2026新高一英语分班考冲刺语法 第二讲:时态 语态 学案(含答案)

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2026新高一英语分班考冲刺语法 第二讲:时态 语态 学案(含答案)

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/ 让教学更有效 精品试卷 | 英语学科
第二讲:动词的时态与语态——时间的坐标与视角的转换
第一课时:时态——动词的时间坐标
一、时态的核心概念
时态包含两个维度:时间(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)和状态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。谓语动词的形式必须同时体现这两个维度。
初中已学时态总览(共八种):
| 时间 | 一般状态 | 进行状态 | 完成状态 |
| 现在 | 一般现在 | 现在进行 | 现在完成 |
| 过去 | 一般过去 | 过去进行 | 过去完成 |
| 将来 | 一般将来 | 将来进行 | 将来完成 |
高中补充:现在完成进行时、过去将来时(以及过去将来完成、过去将来进行等,但高考主要考查前两种)。
二、初中重点时态复习与高中衔接
1. 一般现在时:事实、习惯与客观真理
初中考点:主语三单,动词加 -s/-es;否定和疑问用 do/does。
高中衔接:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来(主将从现)。另外,一般现在时可表示按计划将要发生的事(限于 begin, leave, start, arrive 等位移动词)
例句(必修一词汇):
- The schedule requires that we concentrate in class. (一般现在时,陈述客观要求)
- If you graduate from this program, you will get a certificate. (条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来)
2. 一般过去时:过去发生的动作或状态
初中考点:规则动词加 -ed,不规则动词需记忆。
高中衔接:注意一般过去时与现在完成时的区别——一般过去时只强调过去,不涉及对现在的影响;有明确的过去时间状语(yesterday, last week, in 2020)。
例句:
- I recommended a book to him yesterday, but he hasn’t read it yet. (过去动作,与现在无关)
- She felt anxious before the exam, but she managed to calm down. (过去的状态)
3. 一般将来时:将来的动作或计划
初中考点:will + do 和 be going to + do 的区别(be going to 强调计划或迹象,will 强调意愿或客观预测)。
高中衔接:be to do(按计划将做)、be about to do(马上要做,不与具体时间连用)、be doing(位移动词进行时表将来)。
例句:
- We are to graduate next June. (按计划毕业)
- The train is leaving in five minutes. (进行时表将来)
4. 现在进行时:此刻正在进行的动作,或现阶段持续的状态
初中考点:am/is/are + doing。
高中衔接:现在进行时可表示感彩(与 always, constantly 连用,表示批评或赞扬)。
例句:
- He is always complaining about the heavy homework. (总是抱怨——厌烦情绪)
- More and more students are joining the volunteer club. (现阶段趋势)
5. 过去进行时:过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
初中考点:was/were + doing,常与 when/while 连用。
高中衔接:过去进行时可表示过去的计划或意图(但未实现),常与 think, plan, hope 等动词连用。
例句:
- I was planning to recommend you for the position, but you missed the deadline. (本打算但未做)
6. 现在完成时:高中阶段的绝对重点
初中考点:have/has + 过去分词,表示“过去动作对现在的影响”或“从过去持续到现在的动作”。常与 already, yet, ever, never, since, for 连用。
高中衔接:
- 区分一般过去时与现在完成时:有无明确的过去时间状语是关键。
- 注意瞬间动词(die, join, graduate, leave)不能与时间段连用,需转换为状态动词(have been dead, have been in, have been away)。
例句:
- He has graduated from junior high. (已毕业,强调现在状态)
- She has been a volunteer for two years. (不可说 has joined for two years)
高中高频用法:在“This is the first time that…”句型中,从句用现在完成时。
7. 过去完成时:过去的过去
初中考点:had + 过去分词,表示在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作。
高中衔接:常用于宾语从句(主句过去时,从句动作更早发生)、hardly…when, no sooner…than 句型中。
例句:
- By the time I arrived, they had already left.
- I realized that I had misunderstood the schedule.
8. 将来完成时:到将来某一时间点将完成的动作
初中不要求,高中需掌握:will have + 过去分词。
例句:
- By the end of this term, we will have learned 2,000 words.
- I will have graduated from senior high by 2028.
高中新增时态:
现在完成进行时
构成:have/has been + doing
核心用法:动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在,可能仍在进行,也可能刚刚结束,强调动作的连续性和持续性。
与现在完成时的区别:
- 现在完成时强调结果或完成:I have written three emails. (已完成三封)
- 现在完成进行时强调过程或持续性:I have been writing emails all morning. (整个早上都在写,可能还在写)
例句(必修一词汇):
- She has been volunteering at the local library since last month. (强调持续做志愿活动)
- We have been concentrating on this project for three hours. Let’s take a break. (强调一直集中注意力,可能刚停止)
注意:有些动词(know, have, belong)不用于进行时,也没有完成进行时。
【随堂练习】
题型一:用所给动词的适当形式填空(时态专项)
1. By the time you receive this letter, I __________ (graduate) from senior high.
2. She __________ (feel) anxious before every exam since primary school.
3. I __________ (plan) to recommend a book to you, but I forgot.
4. Look! The students __________ (prepare) for the graduation ceremony.
5. He __________ (volunteer) at the animal shelter for three months, and he loves it.
题型二:选择正确的时态形式(区分易混时态)
6. I ______ my homework yet, so I can’t go out.
A. didn’t finish B. haven’t finished C. don’t finish
7. When I called her, she ______ dinner.
A. had B. was having C. has had
8. If it ______ tomorrow, we will cancel the sports meeting.
A. rains B. will rain C. rained
题型三:单句改错(时态误用)
9. He has joined the army for five years.
10. I will call you as soon as I will arrive at the station.
【答案与解析】
1. 答案:will have graduated
语法:时间状语 By the time you receive this letter 表示“到你收到这封信的时候”,是一个将来时间点。到那个时间点已经完成的动作,用将来完成时 will have done。
语境:写信人预测在对方读到信之前自己已经毕业了。
2. 答案:has felt 或 feels(两种均可,侧重点不同)
语法:since primary school 表示从小学一直到现在,通常用现在完成时 has felt。若强调习惯性动作(每次考试前都焦虑),也可用一般现在时 feels。标准答案建议 has felt。
语境:从小学到现在,每次考试前她都感到焦虑。
3. 答案:had planned 或 was planning
语法:主句动作“忘记”发生在过去(forgot),“计划推荐”发生在“忘记”之前,是“过去的过去”,用过去完成时 had planned。也可用过去进行时 was planning 表示“本打算但未实现”。
语境:我之前本打算给你推荐一本书,但是忘了。
4. 答案:are preparing
语法:Look! 提示眼前正在进行的动作,用现在进行时。
语境:看!学生们正在为毕业典礼做准备。
5. 答案:has been volunteering
语法:for three months 表示一段时间,且后文 he loves it 强调动作仍在持续且可能继续,用现在完成进行时最贴切。也可用现在完成时 has volunteered,但完成进行时更强调持续性。
语境:他已经在动物收容所做志愿工作三个月了,而且他很喜欢。
6. 答案:B
语法:yet 常用于现在完成时的否定句,表示“还没有做完”。一般过去时 didn’t finish 不与 yet 连用。
语境:我还没完成作业,所以不能出去。强调“到现在为止没完成”对现在的影响(不能外出)。
7. 答案:B
语法:When I called her 是一个过去的时间点(我打电话的时候)。当时正在进行的动作,用过去进行时 was having。
语境:我给她打电话时,她正在吃晚饭。
8. 答案:A
语法:If 引导的条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来(主将从现)。
语境:如果明天下雨,我们就取消运动会。
9. 答案:将 joined 改为 been in 或 been a member of。
语法:join 是瞬间动词,不能与表示一段时间的 for five years 连用。应改为状态动词 has been in the army 或 has been a soldier。
语境:他参军五年了,表示状态持续。
10. 答案:删除 will arrive 中的 will,改为 arrive。
语法:as soon as 引导的时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。
语境:我一到车站就给你打电话。
第二课时:语态——主动与视角的转换
一、语态的核心概念
语态是动词的一种形式,表明主语与动作之间的关系:
- 主动语态:主语是动作的执行者。
- 被动语态:主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态的基本构成:be + 过去分词(be 动词体现时态和人称,过去分词体现被动意义)。
二、被动语态的各个时态形式(高中必须掌握)
| 时态 | 被动语态构成 | 例句(必修一词汇) |
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are + done | The schedule is recommended by most students. |
| 一般过去时 | was/were + done | The volunteer was praised for his hard work. |
| 一般将来时 | will be + done | A graduation ceremony will be held next week. |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are being + done | The problem is being discussed right now. |
| 过去进行时 | was/were being + done | The road was being repaired when I passed. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has been + done | All the tasks have been finished. |
| 过去完成时 | had been + done | He said the work had been done. |
| 将来完成时 | will have been + done | The project will have been completed by July. |
高中重点:被动语态的否定式(在 be 动词后加 not)和疑问式(将 be 动词提前)。
三、被动语态的使用语境(什么时候用被动?)
1. 动作的执行者未知或不重要:
My bike was stolen yesterday. (不知道谁偷的)
2. 动作的承受者是话题焦点:
The freshman was given a warm welcome. (强调新生被欢迎)
3. 正式文体或客观说明:
It is believed that practice makes perfect.
4. 避免提及动作执行者(委婉或策略):
A mistake was made in the report. (不说是谁犯的错)
四、高中衔接:主动形式表被动
有些动词以主动形式表达被动意义,这是高中高频考点。
1. 不及物动词 + 副词(sell, wash, write, read, clean 等,主语多为物)
- This book sells well. (书被卖得好,但用主动)
- The pen writes smoothly. (钢笔写起来顺滑)
2. need, want, require 后接动名词主动形式表被动
- The car needs repairing. (= needs to be repaired)
- The schedule requires adjusting. (= requires to be adjusted)
3. be worth 后接动名词主动表被动
- The movie is worth watching. (值得被看)
4. 不定式在特定结构中主动表被动(too…to, enough to, 或 There be 结构)
- The question is too difficult to answer. (回答这个问题很难——问题被回答)
- There is a lot of work to do. (有很多工作要做)
五、非谓语动词的语态(高中难点)
非谓语动词(动名词、现在分词、不定式、过去分词)也有语态之分。
| 形式 | 主动 | 被动 |
| 不定式 | to do | to be done |
| 动名词/现在分词 | doing | being done |
| 过去分词 | (无主动) | done |
例句:
- He avoided being criticized by working hard. (动名词被动:被批评)
- The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. (不定式被动:将被举行)
- Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. (现在分词完成式被动)
高中考点:介词后的动名词,如果需要被动意义,必须用 being done。
六、被动语态与时态的叠加——以“现在完成时的被动”为例
构成:have/has been + 过去分词
例句:
- The new library has been built. (已经被建好——强调现在的结果)
- All the recommendations have been considered by the teacher. (已被考虑)
常见错误:遗漏 been(写成 has done 变成主动完成时),或时态与时间状语不匹配。
【随堂练习】
题型一:将下列主动句改为被动句(保持原有时态)
1. The school will hold a graduation ceremony next month.
→ ____________________________________________________
2. Someone has recommended this book to me.
→ ____________________________________________________
3. They are discussing the schedule right now.
→ ____________________________________________________
题型二:用所给动词的适当形式填空(注意语态和时态)
4. The sports meeting __________ (postpone) because of the heavy rain yesterday.
5. This kind of cloth __________ (wash) easily.
6. Your plan sounds great, but it needs __________ (discuss) further.
7. The problem __________ (deal) with at the meeting last week.
题型三:单句改错(语态误用或被动形式错误)
8. The bridge is building at the moment.
9. The book has been sold well since it came out.
10. She was offered a chance to study abroad, but she gave it up. (此句正确吗?若错请改正)
题型四:选择正确的非谓语语态形式
11. The boy avoided __________ (punish) by telling the truth.
A. to punish B. punishing C. being punished
12. This is the first experiment __________ (conduct) in our new lab.
A. to conduct B. to be conducted C. conducting
【答案与解析】
1. 答案:A graduation ceremony will be held by the school next month.
语法:原句是一般将来时主动(will hold)。被动结构为 will be held。原宾语 A graduation ceremony 变为主语。
语境:学校下个月将举办毕业典礼,强调“典礼”被举办。
2. 答案:This book has been recommended to me (by someone).
语法:原句为现在完成时主动(has recommended)。被动为 has been recommended。someone 作为动作执行者不重要,可省略。
语境:这本书被推荐给我,强调书现在的状态。
3. 答案:The schedule is being discussed right now.
语法:原句为现在进行时主动(are discussing)。被动为 is being discussed。注意 schedule 是单数,用 is。
语境:时间表现在正在被讨论。
4. 答案:was postponed
语法:yesterday 提示一般过去时。运动会是“被推迟”,用一般过去时被动 was postponed。
语境:运动会因为大雨被推迟了。
5. 答案:washes
语法:主语 cloth 与 wash 之间是逻辑被动关系,但此处用主动形式表示被动意义(习惯性特征)。一般现在时,cloth 不可数,用 washes。
语境:这种布料容易洗(洗起来很容易)。
6. 答案:discussing 或 to be discussed
语法:need 后接动名词主动形式表被动(needs discussing = needs to be discussed)。也可接不定式被动 needs to be discussed。两种皆可。
语境:你的计划听起来很棒,但还需要进一步讨论。
7. 答案:was dealt(注意 deal with 是固定短语,被动时介词 with 不能丢)
语法:last week 一般过去时,问题“被处理”用 was dealt with。注意不要遗漏 with。
语境:上周的会议上处理了那个问题。
8. 答案:将 is building 改为 is being built。
语法:桥是“被建造”,不是自己建造。现在进行时被动为 is being built。
语境:这座桥目前正在建造中。
9. 答案:删除 been,改为 sells well。
语法:sell well 用主动形式表被动意义(书卖得好)。若用 has been sold 则表示“被卖掉了”,与 well(好)搭配不当。
语境:这本书自出版以来一直卖得很好。
10. 答案:句子正确。
语法:She was offered a chance 是双宾语动词 offer 的被动结构(保留间接宾语 her 变主语,直接宾语 a chance 保留)。完全正确。
语境:她得到了一个出国留学的机会,但放弃了。
11. 答案:C
语法:avoid 后接动名词。男孩是“被惩罚”,所以用动名词的被动形式 being punished。
语境:男孩通过说实话避免了被惩罚。
12. 答案:B
语法:experiment 与 conduct 是被动关系(实验被进行)。不定式作定语,表示将来或未完成的动作,用 to be conducted。
语境:这是将要(或第一次)在新实验室进行的实验。
本讲总结:时态与语态的结合
- 时态决定时间坐标:在分析句子时,先找谓语动词,判断其时态(一般/进行/完成/完成进行)和时间(现在/过去/将来/过去将来)。
- 语态决定视角:根据主语是动作的执行者还是承受者,选择主动或被动。被动语态公式 = 适当形式的 be + 过去分词。
- 高频考点:
- 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别;
- 瞬间动词在完成时中的转换;
- 主动形式表被动(sell well, need doing);
- 被动语态中 be 动词的时态变化(特别是 being done 形式)。
- 进阶提示:进入高中后,非谓语动词的时态和语态(having done, being done, to be done)将在语法填空和写作中大量出现,建议将本讲中被动语态表格的时态与非谓语的对应形式对照记忆。
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