2026新高一英语分班考冲刺语法 第三讲:非谓语动词 学案(含答案)

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2026新高一英语分班考冲刺语法 第三讲:非谓语动词 学案(含答案)

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/ 让教学更有效 精品试卷 | 英语学科
第三讲:非谓语动词——动词的“变形记”
第一课时:不定式与动名词——具有名词属性的非谓语
一、回顾核心规则:一个简单句,一个谓语
对比示例(必修一词汇):
- I recommend this book. (正确:一个谓语动词 recommend)
- I recommend to read this book. (仍然正确:to read 是非谓语,作宾语)
- I recommend reading this book. (也正确:reading 动名词作宾语)
核心概念:非谓语动词是动词的变形,不再作谓语,但仍然保留动词的部分特征(可以带宾语、状语)。
二、不定式(to do)——表示“将来、目的、具体动作”
1. 不定式作主语(同第一讲)
- To learn a foreign language requires patience. (不定式短语作主语)
- 更常见:It requires patience to learn a foreign language. (it 形式主语)
2. 不定式作宾语(初中已学)
- He wants to join the volunteer club. (want 后接不定式)
- She decided to concentrate on her studies. (decide 后接不定式)
高中扩展:掌握动词后接不定式的常见列表:want, hope, wish, decide, learn, agree, promise, plan, manage, offer, refuse, afford, fail, prepare 等。
3. 不定式作宾语补足语(初中已学,高中细化)
- The teacher told us to finish the homework.
- 注意感官动词和使役动词后接省略 to 的不定式:make sb. do, let sb. do, see sb. do, hear sb. do。
例句:
- I saw him cross the street. (看到全过程,省略 to)
- 对比:I saw him crossing the street. (看到正在过马路,用现在分词)
4. 不定式作定语——后置修饰名词,表示“将要做的”
- The next meeting to be held is about the graduation ceremony. (将要被举行的)
- I have a lot of homework to do. (要做)
注意:不定式作定语时,与所修饰的名词之间可能是主动关系(to do),也可能是被动关系(to be done)。
5. 不定式作状语——表示目的、结果、原因
- 目的状语:To improve your grades, you need a schedule.
- 结果状语:He worked hard, only to fail the exam. (意想不到的结果)
- 原因状语:She was surprised to hear the news.
6. 疑问词 + 不定式(高中高频)
- I don’t know what to do next.
- Can you tell me how to get to the station
三、动名词(doing)——动词的名词化
动名词同时具有动词和名词的特征:可以带宾语或状语,但整体上在句中充当名词性成分。
1. 动名词作主语(同第一讲)
- Volunteering at the local library is meaningful.
- 对比不定式作主语:不定式更倾向于具体某次动作,动名词更倾向于泛指习惯。
2. 动名词作宾语——高中重点:哪些动词后只能接动名词?
常见动词:enjoy, finish, practice, mind, avoid, suggest, consider, imagine, delay, keep, miss, appreciate, admit, deny, risk, escape 等。
例句:
- You should avoid making the same mistake.
- He suggested taking a break.
介词后的动名词(必须注意):
- Thank you for helping me.
- He is good at solving problems.
- She left without saying goodbye.
固定句型:
- It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
- There is no telling what will happen.
3. 动名词作表语——说明主语的内容(可与主语互换位置)
- My favorite activity is reading.
- Her job is teaching English.
4. 动名词作定语——表示用途或功能
- a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming)
- a reading room (= a room for reading)
对比:现在分词作定语表示主动进行(a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping),动名词作定语表示用途(a sleeping car = a car for sleeping)。这是考点。
5. 动名词的复合结构(高中难点)
- His coming late made the teacher angry. (His 是逻辑主语)
- Do you mind my opening the window
四、不定式与动名词作宾语的区别(高中必考)
有些动词既能接不定式,又能接动名词,但意义不同。
| 动词 | + to do | + doing |
| remember | 记得要去做(未做) | 记得做过(已做) |
| forget | 忘记要去做 | 忘记做过 |
| regret | 遗憾要去做 | 后悔做过 |
| stop | 停下来去做另一件事 | 停止正在做的事 |
| try | 设法、努力做 | 尝试做 |
| mean | 打算做 | 意味着 |
| go on | 接着做另一件事 | 继续做同一件事 |
例句(必修一词汇):
- I remember locking the door. (我记得锁了门——已锁)
- Please remember to lock the door. (请记得锁门——未锁)
- Try to concentrate harder. (努力更专注)
- Try using a different method. (尝试用不同方法)
【随堂练习】
题型一:用所给动词的适当形式填空(不定式或动名词)
1. She decided __________ (volunteer) at the local hospital.
2. I avoid __________ (talk) to him because he always complains.
3. __________ (learn) a new skill takes time and effort.
4. The teacher told us __________ (not give) up easily.
5. I still remember __________ (meet) my first English teacher.
题型二:选择正确的形式
6. Please stop __________ (make) so much noise. The baby is sleeping.
7. Don’t forget __________ (turn) off the lights when you leave.
8. I regret __________ (tell) you that you failed the test.
9. She tried __________ (open) the window, but it was stuck.
题型三:单句改错
10. He enjoys to play basketball after school.
11. I have a lot of homework doing tonight.
12. It is no use to argue with him.
题型四:翻译句子(注意非谓语形式)
13. 记得在考试前复习你的笔记。
→ ____________________________________________________
14. 他的建议值得考虑。
→ ____________________________________________________
【答案与解析】
1. 答案:to volunteer
语法:decide 后接不定式作宾语,表示“决定去做某事”。
语境:她决定在当地医院做志愿工作。to volunteer 表示尚未发生的具体动作。
2. 答案:talking
语法:avoid 后接动名词作宾语,表示“避免做某事”。
语境:我避免和他说话,因为他总是抱怨。
3. 答案:Learning (首字母大写)
语法:动名词短语作主语,谓语用单数 takes。
语境:学习一项新技能需要时间和努力,泛指一般情况。
4. 答案:not to give
语法:tell sb. to do sth. 的否定形式为 tell sb. not to do sth.。
语境:老师告诉我们不要轻易放弃。
5. 答案:meeting
语法:remember doing 表示记得做过某事。
语境:我仍然记得第一次见到我的英语老师。
6. 答案:making
语法:stop doing 表示停止正在做的事。
语境:请停止制造噪音,婴儿在睡觉。
7. 答案:to turn
语法:forget to do 表示忘记要去做某事(未做)。
语境:离开时别忘了关灯。
8. 答案:to tell
语法:regret to do 表示遗憾地要做某事(常与 say, tell, inform 连用)。regret doing 表示后悔做过某事。此处表示“遗憾地告诉你”,用不定式。
语境:我很遗憾地告诉你,你考试没通过。
9. 答案:to open 或 opening (两可,意义不同)
语法:try to open 表示“设法打开”;try opening 表示“尝试打开(作为方法)”。根据 but it was stuck(但卡住了),两种理解皆可。标准答案通常用 to open 表示努力但未成功。
语境:她试图打开窗户,但卡住了。
10. 答案:将 to play 改为 playing。
语法:enjoy 后接动名词,不接不定式。
语境:他喜欢放学后打篮球。
11. 答案:将 doing 改为 to do。
语法:homework to do 是不定式作定语,修饰 homework,表示“要做的作业”。动名词 doing 不能作后置定语表示“要做”。
语境:今晚我有很多作业要做。
12. 答案:将 to argue 改为 arguing。
语法:固定句型 It is no use doing sth.,动名词作主语。
语境:和他争论没用。
13. 答案:Remember to review your notes before the exam.
语法:remember to do 记得要去做某事(未做)。
语境:提醒对方在考试前复习笔记。
14. 答案:His suggestion is worth considering. 或 His suggestion deserves consideration.
语法:be worth doing 用主动形式表被动意义,动名词作宾语。
语境:他的建议值得被考虑。
第二课时:分词——具有形容词属性的非谓语
一、分词概述:现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done)
分词主要充当形容词角色:作定语、表语、状语、补语。
| 形式 | 主动/被动 | 进行/完成 | 示例(必修一词汇) |
| 现在分词 (doing) | 主动 | 进行或一般 | a confusing problem |
| 过去分词 (done) | 被动 | 完成 | a confused student |
核心区别:
- 现在分词:表示主动、进行(令人…的)
- 过去分词:表示被动、完成(感到…的)
二、分词作定语——相当于一个形容词或定语从句
- 单个分词常放在名词前:The exciting news made us happy. (主动、进行) / The excited children ran outside. (被动、完成——孩子被使兴奋)
- 分词短语放在名词后:The boy standing there is my classmate. (主动进行) / The schedule recommended by the teacher is effective. (被动完成)
例句(必修一):
- a challenging task (令人有挑战的任务)
- a challenged student (受到挑战的学生——能力不足)
- The graduating students are all nervous. (即将毕业的——主动进行)
- The graduated students returned to school. (已毕业的——被动完成)
三、分词作表语——表示主语的特征或状态
- 现在分词作表语:主语“令人……”(主语多为物)
The movie is boring.
The situation is confusing.
- 过去分词作表语:主语“感到……”(主语多为人)
I am bored.
She felt confused.
注意:有些过去分词已完全形容词化(interested, excited, tired, surprised, worried),常与介词搭配。
四、分词作状语——高中难点,用一个短语替代状语从句
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。
1. 现在分词(doing)作状语
- 时间:Hearing the news, she burst into tears. (= When she heard the news)
- 原因:Being a volunteer, he is always ready to help. (= Because he is a volunteer)
- 方式/伴随:He sat there, reading a book. (= and read a book)
- 结果:The car hit the tree, causing serious damage. (= which caused)
2. 过去分词(done)作状语
- 时间/条件:Seen from the top, the school looks beautiful. (= When it is seen)
- 原因:Frightened by the noise, the child cried. (= Because he was frightened)
- 让步:Defeated many times, he didn’t lose heart. (= Although he was defeated)
3. 独立主格结构(高一上学期难点)
当分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时,分词前需要保留自己的逻辑主语。
- Weather permitting, we will have the ceremony outside. (= If weather permits)
- All the work finished, he went home. (= After all the work was finished)
五、分词作宾语补足语(与不定式对比)
- 现在分词作宾补:强调动作正在进行(感官动词 see, hear, watch, notice, feel 等)
I saw him crossing the street. (正在过马路)
- 过去分词作宾补:强调被动或完成
I need to get my hair cut. (头发被剪)
He had his bike stolen. (自行车被偷——遭遇)
- 使役动词 have/get:have sth. done 表示“让别人做”或“遭遇”
I will have my schedule adjusted. (让别人调整)
六、非谓语动词的时态与语态(高中进阶)
非谓语动词也有自己的时态(完成式)和语态(被动式)。
| 形式 | 主动 | 被动 |
| 不定式一般式 | to do | to be done |
| 不定式完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
| 动名词/分词一般式 | doing | being done |
| 动名词/分词完成式 | having done | having been done |
使用场景:
- 完成式:表示动作发生在谓语动词之前
He is said to have studied abroad. (据说曾在国外学习)
Having finished homework, he went out. (做完作业之后)
- 被动式:表示逻辑主语与动作之间是被动关系
She avoided being criticized.
The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.
【随堂练习】
题型一:用所给动词的适当形式填空(分词形式)
1. The __________ (confuse) instruction made everyone feel __________ (confuse).
2. __________ (See) from the top of the mountain, the city looks amazing.
3. The girl __________ (wear) a red dress is my new classmate.
4. __________ (Not know) what to do, he asked the teacher for help.
5. I heard someone __________ (sing) in the next room just now.
题型二:判断划线部分是非谓语中的什么成分(定语/状语/补语/表语)
6. The man sitting at the back is a volunteer. → 成分:_________
7. Exhausted by the long walk, he sat down to rest. → 成分:_________
8. She found the movie boring. → 成分:_________
题型三:单句改错
9. Seeing from the window, the garden is beautiful.
10. He had his car repair yesterday.
题型四:用非谓语的完成式或被动式填空
11. __________ (finish) his homework, he went to bed.
12. The problem needs __________ (deal) with immediately.
题型五:翻译句子
13. 听到这个消息,她激动得哭了。
→ ____________________________________________________
14. 明天将要讨论的计划非常重要。
→ ____________________________________________________
【答案与解析】
1. 答案:confusing; confused
语法:第一空修饰 instruction(指令),用现在分词表示“令人困惑的”,作定语。第二空在 feel 后作表语,主语 everyone 是人,用过去分词表示“感到困惑的”。
语境:令人困惑的指令让每个人都感到困惑。
2. 答案:Seen
语法:主语 the city 与 see 之间是被动关系(城市被看),用过去分词作状语,表示条件或时间。
语境:从山顶上看,这座城市令人惊叹。
3. 答案:wearing
语法:girl 与 wear 之间是主动关系,用现在分词短语作定语,修饰 the girl。
语境:穿红裙子的女孩是我的新同学。
4. 答案:Not knowing
语法:否定式在非谓语前加 not。主语 he 与 know 主动关系,用现在分词短语作原因状语。
语境:因为不知道该做什么,他向老师求助。
5. 答案:singing
语法:hear sb. doing 表示听到动作正在进行。
语境:我刚才听到有人在隔壁房间唱歌。
6. 答案:定语
语法:sitting at the back 现在分词短语修饰 the man,作后置定语。
语境:坐在后面的那位男士是一位志愿者。
7. 答案:状语
语法:Exhausted by the long walk 过去分词短语作原因状语,说明坐下休息的原因。
语境:因为长时间走路而精疲力尽,他坐下来休息。
8. 答案:宾语补足语
语法:found the movie boring:boring 是形容词化的现在分词,补充说明宾语 the movie 的特征。
语境:她发现这部电影很无聊。
9. 答案:将 Seeing 改为 Seen。
语法:主语 the garden 与 see 是被动关系(花园被看),应用过去分词 Seen。现在分词 Seeing 表示主动,逻辑主语应是“人”,与句子主语矛盾。
语境:从窗户看过去,花园很美。
10. 答案:将 repair 改为 repaired。
语法:have sth. done 表示“让某物被做”,过去分词作宾补。
语境:他昨天让人修了车。
11. 答案:Having finished
语法:动作 finish 发生在主句动作 went 之前,用分词的完成式 having done 作时间状语。
语境:完成作业后,他上床睡觉了。
12. 答案:dealing 或 to be dealt
语法:need doing 主动表被动(needs dealing with = needs to be dealt with)。也可用不定式被动 to be dealt with。注意 deal with 不可拆分。
语境:这个问题需要立刻处理。
13. 答案:Hearing the news, she was so excited that she cried. 或 Hearing the news, she burst into tears in excitement.
语法:现在分词短语作时间状语,表示“听到消息的同时”。注意主句主语与分词逻辑主语一致(she)。
语境:描述听到消息后的即时反应。
14. 答案:The plan to be discussed tomorrow is very important.
语法:不定式被动短语 to be discussed 作定语,修饰 the plan,表示“将要被讨论的”。
语境:计划的重要性与其被讨论的时间关联。
本讲总结:非谓语动词三步选择法
1. 判断是否为谓语:先看句子是否已有谓语动词。若有,则其他动词必须变为非谓语形式。
2. 确定句法功能:
- 作主语/宾语/表语 → 用动名词或不定式(注意动词搭配和意义区别)。
- 作定语 → 看与名词的关系:主动进行用现在分词;被动完成用过去分词;将来用不定式。
- 作状语 → 看逻辑主语与句子主语是否一致,主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。
- 作补语 → 根据感官动词或使役动词的固定搭配选择。
考虑时态与语态:动作是否发生在谓语之前(用完成式),是否被动(用被动式)。
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