资源简介

1．annoying adj．讨厌的，令人气恼的
①The ________ (annoy) habit of leaving rubbish in public areas should be stopped，and we can start by setting up more trash bins．
②I was annoyed ________ (find) that the hotel room I booked had no hot water，which ruined my stay．
③The problems were an _________ (annoy)，but we managed to cope．
　应用文写作之道歉信
我真的为自己忘记了你的生日而烦恼，我保证这周末会补偿你。
__________________________________________________________________，and I promise to make it up to you this weekend．
◎be annoyed at...对……烦恼
◎be annoyed that/to do sth．因(做)某事而生气
◎annoy v．使生气，使恼怒；打扰，骚扰
◎annoyance n．烦恼；使人烦恼的事
◎annoyed adj．烦恼，生气
◎Dad's eyebrows frowned，obviously annoyed that my sister had broken his favorite vase，his voice rising a little．
爸爸皱起眉头，显然因妹妹打碎了他最喜欢的花瓶而生气，他的声音都提高了一些。
2．departure n．[课本义] 离开，起程　[增补义](在特定时间)离开的飞机(或火车等)；背离，违反
①Things had got worse and worse since his _________ (depart) from head office．
②We would be delighted if you could confirm your departure ___ the camping site by this Friday．
③Our flight departs ____ Shanghai Airport at 2 o'clock．
　读后续写之心理描写
当她准备前往那座陌生的城市时，心中交织着兴奋与紧张。
A mix of excitement and nervousness filled her as she prepared to _______________________________．
◎departure from...从……离开
◎departure for...前往……
◎depart v．离开，离去；出发，起程
◎depart for...起程去……
◎depart from离开；背离，违背
◎(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)I touched down in Vienna just 30 minutes before the departure of the last bus to Prague．
我在最后一班开往布拉格的巴士出发前30分钟抵达维也纳。
3．tolerate vt．忍受；忍耐；容忍，容许；宽容
①He has a very ________ (tolerate) attitude towards other religions．
②It is suggested that we should show more _________ (tolerate) to those who hold different opinions in group discussions．
　读后续写之神态、语言描写
她的眼神柔和下来，轻轻摇了摇头说：“我无法容忍你用这么粗鲁的方式跟你的父母说话。”
Her eyes softening，she shook her head gently and said，“I can't __________________________________________ in such a rude way．”
◎tolerate (sb．) doing sth．容忍/忍受(某人)做某事
◎tolerance n．容忍；宽容；忍耐力
◎tolerant adj．宽容的；容忍的
◎(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly．
没有编辑会容忍一个不愿花心思拼写正确单词的作家。
4．panic [课本义]n．惊恐，惶恐，惊慌　[增补义]vi．& vt．(使)惊慌
①He got into _ panic when he realised that he couldn't meet the deadline．
②He ________ (panic) over the unexpected danger at that time．
　读后续写之心理描写
野狼的吼叫吓得我尖叫起来，我不知道如何缓解这无法抵挡的恐慌。
The roar of the wild wolf _____________________________，and I wasn't aware of how to ease ________________________．
◎in (a) panic惊慌失措地
◎get into a panic 陷入恐慌
◎panic sb．into doing sth．使某人惊慌地做某事
◎(2025·浙江1月卷)The man stood up in a panic，then ran through the house toward the window and jumped out．
那个男人惊慌地站起身，然后穿过屋子冲向窗户，跳了出去。
5．distribute vt．分发，分配，分送
①Some of the victims are complaining loudly about the uneven ____________ (distribute) of emergency aid．
②The teacher distributed the game materials ____ four groups．
③Tents and clothes have been distributed _________ the earthquake victims．
　读后续写之语言描写
我告诉那些国际学生，茶广泛分布在全国各地。
I told those international students that _____________________________________________________．
◎distribute...to...把……分给……
◎distribute...among...在……中分发……
◎distribute...into...把……分配/分放到……
◎distribution n．分配，分发；分布
◎With the College Entrance Examination approaching，we must try to distribute our limited time in the best way．
随着高考的临近，我们必须尽力以最佳方式分配我们有限的时间。
6．ban vt．禁止，取缔 n．禁令，禁止
①(人教版选择性必修第一册Unit 3)Though the Sami are allowed to continue their traditional way of life in the park，no one else can live here，and all new development __________ (ban) within park boundaries．
②Our community has decided to put a ban __ setting off fireworks during the Spring Festival to reduce air pollution．
　读后续写之动作、语言描写
经理坚定地摇着头，禁止那位顾客退回已使用过的商品，说道：“一经售出，概不退款。”
Shaking his head firmly，the manager ______________________________________
____________________，saying“Once sold，no refunds．”
◎ban sb．from doing sth．禁止某人做某事
◎announce a ban on...宣布对……的禁令
◎put a ban on...禁止……
◎The local government will announce a ban on single-use plastics in all supermarkets starting next month．
当地政府将于下月起宣布在所有超市禁止使用一次性塑料制品。
7．desirable adj．理想的，值得拥有的；值得做的
①She had a strong desire ______ (be) a dancer but failed to make the grade．
②She chatted for a few minutes about the qualities she considered _________ (desire) in a secretary．
③We all have a strong desire ___ happiness and health．
　应用文写作之建议信
为了实现目标，你必须怀有强烈的渴望去付诸行动。
In order to achieve goals，you must _______________________ to do so．
◎desire vt．& n．渴望；欲望
◎desire (sb．) to do sth．期望(某人)做某事
◎desire that...渴望……(从句谓语用should do形式，should可以省略)
◎have a strong desire to do sth．迫切想做某事
◎have a strong desire for sth．迫切渴望得到某物
◎(2024·北京卷)Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong．
我们的社会本能包括强烈的归属欲望。
8．request n．& vt．请求，要求
①She had requested the community ________ (turn) it into a museum upon her death．
②We should consider the students'request that the school library ___________________ (provide) more books on popular science．
③You'd sound a lot more polite if you make ___ request in the form of a question．
　应用文写作之通知信
要求所有学生应该参加一年一度的学校庆典。
_______________________ all the students should attend the annual school celebration．
◎make a request 请求；要求
◎at one's request应某人的要求
◎request sb．to do sth．请求/要求某人做某事
◎request that...(should) do sth．要求……(应该)做某事
◎It is requested that...(should) do sth．要求……(应该)做某事
◎At your request，we have prepared a detailed schedule for the upcoming exchange program，which is enclosed herewith．
应您的要求，我们已为即将到来的交流项目准备了一份详细日程，现随信附上。
9．in trouble 有麻烦，处于困境中；碰到困难
①If you get ____ trouble，you can depend on your best friend to help you．
②(外研版必修第一册Unit 2) Have you ever asked yourself why people often have trouble ________ (learn) English
③The doctor said that delaying this type of operation was just asking ___ trouble．
　读后续写之细节、情感描写
每次我回家，奶奶总会不嫌麻烦地烤我最喜欢的饼干，眼角带着温暖的笑意弯起了皱纹。
Grandma always ____________________________________________________ every time I go home，her eyes crinkling with a warm smile．
◎get into trouble陷入麻烦；陷入困境
◎get out of trouble摆脱困境
◎have (no) trouble with.../in doing...(做)……有(无)困难
◎ask for trouble自找麻烦；自讨苦吃
◎take the trouble to do sth．不辞劳苦地做某事
◎I wonder if you could give me some advice on how to get out of trouble with my math studies，as I've failed the last two exams．
我想知道你能否给我一些建议，帮我摆脱数学学习上的困境，因为我最近两次考试都没及格。
10．put forward 提出(主意、计划等)，提议；推举；提前，把(钟表等)向前拨
①The exam results will be put __ on Monday morning．
②Your own personal robot will put ____ books that you have left on the floor or bed．
③Firemen tried to free the injured and put ___ the blaze．
　应用文写作之观点表达
学生们在课堂上提出了一系列关于如何学好英语的问题。
The students ______________________________________ about how to learn English well in class．
◎put away把……收拾好/放好，储存
◎put out扑灭；出版；生产
◎put up张贴；举起；搭建；供给膳宿
◎put sb．/sth．forward推荐某人/某物
◎put off 推迟；延期
◎We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better．
我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能会更好。
11．conclude vt．[课本义]作出结论，推断出　[增补义](使)结束，终止
①We can conclude ____ the survey results that most students prefer online learning to traditional classes．
②The campfire party concluded ____ a chorus of folk songs，the stars twinkling brightly above the cheering crowd．
　读后续写之心理描写
看着这位陌生人始终如一的善意，莉拉渐渐得出结论：他并不像其他人说的那样危险。
Watching the stranger's consistent kindness，Lila gradually _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________．
◎conclude (...) from...从……中推断出，断定
◎conclude (...) with...以……结束(……)
◎come to/arrive at/reach/draw the conclusion 得出结论
◎in conclusion 最后；总之
◎In conclusion，the journey taught her that happiness lies not in the destination but in the people who walk beside you．
最后，这段旅程让她明白：幸福不在于目的地，而在于陪伴在你身边的人。
12．recovery n．[课本义]康复，痊愈　[增补义]恢复；复苏
①With his family's care，the old man slowly made a ________ (recover)from the injury，his steps becoming steadier day by day．
②After the sudden shock of the car accident，it took her several minutes to recover _______ (she) and call for help．
　读后续写之动作、环境描写
当温暖的阳光透过窗户照进来时，她慢慢从疲惫中恢复过来，一丝微笑在脸上漾开。
As the warm sunlight streamed through the window，_________________________
____________________，a faint smile spreading across her face．
◎make a recovery from 从……中恢复
◎recover vi．& vt．痊愈；恢复健康；找回；复原
◎recover from 从……中恢复
◎recover oneself 镇定下来，清醒过来
◎(2025·全国二卷)Most of Ho's students will recover，which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care．
Ho的大多数学生将会康复，这意味着让他们做好返校准备正成为护理工作中一个日益重要的部分。
13．[教材原句]It was this patient's second visit to us and this time he'd had both his legs blown off—he was all of about 20 years old．(have＋n．＋过去分词)
这是这个病人第二次来到我们这里，而这次他的双腿都被炸没了——他也就才二十几岁。
①Don't worry，for I will have the car _______ (wait) outside．
②I had Mary _____ (clean) the classroom this morning．
③I have nothing _________ (offer) but blood，toil，tears and sweat．
④We had the machine ______ (mend) just now and we can work now．
　读后续写之情节描写
我的朋友苏珊在爬山时手腕骨折了。
My friend Susan _______________________ while climbing the mountain．
◎have...done遭遇某事；让别人做某事；使某件事被做
◎have sb．/sth．doing sth．让某人/某物一直做某事
◎have sb．/sth．do sth．让某人/某物做某事
◎have sth．to do有某事要做
◎In the past few years，we have had thousands of trees planted around our school．
在过去的几年中，我们让人在学校周围种植了数千棵树。
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．Students were banned from _______ (hang) out at night．
2．Usually，better outcomes are achieved through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk _________ (tolerate)．
3．It is no longer _________ (desire) for adult children to live with their parents．
4．I am truly sorry for being late to the meeting this morning，and I notice that my delay left you _______ (annoy)．
5．The parcel was opened and a strange furry animal was released from it，making the girl scream __ panic．
6．It was a _____ that he was caught cheating again and he was _______ of his ________ behaviour．(shame)
7．His hobby of smoking in the office caused a chorus of __________，and his wife also __________ to him about it．(complain)
8．I am really ____________ of your timely help and I am writing to express my heartfelt ____________．(appreciate)
9．Though he insisted that the product was ________，there was enough evidence that proved it was _______ to the environment．(harm)
10．He _________ his speech with a cluster of powerful sentences，from which we drew a __________ that he was a skilled speaker．(conclude)
Ⅱ．一词多义/熟词生义
1．monitor
A．vt．监控　　B．n．显示屏　　C．n．班长
(1)In each group，the biggest or oldest pupil is made monitor． _________
(2)By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored． _________
(3)He was watching a game of tennis on a television monitor． _________
2．arrest
A．vt．逮捕　B．vt．阻止，抑制　C．vt．吸引　D．n．逮捕
(1)The drug is used to arrest the spread of the disease． _________
(2)He explained everything，from the man jumping through the window to the police arresting him． _________
(3)News of his arrest caused a sensation． _________
(4)An unusual noise arrested his attention． _________
3．remote
A．遥远的；偏僻的　B．远亲的　C．远程的　D．冷漠的；疏远的　E．细微的，渺茫的
(1)The research team spent three months in a remote village collecting data on traditional farming methods． _________
(2)There is still a remote chance that they will find her alive． _________
(3)This company depends on the wishes of a few who are remote from the people． _________
(4)I never get up to turn on the television，I use the remote control． _________
(5)He is one of my remote cousins and we have been in touch with each other since we parted． _________
4．bitter
A．痛苦的　B．激烈的　C．寒冷的；刺骨的　D．味苦的　E．愤愤不平的
(1)She is very bitter about losing her job． _________
(2)I've learnt from bitter experience not to trust what he says． _________
(3)Outside，a bitter east wind was accompanied by flurries of snow． _________
(4)Traditional Chinese medicine usually tastes bitter and is hard to swallow． _________
(5)With no one to resolve their dispute，the two sides are locked into a bitter conflict． _________
5．(2025·浙江1月卷)These qualities，in turn，are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender． _________
A．分配
B．指派
C．赋予；给予(某种角色、价值等)
6．(2022·全国甲卷)Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre，dance，family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world． _________
A．有大量……的；……极多的
B．打包了的
C．挤满人的
7．One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there． _________
A．展示　　B．显露　　C．显示
Ⅲ．写作迁移
1．我奶奶正在广场上高兴地跳舞，这时一个年轻的女人打断了她。
My grandma ____________________________________________ a young woman interrupted her．
2．她让人把自己的名字刻在了树上，手指拂过粗糙的树皮，关于他们约定的记忆涌上心头。
She _____________________________________，fingers brushing the rough bark as memories of their promise flooded back．
3．He stayed up all night，and he looked after her．
→He stayed up all night，___________________．(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
假设你是李华，前几天你因故跟你的好友Tracy发生了矛盾，你现在意识到了自己的错误，打算用英语写信向她道歉，内容包括：
1．写信目的；
2．自己的感受和对友谊的观点；
3．希望被原谅。
　写作微练
①由于前几天和你吵架而深感羞愧，我现在正怀着极大的内疚感写信向你道歉。(“being＋adj．”作状语)
__________________________________________________________________，I am now writing to make an apology to you with a great sense of guilt．
②昨天晚上，我偶然翻阅了我的相册，里面的照片让我想起了我们一起度过的快乐时光。(“介词＋which”引导定语从句)
Last night，I happened to go through my album，____________________________
_________________________________ we spent together．
③看着这些照片，我不仅意识到了自己犯的错误，而且还意识到我们的友谊是多么珍贵。(not only...but also...)
Seeing these pictures，__________________________________________ I've made，but also aware of how precious our friendship is．
④众所周知，没有朋友的人似乎就像没有阳光的树一样。(as if)
It is well recognized that people living without friends seem ____________________________________________________．
⑤所以我真诚地希望你能接受我的道歉，并祝愿我们的友谊像以前一样亲密和牢固。(as...as...)
So I sincerely hope that you can accept my apology and wish our friendship
________________________________．
　句式升级
⑥用倒装句式升级句③
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
　妙笔成篇
【参考范文】
Dear Tracy，
Being deeply ashamed of quarreling with you the other day，I am now writing to make an apology to you with a great sense of guilt．
Last night，I happened to go through my album，in which the pictures reminded me of the happy times we spent together．Seeing these pictures，not only was I aware of the mistake I've made，but also aware of how precious our friendship is．It is well recognized that people living without friends seem as if they were trees living without sunshine．
So I sincerely hope that you can accept my apology and wish our friendship as close and firm as before．Looking forward to your early reply．
Yours，
Li Hua
　语料积累
教材语料 亮词 (短语) 情感描写：annoyed；ashamed；prejudiced；bitter；keen；unsuspecting；bother；firmly；panic；appreciation；greed
动作描写：negotiate；resolve；detect；plug；drum；vote；arrest；tolerate；recall；withdraw；flee；weep；pray；greet；ban；conclude；request
美句 1．The calm ended and panic set in．The people began weeping and praying． 2...．while McKay is usually a peaceful and pleasant person，he had been driven to this act of violence by literally getting wet just once too often． 3．One of their men，speaking in English，said that he had worked in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was over．
拓展 语料 单词 cry哭泣；sob呜咽，啜泣；weep小声哭或无声流泪；choke哽咽；wail号啕大哭，恸哭；misty泪眼模糊的；watery眼泪汪汪的；tearful含泪的
语块 have a lump in one's throat哽咽；be wet with tears/be in tears泪流满面；be close to tears/be on the verge of tears快哭了；be filled with tears/tears well up in one's eyes热泪盈眶；be blurred with tears泪眼模糊；tears cloud one's eyes泪水模糊了某人的眼睛；hold/fight back tears抑制住泪水；burst into tears/burst out crying放声大哭；cry bitter/lonely tears流下痛苦/孤独的泪水；cry one's eyes/heart out痛哭流涕；be in floods of tears泪如雨下；tears roll/run/stream/pour down one's cheeks泪水滑落脸颊
句型 1．He wailed，tears pouring down his face uncontrollably． 他号啕大哭，眼泪不受控制地顺着脸庞流下来。 2．Her bottom lip quivered and big tears rolled down her cheeks． 她的下唇颤抖着，大颗大颗的眼泪顺着她的脸颊滑落下来。 3．She hugged her child tightly，her eyes flooded with/full of tears of gratitude． 她紧紧地抱着她的孩子，眼里充满了感激的泪水。 4．I sobbed bitterly，tasting the salt from the tears that streamed down my face． 我痛苦地啜泣着，尝到了从我脸上滑落的泪水里的咸味。 5．All the children held out their arms and cheered，with tears of excitement welling up in their eyes． 所有的孩子都伸出他们的双臂欢呼起来，激动的泪水夺眶而出。 6．He stood silently outside her room，with tears rolling/running/streaming/pouring down his cheeks． 他默默地站在她的房间外面，眼泪顺着脸颊滑落下来。
　语料运用
①简抱怨说，她再也不能容忍丈夫的固执和一直监督自己的行为了。
Jane complained that she could never _______________________________________
_______________________________________ any longer．
②在激烈的争吵过后，她的眼里充满了愤怒的泪水，简怒视着她的丈夫说道：“我会给我们找一个更好的地方去露营的，”然后便走开了。(with复合结构)
After the fierce quarrel，________________________________________________，Jane glared at her husband，saying“I'll find a better spot for us to camp”and walked away．
③一个小时后，她环顾四周，向远方望去，却发现自己在这可怕的森林里迷路了，这让她惊慌失措，快要哭了。(定语从句)
An hour later，she looked around and into the distance，only to find that she was lost in the terrifying forest，______________________________________________________________．
④她设法忍住她的眼泪，惊恐地站在那里，思考着如何应对这种困境。
She ___________________________________ and stood there in terror，thinking about how to cope with the dilemma．
⑤由于没有解决办法，她陷入了绝望的深渊，坐在一棵树旁，不由自主地痛苦地啜泣着。(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
With no solution，she was in the depths of despair，sitting beside a tree，
_________________________________．
⑥幸运的是，尽管困难重重，她的丈夫最终还是找到了她。
Fortunately，her husband finally found her ___________________________．
⑦简看到她丈夫的那一刻，就扑进了他的怀里，眼泪顺着脸颊滑落下来。(独立主格结构)
The moment Jane caught sight of her husband，she threw herself into his arms，_________________________________．
⑧他帮她擦去眼泪，直视着她的眼睛，承诺说：“我再也不会和你吵架了。”(动词-ing形式作状语，倒装句式)
He helped her wipe away her tears and looked her straight in the eye，__________________________________________________________
选择性必修第四册　UNIT 11
考点归纳　精准讲练
1．①annoying　②to find　③annoyance
完美写作
I'm really annoyed at myself for forgetting your birthday
2．①departure　②for　③from
完美写作
depart for the unknown city
3．①tolerant　②tolerance
完美写作
tolerate you speaking to your parents
4．①a　②panicked
完美写作
panicked me into screaming；the overwhelming panic
5．①distribution　②into　③to/among
完美写作
tea is widely distributed all over the country
6．①is banned　②on
完美写作
banned the customer from returning the used product
7．①to be　②desirable　③for
完美写作
have a strong desire
8．①to turn　②(should) provide　③a
完美写作
It is requested that
9．①into　②learning　③for
完美写作
takes the trouble to bake my favorite cookies
10．①up　②away　③out
完美写作
put forward a series of questions
11．①from　②with
完美写作
came to/arrived at/reached/drew the conclusion that he was not as dangerous as others had said
12．①recovery　②herself
完美写作
she slowly recovered from the exhaustion
13．①waiting　②clean　③to offer　④mended
完美写作
had her wrist broken
基础巩固　达标训练
Ⅰ．1．hanging　2．tolerance　3．desirable　4．annoyed　5．in　6．shame；ashamed；shameful　7．complaints；complained　8．appreciative；appreciation　9．harmless；harmful　10．concluded；conclusion
Ⅱ．1．(1)C　(2)A　(3)B
2．(1)B　(2)A　(3)D　(4)C
3．(1)A　(2)E　(3)D　(4)C　(5)B
4．(1)E　(2)A　(3)C　(4)D　(5)B
5．C　6．A　7．A　
Ⅲ．1．was dancing happily in the square when　2．had her name carved on the tree　3．looking after her
主题引领　写作提能
应用文写作
Step 1　写作微练
①Being deeply ashamed of quarreling with you the other day
②in which the pictures reminded me of the happy times　③I was not only aware of the mistake　④as if they were trees living without sunshine　⑤as close and firm as before
Step 2　句式升级
⑥Seeing these pictures，not only was I aware of the mistake I've made，but also aware of how precious our friendship is．
Step 3　妙笔成篇
Dear Tracy，
Being deeply ashamed of quarreling with you the other day，I am now writing to make an apology to you with a great sense of guilt．
Last night，I happened to go through my album，in which the pictures reminded me of the happy times we spent together．Seeing these pictures，not only was I aware of the mistake I've made，but also aware of how precious our friendship is．It is well recognized that people living without friends seem as if they were trees living without sunshine．
So I sincerely hope that you can accept my apology and wish our friendship as close and firm as before．Looking forward to your early reply．
Yours，
Li Hua
读后续写
Step 2　语料运用
①tolerate her husband's being stubborn and monitoring her all the time　②with her eyes flooded with tears of anger　③which threw her into panic and on the verge of tears　④managed to hold back her tears　⑤sobbing bitterly uncontrollably　⑥despite many difficulties　⑦tears rolling down her cheeks　⑧promising，“Never will I quarrel with you again．”
1 / 17(共145张PPT)
选择性必修第四册　UNIT 11　
CONFLICT AND COMPROMISE
第一部分 教材知识讲练
单元主题 导图串记
考点归纳 精准讲练
1．annoying adj．讨厌的，令人气恼的
①The ________ (annoy) habit of leaving rubbish in public areas should be stopped，and we can start by setting up more trash bins．
②I was annoyed _______ (find) that the hotel room I booked had no hot water，which ruined my stay．
③The problems were an _________ (annoy)，but we managed to cope．
annoying
to find
annoyance
完美写作　应用文写作之道歉信
我真的为自己忘记了你的生日而烦恼，我保证这周末会补偿你。
___________________________________________________，and I promise to make it up to you this weekend．
I'm really annoyed at myself for forgetting your birthday
◎be annoyed at...对……烦恼
◎be annoyed that/to do sth．因(做)某事而生气
◎annoy v．使生气，使恼怒；打扰，骚扰
◎annoyance n．烦恼；使人烦恼的事
◎annoyed adj．烦恼，生气
◎Dad's eyebrows frowned，obviously annoyed that my sister had broken his favorite vase，his voice rising a little．
爸爸皱起眉头，显然因妹妹打碎了他最喜欢的花瓶而生气，他的声音都提高了一些。
2．departure n．[课本义] 离开，起程　[增补义](在特定时间)离开的飞机(或火车等)；背离，违反
①Things had got worse and worse since his _________ (depart) from head office．
②We would be delighted if you could confirm your departure ___ the camping site by this Friday．
③Our flight departs ____ Shanghai Airport at 2 o'clock．
departure
for
from
完美写作　读后续写之心理描写
当她准备前往那座陌生的城市时，心中交织着兴奋与紧张。
A mix of excitement and nervousness filled her as she prepared to ___________________________．
depart for the unknown city
◎departure from...从……离开
◎departure for...前往……
◎depart v．离开，离去；出发，起程
◎depart for...起程去……
◎depart from离开；背离，违背
◎(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)I touched down in Vienna just 30 minutes before the departure of the last bus to Prague．
我在最后一班开往布拉格的巴士出发前30分钟抵达维也纳。
3．tolerate vt．忍受；忍耐；容忍，容许；宽容
①He has a very ________ (tolerate) attitude towards other religions．
②It is suggested that we should show more _________ (tolerate) to those who hold different opinions in group discussions．
tolerant
tolerance
完美写作　读后续写之神态、语言描写
她的眼神柔和下来，轻轻摇了摇头说：“我无法容忍你用这么粗鲁的方式跟你的父母说话。”
Her eyes softening，she shook her head gently and said，“I can't _____________________________________ in such a rude way．”
tolerate you speaking to your parents
◎tolerate (sb．) doing sth．容忍/忍受(某人)做某事
◎tolerance n．容忍；宽容；忍耐力
◎tolerant adj．宽容的；容忍的
◎(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly．
没有编辑会容忍一个不愿花心思拼写正确单词的作家。
4．panic [课本义]n．惊恐，惶恐，惊慌　[增补义]vi．& vt．(使)惊慌
①He got into ___ panic when he realised that he couldn't meet the deadline．
②He ________ (panic) over the unexpected danger at that time．
a
panicked
完美写作　读后续写之心理描写
野狼的吼叫吓得我尖叫起来，我不知道如何缓解这无法抵挡的恐慌。
The roar of the wild wolf __________________________，and I wasn't aware of how to ease ______________________．
panicked me into screaming
the overwhelming panic
◎in (a) panic惊慌失措地
◎get into a panic 陷入恐慌
◎panic sb．into doing sth．使某人惊慌地做某事
◎(2025·浙江1月卷)The man stood up in a panic，then ran through the house toward the window and jumped out．
那个男人惊慌地站起身，然后穿过屋子冲向窗户，跳了出去。
5．distribute vt．分发，分配，分送
①Some of the victims are complaining loudly about the uneven ____________ (distribute) of emergency aid．
②The teacher distributed the game materials ____ four groups．
③Tents and clothes have been distributed _________ the earthquake victims．
distribution
into
to/among
完美写作　读后续写之语言描写
我告诉那些国际学生，茶广泛分布在全国各地。
I told those international students that ____________________________
________________．
tea is widely distributed all
over the country
◎distribute...to...把……分给……
◎distribute...among...在……中分发……
◎distribute...into...把……分配/分放到……
◎distribution n．分配，分发；分布
◎With the College Entrance Examination approaching，we must try to distribute our limited time in the best way．
随着高考的临近，我们必须尽力以最佳方式分配我们有限的时间。
6．ban vt．禁止，取缔 n．禁令，禁止
①(人教版选择性必修第一册Unit 3)Though the Sami are allowed to continue their traditional way of life in the park，no one else can live here，and all new development _________ (ban) within park boundaries．
②Our community has decided to put a ban __ setting off fireworks during the Spring Festival to reduce air pollution．
is banned
on
完美写作　读后续写之动作、语言描写
经理坚定地摇着头，禁止那位顾客退回已使用过的商品，说道：“一经售出，概不退款。”
Shaking his head firmly，the manager ___________________________
_____________________，saying“Once sold，no refunds．”
banned the customer from
returning the used product
◎ban sb．from doing sth．禁止某人做某事
◎announce a ban on...宣布对……的禁令
◎put a ban on...禁止……
◎The local government will announce a ban on single-use plastics in all supermarkets starting next month．
当地政府将于下月起宣布在所有超市禁止使用一次性塑料制品。
7．desirable adj．理想的，值得拥有的；值得做的
①She had a strong desire _____ (be) a dancer but failed to make the grade．
②She chatted for a few minutes about the qualities she considered _________ (desire) in a secretary．
③We all have a strong desire ___ happiness and health．
to be
desirable
for
完美写作　应用文写作之建议信
为了实现目标，你必须怀有强烈的渴望去付诸行动。
In order to achieve goals，you must ____________________ to do so．
have a strong desire
◎desire vt．& n．渴望；欲望
◎desire (sb．) to do sth．期望(某人)做某事
◎desire that...渴望……(从句谓语用should do形式，should可以省略)
◎have a strong desire to do sth．迫切想做某事
◎have a strong desire for sth．迫切渴望得到某物
◎(2024·北京卷)Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong．
我们的社会本能包括强烈的归属欲望。
8．request n．& vt．请求，要求
①She had requested the community _______ (turn) it into a museum upon her death．
②We should consider the students'request that the school library __________________ (provide) more books on popular science．
③You'd sound a lot more polite if you make __ request in the form of a question．
to turn
(should) provide
a
完美写作　应用文写作之通知信
要求所有学生应该参加一年一度的学校庆典。
____________________ all the students should attend the annual school celebration．
It is requested that
◎make a request 请求；要求
◎at one's request应某人的要求
◎request sb．to do sth．请求/要求某人做某事
◎request that...(should) do sth．要求……(应该)做某事
◎It is requested that...(should) do sth．要求……(应该)做某事
◎At your request，we have prepared a detailed schedule for the upcoming exchange program，which is enclosed herewith．
应您的要求，我们已为即将到来的交流项目准备了一份详细日程，现随信附上。
9．in trouble 有麻烦，处于困境中；碰到困难
①If you get ____ trouble，you can depend on your best friend to help you．
②(外研版必修第一册Unit 2) Have you ever asked yourself why people often have trouble ________ (learn) English
③The doctor said that delaying this type of operation was just asking ___ trouble．
into
learning
for
完美写作　读后续写之细节、情感描写
每次我回家，奶奶总会不嫌麻烦地烤我最喜欢的饼干，眼角带着温暖的笑意弯起了皱纹。
Grandma always ________________________________________ every time I go home，her eyes crinkling with a warm smile．
takes the trouble to bake my favorite cookies
◎get into trouble陷入麻烦；陷入困境
◎get out of trouble摆脱困境
◎have (no) trouble with.../in doing...(做)……有(无)困难
◎ask for trouble自找麻烦；自讨苦吃
◎take the trouble to do sth．不辞劳苦地做某事
◎I wonder if you could give me some advice on how to get out of trouble with my math studies，as I've failed the last two exams．
我想知道你能否给我一些建议，帮我摆脱数学学习上的困境，因为我最近两次考试都没及格。
10．put forward 提出(主意、计划等)，提议；推举；提前，把(钟表等)向前拨
①The exam results will be put __ on Monday morning．
②Your own personal robot will put ____ books that you have left on the floor or bed．
③Firemen tried to free the injured and put ___ the blaze．
up
away
out
完美写作　应用文写作之观点表达
学生们在课堂上提出了一系列关于如何学好英语的问题。
The students _________________________________ about how to learn English well in class．
put forward a series of questions
◎put away把……收拾好/放好，储存
◎put out扑灭；出版；生产
◎put up张贴；举起；搭建；供给膳宿
◎put sb．/sth．forward推荐某人/某物
◎put off 推迟；延期
◎We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better．
我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能会更好。
11．conclude vt．[课本义]作出结论，推断出　[增补义](使)结束，终止
①We can conclude ____ the survey results that most students prefer online learning to traditional classes．
②The campfire party concluded ____ a chorus of folk songs，the stars twinkling brightly above the cheering crowd．
from
with
完美写作　读后续写之心理描写
看着这位陌生人始终如一的善意，莉拉渐渐得出结论：他并不像其他人说的那样危险。
Watching the stranger's consistent kindness，Lila gradually __________
_____________________________________________________________________________________．
came
to/arrived at/reached/drew the conclusion that he was not as dangerous as others had said
◎conclude (...) from...从……中推断出，断定
◎conclude (...) with...以……结束(……)
◎come to/arrive at/reach/draw the conclusion 得出结论
◎in conclusion 最后；总之
◎In conclusion，the journey taught her that happiness lies not in the destination but in the people who walk beside you．
最后，这段旅程让她明白：幸福不在于目的地，而在于陪伴在你身边的人。
12．recovery n．[课本义]康复，痊愈　[增补义]恢复；复苏
①With his family's care，the old man slowly made a ________ (recover)from the injury，his steps becoming steadier day by day．
②After the sudden shock of the car accident，it took her several minutes to recover _______ (she) and call for help．
recovery
herself
完美写作　读后续写之动作、环境描写
当温暖的阳光透过窗户照进来时，她慢慢从疲惫中恢复过来，一丝微笑在脸上漾开。
As the warm sunlight streamed through the window，_______________
________________________，a faint smile spreading across her face．
she slowly
recovered from the exhaustion
◎make a recovery from 从……中恢复
◎recover vi．& vt．痊愈；恢复健康；找回；复原
◎recover from 从……中恢复
◎recover oneself 镇定下来，清醒过来
◎(2025·全国二卷)Most of Ho's students will recover，which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care．
Ho的大多数学生将会康复，这意味着让他们做好返校准备正成为护理工作中一个日益重要的部分。
13．[教材原句]It was this patient's second visit to us and this time he'd had both his legs blown off—he was all of about 20 years old．(have＋n．＋过去分词)
这是这个病人第二次来到我们这里，而这次他的双腿都被炸没了
——他也就才二十几岁。
①Don't worry，for I will have the car _______ (wait) outside．
②I had Mary _____ (clean) the classroom this morning．
③I have nothing ________ (offer) but blood，toil，tears and sweat．
④We had the machine ______ (mend) just now and we can work now．
waiting
clean
to offer
mended
完美写作　读后续写之情节描写
我的朋友苏珊在爬山时手腕骨折了。
My friend Susan ___________________ while climbing the mountain．
had her wrist broken
◎have...done遭遇某事；让别人做某事；使某件事被做
◎have sb．/sth．doing sth．让某人/某物一直做某事
◎have sb．/sth．do sth．让某人/某物做某事
◎have sth．to do有某事要做
◎In the past few years，we have had thousands of trees planted around our school．
在过去的几年中，我们让人在学校周围种植了数千棵树。
基础巩固 达标训练
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．Students were banned from _______ (hang) out at night．
2．Usually，better outcomes are achieved through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk _________ (tolerate)．
3．It is no longer _________ (desire) for adult children to live with their parents．
hanging
tolerance
desirable
4．I am truly sorry for being late to the meeting this morning，and I notice that my delay left you _______ (annoy)．
5．The parcel was opened and a strange furry animal was released from it，making the girl scream __ panic．
6．It was a _____ that he was caught cheating again and he was _______ of his ________ behaviour．(shame)
7．His hobby of smoking in the office caused a chorus of __________，and his wife also __________ to him about it．(complain)
annoyed
in
shame
ashamed
shameful
complaints
complained
8．I am really ____________ of your timely help and I am writing to express my heartfelt ____________．(appreciate)
9．Though he insisted that the product was ________，there was enough evidence that proved it was _______ to the environment．(harm)
10．He _________ his speech with a cluster of powerful sentences，from which we drew a __________ that he was a skilled speaker．
(conclude)
appreciative
appreciation
harmless
harmful
concluded
conclusion
Ⅱ．一词多义/熟词生义
1．monitor
A．vt．监控　　B．n．显示屏　　C．n．班长
(1)In each group，the biggest or oldest pupil is made monitor． __
(2)By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored． __
(3)He was watching a game of tennis on a television monitor． __
C
A
B
2．arrest
A．vt．逮捕　B．vt．阻止，抑制　C．vt．吸引　D．n．逮捕
(1)The drug is used to arrest the spread of the disease． __
(2)He explained everything，from the man jumping through the window to the police arresting him． __
(3)News of his arrest caused a sensation． __
(4)An unusual noise arrested his attention． __
B
A
D
C
3．remote
A．遥远的；偏僻的　B．远亲的　C．远程的　D．冷漠的；疏远的　E．细微的，渺茫的
(1)The research team spent three months in a remote village collecting data on traditional farming methods． __
(2)There is still a remote chance that they will find her alive． __
A
E
(3)This company depends on the wishes of a few who are remote from the people． __
(4)I never get up to turn on the television，I use the remote control． __
(5)He is one of my remote cousins and we have been in touch with each other since we parted． __
D
C
B
4．bitter
A．痛苦的　B．激烈的　C．寒冷的；刺骨的　D．味苦的　E．愤愤不平的
(1)She is very bitter about losing her job． __
(2)I've learnt from bitter experience not to trust what he says． __
(3)Outside，a bitter east wind was accompanied by flurries of snow． __
E
A
C
(4)Traditional Chinese medicine usually tastes bitter and is hard to swallow． __
(5)With no one to resolve their dispute，the two sides are locked into a bitter conflict． __
5．(2025·浙江1月卷)These qualities，in turn，are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender． __
A．分配
B．指派
C．赋予；给予(某种角色、价值等)
D
B
C
6．(2022·全国甲卷)Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre，dance，family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world． __
A．有大量……的；……极多的
B．打包了的
C．挤满人的
7．One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there． __
A．展示　　B．显露　　C．显示
A
A
Ⅲ．写作迁移
1．我奶奶正在广场上高兴地跳舞，这时一个年轻的女人打断了她。
My grandma __________________________________ a young woman interrupted her．
2．她让人把自己的名字刻在了树上，手指拂过粗糙的树皮，关于他们约定的记忆涌上心头。
She _______________________________，fingers brushing the rough bark as memories of their promise flooded back．
was dancing happily in the square when
had her name carved on the tree
3．He stayed up all night，and he looked after her．
→He stayed up all night，_________________．(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
looking after her
主题引领 写作提能
假设你是李华，前几天你因故跟你的好友Tracy发生了矛盾，你现在意识到了自己的错误，打算用英语写信向她道歉，内容包括：
1．写信目的；
2．自己的感受和对友谊的观点；
3．希望被原谅。
Step1　写作微练
①由于前几天和你吵架而深感羞愧，我现在正怀着极大的内疚感写信向你道歉。(“being＋adj．”作状语)
_________________________________________________________，I am now writing to make an apology to you with a great sense of guilt．
②昨天晚上，我偶然翻阅了我的相册，里面的照片让我想起了我们一起度过的快乐时光。(“介词＋which”引导定语从句)
Last night，I happened to go through my album，__________________
_________________________________ we spent together．
Being deeply ashamed of quarreling with you the other day
in which the pictures
reminded me of the happy times
③看着这些照片，我不仅意识到了自己犯的错误，而且还意识到我们的友谊是多么珍贵。(not only...but also...)
Seeing these pictures，___________________________________ I've made，but also aware of how precious our friendship is．
④众所周知，没有朋友的人似乎就像没有阳光的树一样。(as if)
It is well recognized that people living without friends seem __________
__________________________________．
I was not only aware of the mistake
as if they
were trees living without sunshine
⑤所以我真诚地希望你能接受我的道歉，并祝愿我们的友谊像以前一样亲密和牢固。(as...as...)
So I sincerely hope that you can accept my apology and wish our friendship ___________________________．
as close and firm as before
Step2　句式升级
⑥用倒装句式升级句③
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Seeing these pictures，not only was I aware of the mistake I've made，but also aware of how precious our friendship is．
Step3　妙笔成篇
【参考范文】
Dear Tracy，
Being deeply ashamed of quarreling with you the other day，I am now writing to make an apology to you with a great sense of guilt．
Last night，I happened to go through my album，in which the pictures reminded me of the happy times we spent together．Seeing these pictures，not only was I aware of the mistake I've made，but also aware of how precious our friendship is．It is well recognized that people living without friends seem as if they were trees living without sunshine．
So I sincerely hope that you can accept my apology and wish our friendship as close and firm as before．Looking forward to your early reply．
Yours，
Li Hua
教材 语料 亮词 (短语) 情感描写：annoyed；ashamed；prejudiced；bitter；keen；unsuspecting；bother；firmly；panic；appreciation；greed
动作描写：negotiate；resolve；detect；plug；drum；vote；arrest；tolerate；recall；withdraw；flee；weep；pray；greet；ban；conclude；request
Step1　语料积累
教材 语料 美句 1．The calm ended and panic set in．The people began weeping and praying．
2．...while McKay is usually a peaceful and pleasant person，he had been driven to this act of violence by literally getting wet just once too often．
3．One of their men，speaking in English，said that he had worked in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was over．
拓展 语料 单词 cry哭泣；sob呜咽，啜泣；weep小声哭或无声流泪；choke哽咽；wail号啕大哭，恸哭；misty泪眼模糊的；watery眼泪汪汪的；tearful含泪的
拓展 语料 语块 have a lump in one's throat哽咽；be wet with tears/be in tears泪流满面；be close to tears/be on the verge of tears快哭了；be filled with tears/tears well up in one's eyes热泪盈眶；be blurred with tears泪眼模糊；tears cloud one's eyes泪水模糊了某人的眼睛；hold/fight back tears抑制住泪水；burst into tears/burst out crying放声大哭；cry bitter/lonely tears流下痛苦/孤独的泪水；cry one's eyes/heart out痛哭流涕；be in floods of tears泪如雨下；tears roll/run/stream/pour down one's cheeks泪水滑落脸颊
拓展 语料 句型 1．He wailed，tears pouring down his face uncontrollably．
他号啕大哭，眼泪不受控制地顺着脸庞流下来。
2．Her bottom lip quivered and big tears rolled down her cheeks．
她的下唇颤抖着，大颗大颗的眼泪顺着她的脸颊滑落下来。
3．She hugged her child tightly，her eyes flooded with/full of tears of gratitude．
她紧紧地抱着她的孩子，眼里充满了感激的泪水。
拓展 语料 句型 4．I sobbed bitterly，tasting the salt from the tears that streamed down my face．
我痛苦地啜泣着，尝到了从我脸上滑落的泪水里的咸味。
5．All the children held out their arms and cheered，with tears of excitement welling up in their eyes．
所有的孩子都伸出他们的双臂欢呼起来，激动的泪水夺眶而出。
6．He stood silently outside her room，with tears rolling/running/streaming/pouring down his cheeks．
他默默地站在她的房间外面，眼泪顺着脸颊滑落下来。
Step2　语料运用
①简抱怨说，她再也不能容忍丈夫的固执和一直监督自己的行为了。
Jane complained that she could never ____________________________
________________________________________ any longer．
tolerate her husband's being
stubborn and monitoring her all the time
②在激烈的争吵过后，她的眼里充满了愤怒的泪水，简怒视着她的丈夫说道：“我会给我们找一个更好的地方去露营的，”然后便走开了。(with复合结构)
After the fierce quarrel，____________________________________，
Jane glared at her husband，saying“I'll find a better spot for us to camp”and walked away．
with her eyes flooded with tears of anger
③一个小时后，她环顾四周，向远方望去，却发现自己在这可怕的森林里迷路了，这让她惊慌失措，快要哭了。(定语从句)
An hour later，she looked around and into the distance，only to find that she was lost in the terrifying forest，_____________________________
_______________________．
④她设法忍住她的眼泪，惊恐地站在那里，思考着如何应对这种困境。
She ______________________________ and stood there in terror，thinking about how to cope with the dilemma．
which threw her into panic
managed to hold back her tears
and on the verge of tears
⑤由于没有解决办法，她陷入了绝望的深渊，坐在一棵树旁，不由自主地痛苦地啜泣着。(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
With no solution，she was in the depths of despair，sitting beside a tree，_______________________________．
⑥幸运的是，尽管困难重重，她的丈夫最终还是找到了她。
Fortunately，her husband finally found her _____________________．
sobbing bitterly uncontrollably
despite many difficulties
⑦简看到她丈夫的那一刻，就扑进了他的怀里，眼泪顺着脸颊滑落下来。(独立主格结构)
The moment Jane caught sight of her husband，she threw herself into his arms，_____________________________．
⑧他帮她擦去眼泪，直视着她的眼睛，承诺说：“我再也不会和你吵架了。”(动词-ing形式作状语，倒装句式)
He helped her wipe away her tears and looked her straight in the eye，____________________________________________________
tears rolling down her cheeks
promising，“Never will I quarrel with you again．”
题型组合练(二十九)　选择性必修第四册
UNIT 11　CONFLICT AND COMPROMISE
(建议用时：45分钟　总分：47.5分)
Ⅰ．阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2026·重庆璧山中学联考)Conflict in communities is usually about the task or the person．Of course，sometimes it's hard to separate one from the other．
Task conflict happens when people have different ideas of what needs to be done．It points to potential differences in opinions about everything you can imagine that is essential for a group：missions，priorities of tasks，compensation mechanisms (机制)，decision-making mechanisms，etc．Task conflict is not a problem when people realize the source of the conflict is the task and not the people．Community members must resolve tension inclusively with everyone's voice being heard and acknowledged．However，this does not mean that the solution must include everyone's opinion．After the conversation，everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not brushed aside．
Conflict between people is tricky because it's attacking a person's essence and self-worth．Often，this form of conflict，relationship conflict，happens when two conditions are met：First，people have different values or are holding different assumptions，and secondly，neither party can see beyond their own biases．With relationship conflict，the person is perceived to be the problem and is being attacked by others．Each party assumes that most people are on their side and that the other person is acting out of self-interest．This eventually leads to people disagreeing with each other，not for the task's sake but to prove the other person is wrong．
Sometimes conflict originates in a task．People might prefer different tools or different approaches．If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately，the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict．When relationship conflict occurs，a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective．People stop thinking and act impulsively (冲动地)．
All in all，remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict．Some people consider it dishonest if an argument is not addressed openly，while in other cultures，such a discussion will not be acceptable．It comes down to“Don't assume everyone thinks like you．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了团体中的任务冲突和关系冲突的含义、特点以及二者之间的关系，并就如何解决冲突提出了建议。
√
1．What does the underlined phrase“brushed aside”in paragraph 2 mean
A．Approved．　　　　　　 B．Ignored．
C．Swept． D．Denied．
B　[词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中的“After the conversation，everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not brushed aside．”可知，画线短语和“taken seriously”应是相反的意思，因此，brushed aside的意思是“忽视”。故选B。]
√
2．Which of the following is a relationship conflict
A．Eric has a quarrel with his wife in the shopping mall．
B．Group members are debating which approaches to use．
C．Tom is criticized by his best friend for being irresponsible．
D．Two neighbours have a big argument over community health issues．
C　[推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Conflict between people is tricky because it's attacking a person's essence and self-worth．”可知，关系冲突攻击的是人的本质和自我价值，C项“汤姆被他最好的朋友批评为不负责任”中的“不负责任”是人的本质，因此C项属于关系冲突。故选C。]
√
3．What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph
A．Relationship conflict only originates from task conflict．
B．Task conflict is easier to resolve than relationship conflict．
C．Conflict in communities causes people to make impulsive decisions．
D．Task conflict can be sometimes transformed into relationship conflict．
D　[推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately，the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict．When relationship conflict occurs，a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective．”可知，任务冲突有时会转化为关系冲突。故选D。]
4．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A．Give a warning．
B．Offer a suggestion．
C．Make an assumption．
D．List a misconception．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“All in all，remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict．”以及“It comes down to‘Don't assume everyone thinks like you．’”可知，作者在最后一段是要提供一个建议，建议大家能看到并包容其他文化、其他人。故选B。]
B
(2025·湖北武汉模拟)The“hedgehog (刺猬) dilemma”is a famous metaphor from the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer．In his 1851 book，he described how humans struggle with relationships through a story about hedgehogs．His advice was simple：keep your distance．
This sad story became widely discussed．Sigmund Freud and modern scientists studied this idea．In 2015，an award-winning short film called Henry retold this story．
How does this apply to real life？Most people remember being hurt by close relationships—broken friendships，family conflicts，or romantic betrayals．Since these connections matter deeply，their damage hurts more．Should we stop trusting others？Schopenhauer said yes，but science would say otherwise．
A study in PLOS Medicine reviewing 148 studies with over 300，000 people found that those with strong social connections live 50% longer．The National Institute on Aging warns that loneliness harms health as much as smoking 15 cigarettes daily—making Schopenhauer's advice pertinent．
When hurt repeatedly，people often fall into defense mode．Relationship expert Hilary Sanders explains common defense behaviours：going silent during arguments，seeing normal comments as criticism，or overreacting to small issues．These reactions often start in childhood．If parents often criticized a child or classmates bullied them，they might develop habits like pretending not to care or getting angry easily．While these habits helped them survive childhood pain，they cause problems in adult relationships when used unconsciously．
The good news is that people can change．Through therapy，many learn to recognize their defense patterns and understand their origins．Couples can improve relationships by learning each other's emotional triggers and responding thoughtfully instead of arguing．However，Sanders warns that defenses shouldn't be removed suddenly—it's like taking down a wall brick by brick．
Although Schopenhauer focused on the pain of closeness，the hedgehog story actually shows our deep need for connection．Unlike real hedgehogs，humans aren't born with physical spines．By carefully lowering our defenses around trustworthy people，we might truly enjoy both warmth and safety in relationships．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕德国哲学家叔本华提出的“刺猬困境”展开，探讨了人际关系中的距离与亲密问题。
√
5．Why does the author mention the“hedgehog dilemma”in paragraph 1
A．To emphasize its importance．
B．To support Schopenhauer's advice．
C．To recommend Schopenhauer's book．
D．To introduce the theme of relationship．
D　[推理判断题。根据第一段“The‘hedgehog dilemma’is a famous metaphor from the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer...His advice was simple：keep your distance．”可知，文章第一段提到了“刺猬困境”这一著名隐喻，接着阐述其在现实生活人际关系中的体现，如亲密关系中的伤害等。所以作者提及“刺猬困境”是为了引出人际关系这一主题。故选D项。]
√
6．What is Schopenhauer's core solution to the“hedgehog dilemma”？
A．Avoid closeness． B．Seek therapy．
C．Ignore pain． D．Build walls．
A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“His advice was simple：keep your distance．”可知，叔本华对于“刺猬困境”的核心解决办法是保持距离，也就是避免亲密(avoid closeness)。故选A项。]
√
7．What major evidence goes against Schopenhauer's advice
A．Defense behaviours of people．
B．Freud's studies．
C．Longevity from social ties．
D．Henry's short film．
C　[细节理解题。第一段中的“His advice was simple：keep your distance．”提到叔本华建议保持距离，第四段中的“A study in PLOS Medicine reviewing 148 studies with over 300，000 people found that those with strong social connections live 50% longer．”表明拥有稳固社交关系的人寿命会延长50%，这与叔本华的建议相悖。故选C项。]
√
8．What does Sanders say about close connection
A．Couples should learn to defend it thoughtfully．
B．Humans can benefit from it unconsciously．
C．It can help children relieve childhood pain．
D．People should make gradual progress in it．
D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“However，Sanders warns that defenses shouldn't be removed suddenly—it's like taking down a wall brick by brick．”可知，桑德斯认为人们在建立亲密关系时，不应突然去除防御，要像一砖一瓦拆除墙一样循序渐进。故选D项。]
Ⅱ．完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
(2026·四川南充模拟)A career in waitressing wasn't a dream job for most people，but Melina Salazar wasn't like most people．Customer service was her 　1　．She was always smiling and making people happy．These qualities set her apart，but also 　2　 her to the hardest challenge she'd faced．
Good at 　3　 difficult customers，she was 　4　 to take care of Luby's most difficult customer，89-year-old World War Ⅱ survivor Walter Buck Swords．
However good the food was，Buck always found something to complain about．During that time，he built up a terrible reputation．When Buck entered，things gradually 　5　．The staff stopped，and the atmosphere became a mix of respect and nervousness．
Buck didn't seem to like most things．One 　6　 was his love for hot meals．One particular afternoon 　7　 when Buck complained that his soup was too cold．Instead of arguing with frustration，Melina offered a warm 　8　 and a promise to bring a new bowl．As she returned with 　9　 soup，she dared to ask about his day．The brief flash of 　10　 in Buck's eyes was the first break in the armor (盔甲) he wore．
Over time，these exchanges grew，small moments where Melina's kindness 　11　 Buck's rudeness，gradually 　12　 a bridge between two 　13　 distant souls．Their friendship developed，and Buck visited not just for 　14　 but to see his friend．Their story also inspired the restaurant staff，showing that 　15　 people could form a beautiful connection．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了服务员梅莉娜·萨拉查通过耐心和善良，逐渐打破脾气古怪的二战老兵沃尔特·巴克·索兹的心防，并与他建立深厚友谊的故事。
1．A．habit　　　　　　　 B．hobby
C．priority D．challenge
√
C　[考查名词词义辨析。根据后文“She was always smiling and making people happy．”可知，她总是微笑并让人开心，说明她把客户服务当作首要任务。故选C。]
2．A．exposed B．adapted
C．accustomed D．limited
√
A　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“to the hardest challenge she'd faced”和“take care of Luby's most difficult customer”可知，后文提到她被安排应对最难缠的顾客，说明这些品质“使她面临”挑战，expose ...to为固定短语，意为“使面临，暴露于”，符合语境。故选A。]
3．A．seizing B．ignoring
C．avoiding D．handling
√
D　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“difficult customers”和“take care of Luby's most difficult customer”可知，这里说的是她擅长“应对”难缠的顾客。故选D。]
4．A．persuaded B．forced
C．permitted D．assigned
√
D　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“to take care of Luby's most difficult customer”可知，她被“分配”了照顾难应付顾客的任务，be assigned to do sth．为固定短语，意为“被分配做某事”。故选D。]
5．A．improved B．changed
C．remained D．worsened
√
B　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“The staff stopped，and the atmosphere became a mix of respect and nervousness．”可知，Buck进来后，气氛变得既透着敬意，又带着紧张，说明情况“改变”了，changed符合语境。故选B。]
6．A．rule B．exception
C．choice D．feature
√
B　[考查名词词义辨析。根据前文“Buck didn't seem to like most things．”以及后文“his love for hot meals”可知，Buck似乎不喜欢大多数东西，但对热餐的喜爱是个“例外”。故选B。]
7．A．danced by B．drew near
C．stood out D．dragged on
√
C　[考查动词短语辨析。根据后文“when Buck complained that his soup was too cold”和“Melina offered a warm ______ and a promise to bring a new bowl”可知，这个下午因Melina的应对方式成为两人关系的转折点，因此stood out“尤为突出”符合语境。故选C。]
8．A．smile B．welcome
C．hug D．environment
√
A　[考查名词词义辨析。根据前文“She was always smiling”和“Instead of arguing with frustration”以及后文“a promise to bring a new bowl”可知，Melina没有沮丧地争论，而是露出了温暖的“微笑”，并承诺换一碗新的。故选A。]
9．A．freezing B．steaming
C．unappetizing D．inviting
√
B　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据前文“his soup was too cold”以及“a promise to bring a new bowl”可知，Buck抱怨汤太冷，所以Melina端来的是“热气腾腾的”汤。故选B。]
10．A．pride B．interest
C．surprise D．hope
√
C　[考查名词词义辨析。根据前文“Instead of arguing with frustration，Melina offered a warm ________ and a promise to bring a new bowl．”以及“she dared to ask about his day”和后文“in Buck's eyes was the first break in the armor he wore”可知，Melina的善意以及敢于主动和Buck聊天的举动让Buck十分惊讶，打破了Buck的防备与表面的冷漠。故选C。]
11．A．met B．rejected
C．cheated D．spotted
√
A　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“Buck's rudeness”以及前文提到Melina的善良和Buck的无礼可知，这里说的是Melina的善良与Buck的无礼“相遇”。故选A。]
12．A．destroying B．blocking
C．repairing D．building
√
D　[考查动词词义辨析。根据前文“Over time，these exchanges grew”以及后文“a bridge between two ________ distant souls”可知，这里说的是双方交流增多，两人之间逐渐“搭建”起一座桥梁，表示建立联系、发展友谊，与后文“Their friendship developed”与“form a beautiful connection”相呼应。故选D。]
13．A．truly B．seemingly
C．finally D．constantly
√
B　[考查副词词义辨析。 根据前文“the first break in the armor he wore”可知，Buck的粗鲁无礼只是外在的一个表现，再结合后文“Their friendship developed”提到他们之间友谊的建立可知，这里说的是“看似”遥远的灵魂，强调外表看起来似乎有一定的距离，但实际可以建立联系。故选B。]
14．A．food B．gifts
C．bowls D．work
√
A　[考查名词词义辨析。根据前文“Luby's most difficult customer，89-year-old World War Ⅱ survivor Walter Buck Swords”可知，Buck来餐厅是为了吃饭，再结合“Their friendship developed”可知，Buck来餐厅已经不仅仅是为了“吃饭”，而是为了见朋友Melina。故选A。]
15．A．uninjured B．uninterested
C．unlikely D．unreliable
√
C　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据前文所讲述的故事，再结合前文“Melina's kindness ________ Buck's rudeness”以及“Their friendship developed，and Buck visited not just for ________ but to see his friend．”可知，善良的服务员Melina和曾经非常挑剔、难缠的顾客Buck之间最终建立了友谊，表明看似“不太可能的”人之间也能形成美好的联系。故选C。]
Ⅲ．七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
(2025·北京海淀模拟)
Conflict Avoidance Doesn't Do You Any Favors
Imagine this scenario：You've been working hard on a presentation for several weeks，but a co-worker jumps in and takes all the credit for your work．Instead of rightly speaking up，you choose to silently step back．　1　 Aside from our work life，avoiding conflict can manifest in our romantic relationships，friendships，and even family dynamics．
Many of these tendencies can be traced back to growing up in an environment that was dismissive (鄙视的) or hypercritical．People who respond to conflict this way often expect negative outcomes and find it difficult to trust the other person's reaction．　2　.
However，disagreeing with someone doesn't necessarily mean“fighting”．It's not about blaming the other person or proving who's right and wrong in a given situation．Conflict resolution is about standing up for yourself and communicating when you feel angry or frustrated．
Before confronting someone，try examining your feelings．　3　 You can try the following affirmations:“It's OK to feel however I'm feeling at this moment—my emotions are valid．”“I am worthy and deserving of being heard．”
Drawing upon your sensory toolbox also helps．If you're a visual person，you can relieve stress by closing your eyes and imagining soothing images．Similarly，if you're more comforted by smells，keeping an essential oil on hand is a good choice．
One last step before confronting someone is having a plan．Clearly define what you'd like to resolve．Then，write down canned，factual responses to use when needed，like“I worked late for the past two weeks while my co-worker didn't turn in their share of the research．”　4　 You'll feel confident when addressing them．
　5　 While it's OK to never confront others，being able to resolve issues effectively means accepting it as a healthy part of communicating with others．Remember，disagreeing provides deeper understanding and makes it easier to connect with our friends，partners，and co-workers．
A．Practise the key points you'd like to get across．
B．Different cultures have diverse ways of handling conflicts．
C．Conflict is a normal part of our personal and professional lives．
D．In other words，expressing your opinion firmly can seem pretty scary．
E．Rather than allowing conflicts to run wild in your head，try a firmer approach．
F．Being conflict-avoidant means withdrawing from possible disagreements at all costs．
G．Instead of holding back emotions，try looking at them through the lens of self-compassion．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了避免冲突并非总对你有利，阐述了人们避免冲突的根源并给出了在面对冲突时如何有效处理的建议。
1．F　[根据上文“Imagine this scenario：You've been working hard on a presentation for several weeks，but a co-worker jumps in and takes all the credit for your work．Instead of rightly speaking up，you choose to silently step back．”以及下文“Aside from our work life，avoiding conflict can manifest in our romantic relationships，friendships，and even family dynamics．”可知，上文描述了一个人在面对冲突时选择避免冲突的场景，下文提到逃避冲突在恋爱、友谊甚至家庭关系中也会出现，F选项承上启下，对上文中的行为进行了总结，说明了避免冲突的含义，同时引出下文避免冲突在其他多个方面的体现。故选F项。]
2．D　[根据上文“Many of these tendencies can be traced back to growing up in an environment that was dismissive or hypercritical．People who respond to conflict this way often expect negative outcomes and find it difficult to trust the other person's reaction．”可知，上文解释了人们会选择避免冲突的根源来自成长环境使他们存在负面预期和信任缺失，D选项进一步解释了人们避免冲突的心理，即害怕表达自己的观点，与上文语义和逻辑一致。故选D项。]
3．G　[根据上文“Before confronting someone，try examining your feelings．”以及下文“You can try the following affirmations：‘It's OK to feel however I'm feeling at this moment—my emotions are valid．’‘I am worthy and deserving of being heard．’”可知，上文建议审视自己的感受，下文给出了具体的肯定句来帮助处理情绪，G选项承接上文，说明了要正确处理情绪，而不是压抑情绪，又与下文的自我肯定相呼应。故选G项。]
4．A　[根据上文“One last step before confronting someone is having a plan．Clearly define what you'd like to resolve．Then，write down canned，factual responses to use when needed，like‘I worked late for the past two weeks while my co-worker didn't turn in their share of the research．’”可知，上文建议在面对冲突前要制定计划，并给出了具体的做法，A选项进一步给出了制定计划中的另一个具体做法，即练习要表达的关键点。故选A项。]
5．C　[根据下文“While it's OK to never confront others，being able to resolve issues effectively means accepting it as a healthy part of communicating with others...partners，and co-workers．”可知，下文强调了冲突在人际关系中的正常性以及处理冲突的重要性，C选项引出了下文的话题，即冲突的正常性。故选C项。]
谢 谢 ！题型组合练(二十九)　选择性必修第四册　UNIT 11　CONFLICT AND COMPROMISE
(建议用时：45分钟　总分：47.5分)
Ⅰ．阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2026·重庆璧山中学联考)Conflict in communities is usually about the task or the person．Of course，sometimes it's hard to separate one from the other．
Task conflict happens when people have different ideas of what needs to be done．It points to potential differences in opinions about everything you can imagine that is essential for a group：missions，priorities of tasks，compensation mechanisms (机制)，decision-making mechanisms，etc．Task conflict is not a problem when people realize the source of the conflict is the task and not the people．Community members must resolve tension inclusively with everyone's voice being heard and acknowledged．However，this does not mean that the solution must include everyone's opinion．After the conversation，everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not brushed aside．
Conflict between people is tricky because it's attacking a person's essence and self-worth．Often，this form of conflict，relationship conflict，happens when two conditions are met：First，people have different values or are holding different assumptions，and secondly，neither party can see beyond their own biases．With relationship conflict，the person is perceived to be the problem and is being attacked by others．Each party assumes that most people are on their side and that the other person is acting out of self-interest．This eventually leads to people disagreeing with each other，not for the task's sake but to prove the other person is wrong．
Sometimes conflict originates in a task．People might prefer different tools or different approaches．If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately，the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict．When relationship conflict occurs，a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective．People stop thinking and act impulsively (冲动地)．
All in all，remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict．Some people consider it dishonest if an argument is not addressed openly，while in other cultures，such a discussion will not be acceptable．It comes down to“Don't assume everyone thinks like you．”
1．What does the underlined phrase“brushed aside”in paragraph 2 mean
A．Approved．　　　　　　 B．Ignored．
C．Swept． D．Denied．
2．Which of the following is a relationship conflict
A．Eric has a quarrel with his wife in the shopping mall．
B．Group members are debating which approaches to use．
C．Tom is criticized by his best friend for being irresponsible．
D．Two neighbours have a big argument over community health issues．
3．What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph
A．Relationship conflict only originates from task conflict．
B．Task conflict is easier to resolve than relationship conflict．
C．Conflict in communities causes people to make impulsive decisions．
D．Task conflict can be sometimes transformed into relationship conflict．
4．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A．Give a warning．
B．Offer a suggestion．
C．Make an assumption．
D．List a misconception．
B
(2025·湖北武汉模拟)The“hedgehog (刺猬) dilemma”is a famous metaphor from the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer．In his 1851 book，he described how humans struggle with relationships through a story about hedgehogs．His advice was simple：keep your distance．
This sad story became widely discussed．Sigmund Freud and modern scientists studied this idea．In 2015，an award-winning short film called Henry retold this story．
How does this apply to real life？Most people remember being hurt by close relationships—broken friendships，family conflicts，or romantic betrayals．Since these connections matter deeply，their damage hurts more．Should we stop trusting others？Schopenhauer said yes，but science would say otherwise．
A study in PLOS Medicine reviewing 148 studies with over 300，000 people found that those with strong social connections live 50% longer．The National Institute on Aging warns that loneliness harms health as much as smoking 15 cigarettes daily—making Schopenhauer's advice pertinent．
When hurt repeatedly，people often fall into defense mode．Relationship expert Hilary Sanders explains common defense behaviours：going silent during arguments，seeing normal comments as criticism，or overreacting to small issues．These reactions often start in childhood．If parents often criticized a child or classmates bullied them，they might develop habits like pretending not to care or getting angry easily．While these habits helped them survive childhood pain，they cause problems in adult relationships when used unconsciously．
The good news is that people can change．Through therapy，many learn to recognize their defense patterns and understand their origins．Couples can improve relationships by learning each other's emotional triggers and responding thoughtfully instead of arguing．However，Sanders warns that defenses shouldn't be removed suddenly—it's like taking down a wall brick by brick．
Although Schopenhauer focused on the pain of closeness，the hedgehog story actually shows our deep need for connection．Unlike real hedgehogs，humans aren't born with physical spines．By carefully lowering our defenses around trustworthy people，we might truly enjoy both warmth and safety in relationships．
5．Why does the author mention the“hedgehog dilemma”in paragraph 1
A．To emphasize its importance．
B．To support Schopenhauer's advice．
C．To recommend Schopenhauer's book．
D．To introduce the theme of relationship．
6．What is Schopenhauer's core solution to the“hedgehog dilemma”？
A．Avoid closeness． B．Seek therapy．
C．Ignore pain． D．Build walls．
7．What major evidence goes against Schopenhauer's advice
A．Defense behaviours of people．
B．Freud's studies．
C．Longevity from social ties．
D．Henry's short film．
8．What does Sanders say about close connection
A．Couples should learn to defend it thoughtfully．
B．Humans can benefit from it unconsciously．
C．It can help children relieve childhood pain．
D．People should make gradual progress in it．
Ⅱ．完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
(2026·四川南充模拟)A career in waitressing wasn't a dream job for most people，but Melina Salazar wasn't like most people．Customer service was her 　1　．She was always smiling and making people happy．These qualities set her apart，but also 　2　 her to the hardest challenge she'd faced．
Good at 　3　 difficult customers，she was 　4　 to take care of Luby's most difficult customer，89-year-old World War Ⅱ survivor Walter Buck Swords．
However good the food was，Buck always found something to complain about．During that time，he built up a terrible reputation．When Buck entered，things gradually 　5　．The staff stopped，and the atmosphere became a mix of respect and nervousness．
Buck didn't seem to like most things．One 　6　 was his love for hot meals．One particular afternoon 　7　 when Buck complained that his soup was too cold．Instead of arguing with frustration，Melina offered a warm 　8　 and a promise to bring a new bowl．As she returned with 　9　 soup，she dared to ask about his day．The brief flash of 　10　 in Buck's eyes was the first break in the armor (盔甲) he wore．
Over time，these exchanges grew，small moments where Melina's kindness 　11　 Buck's rudeness，gradually 　12　 a bridge between two 　13　 distant souls．Their friendship developed，and Buck visited not just for 　14　 but to see his friend．Their story also inspired the restaurant staff，showing that 　15　 people could form a beautiful connection．
1．A．habit　　　　　　　 B．hobby
C．priority D．challenge
2．A．exposed B．adapted
C．accustomed D．limited
3．A．seizing B．ignoring
C．avoiding D．handling
4．A．persuaded B．forced
C．permitted D．assigned
5．A．improved B．changed
C．remained D．worsened
6．A．rule B．exception
C．choice D．feature
7．A．danced by B．drew near
C．stood out D．dragged on
8．A．smile B．welcome
C．hug D．environment
9．A．freezing B．steaming
C．unappetizing D．inviting
10．A．pride B．interest
C．surprise D．hope
11．A．met B．rejected
C．cheated D．spotted
12．A．destroying B．blocking
C．repairing D．building
13．A．truly B．seemingly
C．finally D．constantly
14．A．food B．gifts
C．bowls D．work
15．A．uninjured B．uninterested
C．unlikely D．unreliable
Ⅲ．七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
(2025·北京海淀模拟)
Conflict Avoidance Doesn't Do You Any Favors
Imagine this scenario：You've been working hard on a presentation for several weeks，but a co-worker jumps in and takes all the credit for your work．Instead of rightly speaking up，you choose to silently step back．　1　 Aside from our work life，avoiding conflict can manifest in our romantic relationships，friendships，and even family dynamics．
Many of these tendencies can be traced back to growing up in an environment that was dismissive (鄙视的) or hypercritical．People who respond to conflict this way often expect negative outcomes and find it difficult to trust the other person's reaction．　2　
However，disagreeing with someone doesn't necessarily mean“fighting”．It's not about blaming the other person or proving who's right and wrong in a given situation．Conflict resolution is about standing up for yourself and communicating when you feel angry or frustrated．
Before confronting someone，try examining your feelings．　3　 You can try the following affirmations:“It's OK to feel however I'm feeling at this moment—my emotions are valid．”“I am worthy and deserving of being heard．”
Drawing upon your sensory toolbox also helps．If you're a visual person，you can relieve stress by closing your eyes and imagining soothing images．Similarly，if you're more comforted by smells，keeping an essential oil on hand is a good choice．
One last step before confronting someone is having a plan．Clearly define what you'd like to resolve．Then，write down canned，factual responses to use when needed，like“I worked late for the past two weeks while my co-worker didn't turn in their share of the research．”　4　 You'll feel confident when addressing them．
　5　 While it's OK to never confront others，being able to resolve issues effectively means accepting it as a healthy part of communicating with others．Remember，disagreeing provides deeper understanding and makes it easier to connect with our friends，partners，and co-workers．
A．Practise the key points you'd like to get across．
B．Different cultures have diverse ways of handling conflicts．
C．Conflict is a normal part of our personal and professional lives．
D．In other words，expressing your opinion firmly can seem pretty scary．
E．Rather than allowing conflicts to run wild in your head，try a firmer approach．
F．Being conflict-avoidant means withdrawing from possible disagreements at all costs．
G．Instead of holding back emotions，try looking at them through the lens of self-compassion．
题型组合练(二十九)
Ⅰ．【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了团体中的任务冲突和关系冲突的含义、特点以及二者之间的关系，并就如何解决冲突提出了建议。
1．B　[词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中的“After the conversation，everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not brushed aside．”可知，画线短语和“taken seriously”应是相反的意思，因此，brushed aside的意思是“忽视”。故选B。]
2．C　[推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Conflict between people is tricky because it's attacking a person's essence and self-worth．”可知，关系冲突攻击的是人的本质和自我价值，C项“汤姆被他最好的朋友批评为不负责任”中的“不负责任”是人的本质，因此C项属于关系冲突。故选C。]
3．D　[推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately，the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict．When relationship conflict occurs，a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective．”可知，任务冲突有时会转化为关系冲突。故选D。]
4．B　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“All in all，remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict．”以及“It comes down to ‘Don't assume everyone thinks like you．’”可知，作者在最后一段是要提供一个建议，建议大家能看到并包容其他文化、其他人。故选B。]
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕德国哲学家叔本华提出的“刺猬困境”展开，探讨了人际关系中的距离与亲密问题。
5．D　[推理判断题。根据第一段“The ‘hedgehog dilemma’ is a famous metaphor from the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer...His advice was simple: keep your distance．”可知，文章第一段提到了“刺猬困境”这一著名隐喻，接着阐述其在现实生活人际关系中的体现，如亲密关系中的伤害等。所以作者提及“刺猬困境”是为了引出人际关系这一主题。故选D项。]
6．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“His advice was simple: keep your distance．”可知，叔本华对于“刺猬困境”的核心解决办法是保持距离，也就是避免亲密(avoid closeness)。故选A项。]
7．C　[细节理解题。第一段中的“His advice was simple: keep your distance．”提到叔本华建议保持距离，第四段中的“A study in PLOS Medicine reviewing 148 studies with over 300，000 people found that those with strong social connections live 50% longer．”表明拥有稳固社交关系的人寿命会延长50%，这与叔本华的建议相悖。故选C项。]
8．D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“However，Sanders warns that defenses shouldn't be removed suddenly—it's like taking down a wall brick by brick．”可知，桑德斯认为人们在建立亲密关系时，不应突然去除防御，要像一砖一瓦拆除墙一样循序渐进。故选D项。]
Ⅱ．1．C　2．A　3．D　4．D　5．B　6．B　7．C　8．A　9．B　10．C　11．A　12．D　13．B　14．A　15．C
Ⅲ．1．F　2．D　3．G　4．A　5．C
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