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(共36张PPT)
Unit 2
Understanding each other
Section 3　Grammar and usage
Overview of relative clauses
1. Review restrictive relative clauses and non-restrictive relative clauses；
2. Figure out the meanings of some important expressions.
Activity 1　Exploring the rules
规则探究
定义(Definition)：限制性定语从句(restrictive relative clause)对先行词进行限定或修饰，由关系代词或者关系副词引导。主句和从句不用逗号隔开。
非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive relative clause)是对先行词或整个主句进行补充说明，由关系代词或者关系副词引导。主句和从句用逗号隔开。
Ⅰ 分析下列句子，画出每个句子的先行词、定语从句、关系词
1．Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries (that are separated by a common language).
2．I spent one term in the UK，(where the greatest challenge was the indirect manner of speaking).
3．So polite，in fact，that they will sometimes say the complete opposite of what they really mean: a common opinion is “It’s not bad”，(which usually translates as “It’s awful”).
4．Now，when speaking to Americans，(who have a preference for the direct style)，I found that I often failed to get straight to the point.
5．There were times (when questions like “Would you mind passing me the jam，please？” would be met with the reply “Why would I mind？”... )
6．(As my experiences clearly show)，learning a language is just the beginning!
Ⅱ 观察以下定语从句，分析是限制性还是非限制性定语从句，并说明关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分
1．Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries that are separated by a common language.________________
2．I spent one term in the UK，where the greatest challenge was the indirect manner of speaking.______________________
3．So polite，in fact，that they will sometimes say the complete opposite of what they really mean: a common opinion is “It’s not bad”，which usually translates as “It’s awful”．__________________
限制性；主语
非限制性；地点状语
非限制性；主语
4．Now，when speaking to Americans，who have a preference for the direct style，I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. __________________
5．There were times when questions like “Would you mind passing me the jam，please？” would be met with the reply “Why would I mind？” ____________________
6．As my experiences clearly show，learning a language is just the beginning！__________________
非限制性；主语
限制性；时间状语
非限制性；宾语
1．引导定语从句的常用关系代词的用法
Activity 2　Working out the rules
归纳总结
关系代词 先行词 在从句中所做的成分
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 (1) ________
which 物 主语、宾语
that 人或物 (2) ______________
whose 人或物 (3) ________
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
宾语
主语、宾语
定语
2.关系代词that和which的用法区别
只用that的情况 先行词是all、much、few、little、everything、anything、nothing、none、the one等不定代词时
先行词被any、few、little、much、some、no等词修饰或被the only、the very、the same、the last等修饰时
先行词前有形容词(1) __________修饰时
先行词是(2) __________或先行词前有序数词修饰时
先行词既指人又指物时
主句是以who、which、what等开头的特殊疑问句时
只用which的情况 在非限制性定语从句中指物用(3) _________不用that
介词后用which，不用that
最高级
序数词
which
3.引导定语从句的关系副词
关系词在从句中做主语、宾语、表语或定语时，应用关系代词(who、whom、that、which、whose、as)；关系词在从句中做状语时，应用关系副词(where做地点状语，when做时间状语，why做原因状语)。
关系副词 先行词 在从句中所做的成分
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词或(1) ______地点名词(situation、point、activity、case、stage等) 地点状语
why the reason (2) ____________
抽象
原因状语
4.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
(1) “介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或_______。
(2) 关系副词where、when、why有时可以用“介词＋关系代词”替换，介词取决于先行词及“介词＋which”在从句中所做的成分，why只能用for which替换。
(3) “不定代词或数词＋介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句，说明整体中的一部分。
(4) “the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”可替换为“_________＋名词”，引导定语从句。
whom
whose
5．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
和先行词的关系密切，如果省略，主句意义往往不完整 和先行词关系并不十分密切(起补充说明的作用)，删除后不影响整个句子意义的表达
主句和从句不用逗号隔开 主句和从句用(1) ________隔开
只可以修饰(2) __________，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分
逗号
先行词
6.as/which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整个主句或主句的一部分 可放在句首、(1) ________或句尾，意为“正如……，正像……”；从句的谓语动词多为see、know、expect、say、mention、report等
which 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，也可修饰先行词 只能置于主句后，常译为“(2) __________________”。
句中
这一点，这件事
Ⅰ 用适当的关系词完成下列句子
1. ______ is known to all，he is the best student.
2．Feedback is something ________ reflects how well or badly you are doing，and how you could improve.
3．However，because of poverty，Nolan has to be independent，_________ life is full of ups and downs.
4. The football team has 15 members，the oldest of ________ is 25 years old.
Activity 3　Applying the rules
规则应用
As
that
whose
whom
5. He made a serious mistake _____________ no one else could tolerate.
6. A kindergarten is a school for very young children，_________ they learn things by playing.
7．Someone _______ is fluent in a particular language can speak the language easily and correctly.
8. That is the only reason _______ we cooperate with them in this area.
9. Can you cite an example ________________ this word could be used
10. The only thing ________ we can do is to give you some advice.
which/that
where
who
why
where/in which
that
11．Their child is at the stage ________________ he can say individual words but not full sentences.
12．Kate，_________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.
13. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf，of _________ five are mine.
14. Opposite is St. Paul’s Cathedral，_________ you can hear some lovely music.
where/in which
whose
which
where
15．______ is reported，the number of smokers has dropped by 17 per cent in just one year.
16．As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.
17．My eldest son，_________ work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
18. The exact year _____________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
As
when
whose
which/that
19．Students should involve themselves in community activities __________________ they can gain experience for growth.
20．I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
21．Among the many dangers ______________ sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog.
22. Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.
where/in which
when
that/which
that
23．Until now，we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children，_________ is quite unexpected.
24．American women usually identify their best friend as someone with ________ they can talk frequently.
25．A company _________ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
which
whom
whose
Ⅱ 用定语从句完成句子
1．He refused to apologize for his mistake，______________________ _____________(这令我很失望).
2．The house ____________________________________________(屋顶被毁坏了的) in the big fire belongs to my grandparents.
3．She won an award in the competition，________________________ (这是常有的事).
4．You can share your sadness with somebody ____________________ _______ (你信任的) and listen to their suggestions.
which made me very
disappointed
whose roof/the roof of which was damaged
as is often the case
(that/who/whom) you
trust
5．There are more than 300 teachers in our school，________________ _______(其中70%是男老师).
6．We like __________________________________________ (这位专家说话的方式).
7．There are many big rivers in China，_________________________ (其中最重要的) are the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.
8．We live in an age ________________________________(更多的信息可以获得) with greater ease than ever before.
70% of whom are
men
the way (in which/that) this specialist speaks
the most important of which
when more information is available
Ⅲ 用适当的关系词完成短文
There was a time 1. ________ I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English. And this was the reason 2. _______ my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club，3. _________ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.
when
why
where
Fortunately，my guide，4. _________ teacher was Wang Zongyan，communicated with me face to face，from 5. ________ I gained some useful instructions. He also introduced a good partner to me，and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6. ______________ we did. I should be grateful to my father and the guide，7. _______ encouraged me to fall in love with English.
whose
whom
which/that
who
Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8. _________ I put my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud. In class I join in English discussions. Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9. _________ I can memorize a large number of new words. 10. ______ our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will master English sooner or later.”
which
which
As
词条讲解
1．preference n. 偏爱；偏爱的事物
【原句】Now，when speaking to Americans，who have a preference for the direct style，I found that I often failed to get straight to the point.(page 20) 现在，当我与偏爱直来直去的美国人交谈时，我发现我常常无法直奔主题。
Activity 4　Core vocabulary breakthrough
核心词汇突破
【拓展】
preference n．→prefer vt. 较喜欢，更喜欢→preferred adj. 更合意的，更好的
prefer to do/doing sth 更喜欢做某事
prefer sb to do sth 宁愿某人做某事
【即学即练】单句填空
①I prefer _________________________(exercise) at home，and it seems that I am always going on a diet.
②Nowadays a lot of teenagers prefer ___________(surf) the Internet at home to taking exercise outdoors.
to exercise/exercising
surfing
2．intention n. 意图，计划
【原句】Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others，and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them.(page 21) 那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到不安或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他人，这种情况也会让他们周围的人感到难堪。
【拓展】
intention n．→intend vt. & vi. 想要，计划；意指
have no intention of doing sth 不打算做某事
with the intention of doing sth 抱有做某事的目的/打算
intend to do/doing sth 打算/想要做某事
intend sb to do sth 打算让某人做某事
had intended to do sth＝intended to have done sth 本打算做某事(却未做)
be intended for... 打算为……所用，专为……而设计的
【即学即练】单句填空
①I intended ____________________(visit) him，but I was afraid I would disturb him.
②This book _______________(intend) for primary and middle school students，aged between 6 and 18.
③We come here with the _____________(intend) of getting knowledge.
④His father intended him ____________(study) medicine but he decided to join the army.
⑤I ________________(intend) to visit you last night，but it rained.
to visit/visiting
is intended
intention
to study
had intended
3．correspond vi. 类似于；相一致，符合；通信
【原句】This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”. (page 21) 这是因为中文里，与“umbrella”对应的汉字“伞”听起来像另一个汉字“散”，意思是“分开”。
【拓展】
correspond vi.→correspondence n. 相关，相似；通信联系；来往信件
→corresponding adj. 符合的；相应的；相关的
correspond to/with 和……相一致，与……相符
correspond with sb 和某人通信
in correspondence with 与……有通信联系
【即学即练】单句填空/完成句子
①I have to inform you that the goods do not correspond ___________ the samples you sent me.
②All rights carry with them ______________(correspond) responsibilities.
③Are you still in __________________(correspond) with your American friend
④我们彼此通信的方式从书信变成了邮件。
The way __________________________________________ went from letters to emails.
to/with
corresponding
correspondence
(that/in which) we corresponded with each other
Finish B1 and B2 on page 21 of the textbook.
Assignment
作业

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