句)
I don't like the way (that/in which)he looks at me．
3．事实是，做早操将对你的健康有利。(be＋of＋抽象名词)
The fact is that doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health．
It was not until the early 19th century that
the way (that/in which)he looks at me
be of benefit to your
health
课时作业
返回
课时作业23
课时作业24
课时作业23
(总分：35分)
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
A
(2026·浙江名校协作体联考)
When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌)，killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”， and seemingly at a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics (抗生素)．
That's how most people see innovation: A flash of brilliance. Then eureka! A new world is born. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn't until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use.
To put Fleming's discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房)，significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad air”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming's later work.
Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming's paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World WarⅡ raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945.
Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章以Alexander Fleming 发明青霉素为例，阐述了创新并非简单的灵光一现，而是一个复杂的过程。
1．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about？(　　)
A．An account of a lab story.
B．Redefinition of a traditional view.
C．Correction of a popular misconception.
D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon.
解析：段落大意题。前两段先讲述了Alexander Fleming发现青霉素的故事，接着讲述绝大多数人认为创新是灵光一闪，但这是对创新的普遍误解，实际上青霉素从发现到广泛应用并非如此简单。所以前两段重点在于纠正这种普遍误解。故选C项。
C
2．What is the message conveyed in paragraph 3？(　　)
A．Great minds think alike.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C.Luck's got your back when it comes to success.
D.Early work is a stepping stone to later breakthroughs.
解析：推理判断题。第三段讲述了Ignaz Semmelweis倡导洗手以减少产褥热。虽然当时他的想法受到鄙视，但他的工作为Fleming后来的工作奠定了基础。这体现了早期工作对后来突破的重要性。故选D项。
D
3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” in paragraph 4 mean？(　　)
A．Delaying. B．Introducing.
C．Predicting. D．Transforming.
解析：词句猜测题。画线部分所在句提到21个公司量产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，并且开启了抗生素的新时代，由此可知，画线部分与B项意思接近。故选B项。
B
4．Which of the following can be the best title？(　　)
A.Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes
B.From Failure to Success: the Story of Penicillin
C.The Lone Genius: Fleming's Discovery of Penicillin
D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，文章以Alexander Fleming发明青霉素为例，阐述了创新并非简单的灵光一现，而是个复杂的过程。故D项最适合作文章标题。故选D项。
D
B
(2026·西南名校联盟联考)
Artificial intelligence (AI)might be the biggest winner of the Nobel Prize in 2024.US scientist John Hopfield and British-Canadian Geoffrey Hinton won the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics for discoveries and inventions in machine learning that paved the way for the AI rapid growth, according to Reuters.
In 1982, Hopfield created a network that helps computers store and recall patterns, similar to how our brains remember things.A year later, Hinton developed the Boltzmann machine, which allows computers to learn independently to recognize patterns in data, such as identifying specific objects in images.
As for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, US scientists David Baker and John Jumper, along with British computer scientist Demis Hassabis, won the prize.Half the prize was awarded to Baker “for computational protein design” while the other half was shared by Jumper and Hassabis for their development of the AI model AlphaFold 2.
Scientists struggled for decades to predict how proteins fold into their 3D shapes that determine their function.However, AlphaFold 2, developed by the AI research laboratory DeepMind, can accurately predict the 3D structures of nearly all known proteins, showing great potential in the field of drug development.
“AI can be a powerful tool for solving problems that involve obtaining outputs from inputs, showing its great potential in scientific research，” Professor Yang Maojun from Tsinghua University told Science and Technology Daily.
In his view, AI applications are not limited to fields like biology, chemistry or physics.Their range mainly depends on how well problems from the real world can be abstracted into a form that AI can learn and process, and whether there is sufficient real-world data to train and build deep learning networks.
AI's importance in scientific research is increasingly evident.Yang believes that scientists should actively accept this trend while remaining aware of AI's limitations.Hinton expressed a similar concern at the Nobel press conference. “We also have to worry about a number of possible bad consequences, particularly the threat of these things getting out of control，” he said.
“Humans carry the responsibility for using this new technology in a safe and ethical(合乎道德的)way, for the greatest benefit of humankind，” said Ellen Moons, chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章通过对2024年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖的获得者及其成果的介绍，说明人工智能有可能成为2024年诺贝尔奖的最大赢家，并说明了人工智能在科研中的重要作用、应用范围及局限性等。
5．What was John Hopfield's contribution to the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics？(　　)
A．Inventing a new learning machine.
B．Designing a new type of data processor.
C．Creating an AI model for image analysis.
D．Developing a network for pattern storage.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第二段第一句可知，John Hopfield 对2024年诺贝尔物理学奖的贡献是开发了一个用于模式储存的网络，故选D。
D
6．Why is AlphaFold 2 important in the field of drug development？(　　)
A．It can forecast protein folding patterns.
B．It can produce new proteins for drug use.
C．It can identify proteins related to diseases.
D．It can analyze the genetic orders of proteins.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知，AlphaFold 2可以预测蛋白质折叠模式，这对药物开发领域很关键，故选A。
A
7．What may determine the potential of AI applications according to Yang Maojun？(　　)
A．The accuracy of AI training data.
B．The effectiveness of machine learning.
C．The availability of enough real-world data.
D．The level of real-world problem settlement.
解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中“Their range mainly depends on…whether there is sufficient real-world data to train and build deep learning networks.”可知，杨茂君认为，获得足够的现实世界的数据可能决定了人工智能应用的潜力，故选C。
C
8．What can be the best title of the passage？(　　)
A．AI also has its weak points
B．AI should benefit humankind
C．AI steals the show at the Nobel Prize
D．AI may run out of control in the future
解析：主旨大意题。 文章第一段首句点明人工智能有可能成为2024年诺贝尔奖的最大赢家，接着具体介绍了2024年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖的获得者及其成果，然后引用清华大学杨茂君教授的观点来说明人工智能在科研中的重要作用、应用范围及局限性等。由此可知，全文围绕人工智能在2024年诺贝尔奖中的突出表现展开，故C项“人工智能在诺贝尔奖上抢尽风头”最适合作本文的标题，故选C。
C
Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分)
(2025·安徽县中联盟联考)
On a fall day, my wife and I went boating on the Blackfoot River.I was excited about the trip because it would allow me to forget my __1__.
At noon, we rested on a bank.__2__ the scenery, we barely realized the approaching danger.Then three large __3__ emerged from the forest: a huge mama bear with two babies.They were less than 100 feet away across the river, far closer than the recommended __4__ distance.
I could feel __5__ reached deep into my stomach.Time stood still.Then, I grabbed the bear spray (喷雾)and we walked downriver to __6__ ourselves. “Hey, bears！” I said.“We are not here to __7__ you.”At that moment, I thought the mama bear would __8__ across the river, covering the 100 feet in seconds.Although I knew how to use the spray, I didn't think I could use it __9__.
To our surprise, the mama bear __10__ drank water from the river.When one baby wandered just a few steps away, she quickly __11__ him.Just like their __12__ appearance, they were gone，disappearing into the forest.We returned to our boat, lost in __13__.
This encounter __14__ me, making my daily concerns insignificant in the larger context of our planet.The experience, the fear, and my __15__ as a human have changed my perspective on the world forever.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。一年秋天，作者和妻子去划船。当二人醉心于自然美景之时，一只熊妈妈带着两个熊宝宝在河的对岸意外出现，作者瞬间感到害怕，抓起防熊喷雾，和妻子紧急远离，但是，熊妈妈它们只是来河边喝水而已，喝完水后它们就离开了。这让作者不禁感慨自己的狭隘和渺小，并改变了对世界的看法。
On a fall day, my wife and I went boating on the Blackfoot River.I was excited about the trip because it would allow me to forget my __1__.
1．(　　)A.concerns B．principles
C．passions D．secrets
解析：根据最后一段的“making my daily concerns insignificant in the larger context of our planet”可知，作者一开始是想借助划船来忘记自己的烦恼，concern意为“使人担忧的事物”，符合语境。principle“道德原则，行为准则，规范”；passion“酷爱，热衷的爱好”；secret“秘密，机密”。
答案分析
A
At noon, we rested on a bank.__2__ the scenery, we barely realized the approaching danger.
2．(　　)A.Tired of B．Absorbed in
C．Looking into D．Reflecting on
解析：根据下文的“we barely realized the approaching danger”可知，作者和妻子被自然美景吸引，以至于危险来临都没有察觉。(be)absorbed in 意为“被……吸引住”，符合语境。(be)tired of“对……感到厌烦”；look into“调查，审查”；reflect on“仔细思考”。
B
Then three large __3__ emerged from the forest: a huge mama bear with two babies.
3．(　　)A.signs B．pictures
C．targets D．shapes
解析：根据下文的“a huge mama bear with two babies”可知，作者在岸边休息，三个庞大的身影从树林里出现。shape在此意为“模糊的影子”，属于熟词生义的用法。sign“迹象，征兆”；target“目标，指标”。
D
They were less than 100 feet away across the river, far closer than the recommended __4__ distance.
4．(　　)A.social B．safe
C．average D．constant
解析：根据下文描述的作者和妻子看见熊之后的反应和“I thought the mama bear would __8__ across the river, covering the 100 feet in seconds”可知，熊妈妈它们就在河对岸，距离作者不到100英尺，这远比建议的安全(safe)距离近得多。social“社交的”；average“平均的”；constant “不变的，固定的”。
B
I could feel __5__ reached deep into my stomach.Time stood still.Then, I grabbed the bear spray (喷雾)and we walked downriver to __6__ ourselves.
5．(　　)A.fear B．surprise
C．excitement D．courage
解析：根据上文的“They were less than 100 feet away across the river…distance.”和下文的“Time stood still.Then, I grabbed the bear spray (喷雾)and we walked downriver”可知，作者此时感到害怕(fear)。
A
I could feel __5__ reached deep into my stomach.Time stood still.Then, I grabbed the bear spray (喷雾)and we walked downriver to __6__ ourselves.
6．(　　)A.relax B．corner
C．dismiss D．distance
解析：根据上文可知，熊出现的时候，作者和妻子并不在安全的距离范围，因此作者他们向下游走是为了让自己离熊更远一点。distance在此用作动词，意为“拉开距离，与……疏远”。corner“使(人或动物)走投无路， 把……逼入困境”；dismiss“解散，解雇”。
D
“Hey, bears！” I said.“We are not here to __7__ you.”
7．(　　)A.bathe B．tease
C．bother D．pet
解析：根据上文的“we walked downriver to __6__ ourselves”并结合常识可知，作者此时和熊保持了一定的距离，然后和熊解释自己不是来打扰(bother)它们的。bathe“给……洗澡”；tease“招惹，逗弄(动物)”；pet“抚摸”。
C
At that moment, I thought the mama bear would __8__ across the river, covering the 100 feet in seconds.
8．(　　)A.sail B．float
C．charge D．wander
解析：根据下文的“covering the 100 feet in seconds”可知，作者认为熊妈妈在几秒内就能跨越这100英尺的距离，冲(charge)到河对岸来。charge在此意为“冲，猛冲”，属于熟词生义的用法。sail“飘过，飞过”；float“漂流，漂浮”；wander“徘徊，闲逛”。
C
Although I knew how to use the spray, I didn't think I could use it __9__.
9．(　　)A.in advance B．at random
C．at peace D．in time
解析：根据上文的“covering the 100 feet in seconds”并结合常识可知，如果熊妈妈在几秒内冲到河对岸来，那么作者很可能无法及时(in time)使用防熊喷雾。in advance“预先，事先”；at random“随意，随机，胡乱”；at peace“处于平静状态”。
D
To our surprise, the mama bear __10__ drank water from the river.
10．(　　)A.probably B．simply
C．naturally D．certainly
解析：根据第三段的“I thought the mama bear would __8__ across the river”和空前的“To our surprise”可知，作者本以为熊妈妈会冲到河对岸来，但令作者他们惊讶的是，熊妈妈只是(simply)在河边喝水。naturally“自然地，当然地”；certainly“无疑，确定”。
B
When one baby wandered just a few steps away, she quickly __11__ him.
11．(　　)A.rescued B．abandoned
C．fetched D．examined
解析：根据上文的“the mama bear __10__ drank water from the river.When one baby wandered just a few steps away”可知，熊妈妈带着熊宝宝在河边喝水，当一只熊宝宝只是走了几步远时，熊妈妈就快速把它拽回来(fetched)。rescue“营救，援救，抢救”；abandon“遗弃，抛弃”；examine“检查，调查，审核”。
C
Just like their __12__ appearance, they were gone，disappearing into the forest.We returned to our boat, lost in __13__.
12．(　　)A.timely B．inappropriate
C．unexpected D．regular
解析：根据第二段的描述可知，这三只熊是突然(unexpected)出现的，喝完水后，它们就离开了。timely“适时的，及时的”；inappropriate“不适当的，不合适的”；regular“规则的，有规律的”。
C
Just like their __12__ appearance, they were gone，disappearing into the forest.We returned to our boat, lost in __13__.
13．(　　)A.awe B．shock
C．regret D．calmness
解析：根据最后一段作者的感悟可知，这次经历改变了作者对世界的看法，让作者对自然满怀敬畏(awe)。shock“震惊，惊愕”；regret“懊悔，悔恨”；calmness“平静，镇静”。
A
This encounter __14__ me, making my daily concerns insignificant in the larger context of our planet.
14．(　　)A.astonished B．humbled
C．refreshed D．fueled
解析：根据下文的“making my daily concerns insignificant in the larger context of our planet”可知，这次邂逅让作者感到自己的渺小，作者日常的那些烦恼在这个广袤的星球面前显得微不足道。humble在此用作动词，意为“使感到卑微”。astonish“使大为惊奇，使惊愕”；refresh“使恢复精力，使凉爽”；fuel“刺激”。
B
The experience, the fear, and my __15__ as a human have changed my perspective on the world forever.
15．(　　)A.limitations B．responsibilities
C．advantages D．virtues
解析：根据上文可知，熊妈妈和熊宝宝只是来河边喝水，而作者却如临大敌，以为它们会攻击自己。此外，作者一开始只关注排解自己的烦恼，而没有从整体上看待宇宙万物。因此，作者意识到了自己作为人类的局限(limitations)。responsibility“职责，任务，义务”；advantage“好处，优点”；virtue“美德，优秀品质，良好习惯”。
A
课时作业24
(总分：32.5分)
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
A
(2025·江西新余二模)
We all know cacti (仙人掌)store water—but to survive, they also adjust their flower positions to gain more sunlight or shade, and so much more. Scientists have been copying the resilient plants' methods to help engineer our future.
One of the most exciting advancements involves Copiapoa, a genus of cacti with at least 32 species found in the coastal Atacama Desert, the driest nonpolar desert on Earth. These cacti, typically five to six inches wide, can form gray-green bushes that spread out over an area otherwise empty of vegetation.
Documented by many scientists, Copiapoas probably survive by “drinking” the salty fog that sweeps in from the sea every morning, as well as the dew—tiny bits of water—that forms on their spines (尖刺)and skin. This has inspired researcher Tegwen Malik from Swansea University to think about whether the dew-collecting process might be reproduced in metal structures.
Specifically, Malik took a close look at the one-and-a-quarter-inch spines of Copiapoas and found that their surface has a series of tiny channels that broaden at the base. “This creates a surface roughness that enables dewdrops to move along them even against gravity，” she says.
Starting in 2013, she set out to recreate that structure by engineering a flat metal reproduction of the stems and spines of the Copiapoa, which she began testing under a series of different temperatures and humidity. After several years of experiments—testing indoor and outdoor conditions, and with various cooling methods—she finally got it to work. In 2023, Malik published a study showing that the irregular surface was 8 percent more efficient at harvesting dew than a flat sheet used as a baseline.
Malik imagines desert homes with water-collecting features to provide clean water in dry regions. “The easiest way could be to place dew-harvesting surfaces on roofs, but you could also have these structures in tents in the desert，” she says. “We truly have hidden treasures in the Copiapoa, and we are only just learning some of their secrets.”
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家受仙人掌启发，研发出了可以在干旱地区收集露水的金属结构，为干燥地区提供清洁水源。
1．What does the underlined word “resilient” mean in paragraph 1？(　　)
A．Highly adaptable to different soils.
B．Able to grow quickly and efficiently.
C．Resistant to diseases and harmful insects.
D．Capable of surviving difficult conditions.
解析：词句猜测题。根据第一段“We all know cacti (仙人掌)store water—but to survive…Scientists have been copying the resilient plants' methods to help engineer our future.”可知，画线词修饰的plants指代cacti (仙人掌)，这种植物能在干旱的沙漠中生存下来，所以推断resilient的意思是“能在困难环境中生存下来的”。
D
2．What drove Tegwen Malik to study Copiapoas？(　　)
A．Their metal-like surface.
B．Their mechanism to gather water.
C．Their typical appearance.
D．Their ability to form water drops.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“Documented by many scientists…whether the dew-collecting process might be reproduced in metal structures.”可知，是仙人掌收集水分的机制启发了Tegwen Malik去研究它。
B
3．What was the main focus of Malik's experiment with the Copiapoa？(　　)
A．Recreating a flat metal copy of it.
B．Testing if its metal copy would work.
C．Seeing how it survives various climates.
D.Finding the most efficient cooling method for it.
B
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中“Starting in 2013, she set out to recreate…under a series of different temperatures and humidity.”以及“In 2023, Malik published a study showing that the irregular surface was 8 percent more efficient at harvesting dew than a flat sheet used as a baseline.”可知，Malik关于Copiapoa的实验重点是测试它的金属复制品是否有效。
4．How may Malik's metal structure be applied？(　　)
A．To secure water supply in dry areas.
B．To clean salty water in desert homes.
C．To enable desert explorers to travel light.
D．To improve ways to discover hidden treasures.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Malik imagines desert homes with water-collecting features to provide clean water in dry regions.”可知，Malik的金属结构可能被应用于确保干旱地区的水供应。
A
B
(2025·山东泰安三模)
In recent years, scientists have become aware of new problems associated with the mass production of microplastics, which can now be found on every part of the earth, including inside almost every person on the planet. Part of the problem is the difficulty and expense involved in recycling plastics, which makes it easier to throw them in the trash or the ocean. In a new study, the researchers in Switzerland have developed a way to break down plastics into their monomer (单体)substances, allowing for much easier and cheaper recycling.
Plastics are substances made up of large molecules (分子)，which consist of smaller subunits called monomers. They are formed using a process called polymerization, which in essence combines the monomers into a single substance, namely plastic. Pulling them apart again has proven to be difficult and expensive, until now.
The new process involves placing the plastic substances in a chemical liquid and then shining a violet light on it as reactions in the liquid take place—no substance that promotes reactions is needed. The only caveats are that conditions in the container must be kept above 90℃， and the light must remain on the whole time. Once finished, the result is a container filled with monomers and other chemicals, which can be easily separated and recycled.
The technique was discovered by accident, so the team sought to explain why it worked so well. They found that the chemical, when exposed to the plastic substance, produced chlorine radicals (氯自由基)under the light. The radicals then pulled hydrogen atoms from seemingly random parts of the plastic substance backbone, causing it to break. Even better, when it broke, a new radical was formed, kicking off more reactions.
The researchers acknowledge that the reaction is slow, but also note that it has high output and that it is simple, easy and inexpensive to conduct. They suggest it could transform the recycling of plastics around the world.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。瑞士研究人员开发了一种利用化学液体和紫光高效分解塑料为单体的新方法，有望简化并降低塑料回收的成本和难度。
5．What is the function of paragraph 2？(　　)
A．To compare old and new recycling methods.
B.To stress the urgency of preventing plastic pollution.
C.To show the complexity of the new plastic-recycling tech.
D.To provide plastic knowledge for the new recycling method.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段“Plastics are substances made up of large molecules(分子)…which in essence combines the monomers into a single substance, namely plastic.”可知，该段通过解释塑料的化学结构(单体、聚合过程)，为后文介绍“将塑料分解为单体”的新回收技术提供基础概念，起到知识铺垫作用。
D
6．What does the underlined word “caveats” in paragraph 3 probably mean？(　　)
A．Results. B．Requirements.
C．Advantages. D．Barriers.
解析：词句猜测题。根据第三段“The only caveats are that conditions in the container must be kept above 90℃， and the light must remain on the whole time.”可知，caveats指该技术在操作中需要满足的条件或要求，与“Requirements(要求)”含义一致。
B
7．What might the follow-up study focus on？(　　)
A．Speeding the reactions in the liquid.
B．Reducing operating costs in the process.
C．Raising people's awareness of recycling.
D．Increasing the temperatures in the container.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“The researchers acknowledge that the reaction is slow, but also note that it has high output and that it is simple, easy and inexpensive to conduct.”可推断，后续研究可能针对当前技术“反应慢”的缺点，探索加速反应的方法。
A
8．Which of the following serves as the best title for the text？(　　)
A．The Chemistry of Recycling
B．Microplastics: Bad to Worse
C．Plastic Recycling's Old Problems
D．Breakthrough: Plastic to Monomers
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a new study, the researchers in Switzerland have developed a way to break down plastics into their monomer (单体)substances, allowing for much easier and cheaper recycling.”及全文对该技术的原理和优势的介绍可知，文章核心是讲述“将塑料分解为单体”这一突破性回收技术。D项“突破：塑料分解为单体”适合用作标题。
D
Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分)
(2026·江苏南京六校联考)
With data shaping everything from healthcare breakthroughs to the latest entertainment trends, data scientists are at the heart of some of the most exciting innovations happening right now. 1(____)
In the simplest terms, data scientists are the problem-solvers of the digital age. They collect, analyze and interpret complex datasets to help businesses solve real-world problems.2(____)Whether it's uncovering hidden patterns in customer data, improving product quality or helping businesses make smarter decisions, data scientists are always deeply engaged in it.
Data scientists are highly skilled in coding. 3(____)It's also used to automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for more creative work. While not every task will involve coding, it's still a core skill that enables data scientists to obtain insights efficiently and effectively. It's the foundation upon which they build the models and tools that power business innovations.
4(____)With more and more data being generated every day, skilled data professionals are more popular than ever. This rapid growth is driven by the increasing need for data to inform smarter decision-making across every industry. Roles in the field span a wide range, including the machine learning engineer, data analyst, quantitative researcher and business intelligence specialist.
With AI moving at lightning speed, it's natural to wonder if data scientists could one day be replaced by AI. While AI can automate repetitive tasks like data preparation, it doesn't have the critical thinking and strategic decision-making that human data scientists bring to the table.
5(____)If you have a passion for coding and get excited about turning data into real-world solutions, data science might just be your perfect match.
A．Are data scientists in demand
B．Coding isn't just for creating instructions.
C．The life of a data scientist is anything but dull.
D.They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.
E．So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.
F．But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world
G.However, their work could not always lead to practical solutions.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数据科学家在当今社会中的重要角色。
With data shaping everything from healthcare breakthroughs to the latest entertainment trends, data scientists are at the heart of some of the most exciting innovations happening right now. 1(____)
A．Are data scientists in demand
B．Coding isn't just for creating instructions.
C．The life of a data scientist is anything but dull.
D.They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.
E．So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.
F．But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world
G.However, their work could not always lead to practical solutions.
答案分析
F
解析：上文“With data shaping everything from healthcare breakthroughs to the latest entertainment trends, data scientists are at the heart of some of the most exciting innovations happening right now.”指出数据科学家在当今社会中的重要性。F选项“But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world？(但在当今世界，成为一名数据科学家到底是什么样的呢？)”提出了一个问题，自然引出了下文对数据科学家角色的具体描述。因此，F选项承上启下，符合语境。
In the simplest terms, data scientists are the problem-solvers of the digital age. They collect, analyze and interpret complex datasets to help businesses solve real-world problems.2(____)Whether it's uncovering hidden patterns in customer data, improving product quality or helping businesses make smarter decisions, data scientists are always deeply engaged in it.
A．Are data scientists in demand
B．Coding isn't just for creating instructions.
C．The life of a data scientist is anything but dull.
D.They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.
E．So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.
F．But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world
G.However, their work could not always lead to practical solutions.
D
解析：上文“In the simplest terms, data scientists are the problem-solvers of the digital age. They collect, analyze and interpret complex datasets to help businesses solve real-world problems.”指出数据科学家的主要工作是将复杂数据转化为可解决实际问题的见解。D项“They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.”直接对应了上文的描述，进一步解释了数据科学家的核心能力。因此，D选项符合语境。
Data scientists are highly skilled in coding. 3(____)It's also used to automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for more creative work. While not every task will involve coding, it's still a core skill that enables data scientists to obtain insights efficiently and effectively. It's the foundation upon which they build the models and tools that power business innovations.
A．Are data scientists in demand
B．Coding isn't just for creating instructions.
C．The life of a data scientist is anything but dull.
D.They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.
E．So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.
F．But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world
G.However, their work could not always lead to practical solutions.
B
解析：根据上文提到“Data scientists are highly skilled in coding.(数据科学家在编码方面技能高超。)”和下文“It's also used to automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for more creative work.”可知，编码不仅用于创建指令，还有其他重要作用。B项“Coding isn't just for creating instructions.”承上启下，引出了下文对编码在数据科学家工作中其他作用的描述。因此，B选项符合语境。
4(____)With more and more data being generated every day, skilled data professionals are more popular than ever. This rapid growth is driven by the increasing need for data to inform smarter decision-making across every industry. Roles in the field span a wide range, including the machine learning engineer, data analyst, quantitative researcher and business intelligence specialist.
A．Are data scientists in demand
B．Coding isn't just for creating instructions.
C．The life of a data scientist is anything but dull.
D.They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.
E．So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.
F．But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world
G.However, their work could not always lead to practical solutions.
A
解析：下文“With more and more data being generated every day, skilled data professionals are more popular than ever.”指出数据科学家在当前社会中的需求很高。A项“Are data scientists in demand？”提出了一个问题，自然引出了下文对数据科学家需求增长的描述。因此，A选项符合语境。
5(____)If you have a passion for coding and get excited about turning data into real-world solutions, data science might just be your perfect match.
A．Are data scientists in demand
B．Coding isn't just for creating instructions.
C．The life of a data scientist is anything but dull.
D.They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.
E．So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.
F．But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world
G.However, their work could not always lead to practical solutions.
E
解析：上文“While AI can automate repetitive tasks like data preparation, it doesn't have the critical thinking and strategic decision-making that human data scientists bring to the table.”指出人工智能无法完全替代数据科学家。E选项“So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.”承接上文，进一步解释了人工智能和数据科学家之间的关系，即人工智能将作为辅助工具帮助数据科学家更高效地完成工作。因此，E选项符合语境。必修第三册　Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world
熟读话题外刊，速记单元词汇
In a 1.province (n.省)far away, a 2.scientific (adj. 科学的)genius was on a mission to change the world. He conducted his 3.experiment (n. 实验)4.broadly (adv. 广阔地)，5.intending (v. 意指)to address a 6.deadly (adj. 致命的)issue that had troubled households for generations. The 7.data (n. 数据)he gathered was 8.sufficient (adj. 充足的)to 9.illustrate (v. 说明)the severity of the problem. However, the 10.limitation (n. 限制)was lack of resources and he had to 11.postpone (v. 推迟)his 12.trials (n. 试验)multiple times.
13．Through trial and error (phr. 反复试验)，he discovered a method to 14.speed up (phr. 加速)the process. His 15.conduct (n. 行为)during these trials was perfect, always referring to his notes and previous data to ensure no step was missed. The 16.surrounding (adj. 周围的)community began to take notice and be 17.favourable (adj. 支持的)to his work, offering support and resources.
His experiments began to 18.pay off (phr. 取得成功). The household 19.benefited (v. 得益于)from the results, 20.indicating (v. 表明)a significant reduction in 21.accidents (n. 事故). The community 22.credited (v. 称赞)him for his devotion. His 23.involvement (n. 参与)24.negated (v. 消除)any potential danger. His findings were so revolutionary that they were 25.applied (v. 应用)globally.
In the end, his work was not just about scientific advancement but also about the 26.moral (adj. 道德的)responsibility to ensure 27.survival (n. 生存). His story is an indication that perseverance, combined with 28.intelligence (n. 才智)and a bit of luck, can truly change the world.
1 intend vt. & vi. 想要，计划；意指
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①I intend to take (take)up a part-time job，through which I can have broad horizons.
②(2025·全国二卷)This article about Canadian sports is intended for our school newspaper's sports column specifically.
③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide (provide)stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
④(2025· 全国一卷)She has every intention (intend)of staying and continuing doing what she loves.
⑤He has made up his mind to intend his son to manage (manage)the company.
⑥It is intended that production will start at the end of the month.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑦我本打算这个周末和你一起出去，但出了意外。所以我写信向你道歉。
I had intended to go out with you this weekend but something unexpected happened. So I'm writing to express my apology to you.(应用文写作之道歉信)
(1)intend to do/doing sth. 打算做某事 intend sb.to do sth. 打算让某人做某事 (2)It is intended that… 打算……；计划…… be intended for/to do sth. 被用于……；为……打算(或设计)的 had intended to do sth.(＝intended to have done sth.)本打算做某事(但事实上没做) (3)intention n. 打算；计划；意图 with an/the intention of 抱有……的目的；打算……
[写作佳句]　Last weekend，our school organized a fruit-picking activity, intending to make us students further understand the hardship of farmers.(读后续写之场景描写)
上周末，我们学校组织了一场水果采摘活动，旨在让我们这些学生更进一步地理解农民的艰辛。
2 postpone vt. 延迟，延期 n．延误，耽搁；耽搁的时间；推迟
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①School Day is coming; we can't put off preparing for it.
②We'll have to postpone the meeting until/to next week.
③Let's postpone making (make)a decision until we have more information.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
④很遗憾地通知您，由于天气不好，运动会已经被推迟。
It is regretted to inform you that the sport meeting has been postponed due to the bad weather.(应用文写作之通知)
postpone/put off/delay 延迟，延期 postpone sth. (to/until)将某事推迟(到……) postpone doing sth.推迟做某事
[写作佳句]　With the exam postponed, students felt relieved and excited.(读后续写之心理描写)
随着考试被推迟，学生们感到松了一口气并且有些兴奋。
3 surround vt. 围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings (surround)．
②(2025·全国一卷)When all guests gathered in the small backyard, my brother's dog Toby was surrounded (surround)by excited children.
③(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding (surround)environment.
[能力提升]—— 句式升级
④In the yard was an old man telling stories. Quite a few children surrounded him．
→In the yard was an old man telling stories, with quite a few children surrounding him．(with的复合结构)(读后续写之情景描写)
(1)surround…with… 用……包围…… be surrounded with/by… 被……包围 (2)surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的 (3)surroundings n. 环境
[写作佳句]　The hungry bear followed its nose to our camp, which was surrounded with a high wire fence.(读后续写之动作、情景描写)
这只饥饿的熊靠嗅觉指引来到我们被高高的铁丝篱笆包围着的营地。
4 favour (AmE favor)vt. 较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n. 帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①In some places, people favour shaking (shake)hands, bowing, or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
②(2021·全国甲卷)Word came that a class meeting would be held in our school，so I'm writing to ask you to do me a favour.
③Most of them were in favour of my opinion while David was against it.
④We ought to set sail soon when the weather is still favourable (favour)．
⑤The menu contained traditional favourites (favourite)as well as more adventurous dishes.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑥正如路易·巴斯德所说： “幸运总是垂青有准备的人。”
As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind．”(应用文写作之演讲稿)
(1)favour doing sth. 更喜欢做某事 (2)ask sb. a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮忙 do a favour for sb.＝do sb. a favour 帮助某人 owe sb. a favour欠某人一个人情 in favour of 赞同；有利于 (3)favourable adj. 赞成的；有利的；讨人喜欢的 (4)favourite adj. 特别喜爱的 n. 特别喜爱的人(或事物)
[写作佳句]　I'm writing this letter, asking you a favour with my coming interview.(应用文写作之求助信)
我写这封信是想请您在我即将到来的面试一事上帮助我。
5 charge vt. & vi. 充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n. 收费；控告；谴责；掌管
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①(人教版选必四U1)Whoever is charged with a crime should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise.
②(2025·全国一卷)As the editor in charge of our school English newspaper, I need to make the final decision about the new column.
③I wonder how much you charge for your service.
④The class is in the charge of an experienced teacher.
⑤(2023·全国甲卷)Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading (lead)the charge.
⑥I need to charge (charge)the battery of my phone before we go on the road trip.
⑦She was appointed to take charge of the company's new project.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑧(2022·全国乙卷)所有全日制学生(包括本科生)，在教师带领下，可以享受每人2英镑的特价门票。
A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.(应用文写作之通知)
(1)charge sb.with (doing)sth.＝accuse sb. of (doing)sth. 指控某人犯……罪；因(做)……而控告某人 charge sb. money for sth. 因某物/事收某人钱 charge the battery 给电池充电 (2)free of charge＝for free 免费 in charge of 掌管(表状态) in the charge of 被……掌管；由……负责 take charge of 掌管(表动作) lead the charge 带头
[写作佳句]　Last week we had a heated debate about whether citizens can access the Science Museum free of charge/for free．(应用文写作之报道)
上周我们就市民是否可以免费进入科学博物馆展开了热烈的讨论。
6 involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①(2025·全国一卷)This new column involves students sharing (share)personal experiences and helps them recall wonderful school moments.
②You shouldn't have got him involved in your argument.
③Her involvement (involve)in the project was crucial to its success, and she received recognition for her work.
④The teacher involved the students in a discussion about the future of education.
[能力提升]—— 一句多译
⑤所有师生都积极参加了这次越野赛跑。
→All the teachers and students were actively involved in the cross-country running race.
→All the teachers and students involved themselves actively in the cross-country running race.(应用文写作之报道)
(1)involve sb. in (doing)sth. 使某人卷入(做)某事 involve oneself in… 参加…… involve (sb.)doing… 包括/需要(某人)做…… (2)involved adj. 涉及的；受牵连的；卷入的；复杂难解的 be/get involved in 参与；卷入；专注于…… (3)involvement n. 包括；涉及；参与
[写作佳句]　(2025·浙江1月卷)Recently, many students have been involved in filming short videos on campus. (应用文写作之演讲稿)
最近，许多学生参与了在校园拍摄短视频的活动。
7 permit vt. & vi. 允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n. 许可证
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①His health didn't permit his going (go)with you.
②(2025·全国一卷)Does the school policy permit us to include (include)a student voting section in the new column
③The man entered the meeting room without permission (permit)．
④I have recently made the decision to apply for a permit to build a new house.
[能力提升]—— 一句多译
⑤天气允许的话，我们将举办冬日远足活动，让我们接近大自然并提高学生的健康意识。
→Weather permitting, a winter hike will be launched to get us close to nature and raise us students' health awareness.(独立主格结构)
→If weather permits, a winter hike will be launched to get us close to nature and raise us students' health awareness.(条件状语从句)
(1)permit sb. (to do)sth. 允许某人(做)某事 permit (one's)doing sth. 允许(某人)做某事 (2)apply for a permit 申请许可证 (3)permission n. 准许，许可 with/without one's permission 获得某人同意/未获得某人许可 ask permission for 请求对……许可
[写作佳句]　I would like to ask permission to use the conference room for our next team meeting.(应用文写作之申请信)
我想要请求对我们下次的团队会议使用会议室的许可。
8 declare vt. 公布，宣布；表明，宣称；申报
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①In 1939, Britain declared war on/against Germany after Germany invaded Poland.
②Because of the solid evidence，the judge finally declared the man charged with murder to be (be)innocent.
③The politician declared strongly against the policy put forward at the conference，which made the others present unhappy.
④They issued a declaration (declare)to the effect that the covenant would not have any place in the agreement.
⑤The government declared the area as/to be/不填 a protected wildlife shelter.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑥据宣布，新的交通法将于下个月开始实施生效。
It is declared that the new traffic law will come into effect next month.(应用文写作之告知信)
(1)declare…to be/as… 宣布……为…… declare war on/against… 向……宣战declare for/against 表示赞成/反对 It is declared that… 据宣布…… declare that… 宣称…… (2)declaration n. 宣言，声明
[写作佳句]　Some factories declared that they would take action to reduce their emissions and take measures to improve air quality.(应用文写作之投稿)
一些工厂宣布他们将采取行动减少排放，并实施措施以改善空气质量。
9 refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①(2025·浙江1月卷)Referred (refer)to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.
②(2025·全国二卷)In your article, please don't forget to refer to your special interest in ice hockey, a popular Canadian sport.
③We were completely in the dark in reference (refer)to his future plans.
④We have referred your complaint to our supplier，so wait patiently for a few days.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑤如果你在阅读时遇到一些生词或短语，最好不要马上查词典。
If you come across some new words or phrases while reading, you'd better not refer to/turn to your/a dictionary at once. (应用文写作之建议信)
(1)refer to/turn to a dictionary 查词典 refer to…as… 把……称作…… refer to sb./sth.提及…… refer…to… 把……提交给…… (2)reference n. 谈及，提到；参考 in/with reference to 关于
[写作佳句]　(2021·全国甲卷)I am writing to ask for your advice with reference to what kinds of traditional Chinese cultures appeal to foreigners most.(应用文写作之求助信)
我写信向您寻求关于什么样的中国传统文化最吸引外国人的建议。
10 pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的；还清(借款)；得到回报
[基础检测]—— 用pay的相关短语填空
①He paid back the money he owed us immediately he returned home.
②Perhaps I'll pay a visit to England this winter.
③Have you ever paid attention to what you eat and drink
④I am willing to pay for the tickets as a way of showing my appreciation.
⑤After years of hard work, he was finally able to pay off all his debts.
[能力提升]—— 微写作
⑥她致力于她的研究，并且她的努力最后得到了回报。
She devoted herself to her research and her efforts paid off at last．(记叙文写作之人物介绍)
pay off all one's debts偿还某人所有的债务 pay back 偿还；报复 pay for 支付；为……付出代价；赔偿；因……受处罚 pay sb. for 为……给某人报酬 pay a visit to 参观，拜访 pay attention to 注意
[名师指津]　pay off意为“成功，奏效，达到目的；得到回报”时为不及物动词短语，无被动语态。
11 句型公式：it作形式宾语
(教材原句)Now，we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.
如今，我们科学家理所当然地认为，生而有所不知是完全有可能的。
[基础检测]—— 单句语法填空
①A teacher shouldn't take it for granted that every student has understood what he said in class.
②I like it when I have the opportunity to travel and explore new places.
③It is essential for parents to see to it that their children receive a proper education.
[能力提升]—— 句式升级
④You can rely on my helping you when you are in trouble.
→You can rely on it that I will help you when you are in trouble.(含有it作形式宾语的复合句)
(1)在“take it for granted＋that从句”中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的that从句。 (2)与此类似的用法有rely on/depend on/see to it＋that从句；appreciate it＋if从句；like/hate it＋when从句。
[写作佳句]　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I would appreciate it if you could take my invitation into consideration/account.(应用文写作之邀请信)
如果您能考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。
[查漏补缺]
1．He was limited to a cage underwater but that did not bother him.
2．The writer Mo Yan draws on/upon his childhood memories for the material of most of his stories.
3．At no time will China be the first to use (use)nuclear weapons.
4．Volunteering at the local shelter can make a difference in the lives of homeless animals.
5．Through trial (try)and error, scientists have been able to develop groundbreaking discoveries.
6．The man said he involved himself in this affair by accident, not on purpose.
7．The team won their last four games, ending the season with a bang.
8．As long as we put aside our cellphones and get down to spending time with our family，we will never let our family down．
9．She put forward some cogent (有说服力的)reasons for abandoning the plan.
10．As to the matter of the missing keys, I have no idea where they could be.
1.by accident偶然，意外地 2．put forward提出，提议，建议 3．through trial and error反复试验 4．as to关于，至于 5．be limited to 限于；被限制在……上 6．make a difference 有影响，起作用 7．被序数词、形容词最高级或the only所修饰的名词，常用不定式作后置定语。 8．draw on/upon 凭借，利用 9．with a bang很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响 10．let sb. down使某人失望
维度一　单句语法填空
1．(2025·全国一卷)The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened (broad)my view and touched my heart.
2．(2025·全国二卷)If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one (or a few！)doesn't make it.
3．As is indicated (indicate)in the report，most students in China are under great stress nowadays and some parents show their concern about this indication.
4．(2025·全国一卷)Joanna Wright, a senior political (politics)science major, loves coffee and goes to the cafe at least six days a week.
5．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters (experiment)move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
6．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission (permit)to participate.
7．(2021·天津卷)In all，80 examinations were conducted (conduct)for the project between January and September，2019，focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
8．Essentially, what we are suggesting is that the firm needs to change.
9．(2025·浙江1月卷)When filming short videos on campus, students should be aware of their surroundings and avoid disrupting others' learning.
10．Taking everything into consideration, he worked out a detailed plan.
维度二　一词多义和熟词生义
1．conduct
A.vt. 传导　B．n. 行为；举止　C．vt. 实施　D．vt. 引导　E．vt. 指挥
(1)From childhood, she tried to live by the teachings of her parents and gradually accumulated a set of standards of conduct．B
(2)Knowledge is the candle to conduct you to the bright and true life.D
(3)(2024·浙江1月卷)The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖)test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.C
(4)Most metals can conduct electricity.A
(5)Who will conduct the orchestra tonight？E
2．credit
A.n. 学分　B．n. 信用　C．n. 赞扬　D．vt. 归功于
(1)To his credit, Jack never told anyone exactly what had happened.C
(2)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payment may affect your credit．B
(3)You must pass the examination to get credits for the course.A
(4)(2024·北京卷)Tinniswood，who doesn't smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life.D
3．charge
A.n. 收费　B．v. 收费；要价　C．n. 充电　D．v. 指控；控告　E．v. 充电　F．v. 向……冲
(1)(2025·全国一卷)New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. C
(2)(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Failure to provide enough chaperones will result in an extra charge of $50 per absent adult.A
(3)My phone is having a dead battery；please help me charge it.E
(4)To our shock，the shy man should be charged with murdering his wife.D
(5)They normally charge three hundred pounds but we got it for half price.B
(6)The dog barked，jumping—four feet in the air—mouth open and charging at the man.F
4．快速阅读下列句子并猜测句中加黑词汇的词性和意思
(1)As an examiner, she showed no favour to any candidate.n. 偏袒，较喜欢
点拨：favor(熟义)vt. 有助于 n. 帮助，好事。此处用作名词，意为“偏袒，较喜欢”。
(2)There are traditional proverbs which express a moral or a piece of advice.n. 寓意，教益
点拨：moral(熟义)adj. 道德的；道义上的；品行端正的。此处用作名词，意为“寓意，教益”。
维度三　写作素养提升
Ⅰ.单元话题写作
假设你是李华，请你写一篇关于“我最尊敬的科学家”的英文演讲稿，要求演讲稿中讲的是真实的事例，并说明你尊敬这位科学家的原因。
Step 1要点提示(黑体部分请用本单元知识)
①今天，我想谈谈一位我非常钦佩的科学家，尼古拉·特斯拉。
Today, I'd like to talk about a scientist I deeply admire, Nikola Tesla.
②他是一位电力领域的先驱。
He is a pioneer in the field of electricity．
③他的实验和试验为现代电力系统奠定了基础。
His experiments and trials laid the foundation for modern electricity systems.
④我最尊重特斯拉的不仅仅是他的智慧和知识，还有他的毅力。
What I respect most about Tesla is not just his wisdom and knowledge but his perseverance.
⑤他面临诸多挑战。
He faced numerous challenges．
⑥他的努力终于得到了回报。
His efforts finally paid off．
Step 2句式升级
⑦用定语从句将句①和句②合并起来
Today, I'd like to talk about a scientist I deeply admire，Nikola Tesla, who is a pioneer in the field of electricity.
⑧将句⑤和句⑥用despite合并起来
Despite facing numerous challenges, his efforts finally paid off.
Step 3衔接成文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇)
Today, I'd like to talk about a scientist I deeply admire，Nikola Tesla, who is a pioneer in the field of electricity. His experiments and trials laid the foundation for modern electricity systems. While many of his contemporaries stuck to established theories, Tesla was not afraid to challenge them. What I respect most about Tesla is not just his wisdom and knowledge but his perseverance. Despite facing numerous challenges, his efforts finally paid off. He is respected as a great scientist.
In conclusion, Tesla's dedication to science and his persistent pursuit of knowledge make him a figure of inspiration for all of us.
Thank you.
Ⅱ.读后续写微技能
情感细节描写：绝望与无助
[语言素材]——输入必备知识
单词 1.helpless adj.无助的 2．despair n．绝望 v．感到绝望 3．desperate adj.绝望的；不顾一切的 4．panic v．/n.(使)恐慌 5．tremble v．颤抖；哆嗦 6．pale adj.苍白的；无血色的 7．frozen adj.僵住的；冻结的 8．collapse v．/n.崩溃
词块 1.be filled with despair 充满了绝望 2．frozen to the spot 僵在原地 3．a sense of hopelessness 一种无望感 4．fall into despair 陷入绝望 5．collapse completely 彻底崩溃 6．abandon all hope 放弃所有希望
[跟踪演练]——提升关键能力
任务1　单句表达
1．迷失在森林里，他感到完全无助，不知道该往哪个方向走。(helpless)
Lost in the forest, he felt completely helpless, not knowing which way to go.
2．在绝望的尝试中，他试图呼救，但他的声音在风中消失了。(desperate)
In a desperate attempt, he tried to call for help, but his voice was lost in the wind.
3．当他意识到自己被困住时，他的嘴唇开始因寒冷和恐惧而颤抖。(tremble)
His lips began to tremble with cold and fear when he realized he was trapped.
4．看到眼前毁灭的景象，他的脸变得苍白如纸。(pale)
His face turned as pale as a sheet upon seeing the scene of destruction before him.
5．当他听到远处传来狼嚎声时，他吓得僵在原地。(spot)
He was frozen to the spot with fear when he heard the sound of a wolf howling in the distance.
任务2　语段表达
Trapped in the collapsed building, the man began to 1.fall into despair (陷入绝望). 2.A sense of hopelessness (一种无望感)washed over him as darkness surrounded him completely. He 3.tried not to panic (尽量不恐慌)，but his mind was racing with terrible thoughts. He felt his emotional strength 4.start to collapse (开始崩溃)under the immense weight of the situation. Just as he was about to 5.abandon all hope (放弃所有希望)，he heard a faint voice calling his name. For a moment, he was frozen, thinking he was imagining it, before shouting back with all his remaining strength.
————基础默测————
默写达标
一、核心单词写得准
1．republic n. 共和国，共和政体
2．province n. 省，省份
3．trial n. 试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验 vi. & vt. 测试，试验
4．postpone vt. 延迟，延期
5．broad adj. 广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的
6．intend vt. & vi. 想要，计划；意指
7．experiment n. 实验，试验；尝试，实践 vi. 做试验，进行实验；尝试
8．limited adj. 有限的
9．container n. 容器；集装箱，货柜
10．wisdom n. 智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智
11．beneficial adj. 有益的，有用的
12．sufficient adj. 足够的，充足的
13．error n. 错误，差错
14．charge vt. & vi. 充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n. 收费；控告；谴责；掌管
15．standout adj. 突出的 n. 突出的人(或物)
16．credit n. 赞扬，认可；信用 vt. 存入金额；把……归于
17．negate vt. 取消，使无效；否认，否定
18．authority n. 权威，权力；官方
19．publish vt. 出版，发行；发表；公布
二、拓展单词通变化
1．conduct vt. & vi. 组织，实施；指挥；引导；举止→conductor n. (公共汽车)售票员；(乐队)指挥
2．surround vt. 围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→surrounding adj. 周围的→surroundings n. 周围的环境
3．indicate vt. 表明；暗示；提及；指出→indication n. 表明；暗示
4．accident n. 意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇→accidental adj. 意外的；偶然的→accidentally adv. 偶然地，意外地
5．intelligent adj. 有才智的，聪明的；有智力的→intelligence n. 才智
6．favour vt. 较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n. 帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒→favourable adj. 赞同的；支持的；有利的→favourite adj. 最喜爱的
7．involve vt. 包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加→involved adj. 有关联；积极参与的；复杂难解的→involvement n. 参与
8．scientific adj. 科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的→science n. 科学→scientist n. 科学家
9．ignorance n. 无知→ignorant adj. 不了解的，无知的；很无礼的→ignore vt. 忽视；不理睬
10．freedom n. 自由→free adj. 自由的；免费的→freely adv. 自由地
11．permit vt. & vi. 允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n. 许可证→permission n. 允许，许可
12．responsibility n. 责任，负责；职责，义务→responsible adj. 负责的
13．declare vt. 表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报→declaration n. 宣布；宣告；声明
14．marriage n. 结婚，婚姻；已婚状态→marry v. 结婚→married adj. 已婚的
三、阅读单词晓词义
1．malaria n. 疟疾
2．extract n. 提取物；选录 vt. 提取；选录；取出；设法得到
3．mould n. 霉菌；模具；类型 vt. 浇铸；塑造
4．bacteria n. (sing. bacterium)细菌
5．lightning n. 闪电
6．thunderstorm n. 雷雨，雷暴
7．atomic adj. 原子能的；原子的
8．evil n. 罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处 adj. 恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的
9．mystery n. 神秘；神秘的人(或事物)；悬疑作品
10．evolution n. 进化；演变，发展
四、重点短语明搭配
1．refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
2．speed up (使)加速
3．pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的
4．through trial and error 反复试验
5．by accident 偶然，意外地
6．with a bang 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响
7．as to 关于，至于
8．take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然
9．let sb. down 使某人失望
10．thanks to 幸亏，归因于
11．far from the truth 根本不是事实
五、教材佳句会运用
1．然而，直到20世纪70年代，屠呦呦才在多次试验失败之后发现了青蒿素。(It was not until...that...强调句型)
However, it was not until the 1970s that Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu, after many failed experiments.
2．科学体现价值的第一种方式对每个人而言都耳熟能详……(the way作先行词的定语从句；be＋of＋抽象名词)
The first way in which science is of value is familiar to everyone...
3．据一本1 600多年前的古籍记载，古人通过冷水制备青蒿提取物，受此启发，屠呦呦重新设计了实验，为了不破坏其(抗疟的)有效成分，她尝试在低温下提取青蒿。(过去分词短语作状语)
Inspired by an over 1，600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part.
基础检测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Many people do not like the idea of experiments (实验)on animals.
2．Please convey my apologies to your boss for postponing (推迟)interviewing him.
3．In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell conducted (实施)a successful experiment, which marked the birth of the telephone.
4．Sue Wood was only nine when her first short story was published (出版)．
5．The man was charged (控告)with an attempted murder.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．She has a firm intention (intend)to be the best swimmer.
2．She made no reference (refer)to her illness but only to her future plans.
3．This book shares some of our experience during our exploration (explore)．
4．Walking is extremely beneficial (benefit)to your body shaping.
5．It's said that the cobra is one of the world's deadliest (deadly)snakes.
Ⅲ.选词填空
speed up; thanks to; pay off; far from the truth; refer to
1．At last, his years of hard work paid off and he was admitted into Beijing University.
2．Thanks to your timely help, I wasn't trapped in the heavy rain.
3．You can't imagine what great difficulty we have ever had finding the person you referred to in your letter.
4．The new set of equipment is expected to speed up the production process.
5．Lily's account of the accident was far from the truth．
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1．他的音乐才能一直到19世纪早期才被充分认可。(It was not until...that... 强调句型)
It was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognized.
2．我不喜欢他看着我的那个样子。(the way作先行词的定语从句)
I don't like the way (that/in which)he looks at me．
3．事实是，做早操将对你的健康有利。(be＋of＋抽象名词)
The fact is that doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health．
课时作业23
(总分：35分)
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
(2026·浙江名校协作体联考)
When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌)，killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”， and seemingly at a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics (抗生素)．
That's how most people see innovation: A flash of brilliance. Then eureka! A new world is born. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn't until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use.
To put Fleming's discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房)，significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad air”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming's later work.
Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming's paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World WarⅡ raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945.
Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章以Alexander Fleming 发明青霉素为例，阐述了创新并非简单的灵光一现，而是一个复杂的过程。
1．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about？(　C　)
A．An account of a lab story.
B．Redefinition of a traditional view.
C．Correction of a popular misconception.
D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon.
解析：段落大意题。前两段先讲述了Alexander Fleming发现青霉素的故事，接着讲述绝大多数人认为创新是灵光一闪，但这是对创新的普遍误解，实际上青霉素从发现到广泛应用并非如此简单。所以前两段重点在于纠正这种普遍误解。故选C项。
2．What is the message conveyed in paragraph 3？(　D　)
A．Great minds think alike.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C.Luck's got your back when it comes to success.
D.Early work is a stepping stone to later breakthroughs.
解析：推理判断题。第三段讲述了Ignaz Semmelweis倡导洗手以减少产褥热。虽然当时他的想法受到鄙视，但他的工作为Fleming后来的工作奠定了基础。这体现了早期工作对后来突破的重要性。故选D项。
3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” in paragraph 4 mean？(　B　)
A．Delaying. B．Introducing.
C．Predicting. D．Transforming.
解析：词句猜测题。画线部分所在句提到21个公司量产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，并且开启了抗生素的新时代，由此可知，画线部分与B项意思接近。故选B项。
4．Which of the following can be the best title？(　D　)
A.Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes
B.From Failure to Success: the Story of Penicillin
C.The Lone Genius: Fleming's Discovery of Penicillin
D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，文章以Alexander Fleming发明青霉素为例，阐述了创新并非简单的灵光一现，而是个复杂的过程。故D项最适合作文章标题。故选D项。
(2026·西南名校联盟联考)
Artificial intelligence (AI)might be the biggest winner of the Nobel Prize in 2024.US scientist John Hopfield and British-Canadian Geoffrey Hinton won the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics for discoveries and inventions in machine learning that paved the way for the AI rapid growth, according to Reuters.
In 1982, Hopfield created a network that helps computers store and recall patterns, similar to how our brains remember things.A year later, Hinton developed the Boltzmann machine, which allows computers to learn independently to recognize patterns in data, such as identifying specific objects in images.
As for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, US scientists David Baker and John Jumper, along with British computer scientist Demis Hassabis, won the prize.Half the prize was awarded to Baker “for computational protein design” while the other half was shared by Jumper and Hassabis for their development of the AI model AlphaFold 2.
Scientists struggled for decades to predict how proteins fold into their 3D shapes that determine their function.However, AlphaFold 2, developed by the AI research laboratory DeepMind, can accurately predict the 3D structures of nearly all known proteins, showing great potential in the field of drug development.
“AI can be a powerful tool for solving problems that involve obtaining outputs from inputs, showing its great potential in scientific research，” Professor Yang Maojun from Tsinghua University told Science and Technology Daily.
In his view, AI applications are not limited to fields like biology, chemistry or physics.Their range mainly depends on how well problems from the real world can be abstracted into a form that AI can learn and process, and whether there is sufficient real-world data to train and build deep learning networks.
AI's importance in scientific research is increasingly evident.Yang believes that scientists should actively accept this trend while remaining aware of AI's limitations.Hinton expressed a similar concern at the Nobel press conference. “We also have to worry about a number of possible bad consequences, particularly the threat of these things getting out of control，” he said.
“Humans carry the responsibility for using this new technology in a safe and ethical(合乎道德的)way, for the greatest benefit of humankind，” said Ellen Moons, chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章通过对2024年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖的获得者及其成果的介绍，说明人工智能有可能成为2024年诺贝尔奖的最大赢家，并说明了人工智能在科研中的重要作用、应用范围及局限性等。
5．What was John Hopfield's contribution to the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics？(　D　)
A．Inventing a new learning machine.
B．Designing a new type of data processor.
C．Creating an AI model for image analysis.
D．Developing a network for pattern storage.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第二段第一句可知，John Hopfield 对2024年诺贝尔物理学奖的贡献是开发了一个用于模式储存的网络，故选D。
6．Why is AlphaFold 2 important in the field of drug development？(　A　)
A．It can forecast protein folding patterns.
B．It can produce new proteins for drug use.
C．It can identify proteins related to diseases.
D．It can analyze the genetic orders of proteins.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知，AlphaFold 2可以预测蛋白质折叠模式，这对药物开发领域很关键，故选A。
7．What may determine the potential of AI applications according to Yang Maojun？(　C　)
A．The accuracy of AI training data.
B．The effectiveness of machine learning.
C．The availability of enough real-world data.
D．The level of real-world problem settlement.
解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中“Their range mainly depends on…whether there is sufficient real-world data to train and build deep learning networks.”可知，杨茂君认为，获得足够的现实世界的数据可能决定了人工智能应用的潜力，故选C。
8．What can be the best title of the passage？(　C　)
A．AI also has its weak points
B．AI should benefit humankind
C．AI steals the show at the Nobel Prize
D．AI may run out of control in the future
解析：主旨大意题。 文章第一段首句点明人工智能有可能成为2024年诺贝尔奖的最大赢家，接着具体介绍了2024年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖的获得者及其成果，然后引用清华大学杨茂君教授的观点来说明人工智能在科研中的重要作用、应用范围及局限性等。由此可知，全文围绕人工智能在2024年诺贝尔奖中的突出表现展开，故C项“人工智能在诺贝尔奖上抢尽风头”最适合作本文的标题，故选C。
Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分)
(2025·安徽县中联盟联考)
On a fall day, my wife and I went boating on the Blackfoot River.I was excited about the trip because it would allow me to forget my __1__.
At noon, we rested on a bank.__2__ the scenery, we barely realized the approaching danger.Then three large __3__ emerged from the forest: a huge mama bear with two babies.They were less than 100 feet away across the river, far closer than the recommended __4__ distance.
I could feel __5__ reached deep into my stomach.Time stood still.Then, I grabbed the bear spray (喷雾)and we walked downriver to __6__ ourselves. “Hey, bears！” I said.“We are not here to __7__ you.”At that moment, I thought the mama bear would __8__ across the river, covering the 100 feet in seconds.Although I knew how to use the spray, I didn't think I could use it __9__.
To our surprise, the mama bear __10__ drank water from the river.When one baby wandered just a few steps away, she quickly __11__ him.Just like their __12__ appearance, they were gone，disappearing into the forest.We returned to our boat, lost in __13__.
This encounter __14__ me, making my daily concerns insignificant in the larger context of our planet.The experience, the fear, and my __15__ as a human have changed my perspective on the world forever.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。一年秋天，作者和妻子去划船。当二人醉心于自然美景之时，一只熊妈妈带着两个熊宝宝在河的对岸意外出现，作者瞬间感到害怕，抓起防熊喷雾，和妻子紧急远离，但是，熊妈妈它们只是来河边喝水而已，喝完水后它们就离开了。这让作者不禁感慨自己的狭隘和渺小，并改变了对世界的看法。
1．(　A　)A.concerns B．principles
C．passions D．secrets
解析：根据最后一段的“making my daily concerns insignificant in the larger context of our planet”可知，作者一开始是想借助划船来忘记自己的烦恼，concern意为“使人担忧的事物”，符合语境。principle“道德原则，行为准则，规范”；passion“酷爱，热衷的爱好”；secret“秘密，机密”。
2．(　B　)A.Tired of B．Absorbed in
C．Looking into D．Reflecting on
解析：根据下文的“we barely realized the approaching danger”可知，作者和妻子被自然美景吸引，以至于危险来临都没有察觉。(be)absorbed in 意为“被……吸引住”，符合语境。(be)tired of“对……感到厌烦”；look into“调查，审查”；reflect on“仔细思考”。
3．(　D　)A.signs B．pictures
C．targets D．shapes
解析：根据下文的“a huge mama bear with two babies”可知，作者在岸边休息，三个庞大的身影从树林里出现。shape在此意为“模糊的影子”，属于熟词生义的用法。sign“迹象，征兆”；target“目标，指标”。
4．(　B　)A.social B．safe
C．average D．constant
解析：根据下文描述的作者和妻子看见熊之后的反应和“I thought the mama bear would __8__ across the river, covering the 100 feet in seconds”可知，熊妈妈它们就在河对岸，距离作者不到100英尺，这远比建议的安全(safe)距离近得多。social“社交的”；average“平均的”；constant “不变的，固定的”。
5．(　A　)A.fear B．surprise
C．excitement D．courage
解析：根据上文的“They were less than 100 feet away across the river…distance.”和下文的“Time stood still.Then, I grabbed the bear spray (喷雾)and we walked downriver”可知，作者此时感到害怕(fear)。
6．(　D　)A.relax B．corner
C．dismiss D．distance
解析：根据上文可知，熊出现的时候，作者和妻子并不在安全的距离范围，因此作者他们向下游走是为了让自己离熊更远一点。distance在此用作动词，意为“拉开距离，与……疏远”。corner“使(人或动物)走投无路， 把……逼入困境”；dismiss“解散，解雇”。
7．(　C　)A.bathe B．tease
C．bother D．pet
解析：根据上文的“we walked downriver to __6__ ourselves”并结合常识可知，作者此时和熊保持了一定的距离，然后和熊解释自己不是来打扰(bother)它们的。bathe“给……洗澡”；tease“招惹，逗弄(动物)”；pet“抚摸”。
8．(　C　)A.sail B．float
C．charge D．wander
解析：根据下文的“covering the 100 feet in seconds”可知，作者认为熊妈妈在几秒内就能跨越这100英尺的距离，冲(charge)到河对岸来。charge在此意为“冲，猛冲”，属于熟词生义的用法。sail“飘过，飞过”；float“漂流，漂浮”；wander“徘徊，闲逛”。
9．(　D　)A.in advance B．at random
C．at peace D．in time
解析：根据上文的“covering the 100 feet in seconds”并结合常识可知，如果熊妈妈在几秒内冲到河对岸来，那么作者很可能无法及时(in time)使用防熊喷雾。in advance“预先，事先”；at random“随意，随机，胡乱”；at peace“处于平静状态”。
10．(　B　)A.probably B．simply
C．naturally D．certainly
解析：根据第三段的“I thought the mama bear would __8__ across the river”和空前的“To our surprise”可知，作者本以为熊妈妈会冲到河对岸来，但令作者他们惊讶的是，熊妈妈只是(simply)在河边喝水。naturally“自然地，当然地”；certainly“无疑，确定”。
11．(　C　)A.rescued B．abandoned
C．fetched D．examined
解析：根据上文的“the mama bear __10__ drank water from the river.When one baby wandered just a few steps away”可知，熊妈妈带着熊宝宝在河边喝水，当一只熊宝宝只是走了几步远时，熊妈妈就快速把它拽回来(fetched)。rescue“营救，援救，抢救”；abandon“遗弃，抛弃”；examine“检查，调查，审核”。
12．(　C　)A.timely B．inappropriate
C．unexpected D．regular
解析：根据第二段的描述可知，这三只熊是突然(unexpected)出现的，喝完水后，它们就离开了。timely“适时的，及时的”；inappropriate“不适当的，不合适的”；regular“规则的，有规律的”。
13．(　A　)A.awe B．shock
C．regret D．calmness
解析：根据最后一段作者的感悟可知，这次经历改变了作者对世界的看法，让作者对自然满怀敬畏(awe)。shock“震惊，惊愕”；regret“懊悔，悔恨”；calmness“平静，镇静”。
14．(　B　)A.astonished B．humbled
C．refreshed D．fueled
解析：根据下文的“making my daily concerns insignificant in the larger context of our planet”可知，这次邂逅让作者感到自己的渺小，作者日常的那些烦恼在这个广袤的星球面前显得微不足道。humble在此用作动词，意为“使感到卑微”。astonish“使大为惊奇，使惊愕”；refresh“使恢复精力，使凉爽”；fuel“刺激”。
15．(　A　)A.limitations B．responsibilities
C．advantages D．virtues
解析：根据上文可知，熊妈妈和熊宝宝只是来河边喝水，而作者却如临大敌，以为它们会攻击自己。此外，作者一开始只关注排解自己的烦恼，而没有从整体上看待宇宙万物。因此，作者意识到了自己作为人类的局限(limitations)。responsibility“职责，任务，义务”；advantage“好处，优点”；virtue“美德，优秀品质，良好习惯”。
课时作业24
(总分：32.5分)
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
(2025·江西新余二模)
We all know cacti (仙人掌)store water—but to survive, they also adjust their flower positions to gain more sunlight or shade, and so much more. Scientists have been copying the resilient plants' methods to help engineer our future.
One of the most exciting advancements involves Copiapoa, a genus of cacti with at least 32 species found in the coastal Atacama Desert, the driest nonpolar desert on Earth. These cacti, typically five to six inches wide, can form gray-green bushes that spread out over an area otherwise empty of vegetation.
Documented by many scientists, Copiapoas probably survive by “drinking” the salty fog that sweeps in from the sea every morning, as well as the dew—tiny bits of water—that forms on their spines (尖刺)and skin. This has inspired researcher Tegwen Malik from Swansea University to think about whether the dew-collecting process might be reproduced in metal structures.
Specifically, Malik took a close look at the one-and-a-quarter-inch spines of Copiapoas and found that their surface has a series of tiny channels that broaden at the base. “This creates a surface roughness that enables dewdrops to move along them even against gravity，” she says.
Starting in 2013, she set out to recreate that structure by engineering a flat metal reproduction of the stems and spines of the Copiapoa, which she began testing under a series of different temperatures and humidity. After several years of experiments—testing indoor and outdoor conditions, and with various cooling methods—she finally got it to work. In 2023, Malik published a study showing that the irregular surface was 8 percent more efficient at harvesting dew than a flat sheet used as a baseline.
Malik imagines desert homes with water-collecting features to provide clean water in dry regions. “The easiest way could be to place dew-harvesting surfaces on roofs, but you could also have these structures in tents in the desert，” she says. “We truly have hidden treasures in the Copiapoa, and we are only just learning some of their secrets.”
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家受仙人掌启发，研发出了可以在干旱地区收集露水的金属结构，为干燥地区提供清洁水源。
1．What does the underlined word “resilient” mean in paragraph 1？(　D　)
A．Highly adaptable to different soils.
B．Able to grow quickly and efficiently.
C．Resistant to diseases and harmful insects.
D．Capable of surviving difficult conditions.
解析：词句猜测题。根据第一段“We all know cacti (仙人掌)store water—but to survive…Scientists have been copying the resilient plants' methods to help engineer our future.”可知，画线词修饰的plants指代cacti (仙人掌)，这种植物能在干旱的沙漠中生存下来，所以推断resilient的意思是“能在困难环境中生存下来的”。
2．What drove Tegwen Malik to study Copiapoas？(　B　)
A．Their metal-like surface.
B．Their mechanism to gather water.
C．Their typical appearance.
D．Their ability to form water drops.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“Documented by many scientists…whether the dew-collecting process might be reproduced in metal structures.”可知，是仙人掌收集水分的机制启发了Tegwen Malik去研究它。
3．What was the main focus of Malik's experiment with the Copiapoa？(　B　)
A．Recreating a flat metal copy of it.
B．Testing if its metal copy would work.
C．Seeing how it survives various climates.
D.Finding the most efficient cooling method for it.
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中“Starting in 2013, she set out to recreate…under a series of different temperatures and humidity.”以及“In 2023, Malik published a study showing that the irregular surface was 8 percent more efficient at harvesting dew than a flat sheet used as a baseline.”可知，Malik关于Copiapoa的实验重点是测试它的金属复制品是否有效。
4．How may Malik's metal structure be applied？(　A　)
A．To secure water supply in dry areas.
B．To clean salty water in desert homes.
C．To enable desert explorers to travel light.
D．To improve ways to discover hidden treasures.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Malik imagines desert homes with water-collecting features to provide clean water in dry regions.”可知，Malik的金属结构可能被应用于确保干旱地区的水供应。
(2025·山东泰安三模)
In recent years, scientists have become aware of new problems associated with the mass production of microplastics, which can now be found on every part of the earth, including inside almost every person on the planet. Part of the problem is the difficulty and expense involved in recycling plastics, which makes it easier to throw them in the trash or the ocean. In a new study, the researchers in Switzerland have developed a way to break down plastics into their monomer (单体)substances, allowing for much easier and cheaper recycling.
Plastics are substances made up of large molecules (分子)，which consist of smaller subunits called monomers. They are formed using a process called polymerization, which in essence combines the monomers into a single substance, namely plastic. Pulling them apart again has proven to be difficult and expensive, until now.
The new process involves placing the plastic substances in a chemical liquid and then shining a violet light on it as reactions in the liquid take place—no substance that promotes reactions is needed. The only caveats are that conditions in the container must be kept above 90℃， and the light must remain on the whole time. Once finished, the result is a container filled with monomers and other chemicals, which can be easily separated and recycled.
The technique was discovered by accident, so the team sought to explain why it worked so well. They found that the chemical, when exposed to the plastic substance, produced chlorine radicals (氯自由基)under the light. The radicals then pulled hydrogen atoms from seemingly random parts of the plastic substance backbone, causing it to break. Even better, when it broke, a new radical was formed, kicking off more reactions.
The researchers acknowledge that the reaction is slow, but also note that it has high output and that it is simple, easy and inexpensive to conduct. They suggest it could transform the recycling of plastics around the world.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。瑞士研究人员开发了一种利用化学液体和紫光高效分解塑料为单体的新方法，有望简化并降低塑料回收的成本和难度。
5．What is the function of paragraph 2？(　D　)
A．To compare old and new recycling methods.
B.To stress the urgency of preventing plastic pollution.
C.To show the complexity of the new plastic-recycling tech.
D.To provide plastic knowledge for the new recycling method.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段“Plastics are substances made up of large molecules(分子)…which in essence combines the monomers into a single substance, namely plastic.”可知，该段通过解释塑料的化学结构(单体、聚合过程)，为后文介绍“将塑料分解为单体”的新回收技术提供基础概念，起到知识铺垫作用。
6．What does the underlined word “caveats” in paragraph 3 probably mean？(　B　)
A．Results. B．Requirements.
C．Advantages. D．Barriers.
解析：词句猜测题。根据第三段“The only caveats are that conditions in the container must be kept above 90℃， and the light must remain on the whole time.”可知，caveats指该技术在操作中需要满足的条件或要求，与“Requirements(要求)”含义一致。
7．What might the follow-up study focus on？(　A　)
A．Speeding the reactions in the liquid.
B．Reducing operating costs in the process.
C．Raising people's awareness of recycling.
D．Increasing the temperatures in the container.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“The researchers acknowledge that the reaction is slow, but also note that it has high output and that it is simple, easy and inexpensive to conduct.”可推断，后续研究可能针对当前技术“反应慢”的缺点，探索加速反应的方法。
8．Which of the following serves as the best title for the text？(　D　)
A．The Chemistry of Recycling
B．Microplastics: Bad to Worse
C．Plastic Recycling's Old Problems
D．Breakthrough: Plastic to Monomers
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a new study, the researchers in Switzerland have developed a way to break down plastics into their monomer (单体)substances, allowing for much easier and cheaper recycling.”及全文对该技术的原理和优势的介绍可知，文章核心是讲述“将塑料分解为单体”这一突破性回收技术。D项“突破：塑料分解为单体”适合用作标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分)
(2026·江苏南京六校联考)
With data shaping everything from healthcare breakthroughs to the latest entertainment trends, data scientists are at the heart of some of the most exciting innovations happening right now. 1(____)
In the simplest terms, data scientists are the problem-solvers of the digital age. They collect, analyze and interpret complex datasets to help businesses solve real-world problems.2(____)Whether it's uncovering hidden patterns in customer data, improving product quality or helping businesses make smarter decisions, data scientists are always deeply engaged in it.
Data scientists are highly skilled in coding. 3(____)It's also used to automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for more creative work. While not every task will involve coding, it's still a core skill that enables data scientists to obtain insights efficiently and effectively. It's the foundation upon which they build the models and tools that power business innovations.
4(____)With more and more data being generated every day, skilled data professionals are more popular than ever. This rapid growth is driven by the increasing need for data to inform smarter decision-making across every industry. Roles in the field span a wide range, including the machine learning engineer, data analyst, quantitative researcher and business intelligence specialist.
With AI moving at lightning speed, it's natural to wonder if data scientists could one day be replaced by AI. While AI can automate repetitive tasks like data preparation, it doesn't have the critical thinking and strategic decision-making that human data scientists bring to the table.
5(____)If you have a passion for coding and get excited about turning data into real-world solutions, data science might just be your perfect match.
A．Are data scientists in demand
B．Coding isn't just for creating instructions.
C．The life of a data scientist is anything but dull.
D.They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.
E．So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.
F．But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world
G.However, their work could not always lead to practical solutions.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数据科学家在当今社会中的重要角色。
1．F　解析：上文“With data shaping everything from healthcare breakthroughs to the latest entertainment trends, data scientists are at the heart of some of the most exciting innovations happening right now.”指出数据科学家在当今社会中的重要性。F选项“But what is it actually like to be a data scientist in today's world？(但在当今世界，成为一名数据科学家到底是什么样的呢？)”提出了一个问题，自然引出了下文对数据科学家角色的具体描述。因此，F选项承上启下，符合语境。
2．D　解析：上文“In the simplest terms, data scientists are the problem-solvers of the digital age. They collect, analyze and interpret complex datasets to help businesses solve real-world problems.”指出数据科学家的主要工作是将复杂数据转化为可解决实际问题的见解。D项“They excel at turning raw data into actionable insights.”直接对应了上文的描述，进一步解释了数据科学家的核心能力。因此，D选项符合语境。
3．B　解析：根据上文提到“Data scientists are highly skilled in coding.(数据科学家在编码方面技能高超。)”和下文“It's also used to automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for more creative work.”可知，编码不仅用于创建指令，还有其他重要作用。B项“Coding isn't just for creating instructions.”承上启下，引出了下文对编码在数据科学家工作中其他作用的描述。因此，B选项符合语境。
4．A　解析：下文“With more and more data being generated every day, skilled data professionals are more popular than ever.”指出数据科学家在当前社会中的需求很高。A项“Are data scientists in demand？”提出了一个问题，自然引出了下文对数据科学家需求增长的描述。因此，A选项符合语境。
5．E　解析：上文“While AI can automate repetitive tasks like data preparation, it doesn't have the critical thinking and strategic decision-making that human data scientists bring to the table.”指出人工智能无法完全替代数据科学家。E选项“So, rather than replacing data scientists, AI will help them.”承接上文，进一步解释了人工智能和数据科学家之间的关系，即人工智能将作为辅助工具帮助数据科学家更高效地完成工作。因此，E选项符合语境。

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