资源简介

Unit 5　Revealing nature
题组训练　　　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2025·河南信阳高三模拟预测)
When you look upwards in the middle of a forest, you might notice breaks in the canopy (树冠); you’ll see branches and leaves stopping just shy of the neighbouring trees.
This is called crown shyness (树冠羞避). It’s a way of social distancing for trees to keep themselves healthy, according to Meg Lowman, a tree energy expert. Since trees fight for sunlight and water, it’s important that they position their canopies strategically to increase as much the success of their leaves as possible.
Having some distance between treetops can lower the chance of a tree losing its leaves by brushing against neighbouring trees in the wind. The distance can also curb the spread of harmful insects and disease. Tree diseases range far and wide. Some are spread by insects, and some are the insects themselves, creating a disease in the canopy. By separating themselves from others, trees can avoid getting sick.
While crown shyness is mostly observable in tropical trees, the same lessons are applicable to other trees, like evergreens. Trees that have more space grow bigger and healthier.
Healthy trees cost less to maintain, provide better cool places, and clean water more effectively. If a tree has died of insects or disease, Lowman says it’s important to consider what is at risk before cutting down it. “We might lose a lot of native species in our backyard, our community, or our ecosystem. Trees let insects search for food in them, birds nest in them, and epiphytes (附生植物) live in them,” she says. “Trees are the ultimate support.”
“We can learn from trees,” Lowman says. “To be good neighbours, to be good citizens, and to always have that beautiful benefit available to people or biodiversity that might need us too.”
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了树木的“树冠羞避”现象,即树木之间保持一定距离以减少病虫害传播和保护自身健康。这种现象对森林生态和人类社会都有启示作用。
(　　)1.What can be known about crown shyness
A.It is observed in windy areas.
B.It helps trees grow more leaves.
C. It happens among all tree species.
D.It is a form of healthy competition.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It’s a way of social distancing for trees to keep themselves healthy, according to Meg Lowman, a tree energy expert.”可知,树冠羞避是一种健康的竞争方式,有助于树木保持健康。故选D。
(　　)2.What does the underlined word “curb” in Paragraph 3 mean
A.Control. B.Keep.
C. Widen. D.Speed.
【答案】 A
【解析】 猜测词义题。根据第三段内容可知,树梢之间的距离还可以抑制有害昆虫和疾病的传播,使树避免生病,故可推知curb意为“控制,抑制”,和control意思相近。故选A。
(　　)3.What does Paragraph 5 mainly talk about
A.The ways of protecting trees.
B.The key role of healthy trees.
C. The economic value of forests.
D.The reason for keeping biodiversity.
【答案】 B
【解析】 段落大意题。根据第五段叙述可知,本段主要介绍了健康树木的重要作用,比如减少维护成本、提供阴凉和净化水源等。故选B。
(　　)4.What does the author think we can learn from trees
A.Biodiversity needs our effort.
B.Protecting trees is significant.
C. Respecting each other promotes harmony.
D.Trees and humans are inseparable.
【答案】 C
【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,我们可以向树木学习,成为好邻居,成为好公民,并始终为可能也需要我们的人们或生物多样性提供美好的帮助。彼此之间相互尊重和合作,以达到和谐相处。故选C。
B
(2025·湖南长沙一模)
After spending many years studying the effects of lightning on rainforests, Evan Gora, a forest ecologist, began wondering whether trees could not only survive this usually deadly event but also actually get some kind of advantage from it.
To find out, he and his colleagues spent several years following the cases of 93 trees from various species in the rainforest of central Panama when they were directly struck by lightning. Nine were from a species known as the almendro, a forest giant native to Central and South America that can grow up to 165 feet tall. After the trees were struck, the researchers continued to monitor the ones that survived the shock, checking their overall condition and noting whether the lightning killed neighbouring trees and any parasitic vines (寄生藤蔓) growing on them.
The results showed that the almendro trees were very resistant to lightning and minimally damaged compared with almost all the other tree species, which were severely damaged — 64 percent of the latter trees died within two years of being struck. A few other large species also survived the strikes and might have benefited as well, but lightning had not struck enough of these species for the researchers to be certain.
Many of the trees that had surrounded the almendros — competing with the species for water and nutrients — were killed by lightning that spread through their branches after it hit the almendro trees. This left more resources and space for the latter. Lightning strikes on the almendros also reduced the average number of parasitic vines on a tree by 78 percent, by killing them. These vines climb on top of the trees to “steal” light.
Equipped with data on lightning strike frequency and the trees’ survival rates after reaching a certain size, the team used computer models to estimate that a typical almendro is likely struck by lightning about five times during its 300-year lifespan. The researchers found that lightning strikes seem to be almost a necessity for the trees.“Without the benefits the strikes bring,they would not live as long,” Gora says.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了研究人员通过长期研究发现闪电对雨林中杏仁树的益处:它能移除竞争植物和寄生藤蔓,从而帮助这些树木获得更多资源、空间和光照,延长其寿命。
(　　)5.How did the researchers study the effects of lightning on rainforest trees mainly
A.By measuring vine growth rates.
B.By tracking struck trees for years.
C. By comparing multiple tree species.
D.By counting annual lightning strikes.
【答案】 B
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段叙述可知,研究人员在树木被闪电击中后,持续多年跟踪观察了93棵树的存活情况,记录它们的整体状况以及闪电对周围树木和寄生藤蔓的影响。因此,研究方法主要是长期跟踪被闪电击中的树木。故选B。
(　　)6.Why did the researchers focus on the almendro trees in the study
A.Because they grow tallest.
B.Because they attract most vines.
C. Because they are widely distributed.
D.Because they resist lightning best.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The results showed that the almendro trees were very resistant to lightning and minimally damaged ... within two years of being struck.”可知,杏仁树对闪电的抵抗力很强,与其他树种相比受损最小,而其他树种大多严重受损甚至死亡。因此,研究人员重点关注杏仁树是因为它们对闪电的抵抗力最强。故选D。
(　　)7.How do lightning strikes help the almendro trees live longer
A.By removing competing plants.
B.By providing sufficient light.
C. By strengthening tree branches.
D.By increasing nutrient absorption.
【答案】 A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第四段叙述可知,闪电会杀死杏仁树周围的竞争树种和寄生藤蔓,从而减少资源竞争,为杏仁树提供更多生存空间和养分。因此,闪电通过清除杏仁树的竞争植物帮助其延长寿命。故选A。
(　　)8.What is the best title for this passage
A.Lightning’s Role in Rainforest Ecology
B.The Survival of Struck Rainforest Trees
C. Why Some Trees Love Lightning Strikes
D.Why Some Trees Are Resistant to Lightning Strikes
【答案】 C
【解析】 标题归纳题。通读全文,根据第五段中的“‘Without the benefits the strikes bring,they would not live as long,’Gora says.”可知,文章主要探讨某些树种(尤其是杏仁树)不仅能抵抗闪电,还能从中受益(如清除竞争者),从而提高生存几率。C项最贴合主旨,适合作文章标题。故选C。
C
(2025·陕西渭南一模)
A blind fish living in the deep darkness of a Mexican cave system still maintains some ability to sense light. As the cavefish no longer seem to rely on an internal daily cycle and some sleep very little, biologist Inga Steindal and her team were keen to see if their bodies can still regulate cyclically through time. Most animals on Earth have a circadian rhythm — an internal clock influenced by light levels — that helps coordinate behaviours like hunger with our planet’s day and night cycles.
The Mexican blind cavefish live in a complex of over 30 isolated caves, within which they have each independently adapted to the dark. Their bodies are extra sensitive to vibrations, allowing them to sense changes in water currents for navigation in compensation for their limited or complete lack of sight. This adaptation occurred despite the fish from each cave evolving from the same species with fully functioning eyes. This ancestral group still lives in the surface waters in the El Albra region of Mexico and parts of the Southwestern US.
Steindal’s team took tissue samples from blind cavefish, from three isolated caves, and their surface relatives and tested the cells in different conditions. They detected that even cavefish cells, though less responsive than surface fish cells, activated several molecular (分子的) clock mechanisms (机制) when exposed to light. “Non-visual light detection is maintained at a fundamental cell-based level,” the researchers explained. While there were some similarities between the fish from the different caves compared to their surface relatives, differences in the biological clock mechanisms among fish from different caves further confirm that each group independently evolved its adaptations.
“We have provided proof that despite being blind, cells from the Mexican blind cavefish can detect light and make their clocks fit in with a light/dark cycle,” Steindal concluded. The team hopes these findings will provide insights into the circadian rhythm and offer a model for studying animal adaptations to dark environments.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了生物学家Steindal团队研究墨西哥盲眼洞穴鱼,发现其虽生活在黑暗中,似乎不依赖体内日常周期,但细胞仍能感知光线并激活分子钟机制,而且不同洞穴的鱼的生物钟机制有差异,这些发现有助于了解昼夜节律及动物对黑暗环境的适应。
(　　)9.What did Steindal and her colleagues want to find out
A.Whether the cavefish need sleep.
B.Whether the cavefish can sense light.
C. Whether the cavefish depend on an internal daily cycle.
D.Whether the cavefish have a circadian rhythm.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“As the cavefish no longer... were keen to see if their bodies can still regulate cyclically through time.”可知,他们想研究的是盲眼洞穴鱼是否有昼夜节律。故选D。
(　　)10.How do Mexican blind cavefish adapt to living in darkness
A.By increasing their sleep cycles.
B.By relying on surface fish for navigation.
C. By developing extra sensitivity to vibrations.
D.By employing their circadian rhythms to find food.
【答案】 C
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Their bodies are extra sensitive to vibrations...in compensation for their limited or complete lack of sight.”可知,它们适应黑暗环境的方式是增强对振动的敏感性。故选C。
(　　)11.Which of the following is NOT a feature of Mexican blind cavefish
A.Extra sensitivity to vibrations in water currents.
B.A complete loss of their molecular clock mechanisms.
C. Limited or no vision due to their dark environment.
D.Adaptations that evolved independently in different caves.
【答案】 B
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They detected that even cavefish cells... when exposed to light.”可知,盲眼洞穴鱼并没有完全失去分子钟机制,而是仍然保留了一些功能,B项与文意不符。根据第二段中的“The Mexican blind cavefish live in a...for their limited or complete lack of sight.”可知,盲眼洞穴鱼在不同的洞穴中独立进化出适应性,对水流的震动特别敏感,这使它们能够通过感知水流的变化来进行导航,从而弥补其视力有限或完全缺失的缺陷,A项、C项、D项符合文意。故选B。
(　　)12.What can be the best title for the text
A.Light Detection in Blind Cavefish
B.Evolution of Vibrational Sensitivity
C. Circadian Rhythms in Surface Fish
D.Survival Strategies in Mexican Caves
【答案】 A
【解析】 标题归纳题。通读全文,尤其是根据第一段中的“A blind fish living in...maintains some ability to sense light.”和最后一段中的“‘We have provided proof...and make their clocks fit in with a light/dark cycle,’”可知,文章主要介绍了生物学家Steindal团队对墨西哥盲眼洞穴鱼的研究,他们发现这种鱼虽生活在黑暗中,似乎不依赖体内日常周期,但其细胞仍能感知光线并激活分子钟机制,而且不同洞穴的鱼的生物钟机制有差异,这些发现有助于了解昼夜节律及动物对黑暗环境的适应。因此,A项最契合文章主旨,适合作文章标题。故选A。
Ⅱ.完形填空
I recall as a young child bringing a bunch of brilliant flowers to my mother.She was amazed at its shape but her passion eventually　1　.Both my parents hated the 　2　 of these flowers in the lawn.
There were an ocean of them! We spent hours picking them.But the supply of dandelions (蒲公英) never 　3　.My father would cut off all the heads with the lawnmower (割草机) once a week,but that didn’t 　4　 these hardy wonders.
And for those flowers that escaped the honour of being　5　 to my mother or the destiny to be killed by the lawnmower,there was another 　6　 of existence.The emergence of a new dandelion caused endless amazement as we had thought all were 　7　.
As I worked in my garden last week,I again　8　 at the flowers.And I hope I had the 　9　 of a dandelion.If only I could stretch my roots so deep that nothing could 　10　 me completely from the source that nourishes my life.If only I could face the world with a sunshiny face after someone has run me over with a 　11　.If only I could spread love as freely as this flower spreads seeds of itself.
The lawns are now beautiful green　12　.The only patches (块) of colour come from well-placed and well-controlled flowerbeds.Chemicals have managed to kill what human 　13　 couldn’t.I hope you and I can be 　14　.I hope that we can stretch our roots deep enough so that the strongest poison can’t reach our 　15　.I hope that we can overcome the poisons of anger,fear,hate,and competitiveness.
【语篇导读】 本文是夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者回忆童年时期对蒲公英的喜爱与父母对它的厌恶,引申出对生命力顽强、坚韧不拔精神的赞美,表达了作者希望像蒲公英一样拥有深深扎根、无畏困难、传播爱与阳光的生活态度。
(　　)1.A.changed B.faded
C. remained D.uplifted
【答案】 B
【解析】 根据下文的“Both my parents hated...in the lawn.”可知,此处表示母亲对于花的热情消退(faded)了。故选B。
(　　)2.A.presence B.absence
C. survival D.removal
【答案】 A
【解析】 根据下文的“My father would...once a week”可知,父亲每周都会割掉蒲公英,所以此处表示父母讨厌草坪上有(presence)这些花。故选A。
(　　)3.A.pulled up B.settled down
C. got across D.ran out
【答案】 D
【解析】 根据上文的“We spent hours picking them.But the supply of dandelions (蒲公英) never”以及下文的“My father would cut off...these hardy wonders.”可知,此处表示蒲公英永远也无法被除尽(ran out)。故选D。
(　　)4.A.distract B.destroy
C. trouble D.restore
【答案】 B
【解析】 根据下文的“The emergence of a new...all were　7　.”可知,割草机并不能消灭(destroy)所有的蒲公英。故选B。
(　　)5.A. hand-washed B.hand-written
C. hand-delivered D.hand-crafted
【答案】 C
【解析】 根据上文的“I recall as a young...to my mother.”可知,此处指作者亲手送给(hand-delivered)母亲的花。故选C。
(　　)6.A.dimension B.addition
C. anticipation D.exception
【答案】 A
【解析】 根据下文以及语境可知,除了被摘掉送给作者的母亲和被作者的父亲用割草机割掉外,蒲公英还有另一种存在层面(dimension)。故选A。
(　　)7.A.amazing B.thriving
C. brilliant D.gone
【答案】 D
【解析】 根据上文的“My father would...once a week”以及常识可知,经过割草机的切割之后,作者和父母以为蒲公英都被处理完,不复存在了。故选D。
(　　)8.A.grabbed B.yelled
C. marveled D.laughed
【答案】 C
【解析】 根据上文可知,此处表示作者再次对花感到惊奇(marveled)。故选C。
(　　)9.A.productivity B.perseverance
C. inclusiveness D.effectiveness
【答案】 B
【解析】 根据下文的“If only I could...nourishes my life.”以及语境可知,此处指作者希望拥有蒲公英般的毅力(perseverance)。故选B。
(　　)10.A.separate B.discourage
C. defend D.forbid
【答案】 A
【解析】 根据下文的“me completely from the source that nourishes my life”以及语境可知,此处表示作者认为没有任何东西可以将自己隔绝于(separate)生命源泉。故选A。
(　　)11.A.truck B.block
C. lawnmower D.dandelion
【答案】 C
【解析】 根据上文的“My father would cut...once a week”可知,此处呼应前文的割草机,表示如果有人使用割草机(lawnmower)碾过之后。故选C。
(　　)12.A.boards B.routes
C. blankets D.signs
【答案】 C
【解析】 根据上文的“The lawns are now beautiful green”以及下文的“The only patches (块) of...flowerbeds.”可知,此处将草坪比作绿色的地毯(blankets)。故选C。
(　　)13.A.evolution B.interference
C. preservation D.enhancement
【答案】 B
【解析】 根据上文的“Chemicals have managed to kill what human”可知,此处将人力干预(interference)与化学药品的作用进行对比。故选B。
(　　)14.A.forgiving B.conventional
C. emotional D.different
【答案】 D
【解析】 根据下文的“I hope that we can...competitiveness.”可知,此处表示作者希望人们都可以像蒲公英一样与众不同(different)。故选D。
(　　)15.A.souls B.deadlines
C. fields D.targets
【答案】 A
【解析】 根据上文的“I hope that we can stretch our...can’t reach our”以及语境可知,此处表示最烈的毒药也不会触及最深层的部分,即触及不到灵魂(souls)。故选A。Unit 4　Meeting the muse
以读促写　　　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2025·湖北荆州模拟预测)
　　For centuries,what makes human creativity so precious is not only the final products it yields,but also the effort behind their creation.But in a world where AI can generate anything with the click of a button,how do we distinguish what truly matters How does human-made art survive
Throughout history,the most famous works of art,literature,and music have carried a sense of labour,dedication,and mastery.We don’t just admire the end product;we admire how it came to be.Masterpieces like Van Gogh’s The Starry Night sustain not simply for their artistic beauty,but for the human stories they carry.They remind us that art is not just about beauty or skill—it is about intention,persistence,and what makes us human.
As AI floods the world with instant beauty,we’re entering an era of “aesthetic inflation”, where perfectly composed images,poetic style,and movie-like storytelling are available to anyone,instantly and at no cost.This makes us think about when beauty is effortless and endless,do human creations still have value
But human imperfection isn’t a weakness—it’s part of who we are,shaping our understanding of humanity.Our struggles,mistakes,and limitations aren’t just difficulties to overcome—they’re part of what gives life meaning.In this light,AI’s ability to create perfect art feels almost unnatural—a rejection of the struggle that gives creativity its weight.It may achieve technical perfection—but at the cost of the original energy that makes art stir feelings within people.Even at its most impressive,AI-generated art often feels empty.It has no real emotions or experiences,and no clear creators,failing to create unexpected surprises and arouse shared emotions with audiences.
Therefore,to preserve meaning,selection and context become more crucial.As AI can produce endless content,the human elements like context,narrative and the reasoning behind art become the true value source.Also,AI can be a creative collaborator rather than a replacement,refining ideas while keeping human imperfection and feeling,and acting as an amplifier (放大器) of human vision.
【语篇导读】 本文是议论文。文章主要讨论了在人工智能时代,人类艺术为何仍然重要,并探讨了人类艺术与人工智能生成艺术之间的区别和价值。
(　　)1.Why do masterpieces like The Starry Night remain valuable in the AI era
A.Because they represent unique human characteristics.
B.Because they contain human emotional depth and creative effort.
C. Because they are created through long production processes.
D.Because they showcase brilliant artistic creation skill.
【答案】 B
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Masterpieces like Van Gogh’s The Starry Night sustain...persistence,and what makes us human.”可知,像《星夜》这样的杰作在人工智能时代仍然有价值,是因为它们包含了人类的情感深度和创作努力。故选B。
(　　)2.Why does the author mention “aesthetic inflation” in Paragraph 3
A.To demonstrate AI’s efficiency in art creation.
B.To prove that AI-generated art is more affordable.
C. To criticise the overuse of technology in art creation.
D.To stress the devaluation of beauty due to mass production.
【答案】 D
【解析】 推理判断题。根据第三段“As AI floods the world with instant beauty,we’re entering an era of ‘aesthetic inflation’...about when beauty is effortless and endless,do human creations still have value ”可推知,作者在第三段提到“审美通胀”是为了强调由于大量生产而导致的美的贬值。故选D。
(　　)3.How does the author develop the argument in the passage
A.By making comparisons.
B.By giving definitions.
C. By giving examples.
D.By making classifications.
【答案】 A
【解析】 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Masterpieces like Van Gogh’s The Starry Night sustain not simply for their artistic beauty,but for the human stories they carry.”、第四段中的“But human imperfection isn’t a weakness...AI’s ability to create perfect art feels almost unnatural—a rejection of the struggle that gives creativity its weight.”以及最后一段叙述可知,作者通过比较人类艺术和人工智能生成的艺术来展开论述。故选A。
(　　)4.The author wrote this passage to 　　　.
A.show ways to perfect art with AI
B.teach how to create art in the age of AI
C. argue why human art still matters in the AI age
D.introduce a new revolution in art creation brought by AI
【答案】 C
【解析】 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“But in a world where AI can generate anything...How does human-made art survive ”以及全文内容可知,作者写这篇文章是为了论证在人工智能时代,人类艺术为何仍然重要。故选C。
Ⅱ.七选五
Art Appreciation
Art appreciation is an often overlooked skill.It’s more than simply looking at a piece of art and judging it based on what we see.It requires us to look deeper,beyond the surface into the artist’s intention.1.　　　 The following tips would help you achieve it.
The first step is to prepare yourself mentally.Before you begin viewing any artwork,take moments to clear your mind of what a piece you think should look like.2.　　　 That’s because an artist can present a unique visual experience by combining line,shape,form,colour and space creatively.
Besides,examine the artwork closely.Take note of its elements mentioned above.Consider how these elements work together to convey meaning or emotion in the piece.Notice how the work makes you feel.3.　　　 What can I see What is the artwork saying What feelings does it arouse in me
4.　　　 Information about the artist and when the artwork was created can help you uncover the deeper symbolism present in the work that may not be immediately evident.Art is often used as a tool for social change.To appreciate art,it’s important to understand the context where it was created.The context behind a piece can be found through research and analysis.
Last but not least,sharing opinions on art also helps.Try discussing your thoughts on artworks with friends or family who may have different opinions.Taking the diverse understanding into consideration,you can approach viewing artworks from different viewpoints.As a result,you can gain a new appreciation every time you look at it.5.　　
A.Relevant research counts as well.
B.Engage all your senses and ask yourself questions.
C.The process can bring you a fun and educational trip.
D.Leave your feelings aside and check out the questions.
E.To sum up,communication can also do good to your art appreciation.
F.With the previous ideas,you can get well prepared for the appreciation.
G.This will help you open up to different perspectives when exploring the work.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了如何欣赏艺术作品。
1.【答案】 C
【解析】 上文提到欣赏艺术作品要求我们透过表面深入观察艺术家的意图,空处应承接上文,说明上述做法所带来的好处。C项“这个过程会带给你一次有趣又有教育意义的旅程”符合语境。故选C。
2.【答案】 G
【解析】 根据上文内容可知,空处应承接上文,说明为什么要花时间厘清你认为一件作品应该是什么样子的。G项“这将帮助你在探索作品时从不同的角度出发”符合语境。故选G。
3.【答案】 B
【解析】 根据下文的“What can...arouse in me ”可知,下文主要列举了一些需要思考的问题。B项“调动你所有的感官,问自己问题”符合语境。故选B。
4.【答案】 A
【解析】 根据下文内容可知,本段主要说明了我们要研究艺术作品背后的创作背景。A项“相关研究也很重要”符合语境。故选A。
5.【答案】 E
【解析】 根据上文内容可知,本句为本段最后一句,应承接上文,说明交流对于欣赏艺术作品的好处。E项“综上所述,交流对你的艺术作品欣赏也有好处”符合语境。故选E。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2025·安徽合肥三模)
　　Clara Bryon,a French artist and architect,spent two months at an art platform 1.　　　　(house) in the former Sino-French University in Beijing.As one of the honorees of an artist award,Bryon took in the layers of the city’s architecture as not just structures 2.　　　　 silent storytellers.
During her stay,she wasn’t just visiting—she was observing.Her daily 3.　　　　 (walk) through the city—from hutongs to visits to historical sites like the Forbidden City—4.　　　　 (become) the foundation for 18 artworks on view in her solo exhibition Kou:Opening.Traditional handmade paper became 5.　　　　 core element in her creative process.She combined traditional handmade paper with 6.　　　　 (wood) lattices (格子架) in her works.Her Window of the Square Courtyard series shows light passing through barriers,7.　　　　 (reflect) Beijing’s mix of tradition and openness.The exhibition also includes four photographs from her First Spring Flowers series.Bryon photographed magnolias (玉兰花) using movable paper to mimic a breeze revealing magnolia blossoms.
Christine Cayol,8.　　　　 (found) of this art platform,praised Bryon’s focus on “restoring the flow of energy” through architectural details.Living in a hutong,Bryon found beauty 9.　　　　 Beijing’s gray tones.She described the city as “severe yet gentle”,10.　　　　 the gray walls became neutral texture setting off everyday details.
【语篇导读】 本文是记叙文。文章讲述了法国艺术家和建筑师克拉拉·布莱恩在北京的艺术平台度过两个月的经历。她通过观察和创作展现了北京建筑的多层次内涵,并通过艺术作品表达了对北京的深刻理解。
1.【答案】 housed
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。此处需填非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰an art platform,house和platform之间是逻辑上的被动关系,应用动词的过去分词形式。故填housed。
2.【答案】 but
【解析】 考查连词。not just...but...为固定搭配,意为“不仅……而且……”。故填but。
3.【答案】 walks
【解析】 考查名词。此处表示“每天的行走”,应用可数名词walk的复数形式。故填walks。
4.【答案】 became
【解析】 考查动词时态。根据句意可知,此处描述过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时。故填became。
5.【答案】 a
【解析】 考查冠词。此处泛指“一个核心元素”,且core发音以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a。故填a。
6.【答案】 wooden
【解析】 考查形容词。此处修饰名词lattices,需用形容词wooden作定语。故填wooden。
7.【答案】 reflecting
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词shows,此处需填非谓语动词作状语,reflect和逻辑主语series之间是主动关系,应用现在分词形式。故填reflecting。
8.【答案】 founder
【解析】 考查名词。分析可知,此处需填名词单数形式,作Christine Cayol的同位语,founder表示“创始人”。故填founder。
9.【答案】 in
【解析】 考查介词。find beauty in...意为“在……中发现美”,介词in表示范围或领域。故填in。
10.【答案】 where
【解析】 考查定语从句。此处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是city,关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语,需用关系副词where。故填where。
1.with the click of a button只需点击一下按钮
2.flood...with...用……充斥……;用……淹没……
3.at no cost 无须付出代价;免费
4.focus on 聚焦于
5.contribute to 促进,有助于
6.be based on以……为基础;基于……
7.take in 吸收;理解
8.combine...with...把……与……结合起来
1.on display 陈列;展示
2.pass down 传递;传下去
3.go deeper into 深入了解;深入研究
4.bring out 取出;带出;使显现
5.come to life 变得生动;活跃起来;苏醒
6.light up 点亮,照亮;变得明亮
7.contrast with 与……形成对比
8.(be) tired from 因……而疲劳,因……而感到疲倦
1.此外,这位设计师认为这座城市的建筑不仅是建筑,更是无声的故事讲述者。(not just...but...)
Besides, the designer considers the city’s architecture as not just structures but silent storytellers.
2.展览将静态展示与动态演示相结合,是您深入了解技术世界的绝佳机会。(非谓语动词作状语)
Combining static displays with dynamic demonstrations,the exhibition is a great opportunity for you to go deeper into the world of technology.
3.将会有一些互动区域,你可以在那里试用一些很酷的设备。(where引导定语从句)
There will be interactive areas where you can try out some cool devices.
　　假设你是李华,你校将举办第12届科技作品展览会,开幕日期为2月7日。请你向外国交换生Mike写一封邮件,内容包括:
1.介绍活动;
2.邀请参加。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
Dear Mike,
How have you been doing recently
Yours,
Li Hua
　　One possible version:
Dear Mike,
How have you been doing recently I’m excited to invite you to the 12th Science and Technology Works Exhibition held by our school,whose grand opening is on February 7th.
On the exhibition various kinds of cutting-edge scientific inventions and innovative works of students will be on display.Combining static displays with dynamic demonstrations,the exhibition is a great opportunity for you to go deeper into the world of technology.What’s more,some renowned experts will be invited to give lectures,and there will be interactive areas where you can try out some cool devices.Not only will you have a wonderful time,but you will also gain a lot from it.
I sincerely hope that you will accept my invitation.Looking forward to hearing from you soon. Yours,
Li Hua
点津:1为过去分词短语作后置定语;
2为whose引导的定语从句;
3为现在分词短语作状语;
4为where引导的定语从句;
5为not only位于句首引起的倒装。Unit 4　Meeting the muse
以读促写
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2025·湖北荆州模拟预测)
　　For centuries,what makes human creativity so precious is not only the final products it yields,but also the effort behind their creation.But in a world where AI can generate anything with the click of a button,how do we distinguish what truly matters How does human-made art survive
Throughout history,the most famous works of art,literature,and music have carried a sense of labour,dedication,and mastery.We don’t just admire the end product;we admire how it came to be.Masterpieces like Van Gogh’s The Starry Night sustain not simply for their artistic beauty,but for the human stories they carry.They remind us that art is not just about beauty or skill—it is about intention,persistence,and what makes us human.
As AI floods the world with instant beauty,we’re entering an era of “aesthetic inflation”,
where perfectly composed images,poetic style,and movie-like storytelling are available to anyone,
instantly and at no cost.This makes us think about when beauty is effortless and endless,do human creations still have value
But human imperfection isn’t a weakness—it’s part of who we are,shaping our understanding of humanity.Our struggles,mistakes,and limitations aren’t just difficulties to overcome—they’re part of what gives life meaning.In this light,AI’s ability to create perfect art feels almost unnatural—a rejection of the struggle that gives creativity its weight.It may achieve technical perfection—but at the cost of the original energy that makes art stir feelings within people.Even at its most impressive,AI-generated art often feels empty.It has no real emotions or experiences,and no clear creators,failing to create unexpected surprises and arouse shared emotions with audiences.
Therefore,to preserve meaning,selection and context become more crucial.As AI can produce endless content,the human elements like context,narrative and the reasoning behind art become the true value source.Also,AI can be a creative collaborator rather than a replacement,refining ideas while keeping human imperfection and feeling,and acting as an amplifier (放大器) of human vision.
(　　)1.Why do masterpieces like The Starry Night remain valuable in the AI era
A.Because they represent unique human characteristics.
B.Because they contain human emotional depth and creative effort.
C. Because they are created through long production processes.
D.Because they showcase brilliant artistic creation skill.
(　　)2.Why does the author mention “aesthetic inflation” in Paragraph 3
A.To demonstrate AI’s efficiency in art creation.
B.To prove that AI-generated art is more affordable.
C. To criticise the overuse of technology in art creation.
D.To stress the devaluation of beauty due to mass production.
(　　)3.How does the author develop the argument in the passage
A.By making comparisons.
B.By giving definitions.
C. By giving examples.
D.By making classifications.
(　　)4.The author wrote this passage to 　　　.
A.show ways to perfect art with AI
B.teach how to create art in the age of AI
C. argue why human art still matters in the AI age
D.introduce a new revolution in art creation brought by AI
Ⅱ.七选五
Art Appreciation
Art appreciation is an often overlooked skill.It’s more than simply looking at a piece of art and judging it based on what we see.It requires us to look deeper,beyond the surface into the artist’s intention.1.　　　 The following tips would help you achieve it.
The first step is to prepare yourself mentally.Before you begin viewing any artwork,take moments to clear your mind of what a piece you think should look like.2.　　　 That’s because an artist can present a unique visual experience by combining line,shape,form,colour and space creatively.
Besides,examine the artwork closely.Take note of its elements mentioned above.Consider how these elements work together to convey meaning or emotion in the piece.Notice how the work makes you feel.3.　　　 What can I see What is the artwork saying What feelings does it arouse in me
4.　　　 Information about the artist and when the artwork was created can help you uncover the deeper symbolism present in the work that may not be immediately evident.Art is often used as a tool for social change.To appreciate art,it’s important to understand the context where it was created.The context behind a piece can be found through research and analysis.
Last but not least,sharing opinions on art also helps.Try discussing your thoughts on artworks with friends or family who may have different opinions.Taking the diverse understanding into consideration,you can approach viewing artworks from different viewpoints.As a result,you can gain a new appreciation every time you look at it.5.　　
A.Relevant research counts as well.
B.Engage all your senses and ask yourself questions.
C.The process can bring you a fun and educational trip.
D.Leave your feelings aside and check out the questions.
E.To sum up,communication can also do good to your art appreciation.
F.With the previous ideas,you can get well prepared for the appreciation.
G.This will help you open up to different perspectives when exploring the work.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2025·安徽合肥三模)
　　Clara Bryon,a French artist and architect,spent two months at an art platform 1.　　　　(house) in the former Sino-French University in Beijing.As one of the honorees of an artist award,Bryon took in the layers of the city’s architecture as not just structures 2.　　 　　 silent storytellers.
During her stay,she wasn’t just visiting—she was observing.Her daily 3.　　　　 (walk) through the city—from hutongs to visits to historical sites like the Forbidden City—4.　　 　　 (become) the foundation for 18 artworks on view in her solo exhibition Kou:Opening.Traditional handmade paper became 5.　　　　 core element in her creative process.She combined traditional handmade paper with 6.　　　　 (wood) lattices (格子架) in her works.Her Window of the Square Courtyard series shows light passing through barriers,7.　　 　　 (reflect) Beijing’s mix of tradition and openness.The exhibition also includes four photographs from her First Spring Flowers series.Bryon photographed magnolias (玉兰花) using movable paper to mimic a breeze revealing magnolia blossoms.
Christine Cayol,8.　　　　 (found) of this art platform,praised Bryon’s focus on “restoring the flow of energy” through architectural details.Living in a hutong,Bryon found beauty 9.　　　　 Beijing’s gray tones.She described the city as “severe yet gentle”,10.　　　　 the gray walls became neutral texture setting off everyday details.
1.with the click of a button只需点击一下按钮
2.flood...with...用……充斥……;用……淹没……
3.at no cost 无须付出代价;免费
4.focus on 聚焦于
5.contribute to 促进,有助于
6.be based on以……为基础;基于……
7.take in 吸收;理解
8.combine...with...把……与……结合起来
1.on display 陈列;展示
2.pass down 传递;传下去
3.go deeper into 深入了解;深入研究
4.bring out 取出;带出;使显现
5.come to life 变得生动;活跃起来;苏醒
6.light up 点亮,照亮;变得明亮
7.contrast with 与……形成对比
8.(be) tired from 因……而疲劳,因……而感到疲倦
1.此外,这位设计师认为这座城市的建筑不仅是建筑,更是无声的故事讲述者。(not just...but...)
2.展览将静态展示与动态演示相结合,是您深入了解技术世界的绝佳机会。(非谓语动词作状语)
3.将会有一些互动区域,你可以在那里试用一些很酷的设备。(where引导定语从句)
　　假设你是李华,你校将举办第12届科技作品展览会,开幕日期为2月7日。请你向外国交换生Mike写一封邮件,内容包括:
1.介绍活动;
2.邀请参加。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
Dear Mike,
How have you been doing recently
Yours,
Li HuaUnit 3　Faster,higher,stronger
题组训练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
I am a multi-sport athlete and seasoned coach.When I was growing up,school wasn’t really my thing,but sport very much was.Athletics connected me to my school community by giving me a sense of belonging and success even when I struggled in the classroom.When I entered education,I knew I wanted to be more than a coach on the field and court—I wanted to help students like me make meaningful connections to school through sports.
I designed a programme around the concepts of comfort and stretch zones.On day one,I set up a range of equipment for different sports across a field.In groups,students discussed sports that they felt comfortable and safe playing.They then took turns selecting their comfort sports on the field,doing a brief share,and playing with their group.Afterwards,we had a class discussion on the importance of doing things that bring joy and passion,and how sharing that passion with others motivates us and the people around us.
On day two,with the same field design and sporting equipment,I introduced the idea of stretch zones.Students formed the same groups as on day one and discussed which sports were out of their comfort zones and more challenging to them.Some of my students were shy and others slightly frustrated (沮丧) as they struggled to perform the skills in sports in which they were not comfortable.Then we discussed,as a class,when something is challenging,if we recognise the difficulty and intentionally practise,we give ourselves the opportunity to overcome it over time.
The programme required more than just adjusting my curriculum (课程)—it also meant some changes to the way I taught.I found myself opening up to my students and sharing my own hardships and successes with them.As a result,my students felt freer to be their real selves.
【语篇导读】 本文是记叙文。文章讲述了作者为了让学生更好地融入校园生活而设计独特的体育课,寓教于乐,促进学生健康成长。
(　　)1.What did the author think of sport when he/she was a student
A.It appealed mainly to seniors.
B.It led to a decline in his/her grades.
C. It helped him/her get attached to school.
D.It made him/her struggle in the classroom.
【答案】 C
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段第二、三句可知,体育运动给作者带来校园归属感。故选C。
(　　)2.Why did the author design the programme
A.To test some sports equipment.
B.To prepare students for a meet.
C. To push students to observe rules.
D.To bond students and the school.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I wanted to help students like...school through sports.”及第二段的整体内容可知,作者设计这个课程是为了让学生更好地融入校园生活。故选D。
(　　)3.What was a problem facing the author on the second day of the programme
A.Some students feared challenges.
B.It was difficult to group students.
C. Students wanted material rewards.
D.The sports field became crowded.
【答案】 A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Some of my students were shy and others slightly...were not comfortable.”可知,活动第二天,部分学生表现出畏难倾向,害怕挑战。故选A。
(　　)4.What can we infer about the author
A.He/She loves telling jokes.
B.He/She is a creative teacher.
C. He/She used to be very shy.
D.He/She is fond of safe sports.
【答案】 B
【解析】 推理判断题。通读全文,尤其是根据第二段第一句及最后一段的整体内容可知,作者通过调整自己的课程来帮助学生们做真实的自己。由此可推断,作者是一位很有创意的老师。故选B。
B
(2025·海南儋州三模)
China’s capital city Beijing is all set to host an interesting half-marathon that will set thousands of human runners against dozens of bipedal (双足行走的) robots developed by some of the world’s leading robotics companies.
This coming April, the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area (E-Town) will be hosting an interesting running event for both humans and human-like robots. 12,000 people are expected to take part in the event alongside dozens of bipedal robots developed by major robotics companies, making this one of the strangest half-marathons in history. Participating robots will need to have a human-inspired appearance, be between 0.5 and 2 metres tall (so no giant robots are allowed), and have the ability to run or at least walk on two legs. The winners, whether humans or robots, will receive prize money depending on their performance.
Do the robots have a chance to win against humans Well, we’ll have to wait until April to find out, but experts say seasoned human runners still have an edge over bipedal robots. The robots’ speeds reportedly range from 8 to 12 km/h, whereas finishing a 21.1-kilometre half-marathon in an hour and a half requires an average speed of 14 km/h. Plus, battery autonomy is likely to be a major factor, as organisers have already announced that the battery swapping mid-race is allowed.
This won’t be the first time robots compete in official running events. Last year,a quadruped (四足的) robot became the first robot to ever complete a full marathon on a single charge. Sadly, it won’t be able to take part in April’s half-marathon, as the event is only open to bipedal robots.
A humanoid robot in Beijing cheered for the runners of the Yizhuang Half Marathon and even crossed the finish line together with them. However, its brief appearance left many people craving for more. In April, it will be at the starting line.
【语篇导读】 本文是新闻报道。文章主要讲述了北京经济技术开发区举办的一场人类与双足机器人同场竞技的半程马拉松赛事,并介绍了赛事规则、机器人面临的挑战以及相关背景。
(　　)5.What do we know about the half-marathon to be held in Beijing
A.It is open to quadruped robots.
B.It uses a human-like robot as the host.
C. It encourages more people to participate.
D.It features robots and humans competing together.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This coming April, the Beijing...making this one of the strangest half-marathons in history.”可知,北京半程马拉松的特点是“人类与机器人同场竞技”。故选D。
(　　)6.What is the primary challenge for bipedal robots in the half-marathon
A.The restriction on their height.
B.The limitation of their speed.
C. The requirement for their appearance.
D.The difficulty in maintaining power.
【答案】 B
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The robots’ speeds reportedly range from 8 to 12 km/h...an hour and a half requires an average speed of 14 km/h.”可知,对于双足机器人而言,在半程马拉松比赛中面临的首要挑战是他们速度的限制。故选B。
(　　)7.What will happen to the humanoid robot in the race in April
A.Its role will undergo a transformation.
B.Its speed will be faster than humans.
C. Its functions will be expanded.
D.Its shape will be different.
【答案】 A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“A humanoid robot in Beijing cheered for the runners...it will be at the starting line.”可知,在四月份的比赛中,该类人机器人的角色会发生转变——成为参赛者。故选A。
(　　)8.What is a suitable title for the text
A.The Future Technology:Robots in a Half-marathon
B.The Ultimate Race: Humans Vs Robots in a Half-marathon
C. Beijing E-Town’s Human-Robot Running Challenge
D.Bipedal Robots to Compete in Beijing’s Half-marathon
【答案】 C
【解析】 标题归纳题。根据第一段“China’s capital city Beijing is all set to host an interesting half-marathon ... by some of the world’s leading robotics companies.”,再结合文章主要讲述了北京经济技术开发区举办的一场人类与双足机器人同场竞技的半程马拉松赛事,并介绍了赛事规则、机器人面临的挑战以及相关背景可知,C项最适合作文章标题。故选C。
Ⅱ.读后续写(趣事篇)
　　阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
(2025·江苏一模)
Mrs Thompson, a retired teacher, was well-known for her insightful advice and genuine willingness to help others. Many high school students often turned to her for guidance and as her neighbour, me included.
One afternoon, feeling troubled and uncertain about my future after a disappointing exam, I decided to knock on Mrs Thompson’s door.
“I don’t know what I’m doing with my life,” I admitted, my eyes fixed on the floor. “It feels like everyone else has it all figured out, and I’m just stuck.” My voice trembled with sadness and a hint of fear.
I had bombed my last maths test, and it felt like that failure stayed in every corner of my mind, increasing my anxiety about college examinations and what I might want to pursue. While my friends seemed to advance effortlessly through their studies, I was struggling to stay afloat. The feeling that I was falling behind only deepened my sense of hopelessness.
Mrs Thompson listened carefully, her face a picture of calm and understanding. Without saying much, she handed me a small tomato seedling (苗) in a pot. The tiny plant, with its delicate green leaves, seemed to symbolise a slight sign of hope.
“Let’s plant this in the garden,” she said gently. “Water it every day and make sure it gets enough sunlight. But for a whole week, don’t focus on its progress. Just trust that it’s growing.”
Every day, I faithfully watered the little seedling, as if I was putting my own hopes into it. I carefully ensured it got the right amount of sunlight, positioning it just so under the sun’s rays. With great self-control, I resisted the urge to examine it too closely. As the days went by, I felt a mix of eagerness and impatience, like a child waiting for a long-promised gift, longing to see some sign that my efforts were making a difference.
注意:续写词数应为150个左右。
Paragraph 1:
“Let’s go to check on the plant,” Mrs Thompson said to me a week later.
Paragraph 2:
One day, as I bent down to water it, a tiny yellow flower caught my eye.
[情节构建]
情节线 情感线
速读文章定要素 Who Mrs Thompson and I 不安、不确定、焦虑 急切、不耐烦 惊喜 喜悦、成就感 充满自信
When One afternoon
Where At Mrs Thompson’s home
What I felt troubled and uncertain about my future after a disappointing exam and decided to ask Mrs Thompson for help.
明确冲突定主题 Conflict & Clue Conflict: I had bombed my last maths test, and it felt like that failure stayed in every corner of my mind, increasing my anxiety about college examinations and what I might want to pursue. While my friends seemed to advance effortlessly through their studies, I was struggling to stay afloat. The feeling that I was falling behind only deepened my sense of hopelessness. Clue: “Let’s plant this in the garden,” she said gently. “Water it every day and make sure it gets enough sunlight. But for a whole week, don’t focus on its progress. Just trust that it’s growing.”
Theme The importance of perseverance and efforts
预设问题定走向 Para.1 “Let’s go to check on the plant,” Mrs Thompson said to me a week later. Q1:How did I feel on the way to the garden Q2:What did I see in the garden Q3:What did Mrs Thompson say to me
Para.2 One day, as I bent down to water it, a tiny yellow flower caught my eye. Q1:How did I feel when seeing the flower Q2:What did I think of after seeing the flower Q3:What did I learn from the experience
　　One possible version:
“Let’s go to check on the plant,” Mrs Thompson said to me a week later. With a heart full of anticipation, I followed her to the garden. When we reached the spot where we’d planted the seedling,I was amazed. The once-tiny plant had grown significantly. Its leaves were greener and more robust, and it stood taller,reaching towards the sky.Mrs Thompson looked at me and smiled, “You see, just like this seedling, growth doesn’t always happen at a speed we can immediately notice. Your efforts in studying are like the care you gave this plant. They’re working, even if you can’t see the results right away.”
One day, as I bent down to water it, a tiny yellow flower caught my eye. A sense of joy and accomplishment washed over me.That little flower was a symbol of hope and proof that my care had paid off. It made me realise that just as the seedling needed time and consistent care to bloom,so did I in my studies. I no longer felt as lost or hopeless.From then on, I faced my study challenges with newfound confidence,knowing that with perseverance,my efforts would surely lead to beautiful “blooms” in my future.
点津:1为when引导的时间状语从句;
2为where引导的定语从句,修饰the spot;
3为现在分词短语作状语;
4为省略关系词的定语从句,修饰speed;
5为省略关系词的定语从句,修饰care;
6为无灵主语,丰富了句子结构;
7为同位语从句,修饰说明 proof;
8为so引导的倒装句;
9为现在分词短语作状语;
为that引导的宾语从句,且从句使用了无灵主语。Unit 2　Onwards and upwards
题组训练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2025·河南郑州一模)
A few years ago, we bought toy bricks for my dad’s birthday, hoping to combine his love for architecture with family time.
Each evening, my dad and I gathered around the large dining table to play the toy bricks. We faced thousands of tiny pieces, each packaged with precision in numbered plastic bags, accompanied by a thick instruction book. The evenings passed quickly, and the building rose before our eyes. We could see our efforts producing good results, and as we turned to the boring task of ordering the coloured bricks on the building’s floor, our conversation also took a turn.
We were amazed by how complex the toy bricks were and the instruction book. We realised the book itself was a work of art, beautiful, but also surprisingly detailed and clear. It provided us with the comfort of certainty. We knew if we followed all the instructions, we would end up with a model that looked exactly like the picture on the box. If we made a mistake, all we had to do was to repeat our steps and start again.
Life, however, does not fit together so neatly and rarely provides us with such clear instructions. We talked over our respective lives, decisions that we made, and actions and choices that we never took. Dad reflected on a life well lived, and I, in my mid-thirties, on the uncertain path that lay ahead.
Here, we were the expert architects doing the assembling (组装), but out in the world, we were the ones being assembled.We think we’re in control, but our choices are shaped by forces beyond our control. In the face of uncertainty, we have to proceed, trusting in both the process and the end result.
Sometimes, on the days I return home, I go to the spare room to look at the completed toy bricks, which brings forth a sense of happiness and comfort. It reminds me that life is built slowly, with mistakes, an element of uncertainty and no instruction book. It shows that consideration, warmth and faith will result in a life well lived.Life itself is not about what we materially create or leave behind, but about how we live it.
【语篇导读】 本文是记叙文。作者讲述了和父亲一起搭建积木的经历,并由此引发对生活的思考。积木有明确的说明书,但生活没有,尽管它充满不确定性,我们也要带着信心前行。
(　　)1.Which can best describe the author’s experience of building the toy bricks
A.Simple and uninteresting.
B.Imaginative and enjoyable.
C. Complicated and rewarding.
D.Challenging and discouraging.
【答案】 C
【解析】 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“We faced thousands of tiny pieces...and as we turned to the boring task of ordering the coloured bricks on the building’s floor, our conversation also took a turn.”可推理出这个过程是复杂的;同时因搭建的建筑物在“我们”眼前逐渐升起,“我们”能看到努力正在结出果实,即作者搭建积木的经历复杂而有益。故选C。
(　　)2.What does the author learn from completing the toy bricks
A.Life requires to be planned carefully.
B.Life doesn’t come with clear guidance.
C. Mistakes in life can always be corrected.
D.Life’s uncertainty makes it more exciting.
【答案】 B
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Life, however, does not fit together so neatly and rarely provides us with such clear instructions...never took.”可知,作者从完成积木模型中学到了人生没有明确的指引。故选B。
(　　)3.How does the author suggest we deal with uncertainty in life
A.By avoiding making any choice.
B.By focusing on instant end results.
C. By seeking instructions from others.
D.By moving forwards with confidence.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“In the face of uncertainty, we have to proceed, trusting in both the process and the end result.”可知,作者建议我们充满信心地前进来处理生活中的不确定性。故选D。
(　　)4.What does the completed toy bricks mean to the author
A.The journey of living one’s life.
B.The achievement of life goals.
C. The value of hard work in life.
D.The joy of staying with families.
【答案】 A
【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段叙述可知,完成的积木模型让作者想起生活是慢慢构建的,有错误,有不确定性因素,生活本身不在于我们物质上创造或留下的东西,而在于我们如何度过它。由此可推知,对作者来说完成的积木模型象征着人生之旅。故选A。
B
(2025·八省联考)
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city—in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community.At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair,whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments.She prefers disorder to order,walking to driving,and diversity to uniformity.
For Jacobs,urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials.The best judges of how a city should be—and how it should develop—are the local residents themselves.Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions,because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions.
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks.The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks,which allow people to meet,talk,and get to know one another.Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better.
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also,for Jacobs,key elements of this urban form.The commercial,business,and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side,to allow for greater integration of people.There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings,and people’s interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused.
Finally,urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live,work, and interact.Such high-density spaces are,she feels,engines of creativity and vitality.They are also safe places to be,because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: Shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了Jacobs在她的职业生涯中致力于推进独特的城市愿景,尤其关注是什么造就了一个成功的城市社区。
(　　)5.What does Jacobs find most important for a successful urban community
A.Efficient public transport.
B.Strong interaction between people.
C. Uniform style of buildings.
D.A comparatively large population.
【答案】 B
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“At the heart of her vision...and exciting urban environments.”可知,Jacobs认为对于一个成功的城市社区来说,人与人之间有很强的互动是最重要的。故选B。
(　　)6.Who does Jacobs think should make decisions on urban development
A.Local residents.
B.Government officials.
C. City planners.
D.Construction workers.
【答案】 A　
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段可知,Jacobs认为对城市发展做出决定的应该是当地居民。故选A。
(　　)7.How does Jacobs suggest sidewalks be built
A.Lined with plants.
B.Painted with clear signs.
C. Tightly connected.
D.Convenient for the old.
【答案】 C　
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The streets in which people live...and neighbourhood better.”可知,Jacobs建议修建紧密相连的人行道。故选C。
(　　)8.According to Jacobs,the “eyes on the street” bring a sense of 　　　.
A.pride B.comfort
C. security D.urgency
【答案】 C　
【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“They are also safe places to be...over the neighbourhood.”可知,Jacobs认为,“eyes on the street”给人带来一种安全的感觉。故选C。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2025·广东茂名二模)
Stressful situations can’t be avoided in daily life. You’re getting ready to meet someone.1.　　　 Or in the worst-case scenario (情况), you’re facing an emergency. Your hands start to shake, your heart races, and your mind floods with negative thoughts.
It’s common for the body’s natural “fight-or-flight” response to kick in, and it may be hard to react the way you would otherwise like to under pressure.2.　　　 When the next high-stress situation arises, you are better prepared.
One technique is to exercise the heart rate variability, or HRV, which is the way in which a person’s heart rate goes up and down and constantly varies. Having a higher HRV is a sign that your nervous system is healthy.3.　　
Be aware that your reaction to stress is not abnormal. When a person starts to feel the sensations of stress, thoughts such as “I can’t do this” or panic begins to happen. But when you’re mindful that these reactions are normal, you can use that awareness to your advantage.
4.　　　Experts recommend breathing in normally through the nose for four seconds and breathing out — as if you are gently blowing out a candle — for six seconds to help the body get to the best state.
Ultimately, it is important to remember that stress is unavoidable, especially when emergencies happen.5.　　　 It keeps our nervous systems prepared to respond when we need to, and to go back to a state of calm when things are OK and there’s no threat in the environment.
A.A little bit of stress is good for us.
B.But you can train the mind and body.
C.You have difficulty breathing normally.
D.It is important to stay calm in an emergency.
E.You’re standing up to speak in front of a crowd.
F.Reminding yourself to take slower breaths is also important.
G.And your heart can adapt better to daily challenges and stressors.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了面对高压力情境时,通过心率变异性训练、正念及呼吸技巧等方法帮助身体达到最佳状态,从而更好地应对压力。
1.【答案】 E
【解析】 上文“Stressful situations can’t be avoided in daily life. You’re getting ready to meet someone.”及下文“Or in the worst-case scenario (情况), you’re facing an emergency.”说明生活中会面临各种有压力的情况,此处应列举一种有压力的情况,与上下文相呼应。E项是一种会让人感到有压力的情况,与上下文衔接紧密,符合语境。故选E。
2.【答案】 B
【解析】 上文“It’s common for the body’s natural ‘fight-or-flight’ response to kick in, and it may be hard to react the way you would otherwise like to under pressure.”及下文“When the next high-stress situation arises, you are better prepared.”说明在压力下,可能很难做出理想的反应,可以为应对压力做好准备,此处承上启下,应说明提前准备的方法。B项与上文形成转折关系,并引出下文,符合语境。故选B。
3.【答案】 G
【解析】 上文“One technique is to exercise the heart rate variability ... Having a higher HRV is a sign that your nervous system is healthy.”说明锻炼心率变异性对神经系统有好处,此处应说明具体的好处是什么。G项进一步说明锻炼心率变异性的好处,与上文衔接紧密,符合语境。故选G。
4. 【答案】 F
【解析】 下文“Experts recommend breathing in normally through the nose for four seconds and breathing out — as if you are gently blowing out a candle — for six seconds to help the body get to the best state.”说明专家建议通过特定的呼吸方式来帮助身体达到最佳状态。该段主要讲的是通过呼吸来应对压力,F项与下文相呼应,说明放慢呼吸的重要性,引出下文的专家建议。故选F。
5. 【答案】 A
【解析】 上文“Ultimately, it is important to remember that stress is unavoidable, especially when emergencies happen.”说明压力是不可避免的,下文“It keeps our nervous systems prepared to respond when we need to, and to go back to a state of calm when things are OK and there’s no threat in the environment.”说明了压力的好处。A项承上启下,符合语境。故选A。
Ⅲ.语法填空
More young people are trying their hand at farming the soil.Guo,works in a vegetable greenhouse on his organic farm 1.　　　　(locate) in the suburban district of Hefei,Anhui Province.It is the eighth time that Guo has failed to grow vegetables 2.　　　　using chemicals.Despite trying various homemade pest solutions,such as plant ash and mixtures of pepper and alcohol,the vegetable 3.　　　　 (leaf) were still being eaten by insects.“I will not give up 4.　　　　(try),” Guo says.He is determined to turn his farm into 5.　　　　 organic one,cultivating fresh fruit and vegetables with the same flavours as those from his childhood memories.
“Growing tasty and healthy food 6.　　(be) my dream since I was a teenager.I know 7.　　　　 challenging it can be,but if you take the soil 8.　　　　(serious),I believe it will pay off,” Guo says.He adds that farming is not a business that can make quick money,but for him,it has become an uplifting activity that brings back memories of spending time on the farm with 9.　　　　 (he) parents as a child.Guo’s passion for organic farming and commitment to producing healthy food will surely inspire more young people to explore 10.　　　　 (sustain) agriculture.
【语篇导读】 本文是记叙文。文章讲述了一个青年在安徽省合肥市郊外努力实现有机农业梦想的故事。
1.【答案】 located
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词works,设空处应用非谓语动词,locate和farm之间是逻辑上的被动关系,应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填located。
2.【答案】 without
【解析】 考查介词。根据下文可知,此处表示“没有”,应用介词without。故填without。
3.【答案】 leaves
【解析】 考查名词复数。谓语were being eaten提示主语应用复数形式,且leaf意为“叶子”,为可数名词。故填leaves。
4.【答案】 trying
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。give up doing sth意为“放弃做某事”,为固定搭配。故填trying。
5.【答案】 an
【解析】 考查冠词。此处泛指“一个有机农场”,应用不定冠词,且organic以元音音素开头。故填an。
6.【答案】 has been
【解析】 考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语since I was a teenager可知,主句应用现在完成时;主语是动名词短语,表示单数意义,谓语动词应用单数形式。故填has been。
7.【答案】 how
【解析】 考查宾语从句。设空处引导宾语从句,结合句意可知,此处应用连接副词how引导,修饰形容词challenging。故填how。
8.【答案】 seriously
【解析】 考查副词。设空处修饰动词take,应用副词seriously作状语,take sth seriously意为“认真对待某事(物)”。故填seriously。
9.【答案】 his
【解析】 考查代词。设空处修饰名词parents,应用形容词性物主代词。故填his。
10.【答案】 sustainable
【解析】 考查形容词。设空处修饰名词agriculture,应用形容词sustainable作定语。故填sustainable。Unit 3　Faster,higher,stronger
题组训练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
I am a multi-sport athlete and seasoned coach.When I was growing up,school wasn’t really my thing,but sport very much was.Athletics connected me to my school community by giving me a sense of belonging and success even when I struggled in the classroom.When I entered education,I knew I wanted to be more than a coach on the field and court—I wanted to help students like me make meaningful connections to school through sports.
I designed a programme around the concepts of comfort and stretch zones.On day one,I set up a range of equipment for different sports across a field.In groups,students discussed sports that they felt comfortable and safe playing.They then took turns selecting their comfort sports on the field,doing a brief share,and playing with their group.Afterwards,we had a class discussion on the importance of doing things that bring joy and passion,and how sharing that passion with others motivates us and the people around us.
On day two,with the same field design and sporting equipment,I introduced the idea of stretch zones.Students formed the same groups as on day one and discussed which sports were out of their comfort zones and more challenging to them.Some of my students were shy and others slightly frustrated (沮丧) as they struggled to perform the skills in sports in which they were not comfortable.Then we discussed,as a class,when something is challenging,if we recognise the difficulty and intentionally practise,we give ourselves the opportunity to overcome it over time.
The programme required more than just adjusting my curriculum (课程)—it also meant some changes to the way I taught.I found myself opening up to my students and sharing my own hardships and successes with them.As a result,my students felt freer to be their real selves.
(　　)1.What did the author think of sport when he/she was a student
A.It appealed mainly to seniors.
B.It led to a decline in his/her grades.
C. It helped him/her get attached to school.
D.It made him/her struggle in the classroom.
(　　)2.Why did the author design the programme
A.To test some sports equipment.
B.To prepare students for a meet.
C. To push students to observe rules.
D.To bond students and the school.
(　　)3.What was a problem facing the author on the second day of the programme
A.Some students feared challenges.
B.It was difficult to group students.
C. Students wanted material rewards.
D.The sports field became crowded.
(　　)4.What can we infer about the author
A.He/She loves telling jokes.
B.He/She is a creative teacher.
C. He/She used to be very shy.
D.He/She is fond of safe sports.
B
(2025·海南儋州三模)
China’s capital city Beijing is all set to host an interesting half-marathon that will set thousands of human runners against dozens of bipedal (双足行走的) robots developed by some of the world’s leading robotics companies.
This coming April, the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area (E-Town) will be hosting an interesting running event for both humans and human-like robots. 12,000 people are expected to take part in the event alongside dozens of bipedal robots developed by major robotics companies, making this one of the strangest half-marathons in history. Participating robots will need to have a human-inspired appearance, be between 0.5 and 2 metres tall (so no giant robots are allowed), and have the ability to run or at least walk on two legs. The winners, whether humans or robots, will receive prize money depending on their performance.
Do the robots have a chance to win against humans Well, we’ll have to wait until April to find out, but experts say seasoned human runners still have an edge over bipedal robots. The robots’ speeds reportedly range from 8 to 12 km/h, whereas finishing a 21.1-kilometre half-marathon in an hour and a half requires an average speed of 14 km/h. Plus, battery autonomy is likely to be a major factor, as organisers have already announced that the battery swapping mid-race is allowed.
This won’t be the first time robots compete in official running events. Last year,a quadruped (四足的) robot became the first robot to ever complete a full marathon on a single charge. Sadly, it won’t be able to take part in April’s half-marathon, as the event is only open to bipedal robots.
A humanoid robot in Beijing cheered for the runners of the Yizhuang Half Marathon and even crossed the finish line together with them. However, its brief appearance left many people craving for more. In April, it will be at the starting line.
(　　)5.What do we know about the half-marathon to be held in Beijing
A.It is open to quadruped robots.
B.It uses a human-like robot as the host.
C. It encourages more people to participate.
D.It features robots and humans competing together.
(　　)6.What is the primary challenge for bipedal robots in the half-marathon
A.The restriction on their height.
B.The limitation of their speed.
C. The requirement for their appearance.
D.The difficulty in maintaining power.
(　　)7.What will happen to the humanoid robot in the race in April
A.Its role will undergo a transformation.
B.Its speed will be faster than humans.
C. Its functions will be expanded.
D.Its shape will be different.
(　　)8.What is a suitable title for the text
A.The Future Technology:Robots in a Half-marathon
B.The Ultimate Race: Humans Vs Robots in a Half-marathon
C. Beijing E-Town’s Human-Robot Running Challenge
D.Bipedal Robots to Compete in Beijing’s Half-marathon
Ⅱ.读后续写(趣事篇)
　　阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
(2025·江苏一模)
Mrs Thompson, a retired teacher, was well-known for her insightful advice and genuine willingness to help others. Many high school students often turned to her for guidance and as her neighbour, me included.
One afternoon, feeling troubled and uncertain about my future after a disappointing exam, I decided to knock on Mrs Thompson’s door.
“I don’t know what I’m doing with my life,” I admitted, my eyes fixed on the floor. “It feels like everyone else has it all figured out, and I’m just stuck.” My voice trembled with sadness and a hint of fear.
I had bombed my last maths test, and it felt like that failure stayed in every corner of my mind, increasing my anxiety about college examinations and what I might want to pursue. While my friends seemed to advance effortlessly through their studies, I was struggling to stay afloat. The feeling that I was falling behind only deepened my sense of hopelessness.
Mrs Thompson listened carefully, her face a picture of calm and understanding. Without saying much, she handed me a small tomato seedling (苗) in a pot. The tiny plant, with its delicate green leaves, seemed to symbolise a slight sign of hope.
“Let’s plant this in the garden,” she said gently. “Water it every day and make sure it gets enough sunlight. But for a whole week, don’t focus on its progress. Just trust that it’s growing.”
Every day, I faithfully watered the little seedling, as if I was putting my own hopes into it. I carefully ensured it got the right amount of sunlight, positioning it just so under the sun’s rays. With great self-control, I resisted the urge to examine it too closely. As the days went by, I felt a mix of eagerness and impatience, like a child waiting for a long-promised gift, longing to see some sign that my efforts were making a difference.
注意:续写词数应为150个左右。
Paragraph 1:
“Let’s go to check on the plant,” Mrs Thompson said to me a week later.
Paragraph 2:
One day, as I bent down to water it, a tiny yellow flower caught my eye.
[情节构建]
情节线 情感线
速读文章定要素 Who 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 不安、不确定、焦虑 　　　 　　　 喜悦、成就感 　　　
When 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Where 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
What
明确冲突定主题 Conflict & Clue Conflict: Clue:
Theme 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
预设问题定走向 Para.1 “Let’s go to check on the plant,” Mrs Thompson said to me a week later. Q1:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Q2:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Q3:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Para.2 One day, as I bent down to water it, a tiny yellow flower caught my eye. Q1:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Q2:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Q3:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Unit 2　Onwards and upwards
题组训练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2025·河南郑州一模)
A few years ago, we bought toy bricks for my dad’s birthday, hoping to combine his love for architecture with family time.
Each evening, my dad and I gathered around the large dining table to play the toy bricks. We faced thousands of tiny pieces, each packaged with precision in numbered plastic bags, accompanied by a thick instruction book. The evenings passed quickly, and the building rose before our eyes. We could see our efforts producing good results, and as we turned to the boring task of ordering the coloured bricks on the building’s floor, our conversation also took a turn.
We were amazed by how complex the toy bricks were and the instruction book. We realised the book itself was a work of art, beautiful, but also surprisingly detailed and clear. It provided us with the comfort of certainty. We knew if we followed all the instructions, we would end up with a model that looked exactly like the picture on the box. If we made a mistake, all we had to do was to repeat our steps and start again.
Life, however, does not fit together so neatly and rarely provides us with such clear instructions. We talked over our respective lives, decisions that we made, and actions and choices that we never took. Dad reflected on a life well lived, and I, in my mid-thirties, on the uncertain path that lay ahead.
Here, we were the expert architects doing the assembling (组装), but out in the world, we were the ones being assembled.We think we’re in control, but our choices are shaped by forces beyond our control. In the face of uncertainty, we have to proceed, trusting in both the process and the end result.
Sometimes, on the days I return home, I go to the spare room to look at the completed toy bricks, which brings forth a sense of happiness and comfort. It reminds me that life is built slowly, with mistakes, an element of uncertainty and no instruction book. It shows that consideration, warmth and faith will result in a life well lived.Life itself is not about what we materially create or leave behind, but about how we live it.
(　　)1.Which can best describe the author’s experience of building the toy bricks
A.Simple and uninteresting.
B.Imaginative and enjoyable.
C. Complicated and rewarding.
D.Challenging and discouraging.
(　　)2.What does the author learn from completing the toy bricks
A.Life requires to be planned carefully.
B.Life doesn’t come with clear guidance.
C. Mistakes in life can always be corrected.
D.Life’s uncertainty makes it more exciting.
(　　)3.How does the author suggest we deal with uncertainty in life
A.By avoiding making any choice.
B.By focusing on instant end results.
C. By seeking instructions from others.
D.By moving forwards with confidence.
(　　)4.What does the completed toy bricks mean to the author
A.The journey of living one’s life.
B.The achievement of life goals.
C. The value of hard work in life.
D.The joy of staying with families.
B
(2025·八省联考)
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city—in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community.At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair,whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments.She prefers disorder to order,walking to driving,and diversity to uniformity.
For Jacobs,urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials.The best judges of how a city should be—and how it should develop—are the local residents themselves.Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions,because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions.
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community,
especially the sidewalks.The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks,which allow people to meet,talk,and get to know one another.Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better.
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also,for Jacobs,key elements of this urban form.The commercial,business,and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side,to allow for greater integration of people.There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings,and people’s interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused.
Finally,urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live,work,
and interact.Such high-density spaces are,she feels,engines of creativity and vitality.They are also safe places to be,because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”:
Shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
(　　)5.What does Jacobs find most important for a successful urban community
A.Efficient public transport.
B.Strong interaction between people.
C. Uniform style of buildings.
D.A comparatively large population.
(　　)6.Who does Jacobs think should make decisions on urban development
A.Local residents.
B.Government officials.
C. City planners.
D.Construction workers.
(　　)7.How does Jacobs suggest sidewalks be built
A.Lined with plants.
B.Painted with clear signs.
C. Tightly connected.
D.Convenient for the old.
(　　)8.According to Jacobs,the “eyes on the street” bring a sense of 　　　.
A.pride B.comfort
C. security D.urgency
Ⅱ.七选五
(2025·广东茂名二模)
Stressful situations can’t be avoided in daily life. You’re getting ready to meet someone.
1.　　　 Or in the worst-case scenario (情况), you’re facing an emergency. Your hands start to shake, your heart races, and your mind floods with negative thoughts.
It’s common for the body’s natural “fight-or-flight” response to kick in, and it may be hard to react the way you would otherwise like to under pressure.2.　 　　 When the next high-stress situation arises, you are better prepared.
One technique is to exercise the heart rate variability, or HRV, which is the way in which a person’s heart rate goes up and down and constantly varies. Having a higher HRV is a sign that your nervous system is healthy.3.　　
Be aware that your reaction to stress is not abnormal. When a person starts to feel the sensations of stress, thoughts such as “I can’t do this” or panic begins to happen. But when you’re mindful that these reactions are normal, you can use that awareness to your advantage.
4.　　　Experts recommend breathing in normally through the nose for four seconds and breathing out — as if you are gently blowing out a candle — for six seconds to help the body get to the best state.
Ultimately, it is important to remember that stress is unavoidable, especially when emergencies happen.5.　　　 It keeps our nervous systems prepared to respond when we need to, and to go back to a state of calm when things are OK and there’s no threat in the environment.
A.A little bit of stress is good for us.
B.But you can train the mind and body.
C.You have difficulty breathing normally.
D.It is important to stay calm in an emergency.
E.You’re standing up to speak in front of a crowd.
F.Reminding yourself to take slower breaths is also important.
G.And your heart can adapt better to daily challenges and stressors.
Ⅲ.语法填空
More young people are trying their hand at farming the soil.Guo,works in a vegetable greenhouse on his organic farm 1.　　　　(locate) in the suburban district of Hefei,Anhui Province.It is the eighth time that Guo has failed to grow vegetables 2.　　　　 using chemicals.Despite trying various homemade pest solutions,such as plant ash and mixtures of pepper and alcohol,the vegetable 3.　　　　 (leaf) were still being eaten by insects.“I will not give up 4.　　　　(try),” Guo says.He is determined to turn his farm into 5.　　　　 organic one,cultivating fresh fruit and vegetables with the same flavours as those from his childhood memories.
“Growing tasty and healthy food 6.　　　　(be) my dream since I was a teenager.I know
7.　　　　 challenging it can be,but if you take the soil 8.　　　　(serious),I believe it will pay off,” Guo says.He adds that farming is not a business that can make quick money,but for him,it has become an uplifting activity that brings back memories of spending time on the farm with
9.　　　　 (he) parents as a child.Guo’s passion for organic farming and commitment to producing healthy food will surely inspire more young people to explore 10.　　　　 (sustain) agriculture. Unit 6　Nurturing nature
题组训练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2025·山西大同三模)
　　For years,scientists have argued about if dividing forests into smaller parts is good for biodiversity.Some think that separated groups of animals and plants can develop in different ways,just like on islands in the ocean.But Nate Sanders,an ecologist and co-author,said “fragmentation (碎片化) is bad,” which is cited from an article.
While there are some views that fragmentation can reduce the number of species in one small area,it’s possible that enough differences in the species found in these small areas might add up to greater biodiversity across a fragmented landscape than in a contiguous one.“The key to the debate is that people who argue that fragmentation isn’t so bad say that because you have isolated habitats,you have different species composition,which means it’s good.We can assume that diversity in large areas is going to be higher,” said Thiago ,the lead author and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Michigan.
To test whether this is true,28 scientists from all over the world collected data from 37 studies in six continents.They compared the species in large parts of land with those in small pieces.On average,in fragmented areas,there were 12% fewer species than in large,unbroken areas.The loss was between 10.7% and 18%,even when they thought about the differences in the habitats.When they considered the distance between the small pieces of land,the idea that fragmented areas have more biodiversity disappeared.
“This study resolves a half-century debate about how to conserve biodiversity in natural areas,one started by distinguished scholars,” said co-author Nick Haddad,a researcher at Michigan State University.
Does this mean smaller fragments aren’t worth bothering with “Not necessarily,” said .“In many countries,there aren’t many large,complete forests remaining. Therefore,our focus should be on planting new forests and restoring increasingly degraded habitats.Restoration is crucial for the future,more than debating whether it’s better to have one large forest or many smaller fragments.”
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章介绍了通过全球科学家的大规模研究证实,森林碎片化会导致物种数量减少,不利于生物多样性,终结了持续半个世纪的学术争议。但作者最后指出,在现实生态保护中,应更关注森林修复而非单纯争论碎片化的利弊。
(　　)1.What is the debate about
A.Why fragmentation is vital to changing species.
B.Where to choose to plant small forests.
C. How to effectively protect large and unbroken forests.
D.Whether forest fragmentation is beneficial to biodiversity.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“For years,scientists have argued about if dividing forests into smaller parts is good for biodiversity.”可知,争论的核心是森林碎片化是否有利于生物多样性。故选D。
(　　)2.What did the 28 scientists discover about fragmentation
A.It reduced the number of species.
B.It had few impacts on the species.
C. It led to an increase in biodiversity.
D.It damaged some species in the ocean.
【答案】 A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“On average,in fragmented areas...when they thought about the differences in the habitats.”可知,28位科学家发现碎片化区域的物种数量比完整森林的少。故选A。
(　　)3.What does Nick Haddad think of the study
A.It starts a debate about how to protect nature.
B.It has little impact on how to protect biodiversity.
C. It ends a long discussion about biodiversity conservation.
D.It increases the confusion about biodiversity conservation.
【答案】 C
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第四段中Nick Haddad所说的话“‘This study resolves a half-century debate...distinguished scholars,’”可知,Nick Haddad认为这项研究结束了关于生物多样性保护的长期争论。故选C。
(　　)4.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph
A.To show that forest fragmentation has unclear solutions.
B.To bring in practical conservation measures at present.
C. To continue the academic debate on forest fragmentation.
D.To prove that smaller fragments are completely unimportant.
【答案】 B
【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段叙述可知,本段指出碎片化区域并非毫无价值,并强调现实中的重点应该是落实恢复森林区域的措施,而非去争论。由此可推知,作者是想从争论转到现实问题,引出切实可行的保护措施。故选B。
B
A new form of real estate is popping up along the beaches of South Africa,which is just big enough to fit a family of African penguins.Its unique selling point:a safe and cool place for penguins to breed (繁殖).
Historically,the penguins dug holes in layers of guano (海鸟粪),but in the 19th century, traders started selling guano as fertiliser,leaving the penguins and their eggs increasingly exposed to predators (捕食者) and the burning sun.This has caused African penguin populations to decrease.That’s why conservationists have come to the rescue with the African Penguin Nest Project (APNP),which aims to employ artificial nests to provide penguin parents with a safe and shaded place to raise their chicks.
While guano trade petered out by the late 1800s,recreating the layers that accumulated over thousands of years isn’t an option,because seabird populations have declined so much over time and it would take around 600 years to produce one usable guano layer.Hence,the project decided to build artificial nests.At first glance,they look fairly simple—a domed structure made from two molded shells of fabric coated in ceramic slurry (陶瓷浆料),with a small entrance measuring about 20 centimetres wide.
Getting the right temperature and dampness inside the nest was the toughest and most crucial part.The two-layer design and ventilation holes (通风孔) create an air conditioning effect,while the white paint reflects the sun,helping to maintain an interior temperature of less than 35 degrees Celsius.
The project started to use the nests in late 2018.“Within a matter of minutes,penguins were running into them,” says Graham,coordinator of APNP.“That tells you how desperate they are for any opportunity to find a safe place to nest.However,population recovery relies on more than merely giving African penguins a safe place to breed.It’s not simply a case of ‘we give them a nest,the species are saved’.There has to be more.”
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了在南非海滩上为非洲企鹅建立的人工巢穴项目,旨在通过科普的方式阐述该项目的背景、人工巢穴的设计特点及其对保护企鹅的意义。
(　　)5.What do we know about artificial nests
A.They function better than natural nests.
B.They are designed and built scientifically.
C. They are unique attractions of South Africa.
D.They are equipped with mini air conditioners.
【答案】 B
【解析】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可知,这些人工巢穴是经过科学设计和建造的。故选B。
(　　)6.What is the goal of APNP
A.To raise money to preserve penguins.
B.To promote the sale of artificial nests.
C. To help penguins fight against diseases.
D.To provide habitable shelters for penguins.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知,APNP的目标是为企鹅提供可居住的庇护所。故选D。
(　　)7.What does the underlined phrase “petered out” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Turned up. B.Dried out.
C. Faded away. D.Fell apart.
【答案】 C
【解析】 猜测短语题。根据第三段中的“recreating the layers that accumulated...produce one usable guano layer”可知,重新创造历史上积累了几千年的海鸟粪层是不可能的,因为这需要大约600年的时间才能产生一层可用的海鸟粪层。因此画线短语所在句应是说“尽管海鸟粪贸易在19世纪后期逐渐消失”,peter out意为“逐渐减少/消失”。故选C。
(　　)8.Which of the following statements might Graham agree with
A.Penguins breed more chicks in safer places.
B.Various conservation efforts need to be combined.
C. Artificial nests have achieved the desired effect.
D.Artificial nests should be applied to other species.
【答案】 B
【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,Graham认为仅仅为非洲企鹅提供安全的繁殖地并不足以恢复其种群数量,还需要更多的保护措施。因此,Graham可能会同意的观点是:各种保护措施需要结合在一起。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2025-2026学年浙江强基联盟10月高三联考)
How to Keep a Pet Bird Quiet
Birds can be excellent companions,but they can also make a lot of noise.Sometimes that noise is unavoidable,but there are a few steps you can take to train your bird out of loud or continuous squawking (尖叫).
1.　　　 Most birds tend to make some noise,either by singing or squawking.Birds tend to be most vocal during waking hours in the morning and before going to sleep in the evening.Some birds are more likely to make noise than others,but you should understand before bringing a bird home that some noise will be unavoidable.
Teach your bird to speak softly.Praise your bird when he whistles or whispers,instead of squawking or yelling.2.　　　 It’s often easier to teach them soft-spoken words compared to other types of sounds.Furthermore,it’s important to maintain a calm and gentle tone when interacting with your bird.3.　　　 Because this could strengthen the behaviour you are trying to discourage.
Avoid quick movements.It’s possible that you or someone in your household is moving too quickly around your bird,causing him to feel anxious or over-stimulated.4.　　　 If you have children living at home,teach them not to run through the room your bird is in.
Provide your bird with comfort and security.Birds in the wild participate in “flock calls” as a way of communicating with other birds and ensuring the safety of the flock.If your bird is likely to squawk when you leave the room,it could be his attempt at sending you a flock call.5.　　
A.Understand bird behaviour.
B.Train your bird to be quiet.
C.This may be especially useful for parrots.
D.Give him a treat for quietness to earn your love.
E.Try squawking back to let him know that you’re safe.
F.Do not raise your voice in response to your bird’s volume or tone.
G.Move slowly around your bird,and encourage others to do the same.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章介绍了一些训练鸟不要大声或持续地尖叫的方法。
1.【答案】 A
【解析】 此段讨论了鸟类在早晨醒来和晚上睡前倾向于发出更多的声音。因此,A项符合语境,它强调了理解鸟类行为的重要性,这是让宠物鸟保持安静的第一步。故选A。
2.【答案】 C
【解析】 此段建议教你的鸟轻声说话,并在他轻声鸣叫或低语时表扬他。根据设空处前一句以及空后的“easier to teach them”可知,C项符合语境,指以上这种的训练可能特别适用于鹦鹉。故选C。
3.【答案】 F
【解析】 根据设空处前一句与设空处后一句可知,与你的鸟互动时保持平静和温和的语气很重要,否则可能会加强你试图抑制的行为(鸟的吵闹)。F项符合上下文语境。故选F。
4.【答案】 G
【解析】 此段建议避免快速移动,因为这可能会让你的鸟感到焦虑或受到过度刺激。G项符合语境,它强调了在鸟周围缓慢移动的重要性。故选G。
5.【答案】 E
【解析】 本段首句提到给鸟提供舒适和安全的环境,这意味着需要采取一些措施来确保鸟感到安全和舒适。E项建议通过模仿鸟的叫声来回应他,这是一种提供安全感的方式。故选E。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2025·湖北三模)
Over the past 30 years,a quiet war against nature has been launched in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to turn swaths of desert into1.　　　　 vast forest.
Leading this 2.　　　　 (ecology) campaign is the city of Aksu,located on the edge of China’s largest desert,the Taklamakan,3.　　　　 name is translated to “the place of no return”.As one of the biggest shifting sand dunes (沙丘) in the world,its size is slightly smaller than 4.　　　　 of Germany.
“You couldn’t open your eyes when the dark wind 5.　　　　 (sweep) across the land,” said Gan Yongjun.“The dark wind can be seen gathering from several kilometres away,the darkness 6.　　　　 (block) everything in view,”he explained.
For the past 30 years,Gan has been engaged in the Kekeya green project—one of the campaigns launched by local governments in 1986 to relieve the trouble caused by long-term dust storms.Engineers,geographers and other 7.　　　　 (specialist) were called to survey the land and figure out water sources.They were also tasked 8.　　　　 seeking ways to turn sand into soil fertile enough for plants 9.　　　　 (take) roots.
To date,with over 13 million trees 10.　　　　 (plant) in Aksu,agriculture has contributed a lot to the local economy.Now,people throughout China associate Aksu with its sweet and crunchy apples,while other produce such as dates has also become popular in the supermarkets.
【语篇导读】 本文是记叙文。文章主要介绍了在过去的30年里,新疆维吾尔自治区发动了一场无声的反自然战争,将大片沙漠变成了森林绿洲。
1.【答案】 a
【解析】 考查冠词。其后名词forest是一个可数名词,首次提到,应填不定冠词,且形容词vast (广阔的)以辅音音素开头。故填a。
2.【答案】 ecological
【解析】 考查形容词。该空后的campaign是名词,此处需要一个形容词作定语。故填ecological。
3.【答案】 whose
【解析】 考查定语从句。此处需要一个关系词引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the Taklamakan,关系词在从句中作定语修饰name,构成所属关系。故填whose。
4.【答案】 that
【解析】 考查代词。此处为同类异物特指,且size为单数,应用that,that of Germany表示“德国的面积”。故填that。
5.【答案】 sweeps
【解析】 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。所给动词sweep在when引导的状语从句中作谓语,句子陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时;主语是the dark wind,是单数并与sweep构成主动关系,谓语动词应用单数形式。注意主句的couldn’t不是过去时态, could表示“可以;能”时,可以表示现在或将来的可能性。故填sweeps。
6.【答案】 blocking
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。逗号后的部分为独立主格结构,the darkness与block之间是主动关系,应用现在分词形式。故填blocking。
7.【答案】 specialists
【解析】 考查名词。此处需要一个表示人的名词与前面的engineers,geographers并列作主语,所给词为名词,意为“专家”;根据“Engineers,geographers and other”及specialist为可数名词可知,此处应填名词复数形式。故填specialists。
8.【答案】 with
【解析】 考查介词。固定短语be tasked with意为“被分配……任务”,符合语境。故填with。
9.【答案】 to take
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。此处为“形容词(fertile)+enough (for sb/sth) to do”结构。故填to take。
10.【答案】 planted
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。此处所给动词plant意为“种植”,在句中作with复合结构中的宾语补足语,与宾语trees之间是被动关系,应用过去分词形式。故填planted。Unit 6　Nurturing nature
题组训练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2025·山西大同三模)
　　For years,scientists have argued about if dividing forests into smaller parts is good for biodiversity.Some think that separated groups of animals and plants can develop in different ways,just like on islands in the ocean.But Nate Sanders,an ecologist and co-author,said “fragmentation (碎片化) is bad,” which is cited from an article.
While there are some views that fragmentation can reduce the number of species in one small area,it’s possible that enough differences in the species found in these small areas might add up to greater biodiversity across a fragmented landscape than in a contiguous one.“The key to the debate is that people who argue that fragmentation isn’t so bad say that because you have isolated habitats,you have different species composition,which means it’s good.We can assume that diversity in large areas is going to be higher,” said Thiago Gon alves-Souza,the lead author and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Michigan.
To test whether this is true,28 scientists from all over the world collected data from 37 studies in six continents.They compared the species in large parts of land with those in small pieces.On average,in fragmented areas,there were 12% fewer species than in large,unbroken areas.The loss was between 10.7% and 18%,even when they thought about the differences in the habitats.When they considered the distance between the small pieces of land,the idea that fragmented areas have more biodiversity disappeared.
“This study resolves a half-century debate about how to conserve biodiversity in natural areas,one started by distinguished scholars,” said co-author Nick Haddad,a researcher at Michigan State University.
Does this mean smaller fragments aren’t worth bothering with “Not necessarily,” said Gon alves-Souza.“In many countries,there aren’t many large,complete forests remaining.
Therefore,our focus should be on planting new forests and restoring increasingly degraded habitats.Restoration is crucial for the future,more than debating whether it’s better to have one large forest or many smaller fragments.”
(　　)1.What is the debate about
A.Why fragmentation is vital to changing species.
B.Where to choose to plant small forests.
C. How to effectively protect large and unbroken forests.
D.Whether forest fragmentation is beneficial to biodiversity.
(　　)2.What did the 28 scientists discover about fragmentation
A.It reduced the number of species.
B.It had few impacts on the species.
C. It led to an increase in biodiversity.
D.It damaged some species in the ocean.
(　　)3.What does Nick Haddad think of the study
A.It starts a debate about how to protect nature.
B.It has little impact on how to protect biodiversity.
C. It ends a long discussion about biodiversity conservation.
D.It increases the confusion about biodiversity conservation.
(　　)4.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph
A.To show that forest fragmentation has unclear solutions.
B.To bring in practical conservation measures at present.
C. To continue the academic debate on forest fragmentation.
D.To prove that smaller fragments are completely unimportant.
B
A new form of real estate is popping up along the beaches of South Africa,which is just big enough to fit a family of African penguins.Its unique selling point:a safe and cool place for penguins to breed (繁殖).
Historically,the penguins dug holes in layers of guano (海鸟粪),but in the 19th century,
traders started selling guano as fertiliser,leaving the penguins and their eggs increasingly exposed to predators (捕食者) and the burning sun.This has caused African penguin populations to decrease.That’s why conservationists have come to the rescue with the African Penguin Nest Project (APNP),which aims to employ artificial nests to provide penguin parents with a safe and shaded place to raise their chicks.
While guano trade petered out by the late 1800s,recreating the layers that accumulated over thousands of years isn’t an option,because seabird populations have declined so much over time and it would take around 600 years to produce one usable guano layer.Hence,the project decided to build artificial nests.At first glance,they look fairly simple—a domed structure made from two molded shells of fabric coated in ceramic slurry (陶瓷浆料),with a small entrance measuring about 20 centimetres wide.
Getting the right temperature and dampness inside the nest was the toughest and most crucial part.The two-layer design and ventilation holes (通风孔) create an air conditioning effect,while the white paint reflects the sun,helping to maintain an interior temperature of less than 35 degrees Celsius.
The project started to use the nests in late 2018.“Within a matter of minutes,penguins were running into them,” says Graham,coordinator of APNP.“That tells you how desperate they are for any opportunity to find a safe place to nest.However,population recovery relies on more than merely giving African penguins a safe place to breed.It’s not simply a case of ‘we give them a nest,the species are saved’.There has to be more.”
(　　)5.What do we know about artificial nests
A.They function better than natural nests.
B.They are designed and built scientifically.
C. They are unique attractions of South Africa.
D.They are equipped with mini air conditioners.
(　　)6.What is the goal of APNP
A.To raise money to preserve penguins.
B.To promote the sale of artificial nests.
C. To help penguins fight against diseases.
D.To provide habitable shelters for penguins.
(　　)7.What does the underlined phrase “petered out” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Turned up.
B.Dried out.
C. Faded away.
D.Fell apart.
(　　)8.Which of the following statements might Graham agree with
A.Penguins breed more chicks in safer places.
B.Various conservation efforts need to be combined.
C. Artificial nests have achieved the desired effect.
D.Artificial nests should be applied to other species.
Ⅱ.七选五
(2025-2026学年浙江强基联盟10月高三联考)
How to Keep a Pet Bird Quiet
Birds can be excellent companions,but they can also make a lot of noise.Sometimes that noise is unavoidable,but there are a few steps you can take to train your bird out of loud or continuous squawking (尖叫).
1.　　　 Most birds tend to make some noise,either by singing or squawking.Birds tend to be most vocal during waking hours in the morning and before going to sleep in the evening.Some birds are more likely to make noise than others,but you should understand before bringing a bird home that some noise will be unavoidable.
Teach your bird to speak softly.Praise your bird when he whistles or whispers,instead of squawking or yelling.2.　　　 It’s often easier to teach them soft-spoken words compared to other types of sounds.Furthermore,it’s important to maintain a calm and gentle tone when interacting with your bird.3.　　　 Because this could strengthen the behaviour you are trying to discourage.
Avoid quick movements.It’s possible that you or someone in your household is moving too quickly around your bird,causing him to feel anxious or over-stimulated.4.　　　 If you have children living at home,teach them not to run through the room your bird is in.
Provide your bird with comfort and security.Birds in the wild participate in “flock calls” as a way of communicating with other birds and ensuring the safety of the flock.If your bird is likely to squawk when you leave the room,it could be his attempt at sending you a flock call.5.　　
A.Understand bird behaviour.
B.Train your bird to be quiet.
C.This may be especially useful for parrots.
D.Give him a treat for quietness to earn your love.
E.Try squawking back to let him know that you’re safe.
F.Do not raise your voice in response to your bird’s volume or tone.
G.Move slowly around your bird,and encourage others to do the same.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2025·湖北三模)
Over the past 30 years,a quiet war against nature has been launched in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to turn swaths of desert into1.　　　　 vast forest.
Leading this 2.　　　　 (ecology) campaign is the city of Aksu,located on the edge of China’s largest desert,the Taklamakan,3.　　　　 name is translated to “the place of no return”.As one of the biggest shifting sand dunes (沙丘) in the world,its size is slightly smaller than 4.　　　　 of Germany.
“You couldn’t open your eyes when the dark wind 5.　　　　 (sweep) across the land,” said Gan Yongjun.“The dark wind can be seen gathering from several kilometres away,the darkness 6.　　　　 (block) everything in view,” he explained.
For the past 30 years,Gan has been engaged in the Kekeya green project—one of the campaigns launched by local governments in 1986 to relieve the trouble caused by long-term dust storms.Engineers,geographers and other 7.　　　　 (specialist) were called to survey the land and figure out water sources.They were also tasked 8.　　　　 seeking ways to turn sand into soil fertile enough for plants 9.　　　　 (take) roots.
To date,with over 13 million trees 10.　　　　 (plant) in Aksu,agriculture has contributed a lot to the local economy.Now,people throughout China associate Aksu with its sweet and crunchy apples,while other produce such as dates has also become popular in the supermarkets. 选择性必修　第一册
Unit 1　Laugh out loud!
以读促写
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
John is a barber,running a very successful business.He has a large group of regulars,some of whom enjoy a daily shave in his shop,while others just come for the occasional haircut.They keep coming because John loves to laugh,and 30 minutes spent in his shop is a medicine that cheers everyone up.His loud,booming laugh is a trademark around his town.
But John wasn’t always a barrel of laughs.In his teens and early adulthood,he suffered from depression.He often had a long face and found it hard to even smile.It was his neighbour,Mrs Lee,who was a psychologist,that helped him out.She showed him funny videos or read light-hearted books for him,and guided him to focus on things he was grateful for,rather than on things that had been bothering him.Following her advice,he forced himself to laugh as wild as possible,even if it felt fake (假的).To his surprise,after a while,he turned his life around,and real laughter came back into his life again.
Researchers say that we’re all born with the ability to laugh and that finding more ways to bring laughter into our lives does not have to be complicated.In fact,the best advice they offer is “Fake it till you make it”.If you focus on finding ways to laugh and enjoy life and try to smile and laugh even when not feeling like it,you can genuinely change your mood and laugh happily.
John also says we shouldn’t hold back our urge to laugh,even at silly things.Next time you see a funny advertisement on television,making you laugh inside,focus on letting out that laughter.Laughter can be contagious,so you may help others around you,too.
(　　)1.Why do John’s regular customers keep coming to his shop
A.Because he is a successful barber.
B.Because they want to buy a medicine.
C. Because his laughing can lift their spirits.
D.Because he can offer them the best shave and haircut.
(　　)2.Who helped John solve the problem of his teens and early adulthood
A.Himself.
B.Researchers.
C. His neighbour.
D.His customers.
(　　)3.What can be inferred from the researchers in the passage
A.It is difficult to find ways to laugh.
B.Laughter can be faked and finally become real.
C. The ability to laugh should be developed after birth.
D.We can watch funny videos or read light-hearted books.
(　　)4.What does the underlined word “contagious” in the last paragraph probably mean
A.Spread. B.Heard.
C. Free. D.Available.
B
Jokes and humour are often thought of as unimportant.If the lawyer defending you in court couldn’t stop joking,you’d be understandably alarmed.
However,regarding humour as insignificant is a mistake.Humour,jokes and laughter have a vital role to play in human behaviour and interaction.They are a powerful part of social bonding and are genuinely beneficial for health via their stress-relieving properties.
Why do we respond,in such powerful and rewarding ways,to things that objectively make little sense A substantial amount of data has been generated regarding how humour works in the brain and on the various types of recognisable jokes that trigger it.
Verbal puns,the most familiar type of joke,involve words that convey two meanings at once.For example,“Why did the golfer wear two pairs of trousers In case he got a hole in one.” Here “hole in one” has two possible interpretations.Their simplicity and familiarity mean most people recognise the humour in puns.So,the brain’s humour processes are still engaged.
But where does humour arise from in the brain Considerable research points towards a specific system in the brain for recognising humour.This system seemingly detects and resolves incongruity (不和谐).Our brains know how things,like languages and behaviours,should work.
But,in the real world,many things don’t match our expectations.It seems our brains have evolved a system to recognise when this happens.
If normality is subverted,it means we don’t know what’s going to happen,which creates cognitive (认知的) tension.However,the system that recognises incongruity seemingly also resolves it,by providing an explanation,or at least a confirmation that the incongruity has no negative consequences.This removes the uncertainty,relieving the tension.So,we experience a rewarding feeling.If the incongruity is not resolved,however,humour is absent.If the answer to “Why did the golfer wear two pairs of trousers ” is “in case the metal owl that lives in his golf bag attacks him”,that’s not funny.There’s unresolved incongruity.
Humour is essentially how our brain is going,“This isn’t how things usually work,but I’m okay with it!”
(　　)5.What does the author say about humour in the first two paragraphs
A.Its positive role is often underrated.
B.It mainly serves to entertain and amuse.
C. Its harmful effects shouldn’t be ignored.
D.It is essential for professional communication.
(　　)6.Why does the author mention the “hole in one” example in Paragraph 4
A.To prove a theory.
B.To draw a conclusion.
C. To illustrate a concept.
D.To make a comparison.
(　　)7.What does the underlined word “subverted” in Paragraph 6 probably mean
A.Detected. B.Overturned.
C. Established. D.Repeated.
(　　)8.What is the best title for the text
A.How Jokes Affect Brain Structures
B.Using Humour to Boost Brain Power
C. Jokes and the Brain’s Reward System
D.Unlocking Brain Secrets Behind Humour
Ⅱ.七选五
A sense of humour can be a person’s greatest quality. This skill can help you interact more easily with others and improve your health. It allows you to find humour in both positive and negative situations. 1.　　　, as well as making you better at dealing with difficult situations.
Having a sense of humour is different from being funny. Being funny means being able to express humour:perhaps telling a laugh-filled story or a well-timed joke. 2.　　　. You don’t have to be funny to have a sense of humour, or be the one telling jokes.
3.　　　. Look at your funny friends. How do they add humour to their conversations What kinds of jokes do they make Learn from comedians. Focus on their performance, the topics, and how they turn something plain (平淡的) into something humorous.
Learn to joke. For example, to bring some humour to social functions, learn a few basic jokes. You can also look for humorous pictures and amusing statements to share with others. People often laugh at jokes that deal with their situations or where they live. 4.　　　. If you’re in the same business, make a joke about that profession.
5.　　　. Enjoy small things, find humour in everyday situations, and find humour in life’s misfortunes. Anyway, smile as often as you can, and try making others laugh, too.
A.Watch and learn
B.Look at the bright side of life
C.Also it may reduce stress
D.True humour can show your personality
E.When you find yourself in an embarrassing situation, step back and laugh
F.Having a sense of humour means being able to let go and not take everything seriously
G.So you can make a light joke about the weather or the city in which you live to break the ice
1.cheer sb up 使某人振作,使某人高兴
2.booming laugh 洪亮的笑声
3.cope with stress 应对压力
4.let out laughter 放声大笑
5.be beneficial for 对……有益
6.deal with 应对,处理
7.focus on 集中于
8.laugh at jokes 因笑话而笑
9.smile as often as you can 尽可能经常笑
1.entertain sb with sth 用某物使某人快乐
2.to conclude/in conclusion 总之
3.do the trick 达到目的,起作用
4.get amusement from 从……中获得乐趣
5.interaction with sb 与某人的互动
6.be in a bad mood 心情不好
1.它不仅能缓解我们的压力,让我们振作起来,还能放松我们的身体。(not only...but also...句式,not only放在句首)
2.幽默能娱乐他人,这在与他人的互动中起着很大的作用。 (定语从句)
3.总之,幽默在我们心情不好的时候振奋了我们的精神,发挥了作用。 (状语从句)
　　假设你是李华,你所在的学校将举办英语演讲比赛。请你以“Why do we need humour ”为题写一份英语演讲稿。
注意:1.写作词数应为80个左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Why do we need humour 选择性必修　第一册
Unit 1　Laugh out loud!
以读促写
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
John is a barber,running a very successful business.He has a large group of regulars, some of whom enjoy a daily shave in his shop,while others just come for the occasional haircut.They keep coming because John loves to laugh,and 30 minutes spent in his shop is a medicine that cheers everyone up.His loud,booming laugh is a trademark around his town.
But John wasn’t always a barrel of laughs.In his teens and early adulthood,he suffered from depression.He often had a long face and found it hard to even smile.It was his neighbour,Mrs Lee,who was a psychologist,that helped him out.She showed him funny videos or read light-hearted books for him,and guided him to focus on things he was grateful for,rather than on things that had been bothering him.Following her advice,he forced himself to laugh as wild as possible,even if it felt fake (假的).To his surprise,after a while,he turned his life around,and real laughter came back into his life again.
Researchers say that we’re all born with the ability to laugh and that finding more ways to bring laughter into our lives does not have to be complicated.In fact,the best advice they offer is “Fake it till you make it”.If you focus on finding ways to laugh and enjoy life and try to smile and laugh even when not feeling like it,you can genuinely change your mood and laugh happily.
John also says we shouldn’t hold back our urge to laugh,even at silly things.Next time you see a funny advertisement on television,making you laugh inside,focus on letting out that laughter.Laughter can be contagious,so you may help others around you,too.
【语篇导读】 本文是夹叙夹议文。文章主要通过介绍理发师John的大笑能振奋顾客的精神,论述了大笑不仅可以改变人们的情绪,而且也会感染别人。
(　　)1.Why do John’s regular customers keep coming to his shop
A.Because he is a successful barber.
B.Because they want to buy a medicine.
C. Because his laughing can lift their spirits.
D.Because he can offer them the best shave and haircut.
【答案】 C
【解析】 推理判断题。根据第一段倒数第一、二句可知,在John的理发店待上30分钟,他的大笑能让每个人开心起来。由此可知,人们经常去John的理发店是因为他的笑能振奋他们的精神。故选C。
(　　)2.Who helped John solve the problem of his teens and early adulthood
A.Himself.
B.Researchers.
C. His neighbour.
D.His customers.
【答案】 C
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It was his neighbour,Mrs Lee,who...bothering him.”可知,John的邻居,心理学家Mrs Lee帮他走出困境,让他把注意力从困扰他的事情转移到他感激的事情上。由此可知,是John的邻居帮他解决了他青少年时期和成年早期的问题。故选C。
(　　)3.What can be inferred from the researchers in the passage
A.It is difficult to find ways to laugh.
B.Laughter can be faked and finally become real.
C. The ability to laugh should be developed after birth.
D.We can watch funny videos or read light-hearted books.
【答案】 B
【解析】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“In fact,the best advice...and laugh happily.”可知,研究者认为假装大笑直到真正地笑是寻找欢笑和享受生活的方法,即使不想笑的时候也试着去微笑和大笑,最终你会真正地开心大笑。由此可知,假装的大笑最终能变成真的笑。故选B。
(　　)4.What does the underlined word “contagious” in the last paragraph probably mean
A.Spread. B.Heard.
C. Free. D.Available.
【答案】 A
【解析】 猜测词义题。根据画线单词后的“so you may help others around you,too”可知,你的笑可以帮助到你周围的其他人。根据so可知,画线单词所在分句与此分句为因果关系。结合第一段倒数第二句可知,因为John 爱笑,所以在John的理发店待30分钟能振奋人们的精神。由此可知,大笑是有传染性的,所以大笑能帮助到你周围的人,符合逻辑,故画线单词意为“有传染性的”。故选A。
B
Jokes and humour are often thought of as unimportant.If the lawyer defending you in court couldn’t stop joking,you’d be understandably alarmed.
However,regarding humour as insignificant is a mistake.Humour,jokes and laughter have a vital role to play in human behaviour and interaction.They are a powerful part of social bonding and are genuinely beneficial for health via their stress-relieving properties.
Why do we respond,in such powerful and rewarding ways,to things that objectively make little sense A substantial amount of data has been generated regarding how humour works in the brain and on the various types of recognisable jokes that trigger it.
Verbal puns,the most familiar type of joke,involve words that convey two meanings at once.For example,“Why did the golfer wear two pairs of trousers In case he got a hole in one.” Here “hole in one” has two possible interpretations.Their simplicity and familiarity mean most people recognise the humour in puns.So,the brain’s humour processes are still engaged.
But where does humour arise from in the brain Considerable research points towards a specific system in the brain for recognising humour.This system seemingly detects and resolves incongruity (不和谐).Our brains know how things,like languages and behaviours, should work.But,in the real world,many things don’t match our expectations.It seems our brains have evolved a system to recognise when this happens.
If normality is subverted,it means we don’t know what’s going to happen,which creates cognitive (认知的) tension.However,the system that recognises incongruity seemingly also resolves it,by providing an explanation,or at least a confirmation that the incongruity has no negative consequences.This removes the uncertainty,relieving the tension.So,we experience a rewarding feeling.If the incongruity is not resolved,however,humour is absent.If the answer to “Why did the golfer wear two pairs of trousers ” is “in case the metal owl that lives in his golf bag attacks him”,that’s not funny.There’s unresolved incongruity.
Humour is essentially how our brain is going,“This isn’t how things usually work,but I’m okay with it!”
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章介绍了人们在听到笑话,并理解其中的幽默感时的大脑的工作机制。
(　　)5.What does the author say about humour in the first two paragraphs
A.Its positive role is often underrated.
B.It mainly serves to entertain and amuse.
C. Its harmful effects shouldn’t be ignored.
D.It is essential for professional communication.
【答案】 A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句和第二段第一句可知,幽默给人们带来的积极作用和影响经常被低估。故选A。
(　　)6.Why does the author mention the “hole in one” example in Paragraph 4
A.To prove a theory.
B.To draw a conclusion.
C. To illustrate a concept.
D.To make a comparison.
【答案】 C
【解析】 推理判断题。根据第四段提到了pun (双关语),并结合“为什么高尔夫球手要穿两条裤子 ”的幽默回答对双关语进行了说明可知,此处是在对双关语的概念进行进一步的举例解释说明。故选C。
(　　)7.What does the underlined word “subverted” in Paragraph 6 probably mean
A.Detected. B.Overturned.
C. Established. D.Repeated.
【答案】 B
【解析】 猜测词义题。根据第五段最后两句以及画线词后面的“it means we don’t know... cognitive (认知的) tension”可知,此处指的是正常的符合人们预期的表达被颠覆或者推翻会造成大脑的紧张感,故画线词的意思是“颠覆,推翻”。故选B。
(　　)8.What is the best title for the text
A.How Jokes Affect Brain Structures
B.Using Humour to Boost Brain Power
C. Jokes and the Brain’s Reward System
D.Unlocking Brain Secrets Behind Humour
【答案】 D
【解析】 标题归纳题。根据第三段内容并结合全文内容可知,本文旨在介绍人们在听到笑话时,大脑如何进行信息加工和处理,以便人们能够领悟其中的幽默感。D项“解开幽默背后的大脑秘密”最适合作文章标题。故选D。
Ⅱ.七选五
A sense of humour can be a person’s greatest quality. This skill can help you interact more easily with others and improve your health. It allows you to find humour in both positive and negative situations. 1.　　　, as well as making you better at dealing with difficult situations.
Having a sense of humour is different from being funny. Being funny means being able to express humour:perhaps telling a laugh-filled story or a well-timed joke. 2.　　　. You don’t have to be funny to have a sense of humour, or be the one telling jokes.
3.　　　. Look at your funny friends. How do they add humour to their conversations What kinds of jokes do they make Learn from comedians. Focus on their performance, the topics, and how they turn something plain (平淡的) into something humorous.
Learn to joke. For example, to bring some humour to social functions, learn a few basic jokes. You can also look for humorous pictures and amusing statements to share with others. People often laugh at jokes that deal with their situations or where they live. 4.　　　. If you’re in the same business, make a joke about that profession.
5.　　　. Enjoy small things, find humour in everyday situations, and find humour in life’s misfortunes. Anyway, smile as often as you can, and try making others laugh, too.
A.Watch and learn
B.Look at the bright side of life
C.Also it may reduce stress
D.True humour can show your personality
E.When you find yourself in an embarrassing situation, step back and laugh
F.Having a sense of humour means being able to let go and not take everything seriously
G.So you can make a light joke about the weather or the city in which you live to break the ice
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了有幽默感的好处以及如何培养幽默感。
1.【答案】 C
【解析】 空处上文“It allows you to find humour in both positive and negative situations.”与空处下文“as well as making you better at dealing with difficult situations”均在谈论有幽默感的好处,所以空处也应是谈论其好处,C项符合语境。故选C。
2.【答案】 F
【解析】 上文“Having a sense of humour is different from being funny...a well-timed joke.”指出有幽默感和搞笑是不同的,并且说明了搞笑的定义,所以此处应接着说明有幽默感的定义, F项符合语境和逻辑。故选 F。
3.【答案】 A
【解析】 空处是本段的主旨句。根据下文“Look at your funny friends ... Learn from comedians.”可知,本段主要讲述观察有幽默感的人并从他们那儿学习。 A项符合语境,可以作为本段的主旨句。故选A。
4.【答案】 G
【解析】 根据本段的主旨句“Learn to joke.”可知,本段与“学会开玩笑”话题相关。再结合空处前一句“People often laugh at jokes that deal with their situations or where they live.”可知, G项与上文承接自然,是对上文的举例说明, 并且“where they live”和“in which you live”相呼应。故选G。
5.【答案】 B
【解析】 空处是本段的主旨句。根据下文“Enjoy small things, find humour in everyday situations, and find humour in life’s misfortunes.”可知,本段是让我们看到生活中美好的一面,进而享受生活,B项可以作为本段的主旨句。故选B。
1.cheer sb up 使某人振作,使某人高兴
2.booming laugh 洪亮的笑声
3.cope with stress 应对压力
4.let out laughter 放声大笑
5.be beneficial for 对……有益
6.deal with 应对,处理
7.focus on 集中于
8.laugh at jokes 因笑话而笑
9.smile as often as you can 尽可能经常笑
1.entertain sb with sth 用某物使某人快乐
2.to conclude/in conclusion 总之
3.do the trick 达到目的,起作用
4.get amusement from 从……中获得乐趣
5.interaction with sb 与某人的互动
6.be in a bad mood 心情不好
1.它不仅能缓解我们的压力,让我们振作起来,还能放松我们的身体。(not only...but also...句式,not only放在句首)
Not only can it relieve our stress and cheer us up,but also relax our bodies.
2.幽默能娱乐他人,这在与他人的互动中起着很大的作用。 (定语从句)
Humour can entertain others,which plays a big role in interaction with others.
3.总之,幽默在我们心情不好的时候振奋了我们的精神,发挥了作用。 (状语从句)
To conclude/In conclusion,humour lifts our spirits and does the trick when we are in a bad mood.
　　假设你是李华,你所在的学校将举办英语演讲比赛。请你以“Why do we need humour ”为题写一份英语演讲稿。
注意:1.写作词数应为80个左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Why do we need humour
　　One possible version:
Why do we need humour
Good morning,everyone!The topic of my speech today is “Why do we need humour ”.
Research shows that humour is beneficial for both body and mind when we are under pressure. Not only can it relieve our stress and cheer us up,but also relax our bodies. Humour can also entertain others,which plays a big role in interaction with others.
To conclude/In conclusion, humour lifts our spirits and does the trick when we are in a bad mood. It promotes creativity, helping us see things from a new angle. So it is no wonder that “Laughter is the best medicine.”
Thanks for your listening!
点津:1为that引导的宾语从句;
2为not only...but also...引导的并列句,且not only位于句首引起部分倒装;
3为which引导的非限制性定语从句;
4为when引导的时间状语从句。Unit 5　Revealing nature
题组训练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2025·河南信阳高三模拟预测)
When you look upwards in the middle of a forest, you might notice breaks in the canopy (树冠); you’ll see branches and leaves stopping just shy of the neighbouring trees.
This is called crown shyness (树冠羞避). It’s a way of social distancing for trees to keep themselves healthy, according to Meg Lowman, a tree energy expert. Since trees fight for sunlight and water, it’s important that they position their canopies strategically to increase as much the success of their leaves as possible.
Having some distance between treetops can lower the chance of a tree losing its leaves by brushing against neighbouring trees in the wind. The distance can also curb the spread of harmful insects and disease. Tree diseases range far and wide. Some are spread by insects, and some are the insects themselves, creating a disease in the canopy. By separating themselves from others, trees can avoid getting sick.
While crown shyness is mostly observable in tropical trees, the same lessons are applicable to other trees, like evergreens. Trees that have more space grow bigger and healthier.
Healthy trees cost less to maintain, provide better cool places, and clean water more effectively. If a tree has died of insects or disease, Lowman says it’s important to consider what is at risk before cutting down it. “We might lose a lot of native species in our backyard, our community, or our ecosystem. Trees let insects search for food in them, birds nest in them, and epiphytes (附生植物) live in them,” she says. “Trees are the ultimate support.”
“We can learn from trees,” Lowman says. “To be good neighbours, to be good citizens, and to always have that beautiful benefit available to people or biodiversity that might need us too.”
(　　)1.What can be known about crown shyness
A.It is observed in windy areas.
B.It helps trees grow more leaves.
C. It happens among all tree species.
D.It is a form of healthy competition.
(　　)2.What does the underlined word “curb” in Paragraph 3 mean
A.Control. B.Keep.
C. Widen. D.Speed.
(　　)3.What does Paragraph 5 mainly talk about
A.The ways of protecting trees.
B.The key role of healthy trees.
C. The economic value of forests.
D.The reason for keeping biodiversity.
(　　)4.What does the author think we can learn from trees
A.Biodiversity needs our effort.
B.Protecting trees is significant.
C. Respecting each other promotes harmony.
D.Trees and humans are inseparable.
B
(2025·湖南长沙一模)
After spending many years studying the effects of lightning on rainforests, Evan Gora, a forest ecologist, began wondering whether trees could not only survive this usually deadly event but also actually get some kind of advantage from it.
To find out, he and his colleagues spent several years following the cases of 93 trees from various species in the rainforest of central Panama when they were directly struck by lightning. Nine were from a species known as the almendro, a forest giant native to Central and South America that can grow up to 165 feet tall. After the trees were struck, the researchers continued to monitor the ones that survived the shock, checking their overall condition and noting whether the lightning killed neighbouring trees and any parasitic vines (寄生藤蔓) growing on them.
The results showed that the almendro trees were very resistant to lightning and minimally damaged compared with almost all the other tree species, which were severely damaged — 64 percent of the latter trees died within two years of being struck. A few other large species also survived the strikes and might have benefited as well, but lightning had not struck enough of these species for the researchers to be certain.
Many of the trees that had surrounded the almendros — competing with the species for water and nutrients—were killed by lightning that spread through their branches after it hit the almendro trees. This left more resources and space for the latter. Lightning strikes on the almendros also reduced the average number of parasitic vines on a tree by 78 percent, by killing them. These vines climb on top of the trees to “steal” light.
Equipped with data on lightning strike frequency and the trees’ survival rates after reaching a certain size, the team used computer models to estimate that a typical almendro is likely struck by lightning about five times during its 300-year lifespan. The researchers found that lightning strikes seem to be almost a necessity for the trees.“Without the benefits the strikes bring,they would not live as long,” Gora says.
(　　)5.How did the researchers study the effects of lightning on rainforest trees mainly
A.By measuring vine growth rates.
B.By tracking struck trees for years.
C. By comparing multiple tree species.
D.By counting annual lightning strikes.
(　　)6.Why did the researchers focus on the almendro trees in the study
A.Because they grow tallest.
B.Because they attract most vines.
C. Because they are widely distributed.
D.Because they resist lightning best.
(　　)7.How do lightning strikes help the almendro trees live longer
A.By removing competing plants.
B.By providing sufficient light.
C. By strengthening tree branches.
D.By increasing nutrient absorption.
(　　)8.What is the best title for this passage
A.Lightning’s Role in Rainforest Ecology
B.The Survival of Struck Rainforest Trees
C. Why Some Trees Love Lightning Strikes
D.Why Some Trees Are Resistant to Lightning Strikes
C
(2025·陕西渭南一模)
A blind fish living in the deep darkness of a Mexican cave system still maintains some ability to sense light. As the cavefish no longer seem to rely on an internal daily cycle and some sleep very little, biologist Inga Steindal and her team were keen to see if their bodies can still regulate cyclically through time. Most animals on Earth have a circadian rhythm—an internal clock influenced by light levels—that helps coordinate behaviours like hunger with our planet’s day and night cycles.
The Mexican blind cavefish live in a complex of over 30 isolated caves, within which they have each independently adapted to the dark. Their bodies are extra sensitive to vibrations, allowing them to sense changes in water currents for navigation in compensation for their limited or complete lack of sight. This adaptation occurred despite the fish from each cave evolving from the same species with fully functioning eyes. This ancestral group still lives in the surface waters in the El Albra region of Mexico and parts of the Southwestern US.
Steindal’s team took tissue samples from blind cavefish, from three isolated caves, and their surface relatives and tested the cells in different conditions. They detected that even cavefish cells, though less responsive than surface fish cells, activated several molecular (分子的) clock mechanisms (机制) when exposed to light. “Non-visual light detection is maintained at a fundamental cell-based level,” the researchers explained. While there were some similarities between the fish from the different caves compared to their surface relatives, differences in the biological clock mechanisms among fish from different caves further confirm that each group independently evolved its adaptations.
“We have provided proof that despite being blind, cells from the Mexican blind cavefish can detect light and make their clocks fit in with a light/dark cycle,” Steindal concluded. The team hopes these findings will provide insights into the circadian rhythm and offer a model for studying animal adaptations to dark environments.
(　　)9.What did Steindal and her colleagues want to find out
A.Whether the cavefish need sleep.
B.Whether the cavefish can sense light.
C. Whether the cavefish depend on an internal daily cycle.
D.Whether the cavefish have a circadian rhythm.
(　　)10.How do Mexican blind cavefish adapt to living in darkness
A.By increasing their sleep cycles.
B.By relying on surface fish for navigation.
C. By developing extra sensitivity to vibrations.
D.By employing their circadian rhythms to find food.
(　　)11.Which of the following is NOT a feature of Mexican blind cavefish
A.Extra sensitivity to vibrations in water currents.
B.A complete loss of their molecular clock mechanisms.
C. Limited or no vision due to their dark environment.
D.Adaptations that evolved independently in different caves.
(　　)12.What can be the best title for the text
A.Light Detection in Blind Cavefish
B.Evolution of Vibrational Sensitivity
C. Circadian Rhythms in Surface Fish
D.Survival Strategies in Mexican Caves
Ⅱ.完形填空
I recall as a young child bringing a bunch of brilliant flowers to my mother.She was amazed at its shape but her passion eventually　1　.Both my parents hated the 　2　 of these flowers in the lawn.
There were an ocean of them! We spent hours picking them.But the supply of dandelions (蒲公英) never 　3　.My father would cut off all the heads with the lawnmower (割草机) once a week,but that didn’t 　4　 these hardy wonders.
And for those flowers that escaped the honour of being　5　 to my mother or the destiny to be killed by the lawnmower,there was another 　6　 of existence.The emergence of a new dandelion caused endless amazement as we had thought all were 　7　.
As I worked in my garden last week,I again　8　 at the flowers.And I hope I had the 　9　 of a dandelion.If only I could stretch my roots so deep that nothing could 　10　 me completely from the source that nourishes my life.If only I could face the world with a sunshiny face after someone has run me over with a 　11　.If only I could spread love as freely as this flower spreads seeds of itself.
The lawns are now beautiful green　12　.The only patches (块) of colour come from well-placed and well-controlled flowerbeds.Chemicals have managed to kill what human
　13　 couldn’t.I hope you and I can be 　14　.I hope that we can stretch our roots deep enough so that the strongest poison can’t reach our 　15　.I hope that we can overcome the poisons of anger,fear,hate,and competitiveness.
(　　)1.A.changed B.faded
C. remained D.uplifted
(　　)2.A.presence B.absence
C. survival D.removal
(　　)3.A.pulled up B.settled down
C. got across D.ran out
(　　)4.A.distract B.destroy
C. trouble D.restore
(　　)5.A. hand-washed B.hand-written
C. hand-delivered D.hand-crafted
(　　)6.A.dimension B.addition
C. anticipation D.exception
(　　)7.A.amazing B.thriving
C. brilliant D.gone
(　　)8.A.grabbed B.yelled
C. marveled D.laughed
(　　)9.A.productivity B.perseverance
C. inclusiveness D.effectiveness
(　　)10.A.separate B.discourage
C. defend D.forbid
(　　)11.A.truck B.block
C. lawnmower D.dandelion
(　　)12.A.boards B.routes
C. blankets D.signs
(　　)13.A.evolution B.interference
C. preservation D.enhancement
(　　)14.A.forgiving B.conventional
C. emotional D.different
(　　)15.A.souls B.deadlines
C. fields D.targets

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