2026新高一英语分班考冲刺语法 第五讲:定语从句 学案(含答案)

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2026新高一英语分班考冲刺语法 第五讲:定语从句 学案(含答案)

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/ 让教学更有效 精品试卷 | 英语学科
第五讲:定语从句——给名词“拍一张特写照片”
第一课时:关系代词——连接句子与名词的“桥梁”
一、什么是定语从句?
定语从句是在一个句子中充当定语的从句,用来修饰它前面的一个名词或代词(叫作先行词)。定语从句由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引导。
对比理解(必修一词汇):
- 简单定语:a challenging task (一个令人有挑战的任务)——一个形容词
- 定语从句:a task that challenges you every day (一个每天都让你感到挑战的任务)——一个句子
核心结构:先行词 + 关系词 + 陈述句(从句)
二、初中已学:关系代词的基本用法
关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语。
| 关系代词 | 指代 | 在从句中的作用 | 例句(必修一词汇) |
| who | 人 | 主语、宾语(口语中可代whom) | The student who volunteers at the library is kind. |
| whom | 人 | 宾语(正式) | The teacher whom you met is my headteacher. |
| which | 物 | 主语、宾语 | The schedule which he made is effective. |
| that | 人或物 | 主语、宾语 | The book that I recommended is a bestseller. |
| whose | 人或物 | 定语(……的) | The freshman whose phone was lost feels anxious. |
1. who / that 指人(作主语)
- The volunteer who helped us is from Beijing.
- The volunteer that helped us is from Beijing. (that 可替代 who)
2. whom / who / that 指人(作宾语,可省略)
- She is the girl (whom/who/that) I met at the graduation party.
关系词在从句中作 met 的宾语,可以省略:She is the girl I met...
3. which / that 指物
- The challenge which you face today will make you stronger.
- The challenge that you face today will make you stronger.
4. that 的特殊性(初中强调,高中需灵活)
- that 既可以指人也可以指物,但不能用于非限制性定语从句(有逗号的那种),也不能直接用在介词后(介词后只能用 which/whom)。
5. whose 表示所属关系
- The student whose schedule is well-organized always gets good grades.
(whose schedule = his/her schedule)
注意:whose 既可指人也可指物。
- The book whose cover is red is mine. (= the cover of which)
三、关系代词在从句中的成分判断(高中核心能力)
选择关系代词时,必须分析它在定语从句中充当什么成分。
步骤:
1. 找到先行词。
2. 把先行词代入定语从句中。
3. 看先行词在从句中作什么成分:主语?宾语?定语?
示例:
- The man is a volunteer. He is standing there.
合并:The man who is standing there is a volunteer.
代入:The man 在从句中作主语 → 用 who(或 that)
- The book I bought yesterday is interesting.
代入:I bought the book → the book 作宾语 → 关系代词可省略(或 that/which)
四、关系代词省略的规则(高中高频)
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略(口语和书面语均常见)。
- The schedule (that/which) I recommend is practical. (作 recommend 的宾语,可省)
- The girl (whom/who/that) we met is a freshman. (作 met 的宾语,可省)
不能省略的情况:关系代词在从句中作主语。
- The teacher who helped me is kind. (who 作主语,不能省略)
五、关系代词只能用 that 的情况(初中考点,高中仍需注意)
在以下情况中,关系代词只能使用 that(不能用 which/who):
1. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰:
The first thing that I should do is to make a schedule.
2. 先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none 等不定代词:
All that he said was true.
3. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰:
This is the very book that I’ve been looking for.
4. 先行词既有人又有物:
He talked about the people and the places that he had visited.
5. 主句已有 who/which 开头(避免重复):
Who is the person that is standing there
六、关系代词只能用 which / who(不能用 that)的情况
1. 非限制性定语从句(后面有逗号):
I have a new schedule, which I think is better. (不能用 that)
2. 介词后:
This is the school in which I studied. (不能说 in that)
3. 先行词本身是 that 时:
What’s that which is on the table
【随堂练习】
题型一:用适当的关系代词填空(who, whom, which, that, whose)
1. The volunteer __________ helped us with the project is very responsible.
2. The schedule __________ you recommended to me works perfectly.
3. The freshman __________ phone was stolen looked very anxious.
4. The teacher with __________ I talked is my English teacher.
5. All __________ I need is a peaceful place to study.
题型二:判断关系代词在从句中作什么成分(主语/宾语/定语)
6. The book that I borrowed from the library is about Chinese history.
→ 关系代词在从句中作:_________
7. The girl who is wearing a red dress is my classmate.
→ 关系代词在从句中作:_________
8. The student whose parents are both teachers studies very hard.
→ 关系代词在从句中作:_________
题型三:合并句子(用定语从句)
9. The student is a freshman. He won the speech contest.
→ ____________________________________________________
10. I bought a book yesterday. The book’s cover is blue.
→ ____________________________________________________
题型四:单句改错
11. This is the best movie which I have ever seen.
12. The man which is talking to our teacher is a volunteer.
【答案与解析】
1. 答案:who 或 that
语法:先行词 The volunteer 指人,在从句中作主语(helped us),用 who 或 that。
语境:帮助我们的那位志愿者非常负责任。
2. 答案:which 或 that(可省略)
语法:先行词 The schedule 指物,在从句中作 recommended 的宾语,可用 which 或 that,也可省略。
语境:你推荐给我的那个时间表效果很好。
3. 答案:whose
语法:先行词 The freshman 指人,与 phone 是所属关系(新生的手机),用 whose 作定语。
语境:手机被偷的那位新生看起来很焦虑。
4. 答案:whom
语法:介词 with 后只能用 whom(指人)或 which(指物)。此处指人,用 whom。
语境:和我谈话的那位老师是我的英语老师。
5. 答案:that(也可省略)
语法:先行词 All 是不定代词,关系代词只能用 that。在从句中作 need 的宾语,也可省略。
语境:我所需要的只是一个安静的学习场所。
6. 答案:宾语
语法:从句为 I borrowed the book from the library,关系代词 that 指代 the book,作 borrowed 的宾语。
语境:我从图书馆借的那本书是关于中国历史的。
7. 答案:主语
语法:从句为 the girl is wearing a red dress,关系代词 who 指代 the girl,作 is wearing 的主语。
语境:穿红裙子的女孩是我的同学。
8. 答案:定语
语法:从句为 the student’s parents are both teachers,whose 表示“那个学生的”,作定语修饰 parents。
语境:父母都是老师的那位学生学习非常努力。
9. 答案:The student who / that won the speech contest is a freshman.
语法:先行词 The student(人),在定语从句中作主语(won),用 who 或 that。
语境:赢得演讲比赛的那个学生是高一新生。
10. 答案:I bought a book whose cover is blue yesterday. 或 ...the cover of which is blue.
语法:表示所属关系,用 whose cover 或 the cover of which。of which 属于“介词+关系代词”结构(第二课时详讲)。
语境:我昨天买了一本封皮是蓝色的书。
11. 答案:将 which 改为 that。
语法:先行词被最高级 the best 修饰时,关系代词只能用 that,不能用 which。
语境:这是我见过的最好的电影。
12. 答案:将 which 改为 who 或 that。
语法:先行词 The man 指人,在从句中作主语,不能用 which(指物),应改为 who 或 that。
语境:正在和我们老师说话的那位男士是一位志愿者。
第二课时:关系副词、介词+关系代词、限制性与非限制性定语从句
一、关系副词:when, where, why
当先行词在定语从句中作时间、地点、原因状语时,使用关系副词。关系副词在功能上等同于“介词 + which”。
| 关系副词 | 指代 | 相当于 | 例句(必修一词汇) |
| when | 时间 | at/in/on which | I still remember the day when I first entered senior high. |
| where | 地点 | in/at/on which | This is the library where I often volunteer. |
| why | 原因 | for which | Can you explain the reason why you were late |
1. when 引导定语从句修饰时间名词
- Do you remember the year when you graduated from junior high
→ when 在从句中作时间状语(= in that year)
2. where 引导定语从句修饰地点名词
- The school where I study is very beautiful.
→ where 在从句中作地点状语(= in that school)
3. why 引导定语从句修饰 reason
- The reason why he felt anxious is clear.
→ why 在从句中作原因状语(= for that reason)
注意:当先行词是 reason 时,关系词也可以用 that 或省略(口语中常见),但标准用法是 why。
二、“介词 + 关系代词”结构(高中核心考点)
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可以提前到关系代词前面,形成“介词 + which/whom”结构。此时关系代词不能使用 that,指人用 whom,指物用 which。
基本结构:先行词 + 介词 + which/whom + 定语从句其余部分
1. 介词的选择取决于从句中的动词短语或先行词的含义
- This is the school in which I studied. (study in the school)
- The man to whom you spoke is my teacher. (speak to the man)
- The schedule for which I’ve been waiting has arrived. (wait for the schedule)
2. 介词后置的普通形式(关系代词可省略)
- This is the school (which/that) I studied in. (日常更常用)
- 但高中考试中,介词前置的结构更正式,且常出现在语法填空中。
3. 介词的固定搭配
- the person with whom you cooperate (cooperate with)
- the topic about which they are talking (talk about)
- the problem of which we are aware (be aware of)
4. 部分“动词+介词”短语中的介词不能前置(因为动词短语不可分割)
- 如 look after, take care of 等。不能说 the child after whom you look,应说 the child whom you look after。
三、限制性定语从句 vs. 非限制性定语从句
| | 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 |
| 逗号 | 无逗号 | 有逗号 |
| 作用 | 必不可少,限定先行词的范围 | 补充说明,去掉后主句意思仍然完整 |
| 关系词 | 可用 that,可省略作宾语的关系词 | 不可用 that,不可省略关系词 |
| 翻译 | 往往译成“……的” | 往往译成并列句“而且/但是……” |
| 先行词 | 名词或代词 | 名词或整个主句 |
对比示例:
- My brother who lives in Beijing is a doctor. (我有多个兄弟,是住在北京的那个——限制)
- My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor. (我只有一个兄弟,他住在北京——非限制)
- The schedule which he made is practical. (限制,特指他做的那个)
- The schedule, which he made, is practical. (非限制,补充说明时间表是他做的)
非限制性定语从句可以修饰整个主句:
- He recommended a good book to me, which made me very happy.
(which 指代整个主句的内容“他向我推荐了一本好书”)
四、定语从句与同位语从句的区别(高中难点)
| | 定语从句 | 同位语从句 |
| 作用 | 修饰、限定先行词 | 解释说明先行词的内容 |
| 先行词类型 | 任何名词 | 通常是抽象名词(fact, news, idea, suggestion, truth 等) |
| 关系词 that | that 在从句中作成分(主语或宾语) | that 在从句中不作成分,只起连接作用 |
| 能否用 which | 可以 | 不可以 |
对比:
- The news that he told me is true. (that 作 told 的宾语 → 定语从句)
- The news that he has graduated is true. (that 后是一个完整句子,he has graduated,that 不作成分 → 同位语从句)
简便判断法:在先行词和从句之间加 is,若逻辑成立,则为同位语从句。
The news is “He has graduated” 同位语。
The news is “he told me” 不通。
【随堂练习】
题型一:用适当的关系副词(when, where, why)填空
1. I will never forget the day __________ I first met my best friend.
2. This is the library __________ I usually volunteer on weekends.
3. Can you tell me the reason __________ you decided to take this challenge
4. The school __________ my father studied has become a museum.
题型二:将下列句子改为“介词 + which/whom”结构
5. The person who you are waiting for has arrived.
→ ____________________________________________________
6. The school that I graduated from is very famous.
→ ____________________________________________________
题型三:判断下列定语从句是限制性还是非限制性,并加标点(如果需要)
7. The students who are late will be punished.
→ 类型:_________
8. My mother who is a teacher often helps me with my English.
→ 类型:_________(若改为非限制,如何修改?)
题型四:选择填空(区分定语从句与同位语从句)
9. The fact __________ he told me is hard to believe.
A. that B. which C. what
10. The fact __________ he succeeded in the competition surprised everyone.
A. that B. which C. what
题型五:单句改错
11. This is the hotel where we stayed there last summer.
12. He is the man, who helped me a lot.
题型六:合并句子(使用定语从句)
13. The book is very interesting. I am reading it.
→ ____________________________________________________
14. The reason is simple. He chose to volunteer for that reason.
→ ____________________________________________________
【答案与解析】
1. 答案:when
语法:先行词 the day 表示时间,在从句中作时间状语(on that day I first met...),用关系副词 when。
语境:我永远不会忘记第一次遇见我最好的朋友的那一天。
2. 答案:where
语法:先行词 the library 表示地点,在从句中作地点状语(at that library I volunteer),用 where。
语境:这就是我周末经常做志愿工作的那个图书馆。
3. 答案:why
语法:先行词 the reason 表示原因,在从句中作原因状语(for that reason you decided...),用 why。
语境:你能告诉我你决定接受这个挑战的原因吗?
4. 答案:where
语法:先行词 The school 表示地点,在从句中作地点状语(in that school my father studied),用 where。
语境:我父亲曾就读的那所学校如今成了一座博物馆。
5. 答案:The person for whom you are waiting has arrived.
语法:原句 wait for 中的介词 for 可提前。指人,用 whom。
语境:你正在等的那个人已经到了。
6. 答案:The school from which I graduated is very famous.
语法:原句 graduate from 中的介词 from 提前。指物,用 which。
语境:我毕业的那所学校很有名。
7. 答案:限制性定语从句
语法:没有逗号,从句 who are late 限定先行词 The students 的范围(不是所有学生,而是迟到的那些)。
语境:迟到的学生将受到惩罚。
8. 答案:当前句子是限制性定语从句(暗示有多个母亲)。若改为非限制,应加逗号:My mother, who is a teacher, often helps me with my English.
语法:无逗号时,表示“我那位当老师的妈妈”(可能还有其他不当老师的妈妈)。加逗号表示“我妈妈,她是老师”,常用。
语境:非限制版本更符合常识(通常只有一个母亲)。
9. 答案:A 或 B (但最佳为 A that)
语法:先行词 The fact,从句中 told 缺少直接宾语,that 或 which 作 told 的宾语,因此是定语从句。what 不能引导定语从句。
语境:他告诉我的那个事实很难相信。
10. 答案:A
语法:从句 he succeeded in the competition 是一个完整句子,不缺成分,that 引导同位语从句,解释 The fact 的内容。which 不能引导同位语从句。
语境:他在比赛中成功了这个事实让大家吃惊。
11. 答案:删除 there。
语法:关系副词 where 已经表示“在那里”,不能再加 there。应改为 This is the hotel where we stayed last summer.
语境:这是我们去年夏天住过的酒店。
12. 答案:删除逗号,或去掉 who 前逗号。
语法:原句中逗号后是非限制性定语从句,但先行词 He is the man 没有明确的特指,通常用限制性(无逗号)。若改为 He is the man who helped me a lot. 正确。非限制通常用于专有名词或已知唯一对象。
语境:他就是那个帮了我很多的人。
13. 答案:The book (that / which) I am reading is very interesting.
语法:先行词 The book 在从句中作 am reading 的宾语,关系代词可省略,也可用 that/which。
语境:我正在读的这本书很有趣。
14. 答案:The reason why he chose to volunteer is simple. 或 The reason for which he chose to volunteer is simple.
语法:先行词 The reason,从句中作原因状语,用 why 或 for which。
语境:他选择去做志愿者的原因很简单。
本讲总结:定语从句四步分析法
1. 找到先行词:被修饰的名词或代词。
2. 判断先行词在从句中的作用:主语、宾语、定语、时间状语、地点状语、原因状语?
- 作主语 → who / which / that
- 作宾语 → whom / which / that / 省略
- 作定语 → whose
- 时间状语 → when / 介词 + which
- 地点状语 → where / 介词 + which
- 原因状语 → why / for which
3. 注意特殊情况:
- 只能用 that 的情形(最高级、不定代词等)。
- 不能用 that 的情形(非限制、介词后)。
- 限制性与非限制性(逗号的有无改变句意)。
翻译验证:把定语从句译成“……的”,若通顺则正确。
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