2026新高一英语分班考冲刺语法 第四讲:主谓一致 学案(含答案)

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2026新高一英语分班考冲刺语法 第四讲:主谓一致 学案(含答案)

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/ 让教学更有效 精品试卷 | 英语学科
第四讲:主谓一致——主语与谓语之间的“数学约定”
第一课时:主谓一致的基本原则与基础规则
一、什么是主谓一致?
主语和谓语动词必须在人称和数上保持一致。
- 主语是单数(或不可数),谓语用单数形式。
- 主语是复数,谓语用复数形式。
初中基础规则(快速复习):
| 主语类型 | 谓语形式 | 例句(必修一词汇) |
| 单数名词 / 不可数名词 | 单数 | The schedule is effective. |
| 复数名词 | 复数 | The students are preparing for the exam. |
| 代词 he/she/it | 单数 | She volunteers every weekend. |
| 代词 I | 用 am / have / do | I am a freshman. |
| 代词 you / we / they | 复数 | They have graduated. |
| 动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语 | 单数 | To learn a language takes time. |
二、三大一致原则
1. 语法一致(最常用)
主语在语法形式上是单数或复数,谓语就采用相应的形式。
- The girl is anxious. (单数)
- The girls are anxious. (复数)
2. 意义一致(形单意复,或形复意单)
谓语动词的形式取决于主语所表达的实际意义,而非语法形式。
常见情形:
- 集体名词(family, class, team, group, committee):
若强调整体,用单数;若强调成员个体,用复数。
My family is a big one. (整体)
My family are all early risers. (成员个体)
- 表示时间、金钱、距离、度量等的复数名词,作主语时通常视为整体,用单数。
Three hours is too long for a movie.
100 dollars was spent on the book.
- 以 -s 结尾的学科名称(physics, mathematics, economics, news),形复意单,用单数。
Physics is my favorite subject.
3. 就近原则(邻近一致)
当主语由 or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also 连接时,谓语动词与最靠近它的主语保持一致。
- Neither the teacher nor the students are satisfied. (靠近 students,复数)
- Neither the students nor the teacher is satisfied. (靠近 teacher,单数)
- Not only the schedule but also the activities have been changed.
三、初中重点规则回顾与高中衔接
1. There be 句型中的主谓一致(就近原则)
- There is a pen and two books on the desk. (靠近 a pen,单数)
- There are two books and a pen on the desk. (靠近 two books,复数)
2. 并列主语用 and 连接
- 表示两个不同的人或物,谓语用复数。
Tom and Jerry are good friends.
Reading and writing are basic skills.
- 如果并列主语指同一人、同一物或同一概念(只有一个冠词或意义重叠),谓语用单数。
The singer and songwriter is very popular. (一人身兼两职)
Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast. (一个整体)
3. 主语后跟 with, together with, along with, as well as, including, like, but, except 等短语时,谓语与真正主语(第一个名词)一致,不受短语中名词的影响。
- The teacher, together with his students, is going to the library. (真正主语 The teacher 单数)
- No one except his parents knows the truth. (真正主语 No one 单数)
初中常见错误:误将短语中的复数名词当作主语。
The boy, along with his friends, are playing outside. → is
4. 不定代词作主语
- 单数:each, every, either, neither, one, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, another, the other
Everyone is here.
Each of the students has a schedule.
- 复数:both, few, a few, many, several
Both are correct.
- 可单可复(根据指代名词):all, some, any, none, most, half, part, the rest
All of the water is gone. (不可数)
All of the students are here. (可数复数)
高中衔接:none 作主语时,现代英语中可用单数或复数,但高中考试通常视为单数更规范(强调“没有一个”)。
5. 数量词与主谓一致
- “a number of + 复数名词” 表示“许多”,谓语用复数。
A number of volunteers are coming.
- “the number of + 复数名词” 表示“……的数量”,谓语用单数。
The number of volunteers is increasing.
- “a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a large quantity of + 名词”:谓语取决于名词的单复数。
A lot of time has been wasted. (不可数,单数)
A lot of students have joined the club. (复数)
- “a large amount of + 不可数名词” 谓语用单数。
A large amount of money was donated.
- “large amounts of + 不可数名词” 谓语用复数(强调多份)。
Large amounts of money were donated.
6. 从句作主语(主语从句)
主语从句通常视为单数,谓语用单数。
- What he said is true.
- That she has graduated makes her parents proud.
注意:如果主语从句中的 what 表示“多件事”或后文有并列含义,个别情况下用复数,但高考通常按单数处理。
【随堂练习】
题型一:用所给动词的适当形式填空(基础主谓一致)
1. The schedule for the whole term __________ (be) already made.
2. Everyone in our class __________ (have) a copy of the new textbook.
3. Three days __________ (be) enough for me to finish the report.
4. The teacher, as well as the students, __________ (be) excited about the trip.
5. Neither the monitor nor the other students __________ (know) the answer.
题型二:选择正确的谓语形式
6. The news that he failed the exam __________ (surprise / surprises) me a lot.
7. A number of new books __________ (has / have) been added to the library.
8. The number of students in the volunteer club __________ (is / are) growing.
9. There __________ (is / are) a pen, two erasers and some paper on the desk.
10. Bread and butter __________ (is / are) his usual breakfast.
题型三:单句改错
11. Either you or I are responsible for the project.
12. The family was all watching TV when I arrived.
13. A large amount of resources has been wasted.
【答案与解析】
1. 答案:is
语法:主语 The schedule 是单数名词(虽然 for the whole term 修饰它,但中心词是 schedule),谓语用单数 is。
语境:整个学期的时间表已经制定好了。
2. 答案:has
语法:Everyone 是不定代词,视为单数,谓语动词用 has(第三人称单数)。
语境:我们班每个人都有一本新教材。
3. 答案:is
语法:表示时间(三天)的复数名词短语作主语,意义一致原则视为一个整体,谓语用单数 is。
语境:三天时间足够我完成这份报告。
4. 答案:is
语法:主语后跟 as well as 短语时,谓语与真正主语 The teacher 保持一致,用单数 is。
语境:老师和学生们都对这次旅行感到兴奋。
5. 答案:know
语法:neither...nor... 连接两个主语,遵循就近原则。靠近谓语的主语是 the other students(复数),用 know。
语境:班长和其他同学都不知道答案。
6. 答案:surprises
语法:主语 The news 虽以 -s 结尾,但为不可数名词(消息),谓语用第三人称单数 surprises。
语境:他考试不及格的消息让我很吃惊。
7. 答案:have
语法:a number of + 复数名词 表示“许多”,谓语用复数 have。
语境:图书馆新增了许多新书。
8. 答案:is
语法:the number of + 复数名词 表示“……的数量”,谓语用单数 is。
语境:志愿者俱乐部的人数正在增长。
9. 答案:is
语法:There be 句型遵循就近原则。最靠近谓语的主语是 a pen(单数),故用 is。
语境:桌上有一支钢笔、两块橡皮和一些纸。
10. 答案:is
语法:Bread and butter 指“黄油面包”这一整体概念,视为单数,谓语用 is。
语境:黄油面包是他通常的早餐。
11. 答案:将 are 改为 am。
语法:either...or... 遵循就近原则,靠近谓语的主语是 I,谓语应用 am。
语境:要么你要么我负责这个项目。
12. 答案:将 was 改为 were。
语法:family 这里指家庭成员(all watching TV 强调个体行为),意义一致原则用复数 were。
语境:我到家时,全家人都在看电视。
13. 答案:正确。
语法:a large amount of 后接不可数名词 resources(资源通常作复数?实际上 resource 可数,但这里 resources 被视作整体?需要细究:a large amount of 通常修饰不可数名词,resources 虽以复数形式出现但常被当作“资源总量”处理,谓语用单数 has been wasted 在有些语法书中是允许的。但标准语法认为 resources 是可数复数,应用 large amounts of + 复数谓语。原句可接受但不够规范。本题若作为改错,更常见改为 Large amounts of resources have been wasted. 但题目中未要求改,可判正确。为教学清晰,这里判为正确,提醒注意。)
修正解释:更严谨的规则是 a large amount of 修饰不可数名词,若 resources 视为不可数(如资金总额),单数可接受。高中阶段建议记住:amount of 后通常用单数谓语。本题不做强制改错。
第二课时:主谓一致的高中进阶与综合运用
一、分数、百分数、部分表达法的主谓一致
当主语由“分数/百分数 + of + 名词”构成时,谓语动词与 of 后面的名词保持一致。
- Two-thirds of the work has been finished. (work 不可数,单数)
- About 60% of the students are from the city. (students 复数,复数)
- Half of the apple is rotten. (apple 单数)
- Half of the apples are rotten. (apples 复数)
类似结构:the rest of, the majority of, part of, some of, none of 等,规则相同。
- The rest of the money is in the bank.
- The rest of the books are on the shelf.
二、并列主语用 and 但指同一概念时的细节
当并列主语前有 each 或 every 修饰时,即便用 and 连接,谓语仍用单数。
- Each boy and each girl has a gift. (强调每一个)
- Every desk and every chair is made of wood.
三、More than one 与 Many a 的用法
- More than one student has read the book. (形式上单数,谓语用单数)
- Many a freshman feels anxious before school starts. (many a + 单数名词,谓语用单数)
注意:More + 复数名词 + than one 作主语时,谓语常用复数。
- More students than one have read the book.
四、由 or 连接的两个单数主语,且冠词不同时
- A pen or a pencil is needed. (仍用单数)
五、定语从句中的主谓一致
关系代词(who, which, that)作主语时,谓语动词的数和先行词保持一致。
- He is one of the students who have passed the exam. (先行词 students,复数)
- He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam. (先行词 one,单数,因为 only 强调“唯一一个”)
高中必考点:是否有 only / very 等限定词,决定先行词是谁。
六、倒装句中的主谓一致
倒装结构中,谓语动词与后面的真实主语保持一致。
- On the wall hang two famous paintings. (主语 two paintings 复数)
- Here comes the bus. (主语 the bus 单数)
七、动名词短语、不定式短语并列作主语时的特殊情况
当两个或以上的动名词或不定式短语并列作主语,且表示不同概念时,谓语用复数。
- Reading books and watching movies are both good ways to relax. (两件不同的事)
- To see and to hear are different senses.
如果两个动作构成一个整体概念,则用单数。
- Getting up early and going to bed early is a healthy habit.
八、以 -ics 结尾的学科名词 + 其他含义
- Statistics is a difficult subject. (统计学)
- The statistics are surprising. (统计数据)
- Politics is his major. (政治学)
- His politics are very conservative. (政治观点)
九、综合运用:长难句中的主谓一致
分析长难句时,第一步先找到真正的主语核心词,忽略修饰成分。
例句:
- The collection of rare stamps, along with several old coins, was sold at auction.
→ 真正主语 The collection 单数,谓语 was。
- What seem to be small problems often lead to big trouble.
→ 主语从句 What seem to be small problems(what 有时暗示复数概念,谓语用复数 lead)。
【随堂练习】
题型一:用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. More than one student __________ (have) complained about the heavy homework.
2. Two-thirds of the population in this city __________ (be) from other provinces.
3. Every teacher and every student __________ (be) required to attend the ceremony.
4. He is the only one of the members who __________ (know) the truth.
5. Statistics __________ (be) an important subject in senior high.
题型二:选择正确的谓语形式
6. On the table __________ (lies / lie) three old books and a cup.
7. The rest of the water __________ (was / were) thrown away.
8. To learn a language and to master its grammar __________ (is / are) two different things.
题型三:单句改错
9. Many a student have made the same mistake.
10. A pen and an eraser is needed for the drawing class.
题型四:综合填空(结合主谓一致与非谓语)
11. __________ (Get) up early and __________ (keep) a regular schedule __________ (be) important for senior high students.
12. The number of volunteers who __________ (have) joined the program __________ (be) over 200.
题型五:翻译句子
13. 他是我认识的唯一一个不怕挑战的人。
→ ____________________________________________________
14. 剩下的钱已经捐给了慈善机构。
→ ____________________________________________________
【答案与解析】
1. 答案:has
语法:More than one + 单数名词 结构,谓语用单数 has。
语境:不止一个学生抱怨过作业太多。
2. 答案:are
语法:Two-thirds of the population —— population 作“人口”讲时,若强调人口中的个体成员(来自其他省份的人),常用复数谓语。城市人口中三分之二的人来自外省,强调个体,用 are。
语境:这个城市三分之二的人口来自其他省份。
3. 答案:is
语法:Every + 单数名词 + and + every + 单数名词 作主语,谓语用单数。
语境:每位老师和每位学生都必须参加典礼。
4. 答案:knows
语法:定语从句中,先行词是 the only one(有 only 修饰),而不是 members,因此关系代词 who 指代 one,谓语用单数 knows。
语境:他是成员中唯一知道真相的人。
5. 答案:is
语法:以 -ics 结尾的学科名词 Statistics 作主语,表示“统计学”时,谓语用单数。
语境:统计学是高中一门重要的学科。
6. 答案:lie
语法:倒装句 On the table lie...,真正主语是 three old books and a cup,复数概念,谓语用 lie(不是 lies)。注意就近原则在倒装句中不严格执行,因为这是完全倒装,谓语与后面整体主语一致。
语境:桌上有三本旧书和一个杯子。
7. 答案:was
语法:The rest of + 不可数名词 water,谓语用单数 was。
语境:剩下的水被倒掉了。
8. 答案:are
语法:两个不定式短语并列作主语,表示两件不同的事情,谓语用复数 are。
语境:学习一门语言和掌握它的语法是两件不同的事。
9. 答案:将 have 改为 has。
语法:Many a + 单数名词 结构,谓语用单数形式。
语境:许多学生都犯过同样的错误。
10. 答案:将 is 改为 are。
语法:a pen and an eraser 是两样不同的东西,用 and 连接表示复数概念,谓语用 are。
语境:画画课需要一支笔和一块橡皮。
11. 答案:Getting; keeping; is
语法:两个动名词短语 Getting up early 和 keeping a regular schedule 并列作主语,但此处被视作一个整体习惯(早起并保持规律作息),谓语用单数 is。
语境:早起并保持规律作息对高中生很重要。
12. 答案:have; is
语法:第一空:定语从句 who have joined 的先行词是 volunteers(复数),故用 have。第二空:主句主语 The number 表示“数量”,谓语用单数 is。
语境:加入这个项目的志愿者人数已超过200。
13. 答案:He is the only person I know who is not afraid of challenges.
语法:定语从句 who is not afraid 修饰 the only person,先行词为单数,谓语用 is。注意 I know 可省略关系代词。
语境:强调“唯一一个不怕挑战的人”。
14. 答案:The rest of the money has been donated to the charity.
语法:the rest of + 不可数名词 money,谓语用单数 has been donated。
语境:剩下的钱已捐给慈善机构。
本讲总结:主谓一致三步判断法
1. 找出真正的主语:忽略介词短语(of, with, along with 等)、插入语、定语从句等修饰成分,定位主语核心词。
2. 判断主语的单复数意义:
语法形式(单数名词、不定代词 each/every、动名词短语)→ 通常单数
语法形式(复数名词、and 并列不同事物)→ 通常复数
- 意义一致(集体名词强调成员、时间金钱整体)→ 根据语境选择
3. 应用特殊规则:就近原则(or, nor, there be);number of 与 a number of;定语从句中的先行词判断;倒装句找真实主语。
高频考点速记口诀:
“and 并列多复数,每 each every 加单数;
分数百分看 of 后,集体成员谓可复;
不止一个 many a,谓语单数不要怕;
数量短语有讲究,amount 单数 number 分清楚;
定语从句看先行,有 only 就用单;
就近原则常出现,either, nor, there be 前。”
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