资源简介

Ⅰ.阅读单词
1.billion num.　　　　　 十亿
2.bone n. 骨头;骨(质)
3.shell n. 壳;壳状物
4.carve vt.& vi. 雕刻
5.semester n. 学期
6.petrol n.(NAmE gas) 汽油
7.subway n.(BrE underground) 地铁
8.apartment n.(especially NAmE) 公寓套房
9.pants n.[pl.](BrE) 内裤;短裤;(especially NAmE)裤子
Ⅱ.核心单词
1.attitude n. 态度;看法
2.system n. 体系;制度;系统
3.despite prep. 即使;尽管
[敲黑板]介词despite后接名词(短语);连词though/although后接句子。
4.factor n. 因素;要素
5.symbol n. 符号;象征
6.dynasty n. 王朝;朝代
7.dialect n. 地方话;方言
8.calligraphy n. 书法;书法艺术
9.struggle n.& vi. 斗争;奋斗;搏斗
vi. 艰难地行进
10.tongue n. 舌头;语言
11.beg vt. 恳求;祈求;哀求
12.gap n. 间隔;开口;差距
13.vocabulary n. 词汇
Ⅲ.多义单词
1.native adj.出生地的;本地的;土著的n.本地人
①a native plant　　　　　　 本地植物
②meet the natives 遇到本地人
2.means n.方式;方法;途径
①a means of transportation 交通方式
②a means of success 成功的途径
[敲黑板]means单复数同形。
3.regard n.尊重;关注;问候vt.把……视为;看待
①gain regard 获得尊重
②special regard 特别关注
③regard it as a challenge 把它视为挑战
4.character n.文字;符号;角色;品质;特点
①Chinese characters 汉语文字
②mathematical characters 数学符号
③a heroic character 一个英雄角色
④a kind character 善良的品质
⑤describe nature characters 描述自然特点
5.affair n.公共事务;事件;关系
①national affairs 国家事务
②a public affair 公众事件
6.specific adj.特定的;明确的;具体的
①specific requirements 特定要求
②specific steps 明确的步骤
③a specific example 具体的例子
Ⅳ.派生单词
1.refer vi.　　　　 提到;参考;查阅
vt. 查询;叫……求助于
reference n. 指称关系;参考;提及;涉及;参考书目
[敲黑板]refer的过去式、过去分词、动词-ing形式分别为:referred、referred、referring;类似的有prefer、transfer等。
2.base vt. 以……为据点;以……为基础
n. 底部;根据
based adj. 以(某事)为基础的;以……为重要部分(或特征)的
basic adj. 基本的;基础的
basically adv. 从根本上说;基本上
basis n. 准则;方式;基础
3.variety n. (植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化
vary v. 不同;变化;改变
various adj. 不同的;各种各样的
4.major adj. 主要的;重要的;大的
n. 主修课程;主修学生
vi. 主修;专门研究
majority n. 大多数;大半
5.classic adj. 传统的;最优秀的;典型的
n. 经典作品;名著
classical adj. 古典的;经典的;传统的
6.global adj. 全球的;全世界的;整体的;全面的
globe n. 球体;地球仪;地球
globally adv. 全球地
globalization/-isation n. 全球化,全世界化
7.appreciate vt. 欣赏;重视;感激;领会;意识到
vi. 增值
appreciation n. 欣赏;感激;感谢
appreciative adj. 感激的;欣赏的
8.equal n. 同等的人;相等物
adj. 相同的;同样的;平等的;相当的;能胜任的
vt. 与……相等,等于;比得上
equality n. 平等;相等
inequality n. 不平等
equally adv. 同样地;相等地;平均地
9.demand n. 要求;需求
vt. 强烈要求;需要
vi. 查问
demanding adj. 苛求的;要求高的;费力的
10.description n. 描写(文字);形容
describe vt. 描述
11.relate vt. 联系;讲述
related adj. 有关系的;有关联的
relation n. 关系;亲属
relative n. 亲戚;同类事物
adj. 相对的
Ⅴ.短语词块
(一)核心短语
1.refer to 指的是;描述;提到;查阅
2.ups and downs 浮沉;兴衰;荣辱
3.date back (to...) 追溯到
4.play a(n)...role in 在……中起着……的作用
5.point of view 观点;看法
6.relate to 与……相关;涉及;谈到
(二)主题词块
1.read the classic works　 阅读经典作品
2.in ancient times 在古代
3.as an art form 作为一种艺术形式
4.Chinese calligraphy 中国书法
5.appreciate China’s culture and history 欣赏中国的文化和历史
6.bridge the gap between 消除……之间的隔阂
Ⅵ.教材佳句
1.Over the years,the system developed into different forms,as it was a time when people were divided geographically,leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.(when引导定语从句)
在随后的年代里,这一体系发展成了不同的形式,这是由于当时中国人居住地域的分隔,从而导致不同的方言和汉字变体的产生。
2.That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.(be+of+抽象名词)
这一书写体系对于中国人民和中国文化的统一具有重要意义。
3.Even today,no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak,they can all still communicate in writing.(“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句)
即使在今天,不论住在哪里,也不论说何种方言,中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
4....the more I learnt of a language,the more my brain would grow.(the+比较级...,the+比较级...)
……我对一门语言学得越多,我的智力就增长得越快。
5.When I started studying German,it was a struggle.The words felt strange on my tongue,and the grammar would not stay in my head.(心理描写)
当我开始学习德语时,那真是一场挣扎。单词在舌尖里说不出来,感觉很奇怪,语法也无法往脑子里记。
构词法日积月累
词尾为-ic的形容词变副词
加-ally basic基本的;根本的→basically基本上;根本上　specific具体的→specifically具体地 systematic系统的→systematically系统地 automatic自动的→automatically自动地 enthusiastic热情的→enthusiastically热情地 scientific科学的→scientifically科学地 symbolic象征性的→symbolically象征性地 energetic精力充沛的→energetically精力充沛地
特殊变化 public公开的→publicly公众地
Step One　写一写
Ⅰ.阅读单词
1.billion num.十亿
2.bone n.骨头;骨(质)
3.shell n.壳;壳状物
4.carve vt.& vi.雕刻
5.semester n.学期
6.apartment n.(especially NAmE)公寓套房
Ⅱ.核心单词
1.native adj.出生地的;本地的;土著的 n.本地人
2.attitude n.态度;看法
3.system n.体系;制度;系统
4.despite prep.即使;尽管
5.factor n.因素;要素
6.symbol n.符号;象征
7.dialect n.地方话;方言
8.means n.方式;方法;途径
9.regard n.尊重;关注;问候 vt.把……视为;看待
10.character n.文字;符号;角色;品质;特点
11.affair n.公共事务;事件;关系
12.specific adj.特定的;明确的;具体的
13.struggle n.& vi.斗争;奋斗;搏斗vi.艰难地行进
14.tongue n.舌头;语言
15.vocabulary n.词汇
Ⅲ.派生单词
1.refer vi.提到;参考;查阅 vt.查询;叫……求助于→reference n.指称关系;参考;提及;涉及;参考书目
2.base vt.以……为据点;以……为基础 n.底部;根据→based adj.以(某事)为基础的;以……为重要部分(或特征)的→basic adj.基本的;基础的→basically adv.从根本上说;基本上→basis n.准则;方式;基础
3.vary v.不同;变化;改变→variety n.(植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化→various adj.不同的;各种各样的
4.major adj.主要的;重要的;大的 n.主修课程;主修学生 vi.主修;专门研究→majority n.大多数;大半
5.classic adj.传统的;最优秀的;典型的 n.经典作品;名著→classical adj.古典的;经典的;传统的
6.globe n.球体;地球仪;地球→global adj.全球的;全世界的;整体的;全面的→globally adv.全球地→globalization/globalisation n.全球化;全世界化
7.appreciate vt.欣赏;重视;感激;领会;意识到 vi.增值→appreciation n.欣赏;感激;感谢→appreciative adj.感激的;欣赏的
8.equal n.同等的人;相等物 adj.相同的;同样的;平等的;相当的;能胜任的vt.与……相等,等于;比得上→equality n.平等;相等→equally adv.同样地;相等地;平均地→inequality n.不平等
9.demand n.要求;需求 vt.强烈要求;需要 vi.查问→demanding adj.苛求的;要求高的;费力的
10.describe vt.描述→description n.描写(文字);形容
11.relate vt.联系;讲述→related adj.有关系的;有关联的→relation n.关系;亲属→relative n.亲戚;同类事物 adj.相对的
Ⅳ.重点短语
1.relate to与……相关;涉及;谈到
2.refer to指的是;描述;提到;查阅
3.date back (to...)追溯到
4.point of view 观点;看法
5.ups and downs 浮沉;兴衰;荣辱
6.play a(n)...role in 在……中起着……的作用
Ⅴ.教材佳句默写
1.That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.
这一书写体系对于中国人民和中国文化的统一具有重要意义。
2.Even today,no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak,they can all still communicate in writing.
即使在今天,不论住在哪里,也不论说何种方言,中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
3....the more I learnt of a language,the more my brain would grow.
……我对一门语言学得越多,我的智力就增长得越快。
Step Two　练一练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.He begged (恳求) for forgiveness after the mistake,hoping that his sincerity would be enough to earn back the trust of his friends.
2.Chinese characters (文字) are not only a means of communication but also a symbol (象征) of culture.
3.He couldn’t believe the words that escaped his tongue (舌头),leaving him stunned and speechless.
4.Her positive attitude toward difficulties encouraged her classmates,who were struggling (奋斗) with the same challenges.
5.Reading widely is an effective means of improving vocabulary (词汇),which allows students to understand specific (具体的) contexts.
6.Many regard failure as a chance to learn because they believe that mistakes are part of the learning process.
Ⅱ.用所给单词的正确形式填空
appreciate;demand;describe;equal;globe;major;refer;vary
1.If you meet with the characters you don’t know,I strongly suggest that you refer to reference books or turn to others for help.
2.The variety of food at the festival was incredible,with dishes from different countries.
3.The majority of students in our class voted to go to the museum for our trip.
4.Addressing global warming requires cooperation from all countries to reduce emissions.
5.I expressed my appreciation for her help,which allowed me to complete the project on time.
6.Both teams played equally well,making it difficult for the referee to decide who should win.
7.She had a demanding job,constantly challenging her skills and pushing her to improve.
8.The teacher gave a detailed description of the historical event,which helped us understand its significance.
Ⅲ.用所给短语的正确形式填空(其中有两个多余短语)
date back (to...);play a(n)...role in;point of view;refer to;relate to;ups and downs
1.To raise awareness of environmental protection,a series of lectures related to low-carbon life will be arranged.
2.I referred to the dictionary to check the meaning of a difficult word,and it helped me understand the passage much better.
3.The tradition of celebrating New Year’s Day dates back to ancient times,when people believed that the start of a new year brought hope.
4.His point of view on the subject was quite different from mine,but we agreed to respect each other’s opinions.
Ⅳ.教材佳句仿写
1.It is of great importance for students to participate in extra-curricular activities as they help in building team spirit.(建议信;be+of+抽象名词)
学生参加课外活动非常重要,因为它们有助于培养团队精神。
2.No matter where you are,it’s essential to respect local customs and traditions.(建议信;“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句)
无论你身在何处,尊重当地的习俗和传统是很重要的。
3.The more I tried to stay calm during the exam,the more my anxiety seemed to grow.(the+比较级...,the+比较级...)
我越是在考试中保持冷静,我的焦虑似乎就越强烈。
Ⅴ.单元知识串记
阅读下面新情景,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Passage 1
Chinese culture,which dates back 1.to the Xia Dynasty,is known for its rich 2.variety (vary) of traditions.Despite its ancient roots,these traditions continue to shape modern life.The attitude 3.toward/to respect for ancestors is a major part of Chinese society.People regard ancient texts as valuable references,often 4.referring (refer) to them to understand the characters and philosophy of past dynasties.No matter 5.where you go,the means to learn about this history are available in books and museums.
Passage 2
Learning a new language is 1.a struggle that requires time and effort.The 2.description (describe) of this process often emphasizes the specific challenges learners face.The 3.more (much) you practice,the more your vocabulary grows,and the more you can appreciate the beauty of different cultures.The demand for language skills is increasing,and from my point of view,4.mastering (master) a foreign tongue is of great 5.value (valuable) as it helps us better understand people from different backgrounds.
No.1　夯实写作高频词汇
1.refer vi.提到;参考;查阅 vt.查询;叫……求助于(reference n.指称关系;参考;提及,涉及;参考书目)
佳句背诵　
Obviously,it is highly recommended to refer to Xinhua Dictionary when you come across a challenging Chinese character.(建议信)
显然,当你遇到一个有挑战性的汉字时,强烈建议你参考《新华字典》。
以练促学　语块填空/单句写作
①The guidelines provided by the teacher were referred to (被参考) by all the students when they wrote their essays.
②Generally,the paper-cuts are used to decorate doors and windows,and thus sometimes they are referred to as Window Flower/Chuanghua.(传统文化)
剪纸通常用于装饰门窗,因此有时被称为窗花。
用法归纳
·refer to　　　　　　 指的是;描述;提到;查阅
refer...to... 把……送交给……;让(人)参考……
refer to...as... 把……称作……
·in/with reference to 关于
教考衔接　单句写作
③I am writing to ask for information in/with reference to what kinds of traditional Chinese cultures appeal to foreigners most.(求助信;2021·全国甲卷)
我写信想了解关于什么样的中国传统文化最吸引外国人的相关信息。
[点津]　refer的过去式、过去分词、动词-ing形式分别为:referred、referred、referring。
2.base vt.以……为据点;以……为基础 n.底部;根据[based adj.以(某事)为基础的;以……为重要部分(或特征)的 basic adj.基本的;基础的 basis n.准则;方式;基础 basically adv.从根本上说;基本上]
佳句背诵　
Knowing that you are to visit a Chinese family this weekend,I am writing to inform you of some basic table manners.(告知信)
得知这个周末你要拜访中国家庭,我写信是想告诉你一些基本的餐桌礼仪。
以练促学　单句语法填空/语块填空
①On the basis (base) of what you show,I firmly believe that you can be qualified for the position.
②Team members need to receive training after school every day and are also offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions on a regular basis (定期).
用法归纳
·base...on/upon...　　　 把……建立在……的基础上
·be based on/upon... 以……为基础
·on a daily/regular basis 每天/定期
on the basis of 在……的基础上
教考衔接　单句写作
③Firstly,your grouping strategy is based on/upon randomness,rather than careful pairing where a weak student is grouped with a stronger one.(建议信;2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
首先,您的分组策略是基于随机性的,而不是仔细配对,即将一个较弱的学生与一个较强的学生分在一组。
3.major adj.主要的;重要的;大的 n.主修课程;主修学生 vi.主修,专门研究 (majority n.大多数;大半)
佳句背诵　
The majority of tourists visit the Great Wall when they come to China,often taking countless photos to record the moment.(旅游)
大多数游客来到中国,都会去参观长城,他们通常会拍下无数照片来记录这一时刻。
以练促学　语块填空
①Vegetarians,though growing in number,are still not in the majority (占大多数) in our society.
②It’s not uncommon for students to major in (主修) one field and then pursue a career in another.
用法归纳
·major in　　　　　 主修……
·a/the majority of 大多数
in a/the majority 占大多数
教考衔接　语段训练
③China has experienced exceptional economic growth over the past decades.Its GDP has climbed sharply,and the country has become a major partner in global trade and investment.(现象介绍;2024·北京卷)
在过去的几十年里,中国经济经历了前所未有的增长。其GDP激增,中国已成为全球贸易和投资的主要伙伴。
4.means n.方式;方法;途径(means单复数同形)
佳句背诵　
You’d better practice using chopsticks in advance,which is also a means of showing your good table manners.(建议信)
你最好事先练习用筷子,这也是展示你良好的餐桌礼仪的一种方式。
以练促学　语块填空/单句写作
①Ancient people recorded what had happened by means of (借助……手段) carving varieties of symbols with specific meanings onto shells or bones.
②By no means can I improve my English without your generous help and guidance.(倒装句)
没有你的慷慨帮助和指导,我无论如何也不可能提高我的英语水平。
用法归纳
a means of　　 一种……的方法
by all means 可以;当然行;没问题
by means of 借助……手段;依靠……方法
by no means 绝不,无论如何也不,一点都不(置于句首时,句子要部分倒装)
教考衔接　语段训练
③As senior students,we can protect oceans in our own way.First,try every means to fight against global warming,which has become a great threat to sea creatures.(短文投稿;2022·全国甲卷)
作为高中生,我们可以用自己的方式保护海洋。首先,尽一切办法与全球变暖作斗争,全球变暖已经成为对海洋生物的巨大威胁。
片段巩固
用refer;base;major;means完成语言学习的应用文写作片段
写作提示:在学习一门新语言时:一方面,词汇量被称为基础;另一方面,学习的主要方式包括练习、口语和阅读
When we learn a new language,on the one hand,vocabulary is referred to as the base;on the other hand,the major means of learning involve practice,speaking,and reading.
5.appreciate vt.欣赏;重视;感激;领会;意识到 vi.增值(appreciation n.欣赏;感激;感谢 appreciative adj.感激的;欣赏的)
佳句背诵　
I would appreciate it if you could give me some practical advice on how to improve my oral English.(求助信)
如果你能给我一些关于如何提高我的英语口语的实用建议,我将非常感激。
以练促学　单句语法填空/语块填空
①I appreciate hearing (hear) your opinion about the book,as it gave me a new perspective on the story.
②I’m writing to express/convey my appreciation (表达我的感激之情) for what you have done for me during my stay in London.
用法归纳
·appreciate (one’s) doing sth 喜欢/感激(某人)做某事
I would appreciate it if... 如果……我将不胜感激。
·express/convey one’s appreciation 表达某人的感激之情
教考衔接　单句写作
③Overall,“Fun at my school” would bring a sense of fun and excitement to the magazine,which I think everyone will appreciate.(建议信;2025·全国一卷)
总的来说,“我校趣事”栏目将为杂志注入趣味与活力,相信大家都会欣赏。
6.struggle n.& vi.斗争;奋斗;搏斗vi.艰难地行进
佳句背诵　
Weak as she was,she struggled to her feet,continuing searching for assistance.(动作描写)
尽管很虚弱,她挣扎着站起来,继续寻找帮助。
以练促学　单句语法填空/单句写作
①I am struggling to understand (understand) the complex characters in this book so could you help me to interpret them
②It is a struggle for him to choose the right words;as a result,communicating in English is a struggle.(语言学习)
对他来说,选择正确的词语是很困难的,因此,用英语交流是一件困难的事情。
用法归纳
·It is a struggle (for sb) to do sth (对于某人而言)做某事真是难事
·struggle for... 为……而斗争/奋斗
struggle with/against sb/sth 与某人/某事做斗争
struggle to do sth 努力做某事
struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来
教考衔接　单句写作
③We talked for hours,not just about Toby,the dog,but about life,loss,and the struggles we had both faced.(2025·全国一卷)
我们聊了好几个小时,不仅仅谈论了狗狗托比,还分享了彼此生活中的经历、失去的痛楚,以及我们都曾面对过的艰难时刻。
7.equal n.同等的人;相等物 adj.相同的;同样的;平等的;相当的;能胜任的 vt.与……相等,等于;比得上(equality n.平等;相等 equally adv.同样地;相等地;平均地inequality n.不平等)
佳句背诵　
For another,be positive and cheerful,for your mental health is equal to your physical health.(建议信)
另一方面,要积极开朗,因为你的心理健康和身体健康一样重要。
以练促学　单句写作/一句多译
①I am convinced that I am equal to being a volunteer for the Chinese painting exhibition.(申请信)
我确信我能胜任做这个中国绘画展的志愿者。
②在我看来,他在打篮球方面是无与伦比的。
→From my point of view,he is without equal in playing basketball.
→In my view,he has no equal in playing basketball.
→In my opinion,no one is equal to him in playing basketball.
用法归纳
·be equal to (doing) sth　 等于/胜任(做)某事
·equal sb/sth in (doing) sth 在(做)某事上比得过、敌得过某人/物
·be without equal=have no equal 无与伦比
教考衔接　单句写作
③More importantly,it guarantees that students with various communication abilities have equal opportunities/chances to develop their language skills.(建议信;2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
更重要的是,它确保具有不同交流能力的学生有平等的机会来发展他们的语言技巧。
[联想]　表示“胜任……”的其他表达:
be up to;be fit for;be qualified for
8.demand n.要求;需求 vt.强烈要求;需要 vi.查问(demanding adj.苛求的;要求高的;费力的)
佳句背诵　
Freshly baked bread is in great demand.People line up,eager to buy a warm loaf for breakfast.(场面描写)
新鲜出炉的面包需求量很大。人们排队,急于购买一条温暖的面包作为早餐。
以练促学　单句语法填空
①I demanded to know (know) why they canceled the event without informing us.I thought it was unfair and expected better communication.
②The demanding (demand) teacher expects all assignments to be submitted on time and perfectly done.
用法归纳
·be in (great) demand　　　　 需求量大
meet/satisfy one’s demand(s) 满足某人的需求
·demand to do sth 要求做某事
demand that...　要求……(从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略)
教考衔接　单句写作
③Because picking apples involved climbing trees,the farmers demanded that we (should) be cautious and careful.(活动介绍;全国Ⅱ卷)
因为摘苹果需要爬树,农民们要求我们谨慎小心。
片段巩固
用appreciate;struggle;equal;demand完成语言学习的应用文写作片段
写作提示:理解语法方面有困难→听力和口语需要努力→它们需要同等的关注→如果你能给我一些建议,我将不胜感激
It is a struggle for me to understand difficult grammar.I know listening and speaking demand great efforts,and they require equal attention.I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice.
No.2　破解阅读障碍词汇
Ⅰ.一词多义/熟词生义
1.regard
A.n.尊重　B.n.关注　C.n.问候　D.vt.把……视为;看待
①Most people regard him as one of the greatest actors of our time for his work.D
②I have a very high regard for him because he is always kind to everyone,no matter what their background.A
③Give my regards to your parents when you see them this weekend.I hope they are doing well.C
④He showed great regard for the environment by recycling and conserving water regularly.B
2.relate to
A.与……相关;涉及　B.谈到　C.理解
①The reasons relate to a variety of factors,including reduced concentration,an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)A
②Adults can’t relate to children because they often forget what it was like to be young.They may not understand the struggles children face in school or with their friends.C
③The second paragraph relates to the situation in Scotland.B
3.character
A.n.文字　B.n.符号　C.n.角色　D.n.品质　E.n.特点
① The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories,10 to 20 pages each,with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.(2025·全国一卷)C
②The password must include at least one special character,such as an exclamation mark (感叹号).B
③Each region of the country has its own distinct character,reflected in its culture and traditions.E
④The character of a true friend includes loyalty,kindness,and support.D
⑤The Chinese language has thousands of unique characters,each with its own meaning and pronunciation.A
4.major
A.adj.主要的;重要的;大的　B.n.主修课程　C.n.主修学生　D.vi.主修;专门研究
①Joanna Wright,a senior political science major,loves coffee and goes to the cafe at least six days a week.(2025·全国一卷)C
②Minimize impact and maximize experience by skipping major holidays or rush hour.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)A
③In fact,he inspires me to major in English in college,to be a bridge between China and the world.D
④I love painting very much.I started learning painting at an early age and chose painting art and history as my major in college.B
5.native adj.出生地的;本地的;土著的　n.本地人
Lisa is a native① of Australia,born and raised in Sydney.As a native② English speaker,she helps her friends improve their language skills.On weekends,she enjoys visiting native③ markets where she buys fresh produce from local farmers.Lisa also loves learning about the native④ traditions of the Aboriginal people,who are the original inhabitants of Australia.
①n.本地人　②adj.出生地的　③adj.本地的　④adj.土著的
6.classic adj.传统的;最优秀的;典型的　n.经典作品;名著
The classic① novels we read in literature class are always interesting.Our teacher says that these books are considered the most excellent works because of their timeless stories and characters.She explains that a classic② example of bravery is seen in the book To Kill a Mockingbird.After class,I enjoy watching a movie,which is a classic③ from the 1950s,appreciating its historical value.①adj.传统的;最优秀的　②adj.典型的　③n.经典作品
7.tongue n.舌头;语言
During the biology lesson,we learned that the tongue① helps us taste food and speak clearly.Later in the language class,we discussed how the word tongue can also mean a language.For example,English is my native tongue②.It was interesting to see how one word can have two different meanings.①n.舌头　②n.语言
8.“This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the dollars you earned and respect those who did the work,” he told me.vt.珍惜
9.Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)adj.整体的;全面的
10.At the base is a rainforest.It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters,giving way to lands of low growing plants.n.底部
Ⅱ.构词法猜义
构词法 副词后缀-ly,-ally:形容词变副词一般加-ly;以-ic结尾的形容词,其变副词需要在后边加-ally
写出下列黑体词的词性和含义
①“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth.(2025·全国二卷)adv.学术上
②With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden’s ecology can develop well.
(2025·浙江1月卷)adv.急剧地
③She enthusiastically accepted the invitation to the art exhibition,eager to see the creative works of local artists.adv.热切地
④The teacher explained the lesson energetically,using colorful pictures and examples to keep the students interested.adv.精力充沛地
⑤When she walked into the room,the lights automatically turned on.The smart system in her house made everyday tasks more convenient and efficient.adv.自动地
No.3　练透写作常用句式
1.句型公式:be+of+抽象名词
课本原句:That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.　这一书写体系对于中国人民和中国文化的统一具有重要意义。
佳句背诵　
From my point of view,keeping the balance between online learning and our life is of great importance.(发言稿;2021·全国乙卷)
在我看来,保持在线学习和我们生活的平衡非常重要。
以练促学　同义句转换/单句写作
①The majority of students consider that watching English movie is beneficial to their English learning.
→The majority of students consider that watching English movie is of benefit to their English learning.
②The advice you gave us proved to be of great value/be greatly valuable,without which we couldn’t have achieved our dreams.(感谢信)
你给我们的建议证明很有价值。没有它我们就不可能实现我们的梦想。
用法归纳
“be of+抽象名词”相当于“be+形容词”,这一结构可以说明主语的性质。常见的抽象名词有importance、value、use、help、benefit、significance等,这些名词可用great、little、some、any、no、much等修饰,用以说明程度。
教考衔接　单句写作
③Furthermore,guzheng is of great significance to Chinese folk music,leading you to a fantastic world of music.(传统文化;2021·全国甲卷)
此外,古筝对中国民间音乐有着非常重要的意义,它将引领你进入一个奇妙的音乐世界。
④I hope these suggestions above will be of some help to you.(建议信;北京卷)
我希望以上这些建议能对你有些帮助。
2.句型公式:“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句
课本原句:Even today,no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak,they can all still communicate in writing.
即使在今天,不论住在哪里,也不论说何种方言,中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
佳句背诵　
Whenever/No matter when you need help,I sincerely hope that you can get in touch with me without hesitation.(建议信)
无论你何时需要帮助,我真诚地希望你能毫不犹豫地联系我。
以练促学　单句写作
①I learned from the experience that whatever/no matter what difficulties we meet,we should try our best to solve them.(主旨升华)
我从这次经历中学到,无论遇到什么困难,我们都应该努力解决。
②Whoever finds the missing key to the laboratory should immediately hand it in to Mr.Johnson,our science teacher.(寻物启事)
谁如果找到了实验室的丢失钥匙,请立即交给我们的科学老师约翰逊先生。
用法归纳
no matter where/what在句中引导让步状语从句。
(1)“no matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。
(2)whatever、whoever、whichever、whomever既可引导名词性从句,也可引导让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句时,相当于no matter what/who/which/whom。
教考衔接　单句写作
③Whenever/No matter when I see the photo,I think of the cold,wet and unforgettable evening when a stranger offered his trust and kindness to me!(主旨升华;2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
无论什么时候我看到这张照片,我就会想起那个寒冷、潮湿而又令人难忘的夜晚,一位陌生人给予我信任和善意!
维度一　单元知识运用
1.I referred to my class notes to prepare for the chemistry quiz.
2.Just as the saying goes,“One tree doesn’t make a forest”;our success is based on/upon cooperating with others.
3.I decided to major in psychology in the college because I am interested in understanding how people think and behave.
4.The team communicated by means of video calls,as many members were working from different locations.
5.I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice on pronunciation.
6.I struggled to finish (finish) my homework on time because of all the distractions in the room.
7.His performance was equal to hers in the competition,both of them receiving high marks from the judges.
8.She demanded to leave (leave) early because she had an urgent appointment with the doctor.
9.Her opinion is of high value (valuable) in the decision-making process,as she has a lot of experience.
10.No matter what happens,I will always support my friends and stand by them.
维度二　单元知识拾遗
1.Chinese calligraphy (中国书法),which 2.dates back to (追溯到) ancient times,3.is native to (源自) China and reflects the country’s rich culture.4.The specific characters (特定字符) used in this art form show 5.a deep attitude to/toward (深厚态度) language and 6.vocabulary (词汇).Many people tried to learn this beautiful skill,as it is recognized 7.globally (全球范围内) for its elegance and precision.
维度三　单元话题写作(建议信——语言学习)
根据提示,用本单元主题词汇或句式完成下面的写作
假定你在某外语学习交流网站看到很多外国友人发帖,寻求提高汉语的建议。请你写一篇帖文,提出一些实用的建议。
As for those who 1.find it a struggle to learn Chinese well (觉得学好中文是件难事),my advice may be helpful.
As is always the case with other language learning,learning Chinese also 2.demands practice (需要练习).Firstly,3.it’s of great importance (至关重要;be+of+抽象名词) to read books that 4.relate to Chinese (与汉语相关).Moreover,5.communicate more with the natives (多和当地人交流).6.That is because (那是因为) the more you communicate with the natives in Chinese,7.the more fluently you will speak (你就会说得越流利).Aside from that,8.equally important (同样重要的) is to watch some Chinese films or TV programs.Last but not least,9.take a positive attitude no matter what trouble you may have (无论你有什么困难,都要有积极的态度) learning Chinese.
Anticipating your comments.
Part Ⅰ　续写能力提升
Ⅰ.语料积累——情感细节描写:紧张
单 词 1.nervous adj. 紧张的 2.uneasy adj. 担忧的;不安的 3.uneasiness n. 担忧;不安 4.tense adj. 紧张的;焦虑的 5.tension n. 紧张;焦虑
词 块 1.with butterflies in one’s stomach 心里七上八下 2.one’s heart pounds wildly 心狂跳 3.palms sweat 手心冒汗 4.on pins and needles 如坐针毡 5.tremble nervously 紧张地颤抖着 6.one’s heart in one’s mouth 某人的心都提到嗓子眼儿了 7.one’s words trapped by one’s sudden nervousness 突如其来的紧张让某人说不出话来 8.pace back and forth 来回踱步 9.one’s mouth dries 口干舌燥 10.be overcome by extreme uneasiness 极度不安 11.awkward and nervous 又尴尬又紧张 12.a flood/wave of tension 一阵紧张 13.with uneasiness 不安地 14.a nervous glance 紧张的一瞥
Ⅱ.语料运用
(Ⅰ)补全句子
1.With butterflies in his stomach,his heart pounding wildly and palms sweating,he was nearly breathless.(with复合结构;独立主格)
他心里七上八下,心狂跳,手心冒汗,几乎喘不过气来。
2.So violently did his heart beat that he felt on pins and needles.(介词短语)
心跳如此剧烈,他感到如坐针毡。
3.Trembling nervously,I kept my head down and my eyes fixed on the floor.(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
我紧张地颤抖着,低着头,眼睛盯着地板。
4.My heart in my mouth,I didn’t move an inch,staring at what was happening.(独立主格)
我的心都提到嗓子眼儿了,我一动也不动,盯着眼前发生的一切。
5.Facing the crowd,Jason felt a lump in his throat,his words trapped by his sudden nervousness.(独立主格)
面对人群,杰森感到喉咙哽咽,突如其来的紧张让他说不出话来。
(Ⅱ)补全语段
With butterflies in my stomach,my heart pounding wildly and palms sweating,1.I paced back and forth (我来回踱步;pace).When my name was called,so nervous was I that I felt my throat tighten,2.my mouth dry (口干舌燥) and my legs tremble uncontrollably.3.Overcome by extreme uneasiness (极度不安;过去分词短语作状语),I almost wanted to escape from the stage.However,I climbed onto the stage,my heart in my mouth.4.Awkward and nervous (又尴尬又紧张;形容词短语作状语),I forced a smile and glanced at the audience.Beyond my expectations,my performance went smoothly and the audience were on the edge of their seats,all applauding my performance.
Part Ⅱ　高考同源研探
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D)
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds,from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such as “f” and “v”,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐),making it hard to produce labiodentals,which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构),making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food became easier to chew at this point.The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age,with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.
真题再做
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类语音的发展与农业的发展及其所带来的饮食结构的变化有着密不可分的关系。
32.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A.Its variety. B.Its distribution.
C.Its quantity. D.Its development.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Now a team of researchers...this trend arose.”可知,Damián Blasi研究的是这种趋势形成的方式和原因。根据前文可知,this trend指的是30多年前学者查尔斯发现在吃较软食物的群体中唇齿音更常见。由此可推知,Damián Blasi研究的是人类语音的发展,故选D项。]
33.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B.They could not open and close their lips easily.
C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知,他们发现古代成年人的上下门牙是对齐的,很难发出唇齿音,而唇齿音是由下唇接触上牙发出的。之后,我们下巴的结构变成了咬合结构,这让我们更容易发出这样的声音。由此可知,他们的下巴构造使他们很难发出唇齿音,故选C项。]
34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
答案　A　[段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知,对语言数据库的分析也证实,新石器时代之后,国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。第五段主要列举了一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据,故选A项。]
35.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A.It is key to effective communication.
B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C.It is a complex and dynamic system.
D.It drives the evolution of human beings.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,Steven Moran认为:自从人类出现以来,我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定,今天我们发现的各种语音都是像生物变化和文化进化等事物相互作用的复杂产物。由此可推知,Steven Moran认为人类语音是一个复杂的动态系统,故选C项。]
Step 1　理清行文脉络
Step 2　猜测障碍词汇(熟词生义/构词法)
1.Food became easier to chew at this point.n.特定时期
2.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age.n.语音;发音
3.A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.adj.突破性的adj.与饮食有关的
4.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.n.狩猎采集者
5....a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution...adj.生物学的
课时作业
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共30分)
(2026·合肥市高三第二次教学质量检测)
Among world languages,English places perhaps the highest value on the expressions of thanks,especially in formal and business settings.So it’s logical that English speakers tend to conflate the expression of thankfulness with the feeling of thankfulness.If somebody didn’t say “thanks”,we often think they must not have been very grateful.And yet,in English,“thank you” gets used so frequently that it can easily start to feel habitual.
But do we say it as much as we think in our casual interactions with family and friends A new research paper titled Universals and cultural diversity in the expression of gratitude suggests that no,we do not.
The research team behind the paper looked for expressions of thankfulness in daily informal interactions across eight languages:English,Italian,Polish,Russian,Lao,Cha’palaa,Murrinhpatha,and Siwu.The findings suggest the universal way in which thankfulness is expressed is not through giving thanks,but rather through participation in a social agreement in which mutual (相互的) assistance and working together are the norm.In fact,the practice of giving thanks seems to have little impact on the practice of mutual exchanges.The practice of giving thanks also varies culturally.
The practice of giving thanks also varies culturally.In India,for example,people—especially when they are your elders,relatives,or close friends—tend to feel that by thanking them,you’re weakening your closeness with them and creating a formality and distance that shouldn’t exist.In contrast,in England,expressing thankfulness through words is seen as a positive strengthening of relationships,promoting goodwill and connections.
Nick Enfield,lead researcher of the study,suggests that most of the 6,000 to 7,000 world languages don’t have a word for “thank you”.“When we consider the negative effects of thanking close relations alongside the fact that many languages are spoken in very small communities where speakers are likely to know each other,that claim starts to feel quite reasonable.”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。英语重视表达感谢,人们常混淆表达与感受。新研究发现,八种语言里表达感谢普遍靠互助合作,且不同文化对感谢看法不同。
1.What does the underlined word “conflate” in paragraph 1 mean
A.Compare. B.Replace.
C.Figure out. D.Mix up.
答案　D　[词义猜测题。根据第一段的“So it’s logical that English speakers tend to conflate...If somebody didn’t say ‘thanks’,we often think they must not have been very grateful.”可知,说英语的人通常认为不说“谢谢”,就意味着不感激,即把表达感谢和感激的情感混为一谈,所以conflate应意为“混合”,mix up与其意思相近。]
2.How do people express thankfulness universally according to the study
A.By saying thanks directly.
B.By making social agreements.
C.By using body language.
D.By helping and cooperating.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“The findings suggest the universal way...but rather through participation in a social agreement in which mutual (相互的) assistance and working together are the norm.”可知,研究表明,表达感激的普遍方式是通过参与一种社会协议,在这种协议中,相互帮助和共同努力是常态,而不是直接说谢谢,故选D项。]
3.How do Indians view the practice of giving thanks to relatives
A.It weakens their bond.
B.It reduces their social distance.
C.It enhances their connection.
D.It promotes their mutual trust.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第四段的“In India,for example,people...and distance that shouldn’t exist.”可知,印度人认为向亲戚表达感谢会削弱彼此的亲密关系,故选A项。]
4.What does Nick Enfield imply in the last paragraph
A.Many cultures do not emphasize thankfulness.
B.Thankfulness might not be expressed in words.
C.Small communities prefer to thank close friends.
D.The negative effects of thanking should be avoided.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Nick Enfield,lead researcher of...a word for ‘thank you’.”及Nick Enfield的话可知,Nick Enfield指出世界上大多数语言没有“谢谢”这个词。考虑到感谢亲戚的负面影响以及很多语言使用者在小群体中彼此熟悉,这种说法是合乎情理的,由此可以推断出他暗示感激可能不是通过言语来表达的,故选B项。]
(2026·济南市高三模拟考试)
It’s a classic complaint in relationships,especially romantic ones,“She said she was okay with me forgetting her birthday!Then why is she throwing dishes in the kitchen Are the two things related ”
The answer is munication is more than words.It’s how those words are said,the tone,the order,even the choice of a particular word.It’s multi-dimensional,as explored by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber in Meaning and Relevance.Consider the following example:Peter got angry and Mary left; Mary left and Peter got angry.Though they’re identical in words,their meanings differ completely.The first one may have us thinking:Wow,Peter wants more from Mary.The second sentence suggests that Peter must get angry often if Mary leaves.Same words—a totally different context.
Human language is not a code (代码).True codes have a one-to-one relationship with meaning.One sound,one definition.This is what we see with animals.Wilson and Sperber explain that “coded communication works best when emitters (发出者) and receivers share exactly the same code”.Not so for humans.We communicate more than the definitions of our words.This is inferential communication,and it means that we understand not only the words spoken,but the context in which they are spoken.
Irony (反语) is a great example of how powerfully we can communicate context with a few simple words.It is more than just stating the opposite.For example,when Mary says,after a boring party,“That was fun”,she is neither saying literally that the party was fun nor saying “ironically” that the party was boring.Rather,she is expressing an emotion.Three words replace paragraphs,showcasing language’s efficiency.
Wilson and Sperber concluded that human language developed and became so powerful because of two unique abilities of humans:language and the power to try to interpret mental states of others.We look for context for the words we hear.And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人类沟通的多维度特性,强调语境在理解言语中的重要性,并通过反语的例子说明了语言的高效性。
5.What does the complaint in paragraph 1 mainly indicate
A.The inconsistence between words and meaning.
B.The importance of remembering vital moments.
C.The necessity of straightforward communication.
D.The unavoidability of argument in a couple’s life.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第一段可知,尽管女生说她对忘记生日没有意见,但她的行为(摔盘子)表明她实际上并不高兴。这表明言语和实际意义之间存在差异。故选A项。]
6.What may make human language different from true codes
A.The context included in understanding meanings.
B.The definitions made by words in communication.
C.The coded communication between emitters and receivers.
D.The one-to-one relationship between words and meanings.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This is inferential communication...in which they are spoken.”可知,理解意义时所包含的语境使人类语言不同于真正的编码。故选A项。]
7.How does Mary’s statement “That was fun” illustrate irony
A.It simplifies language to save time.
B.It covers the true feelings of people.
C.It needs wordy explanations to make sense.
D.It uses fewer words for complex meanings.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段,尤其是其中的“Three words replace paragraphs,showcasing language’s efficiency.”可知,玛丽的“那很有趣”用更少的词表达了她既不认为派对有趣又不认为派对无聊的情感,展示了语言的效率。故选D项。]
8.What does the author suggest in communication
A.Focusing on the opposite.
B.Taking language literally.
C.Reading beyond the words.
D.Avoiding using ironic tones.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“We look for context for the words we hear.And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.”可推知,作者认为沟通不仅仅是理解词汇的字面意思,而是还要理解说话时的语境。故选C项。]
(2026·沈阳市高中三年级教学质量监测)
Traditional methods employed for the diagnosis(诊断) of mental-health conditions require that patients engage in direct communication with a doctor.While these methods appear sensible in theory,such assessments can,in practical terms,extend over a period of several months,and furthermore,the diagnoses are ultimately subject to a degree of subjectivity.
It is precisely for this reason that scientists are actively involved in experimental efforts to automate this diagnostic process.For instance,large language models (LLMs) possess the capacity to analyze literally recorded interviews in search of speech patterns and contextual clues indicating psychological disorders.However,text-based AI has its limitations.Cultural distinction,language barriers,and varying levels of fluency in language can impact the results.It has also been demonstrated that LLMs have a tendency to mirror the linguistic discriminations in society.In one study,an LLM failed to diagnose depression in black patients compared with white patients.
Consequently,the novel methods currently under development do not focus on individual words but on the way those words are spoken.An AI model,for example,is intended to detect slight changes in a patient’s voice.The researchers assume that individuals with depression may possess distinctive ways of speaking that are not very noticeable for the human to detect.
The system uses “pre-training”,a technique by which the model is initially exposed to vast quantities of general speech,to help it recognize complex speech patterns.These patterns might include variations in rhythm,pitch(音高) variability and voice quality that human can rarely catch.This pre-training acts as a linguistic tuning fork,enabling the system to pick out complex variations in speech that might potentially signal depression,without the necessity of comprehending the words themselves.Subsequently,the researchers adjusted,or “fine-tuned” this general-purpose system specifically for the detection of depression with the aid of recordings of patients with depression.This method was 95% accurate when tasked with categorizing its severity based on one clinical rating extent.
Diagnosis,though valuable,is only the first step.Different people with the same condition often require customized treatments for the symptoms(症状) they find most troubling.The next step for this promising technology seems self-evident—build AI models that can help doctors personalize the treatments they give to patients.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何利用人工智能技术,特别是语言模型,来改善心理健康状况的诊断过程。
9.What’s the challenge text-based AI faces in paragraph 2
A.It cannot deeply analyze speech patterns.
B.It cannot reflect linguistic discriminations.
C.It cannot correctly recognize contextual clues.
D.It cannot avoid influences from linguistic factors.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“However,text-based AI has its limitations.Cultural distinction,language barriers,and varying levels...the linguistic discriminations in society.”可知,基于文本的AI有其局限性。文化差异、语言障碍以及语言流利程度的不同都可能影响结果。此外,大型语言模型有反映社会中语言歧视的倾向。由此可知,基于文本的AI会受到多种语言因素的影响。故选D。D项的“linguistic factors”指的是文中的“language barriers”“varying levels of fluency in language”和“linguistic discriminations”。]
10.Why is there pre-training on vast quantities of general speech
A.To recognize complex word patterns.
B.To pick out variations in symptoms.
C.To identify complicated voice patterns.
D.To understand the words themselves.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第四段的“The system uses ‘pre-training’...to help it recognize complex speech patterns.”可知,“预训练”技术最初接触大量的普通语音,以帮助其识别复杂的语音模式。故选C。C 项的“complicated voice patterns”与文中的“complex speech patterns”是同义互换。]
11.How will the AI-based technology further develop
A.It will promote its accuracy.
B.It will offer tailored treatments.
C.It will diversify its functions.
D.It will provide a personal diagnosis.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The next step for this promising technology seems self-evident...personalize the treatments they give to patients.”可知,基于AI的技术的下一步是构建能够帮助医生为患者进行个性化治疗的AI模型。故选B。B项的“tailored”与文中的“personalize”是同义转换。]
12.What can be the best title for the text
A.Promising AI Treatment
B.Diagnosing Mental Disorders with AI
C.Language Models with AI
D.Applying AI to Mental Health Treatment
答案　B　[标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了如何利用人工智能技术,特别是语言模型,来改善心理健康状况的诊断过程。探讨了传统诊断方法的局限性,以及新兴AI技术在诊断中的应用和发展。B项“用AI诊断心理疾病”作本文标题最佳。]
Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分)
(2026·南京、盐城市高三第一学期调研测试)
Achieve Success in Journalistic
News Writing
No book,article or blog post can turn an ambitious writer into a successful journalist.All that it can do is help the writer learn to write.The primary skill in learning to write is practice.　1　 Among the most convenient subjects are the events and news in the world around us.Such topics are what skilled journalists write about,and that is why we call this form of writing “journalistic writing”.
Journalistic writing is not special literary gymnastics that requires a special talent and an expansive vocabulary.　2　 It uses language to tell what is going on in the world.As such,it requires no special talent beyond seeing and understanding what is taking place around us,to grasp its significance and relation to other events,and to tell others what we have seen and heard.
　3　 One of the chief characteristics is timeliness and relevance.It has little time to talk about the past,except in comparison with the present.It has little time to foretell the future,except in pointing out the significance of the present.Its subject is today.It is primarily concerned with facts.The writer considers himself a recorder of the things other persons are doing and thinking.
Another basic part of journalistic writing is that the writer prepares it for a definite purpose.Some writers,like novelists,write to use beautiful words and sentences.　4　 However,the writer who favors a journalistic style uses English simply to tell what he has seen and heard; he realizes that his readers care more for the things he tells than for the way in which he tells and expresses them.
Success in journalistic writing demands two important skills.One is the inborn skill to see and understand.The other is the skill to tell what the writer has seen in a way that makes the reader see the same thing.　5　 If the writer is eager to excel,he must expand his knowledge and education so he can better understand and evaluate the things he sees and hears.
A.It will not do them any good to write news items.
B.To these imaginative literary writers,they favor expression.
C.To practice writing,one must have something to write about.
D.An ambitious writer can develop both skills if he lacks them.
E.The writer must write it now or never-without giving up quality.
F.Journalistic writing differs mainly in its subject matter and purpose.
G.Instead,it is the plainest,most reserved form of English composition.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了成功的新闻写作需要的技能。
1.C　[空前一句提到学习写作的首要技能是练习,空后一句提到其中最方便的主题是我们周围世界的事件和新闻。C项“要练习写作,一个人必须有东西可写。”承上启下,符合语境。其中的practice是原词复现。]
2.G　[根据上文可知,新闻写作不是一种特殊的文学技巧展示,不需要特殊的才能和丰富的词汇。G项“相反,它是最朴素、最含蓄的英语写作形式。”与上句对应。]
3.F　[段落主旨句。该段主要讲述了新闻写作的主要特征之一就是时效性和相关性。新闻应该是关于现在的,其话题也应该是关于现在的并且是涉及事实的。下一段主要讲述了新闻写作的目的性。所以F项“新闻写作主要在主题和目的上有所不同。”可以概括本段,并合理地引出下一段。]
4.B　[根据空后的“However,the writer who favors a journalistic style uses English simply to tell what he has seen and heard”可知,B项“对于这些富有想象力的文学作家来说,他们更喜欢表达。”与后句构成转折关系,同时B项的“these imaginative literary writers”指代上文提到的“Some writers”。]
5.D　[根据空前的“Success in journalistic writing demands two important skills.”可知,D项“一个有抱负的作家即使缺乏这两种技能,也可以培养它们。”符合语境。其中的them指代上文的两种技能(two important skills)。]
二次精读
核心单词 A Para.1:logical adj.必然的,合乎情理的,合乎常理的　Para.2:casual adj.随便的,非正式的;(服装)休闲的,便装的;漫不经心的,随意的　Para.3:norm n.常态,正常行为;规范,行为标准
B Para.1:classic adj.有代表性的,典型的;最优秀的,第一流的　Para.2:multi-dimensional adj.多维度的　identical adj.完全同样的,相同的　Para.4:literally adv.按字面,字面上　emotion n.强烈的感情,激情,情感,情绪　Para.5:interpret v.把……理解为,领会;诠释,说明
C Para.2:capacity n.能力;容量　linguistic adj.语言的;语言学的　discrimination n.歧视;鉴别力,识别力,鉴赏力　Para.3:distinctive adj.有特色的,与众不同的　Para.4:subsequently adv.随后　categorize v.把……归类　Para.5:customized adj.定制的,用户化的　personalize v.使……个性化
七选五 Para.2:expansive adj.广泛的,全面的;广阔的,辽阔的,浩瀚的　Para.3:relevance n.相关性　Para.4:definite adj.清楚的,明显的;肯定的,确定的,不会改变的　Para.5:excel v.擅长,善于,突出
核心短语 A Para.1:place value on重视,看重　Para.4:in contrast相比之下
C Para.1:engage in从事;参加　be subject to易受……影响的;屈服于……,让步于…… Para.2:have a tendency to do倾向于做
熟词生义 C (1)mirror(Para.2)常用义:n.镜子　文章义:v.反映 例句:The music of the time mirrored the feeling of optimism in the country. 这个时期的音乐反映出这个国家的乐观精神。 (2)novel(Para.3)常用义:n.(长篇)小说　文章义:adj.新的,新颖的,新奇的 例句:She has suggested a novel approach to the problem. 她提议用新方法解决这个问题。
难句分析 C The system uses“pre-training”, quantities of general speech),(Para.4) 译文:该系统使用“预训练”技术,通过这种技术,该模型最初接触大量的普通语音,以帮助其识别复杂的语音模式。(共175张PPT)
UNIT 5　LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD
必修第一册
主题语境:语言学习
词句识记 体系构建
内
容
索
引
默写检测 盘点验收
核心突破 锤炼提升
能力考查 素养达标
读写培优 教考协同
课时作业
词句识记 体系构建
Ⅰ.阅读单词
1.billion num. 十亿
2.bone n. 骨头;骨(质)
3.shell n. 壳;壳状物
4.carve vt.& vi. 雕刻
5.semester n. 学期
6.petrol n.(NAmE gas) 汽油
7.subway n.(BrE underground) 地铁
8.apartment n.(especially NAmE) 公寓套房
9.pants n.[pl.](BrE) 内裤;短裤;(especially NAmE)裤子
Ⅱ.核心单词
1.attitude n. 态度;看法
2.system n. 体系;制度;系统
3.despite prep. 即使;尽管
[敲黑板]介词despit后接名词(短语);连词though/although后接句子。
4.factor n. 因素;要素
5.symbol n. 符号;象征
6.dynasty n. 王朝;朝代
7.dialect n. 地方话;方言
8.calligraphy n. 书法;书法艺术
Ⅲ.多义单词
1.native adj.出生地的;本地的;土著的n.本地人
①a native plant　　　　　　 本地植物
②meet the natives 遇到本地人
2.means n.方式;方法;途径
①a means of transportation 交通方式
②a means of success 成功的途径
[敲黑板]means单复数同形。
3.regard n.尊重;关注;问候vt.把……视为;看待
①gain regard 获得尊重
②special regard 特别关注
③regard it as a challenge 把它视为挑战
4.character n.文字;符号;角色;品质;特点
①Chinese characters 汉语文字
②mathematical characters 数学符号
③a heroic character 一个英雄角色
④a kind character 善良的品质
⑤describe nature characters 描述自然特点
5.affair n.公共事务;事件;关系
①national affairs 国家事务
②a public affair 公众事件
6.specific adj.特定的;明确的;具体的
①specific requirements 特定要求
②specific steps 明确的步骤
③a specific example 具体的例子
Ⅳ.派生单词
1.refer vi.　　　　 提到;参考;查阅
vt. 查询;叫……求助于
reference n. 指称关系;参考;提及;涉及;参考书目
[敲黑板]refer的过去式、过去分词、动词-ing形式分别为:referred、referred、referring;类似的有prefer、transfer等。
2.base vt. 以……为据点;以……为基础
n. 底部;根据
based adj. 以(某事)为基础的;以……为重要部分(或特征)的
basic adj. 基本的;基础的
basically adv. 从根本上说;基本上
basis n. 准则;方式;基础
3.variety n. (植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化
vary v. 不同;变化;改变
various adj. 不同的;各种各样的
4.major adj. 主要的;重要的;大的
n. 主修课程;主修学生
vi. 主修;专门研究
majority n. 大多数;大半
9.demand n. 要求;需求
vt. 强烈要求;需要
vi. 查问
demanding adj.苛求的;要求高的;费力的
10.description n. 描写(文字);形容
describe vt. 描述
11.relate vt. 联系;讲述
related adj. 有关系的;有关联的
relation n. 关系;亲属
relative n. 亲戚;同类事物
adj. 相对的
Ⅴ.短语词块
(一)核心短语
1.refer to 指的是;描述;提到;查阅
2.ups and downs 浮沉;兴衰;荣辱
3.date back (to...) 追溯到
4.play a(n)...role in 在……中起着……的作用
5.point of view 观点;看法
6.relate to 与……相关;涉及;谈到
(二)主题词块
1.read the classic works　 阅读经典作品
2.in ancient times 在古代
3.as an art form 作为一种艺术形式
4.Chinese calligraphy 中国书法
5.appreciate China’s culture and history 欣赏中国的文化和历史
6.bridge the gap between 消除……之间的隔阂
Ⅵ.教材佳句
1.Over the years,the system developed into different forms,as it was a time when people were divided geographically,leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.(when引导定语从句)
在随后的年代里,这一体系发展成了不同的形式,这是由于当时中国人居住地域的分隔,从而导致不同的方言和汉字变体的产生。
2.That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.(be+of+抽象名词)
这一书写体系对于中国人民和中国文化的统一具有重要意义。
3.Even today,no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak,they can all still communicate in writing.(“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句)
即使在今天,不论住在哪里,也不论说何种方言,中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
4....the more I learnt of a language,the more my brain would grow.(the+比较级...,the+比较级...)
……我对一门语言学得越多,我的智力就增长得越快。
5.When I started studying German,it was a struggle.The words felt strange on my tongue,and the grammar would not stay in my head.(心理描写)
当我开始学习德语时,那真是一场挣扎。单词在舌尖里说不出来,感觉很奇怪,语法也无法往脑子里记。
构词法日积月累
词尾为-ic的形容词变副词
加-ally basic基本的;根本的→basically基本上;根本上　specific具体的→specifically具体地　systematic系统的→systematically系统地 automatic自动的→
automatically自动地　enthusiastic热情的→enthusiastically热情地
scientific科学的→scientifically科学地　symbolic象征性的→symbolically象征性地　energetic精力充沛的→energetically精力充沛地
特殊变化 public公开的→publicly公众地
默写检测 盘点验收
Ⅰ.阅读单词
十亿
骨头;骨(质)
壳;壳状物
雕刻
学期
公寓套房
Step One　写一写
1.billion num. _______________
2.bone n. _______________
3.shell n. _______________
4.carve vt.& vi. _______________
5.semester n. _______________
6.apartment n.(especially NAmE) _______________
Ⅱ.核心单词
native
attitude
system
despite
factor
symbol
dialect
1.____________ adj.出生地的;本地的;土著的 n.本地人
2.____________ n.态度;看法
3.____________ n.体系;制度;系统
4.____________ prep.即使;尽管
5.____________ n.因素;要素
6.____________ n.符号;象征
7.____________ n.地方话;方言
8.____________ n.方式;方法;途径
9.____________ n.尊重;关注;问候 vt.把……视为;看待
10.____________ n.文字;符号;角色;品质;特点
11.____________ n.公共事务;事件;关系
12.____________ adj.特定的;明确的;具体的
13.____________ n.& vi.斗争;奋斗;搏斗 vi.艰难地行进
14.____________ n.舌头;语言
15.____________ n.词汇
means
regard
character
affair
specific
struggle
tongue
vocabulary
Ⅲ.派生单词
refer
reference
base
based
basic
basically
basis
1.____________ vi.提到;参考;查阅 vt.查询;叫……求助于→
____________ n.指称关系;参考;提及;涉及;参考书目
2.____________ vt.以……为据点;以……为基础 n.底部;根据→
____________ adj.以(某事)为基础的;以……为重要部分(或特征)的→
____________ adj.基本的;基础的→
____________ adv.从根本上说;基本上→
____________ n.准则;方式;基础
3.____________ v.不同;变化;改变→
____________ n.(植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化→
____________ adj.不同的;各种各样的
4.____________ adj.主要的;重要的;大的 n.主修课程;主修学生 vi.主修;专门研究→
____________ n.大多数;大半
5.____________ adj.传统的;最优秀的;典型的 n.经典作品;名著→
____________ adj.古典的;经典的;传统的
vary
variety
various
major
majority
classic
classical
6._______________________ n.球体;地球仪;地球→
_______________________ adj.全球的;全世界的;整体的;全面的→
_______________________ adv.全球地→
_______________________ n.全球化;全世界化
7._______________________ vt.欣赏;重视;感激;领会;意识到 vi.增值→
_______________________ n.欣赏;感激;感谢→
_______________________ adj.感激的;欣赏的
globe
global
globally
globalization/globalisation
appreciate
appreciation
appreciative
8.____________ n.同等的人;相等物 adj.相同的;同样的;平等的;相当的;能胜任的vt.与……相等,等于;比得上→
____________ n.平等;相等→
____________ adv.同样地;相等地;平均地→
____________ n.不平等
9.____________ n.要求;需求 vt.强烈要求;需要 vi.查问→
____________ adj.苛求的;要求高的;费力的
equal
equality
equally
inequality
demand
demanding
10.____________ vt.描述→
____________ n.描写(文字);形容
11.____________ vt.联系;讲述→
____________ adj.有关系的;有关联的→
____________ n.关系;亲属→
____________ n.亲戚;同类事物 adj.相对的
describe
description
relate
related
relation
relative
Ⅳ.重点短语
relate to
refer to
date back (to...)
观点;看法
浮沉;兴衰;荣辱
在……中起着……的作用
1.________________与……相关;涉及;谈到
2.________________指的是;描述;提到;查阅
3.________________追溯到
4.point of view _________________________
5.ups and downs _________________________
6.play a(n)...role in _________________________
Ⅴ.教材佳句默写
1.That writing system ____________________________________ in uniting the Chinese people and culture.
这一书写体系对于中国人民和中国文化的统一具有重要意义。
2.Even today,_____________________________________________________,
they can all still communicate in writing.
即使在今天,不论住在哪里,也不论说何种方言,中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
was of great importance
no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak
3....__________ I learnt of a language, _________________ my brain would grow.
……我对一门语言学得越多,我的智力就增长得越快。
the more
the more
Ⅰ.单词拼写
begged
Step Two　练一练
1.He ____________(恳求) for forgiveness after the mistake,hoping that his sincerity would be enough to earn back the trust of his friends.
2.Chinese ____________(文字) are not only a means of communication but also a ____________(象征) of culture.
3.He couldn’t believe the words that escaped his ____________(舌头),leaving him stunned and speechless.
characters
symbol
tongue
4.Her positive a____________ toward difficulties encouraged her classmates,who were __________(奋斗) with the same challenges.
5.Reading widely is an effective m______________ of improving ____________(词汇),which allows students to understand ____________(具体的) contexts.
6.Many r____________ failure as a chance to learn because they believe that mistakes are part of the learning process.
ttitude
struggling
eans
vocabulary
specific
egard
Ⅱ.用所给单词的正确形式填空
reference
appreciate;demand;describe;equal;globe;major;refer;vary
1.If you meet with the characters you don’t know,I strongly suggest that you refer to ____________books or turn to others for help.
2.The ____________of food at the festival was incredible,with dishes from different countries.
3.The ____________of students in our class voted to go to the museum for our trip.
variety
majority
4.Addressing ____________warming requires cooperation from all countries to reduce emissions.
5.I expressed my ____________for her help,which allowed me to complete the project on time.
6.Both teams played ____________well,making it difficult for the referee to decide who should win.
7.She had a ____________job,constantly challenging her skills and pushing her to improve.
8.The teacher gave a detailed ____________of the historical event,which helped us understand its significance.
global
appreciation
equally
demanding
description
Ⅲ.用所给短语的正确形式填空(其中有两个多余短语)
related to
date back (to...);play a(n)...role in;point of view;refer to;relate to;ups and downs
1.To raise awareness of environmental protection,a series of lectures ________________low-carbon life will be arranged.
2.I ________________the dictionary to check the meaning of a difficult word,and it helped me understand the passage much better.
referred to
3.The tradition of celebrating New Year’s Day ________________ancient times,when people believed that the start of a new year brought hope.
4.His ________________on the subject was quite different from mine,but we agreed to respect each other’s opinions.
dates back to
point of view
Ⅳ.教材佳句仿写
It is of great importance
1._______________________________________________for students to participate in extra-curricular activities as they help in building team spirit. (建议信;be+of+抽象名词)
学生参加课外活动非常重要,因为它们有助于培养团队精神。
2._______________________________________________, it’s essential to respect local customs and traditions. (建议信;“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句)
无论你身在何处,尊重当地的习俗和传统是很重要的。
3.____________________________________________during the exam, ____________________________________________ seemed to grow.
(the+比较级...,the+比较级...)
我越是在考试中保持冷静,我的焦虑似乎就越强烈。
No matter where you are
The more I tried to stay calm
the more my anxiety
Ⅴ.单元知识串记
to
阅读下面新情景,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Passage 1
Chinese culture,which dates back 1.________ the Xia Dynasty,is known for its rich 2.________ (vary) of traditions.Despite its ancient roots,these traditions continue to shape modern life.The attitude 3.___________ respect for ancestors is a major part of Chinese society.
variety
toward/to
People regard ancient texts as valuable references,often 4.____________ (refer) to them to understand the characters and philosophy of past dynasties.No matter 5.________ you go,the means to learn about this history are available in books and museums.
referring
where
Passage 2
Learning a new language is 1.____________ struggle that requires time and effort.The 2.____________ (describe) of this process often emphasizes the specific challenges learners face.The 3.____________ (much) you practice,the more your vocabulary grows,and the more you can appreciate the beauty of different cultures.The demand for language skills is increasing,and from my point of view,4.____________ (master) a foreign tongue is of great 5.________________ (valuable) as it helps us better understand people from different backgrounds.
a
description
more
mastering
value
核心突破 锤炼提升
No.1 夯实写作高频词汇
No.2 破解阅读障碍词汇
No.3 练透写作常用句式
1.refer vi.提到;参考;查阅 vt.查询;叫……求助于(reference n.指称关系;参考;提及,涉及;参考书目)
佳句背诵　
Obviously,it is highly recommended to refer to Xinhua Dictionary when you come across a challenging Chinese character.(建议信)
显然,当你遇到一个有挑战性的汉字时,强烈建议你参考《新华字典》。
No.1　夯实写作高频词汇
以练促学　语块填空/单句写作
①The guidelines provided by the teacher ________________________ (被参考) by all the students when they wrote their essays.
②Generally,the paper-cuts are used to decorate doors and windows,and thus sometimes __________________________________ Window Flower/Chuanghua.(传统文化)
剪纸通常用于装饰门窗,因此有时被称为窗花。
were referred to
they are referred to as
用法归纳
·refer to　　　　　　 指的是;描述;提到;查阅
refer...to... 把……送交给……;让(人)参考……
refer to...as... 把……称作……
·in/with reference to 关于
教考衔接　单句写作
③I am writing to ask for information ___________________________
what kinds of traditional Chinese cultures appeal to foreigners most.(求助信;2021·全国甲卷)
我写信想了解关于什么样的中国传统文化最吸引外国人的相关信息。
[点津]　refer的过去式、过去分词、动词-ing形式分别为:referred、referred、referring。
in/with reference to
2.base vt.以……为据点;以……为基础 n.底部;根据[based adj.以(某事)为基础的;以……为重要部分(或特征)的 basic adj.基本的;基础的 basis n.准则;方式;基础 basically adv.从根本上说;基本上]
佳句背诵　
Knowing that you are to visit a Chinese family this weekend,I am writing to inform you of some basic table manners.(告知信)
得知这个周末你要拜访中国家庭,我写信是想告诉你一些基本的餐桌礼仪。
以练促学　单句语法填空/语块填空
①On the ____________(base) of what you show,I firmly believe that you can be qualified for the position.
②Team members need to receive training after school every day and are also offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions ________________________(定期).
basis
on a regular basis
用法归纳
·base...on/upon...　　　 把……建立在……的基础上
·be based on/upon... 以……为基础
·on a daily/regular basis 每天/定期
on the basis of 在……的基础上
教考衔接　单句写作
③Firstly,your grouping strategy ____________________ randomness, rather than careful pairing where a weak student is grouped with a stronger one.(建议信;2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
首先,您的分组策略是基于随机性的,而不是仔细配对,即将一个较弱的学生与一个较强的学生分在一组。
is based on/upon
3.major adj.主要的;重要的;大的 n.主修课程;主修学生 vi.主修,专门研究 (majority n.大多数;大半)
佳句背诵　
The majority of tourists visit the Great Wall when they come to China,often taking countless photos to record the moment.(旅游)
大多数游客来到中国,都会去参观长城,他们通常会拍下无数照片来记录这一时刻。
以练促学　语块填空
①Vegetarians,though growing in number,are still not _______________ (占大多数) in our society.
②It’s not uncommon for students ____________________(主修) one field and then pursue a career in another.
in the majority
to major in
用法归纳
·major in　　　　　 主修……
·a/the majority of 大多数
in a/the majority 占大多数
教考衔接　语段训练
③China has experienced exceptional economic growth over the past decades.Its GDP has climbed sharply,and the country ___________________________________________________________ in global trade and investment.(现象介绍;2024·北京卷)
在过去的几十年里,中国经济经历了前所未有的增长。其GDP激增,中国已成为全球贸易和投资的主要伙伴。
has become a major partner
4.means n.方式;方法;途径(means单复数同形)
佳句背诵　
You’d better practice using chopsticks in advance,which is also a means of showing your good table manners.(建议信)
你最好事先练习用筷子,这也是展示你良好的餐桌礼仪的一种方式。
以练促学　语块填空/单句写作
①Ancient people recorded what had happened ____________________(借助……手段) carving varieties of symbols with specific meanings onto shells or bones.
②_________________________________________________________ without your generous help and guidance.(倒装句)
没有你的慷慨帮助和指导,我无论如何也不可能提高我的英语水平。
by means of
By no means can I improve my English
用法归纳
a means of　　 一种……的方法
by all means 可以;当然行;没问题
by means of 借助……手段;依靠……方法
by no means 绝不,无论如何也不,一点都不(置于句首时,句子要部分倒装)
教考衔接　语段训练
③As senior students,we can protect oceans in our own way.First, ___________________________________________________________, which has become a great threat to sea creatures.(短文投稿;2022·全国甲卷)
作为高中生,我们可以用自己的方式保护海洋。首先,尽一切办法与全球变暖作斗争,全球变暖已经成为对海洋生物的巨大威胁。
try every means to fight against global warming
片段巩固
用refer;base;major;means完成语言学习的应用文写作片段
写作提示:在学习一门新语言时:一方面,词汇量被称为基础;另一方面,学习的主要方式包括练习、口语和阅读
When we learn a new language,on the one hand,vocabulary is referred to as the base;on the other hand,the major means of learning involve practice,speaking,and reading.
5.appreciate vt.欣赏;重视;感激;领会;意识到 vi.增值(appreciation n.欣赏;感激;感谢 appreciative adj.感激的;欣赏的)
佳句背诵　
I would appreciate it if you could give me some practical advice on how to improve my oral English.(求助信)
如果你能给我一些关于如何提高我的英语口语的实用建议,我将非常感激。
以练促学　单句语法填空/语块填空
①I appreciate ____________(hear) your opinion about the book,as it gave me a new perspective on the story.
②I’m writing to _____________________________________________
(表达我的感激之情) for what you have done for me during my stay in London.
hearing
express/convey my appreciation
用法归纳
·appreciate (one’s) doing sth 喜欢/感激(某人)做某事
I would appreciate it if... 如果……我将不胜感激。
·express/convey one’s appreciation表达某人的感激之情
教考衔接　单句写作
③Overall,“Fun at my school” would bring a sense of fun and excitement to the magazine,which I think _______________________.
(建议信;2025·全国一卷)
总的来说,“我校趣事”栏目将为杂志注入趣味与活力,相信大家都会欣赏。
everyone will appreciate
6.struggle n.& vi.斗争;奋斗;搏斗vi.艰难地行进
佳句背诵　
Weak as she was,she struggled to her feet,continuing searching for assistance.(动作描写)
尽管很虚弱,她挣扎着站起来,继续寻找帮助。
以练促学　单句语法填空/单句写作
①I am struggling ________________(understand) the complex characters in this book so could you help me to interpret them
②___________________________________the right words;as a result, communicating in English ____________________________________.
(语言学习)
对他来说,选择正确的词语是很困难的,因此,用英语交流是一件困难的事情。
to understand
It is a struggle for him to choose
is a struggle
用法归纳
·It is a struggle (for sb) to do sth(对于某人而言)做某事真是难事
·struggle for... 为……而斗争/奋斗
struggle with/against sb/sth 与某人/某事做斗争
struggle to do sth 努力做某事
struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来
教考衔接　单句写作
③We talked for hours,not just about Toby,the dog,but about life,loss, and _______________________________________________________.
(2025·全国一卷)
我们聊了好几个小时,不仅仅谈论了狗狗托比,还分享了彼此生活中的经历、失去的痛楚,以及我们都曾面对过的艰难时刻。
the struggles we had both faced
7.equal n.同等的人;相等物 adj.相同的;同样的;平等的;相当的;能胜任的 vt.与……相等,等于;比得上(equality n.平等;相等 equally adv.同样地;相等地;平均地inequality n.不平等)
佳句背诵　
For another,be positive and cheerful,for your mental health is equal to your physical health.(建议信)
另一方面,要积极开朗,因为你的心理健康和身体健康一样重要。
以练促学　单句写作/一句多译
①I am convinced that I _______________________________________
for the Chinese painting exhibition.(申请信)
我确信我能胜任做这个中国绘画展的志愿者。
②在我看来,他在打篮球方面是无与伦比的。
→From my point of view,he ________________________in playing basketball.
→In my view,he ____________________________________________ in playing basketball.
→In my opinion,no one ________________in playing basketball.
am equal to being a volunteer
is without equal
has no equal
is equal to him
用法归纳
·be equal to (doing) sth　等于/胜任(做)某事
·equal sb/sth in (doing) sth
在(做)某事上比得过、敌得过某人/物
·be without equal=have no equal无与伦比
教考衔接　单句写作
③More importantly,it guarantees that students with various communication abilities ______________________________________
___________________________.(建议信;2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
更重要的是,它确保具有不同交流能力的学生有平等的机会来发展他们的语言技巧。
[联想]　表示“胜任……”的其他表达:
be up to;be fit for;be qualified for
have equal opportunities/chances to develop
their language skills
8.demand n.要求;需求 vt.强烈要求;需要 vi.查问(demanding adj.苛求的;要求高的;费力的)
佳句背诵　
Freshly baked bread is in great demand.People line up,eager to buy a warm loaf for breakfast.(场面描写)
新鲜出炉的面包需求量很大。人们排队,急于购买一条温暖的面包作为早餐。
以练促学　单句语法填空
①I demanded ________________(know) why they canceled the event without informing us.I thought it was unfair and expected better communication.
②The ____________(demand) teacher expects all assignments to be submitted on time and perfectly done.
to know
demanding
用法归纳
·be in (great) demand　　　　 需求量大
meet/satisfy one’s demand(s) 满足某人的需求
·demand to do sth 要求做某事
demand that...　要求……(从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略)
教考衔接　单句写作
③Because picking apples involved climbing trees,the farmers demanded that _____________________________________________.
(活动介绍;全国Ⅱ卷)
因为摘苹果需要爬树,农民们要求我们谨慎小心。
we (should) be cautious and careful
片段巩固
用appreciate;struggle;equal;demand完成语言学习的应用文写作片段
写作提示:理解语法方面有困难→听力和口语需要努力→它们需要同等的关注→如果你能给我一些建议,我将不胜感激
It is a struggle for me to understand difficult grammar.I know listening and speaking demand great efforts,and they require equal attention.I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice.
Ⅰ.一词多义/熟词生义
D
No.2　破解阅读障碍词汇
1.regard
A.n.尊重　B.n.关注　C.n.问候　D.vt.把……视为;看待
①Most people regard him as one of the greatest actors of our time for his work._____
②I have a very high regard for him because he is always kind to everyone,no matter what their background._____
A
③Give my regards to your parents when you see them this weekend.I hope they are doing well._____
④He showed great regard for the environment by recycling and conserving water regularly._____
C
B
2.relate to
A.与……相关;涉及　B.谈到　C.理解
①The reasons relate to a variety of factors,including reduced concentration,an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)_____
②Adults can’t relate to children because they often forget what it was like to be young.They may not understand the struggles children face in school or with their friends._____
③The second paragraph relates to the situation in Scotland._____
A
C
B
3.character
A.n.文字　B.n.符号　C.n.角色 D.n.品质　E.n.特点
① The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories,10 to 20 pages each,with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.(2025·全国一卷)_____
②The password must include at least one special character,such as an exclamation mark (感叹号)._____
C
B
③Each region of the country has its own distinct character,reflected in its culture and traditions._____
④The character of a true friend includes loyalty,kindness,and support._____
⑤The Chinese language has thousands of unique characters,each with its own meaning and pronunciation._____
E
D
A
4.major
A.adj.主要的;重要的;大的　B.n.主修课程
C.n.主修学生　D.vi.主修;专门研究
①Joanna Wright,a senior political science major,loves coffee and goes to the cafe at least six days a week.(2025·全国一卷)_____
②Minimize impact and maximize experience by skipping major holidays or rush hour.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)_____
C
A
③In fact,he inspires me to major in English in college,to be a bridge between China and the world._____
④I love painting very much.I started learning painting at an early age and chose painting art and history as my major in college._____
D
B
5.native adj.出生地的;本地的;土著的　n.本地人
Lisa is a native① of Australia,born and raised in Sydney.As a native② English speaker,she helps her friends improve their language skills.On weekends,she enjoys visiting native③ markets where she buys fresh produce from local farmers.Lisa also loves learning about the native④ traditions of the Aboriginal people,who are the original inhabitants of Australia.
__________________________________________________
①n.本地人 ②adj.出生地的 ③adj.本地的 ④adj.土著的
6.classic adj.传统的;最优秀的;典型的　n.经典作品;名著
The classic① novels we read in literature class are always interesting.Our teacher says that these books are considered the most excellent works because of their timeless stories and characters.She explains that a classic② example of bravery is seen in the book To Kill a Mockingbird.After class,I enjoy watching a movie,which is a classic③ from the 1950s,appreciating its historical value.
_______________________________________________
①adj.传统的;最优秀的 ②adj.典型的 ③n.经典作品
7.tongue n.舌头;语言
During the biology lesson,we learned that the tongue① helps us taste food and speak clearly.Later in the language class,we discussed how the word tongue can also mean a language.For example,English is my native tongue②.It was interesting to see how one word can have two different meanings.
_______________________________________________
①n.舌头 ②n.语言
8.“This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the dollars you earned and respect those who did the work,” he told me.___________
9.Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)________________
10.At the base is a rainforest.It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters,giving way to lands of low growing plants.___________
vt.珍惜
adj.整体的;全面的
n.底部
写出下列黑体词的词性和含义
①“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth.(2025·全国二卷)___________
adv.学术上
Ⅱ.构词法猜义
构词法 副词后缀-ly,-ally:形容词变副词一般加-ly;以-ic结尾的形容词,其变副词需要在后边加-ally
②With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden’s ecology can develop well.(2025·浙江1月卷)___________
③She enthusiastically accepted the invitation to the art exhibition,eager to see the creative works of local artists.___________
④The teacher explained the lesson energetically,using colorful pictures and examples to keep the students interested.______________
⑤When she walked into the room,the lights automatically turned on.The smart system in her house made everyday tasks more convenient and efficient.___________
adv.急剧地
adv.热切地
adv.精力充沛地
adv.自动地
1.句型公式:be+of+抽象名词
课本原句:That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.　这一书写体系对于中国人民和中国文化的统一具有重要意义。
佳句背诵　
From my point of view,keeping the balance between online learning and our life is of great importance.(发言稿;2021·全国乙卷)
在我看来,保持在线学习和我们生活的平衡非常重要。
No.3　练透写作常用句式
以练促学　同义句转换/单句写作
①The majority of students consider that watching English movie is beneficial to their English learning.
→The majority of students consider that watching English movie ________________their English learning.
②The advice you gave us _____________________________________,
without which we couldn’t have achieved our dreams.(感谢信)
你给我们的建议证明很有价值。没有它我们就不可能实现我们的梦想。
is of benefit to
proved to be of great value/be greatly valuable
用法归纳
“be of+抽象名词”相当于“be+形容词”,这一结构可以说明主语的性质。常见的抽象名词有importance、value、use、help、benefit、significance等,这些名词可用great、little、some、any、no、much等修饰,用以说明程度。
教考衔接　单句写作
③Furthermore,guzheng ______________________________________,
leading you to a fantastic world of music.(传统文化;2021·全国甲卷)
此外,古筝对中国民间音乐有着非常重要的意义,它将引领你进入一个奇妙的音乐世界。
④I hope these suggestions above ______________________________.
(建议信;北京卷)
我希望以上这些建议能对你有些帮助。
is of great significance to Chinese folk music
will be of some help to you
2.句型公式:“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句
课本原句:Even today,no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak,they can all still communicate in writing.
即使在今天,不论住在哪里,也不论说何种方言,中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
佳句背诵　
Whenever/No matter when you need help,I sincerely hope that you can get in touch with me without hesitation.(建议信)
无论你何时需要帮助,我真诚地希望你能毫不犹豫地联系我。
以练促学　单句写作
①I learned from the experience that____________________________
___________________,we hould try our best to solve them.(主旨升华)
我从这次经历中学到,无论遇到什么困难,我们都应该努力解决。
②__________________________________________________ should immediately hand it in to Mr.Johnson,our science teacher.(寻物启事)
谁如果找到了实验室的丢失钥匙,请立即交给我们的科学老师约翰逊先生。
whatever/no matter what
difficulties we meet
Whoever finds the missing key to the laboratory
用法归纳
no matter where/what在句中引导让步状语从句。
(1)“no matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。
(2)whatever、whoever、whichever、whomever既可引导名词性从句,也可引导让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句时,相当于no matter what/who/which/whom。
教考衔接　单句写作
③________________________________________________________, I think of the cold, wet and unforgettable evening when a stranger offered his trust and kindness to me!(主旨升华;2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
无论什么时候我看到这张照片,我就会想起那个寒冷、潮湿而又令人难忘的夜晚,一位陌生人给予我信任和善意!
Whenever/No matter when I see the photo
能力考查 素养达标
维度一　单元知识运用
1.I referred ____________my class notes to prepare for the chemistry quiz.
2.Just as the saying goes,“One tree doesn’t make a forest”;our success is based ____________cooperating with others.
3.I decided to major ____________psychology in the college because I am interested in understanding how people think and behave.
to
on/upon
in
4.The team communicated ____________means of video calls,as many members were working from different locations.
5.I would appreciate ____________if you could give me some advice on pronunciation.
6.I struggled ____________(finish) my homework on time because of all the distractions in the room.
7.His performance was equal ____________hers in the competition,both of them receiving high marks from the judges.
by
it
to finish
to
8.She demanded ____________(leave) early because she had an urgent appointment with the doctor.
9.Her opinion is of high ____________(valuable) in the decision-making process,as she has a lot of experience.
10.No matter ____________happens,I will always support my friends and stand by them.
to leave
value
what
维度二　单元知识拾遗
1.__________________ (中国书法),which 2.___________________ (追溯到) ancient times,3.________________________ (源自) China and reflects the country’s rich culture.4.________________________ (特定字符) used in this art form show 5.________________________ (深厚态度) language and 6.____________ (词汇).Many people tried to learn this beautiful skill,as it is recognized 7.____________ (全球范围内) for its elegance and precision.
Chinese calligraphy
dates back to
is native to
The specific characters
a deep attitude to/toward
vocabulary
globally
维度三　单元话题写作(建议信——语言学习)
根据提示,用本单元主题词汇或句式完成下面的写作
假定你在某外语学习交流网站看到很多外国友人发帖,寻求提高汉语的建议。请你写一篇帖文,提出一些实用的建议。
As for those who 1._______________________________________
(觉得学好中文是件难事),my advice may be helpful.
find it a struggle to learn Chinese well
As is always the case with other language learning,learning Chinese also 2.______________________________ (需要练习). Firstly, 3.___________________________ (至关重要;be+of+抽象名词) to read books that 4.___________________________ (与汉语相关).Moreover, 5.__________________________________________ (多和当地人交流). 6.________________________ (那是因为) the more you communicate with the natives in Chinese,7.____________________________ (你就会说得越流利).Aside from that,8.________________________ (同样重
demands practice
it’s of great importance
relate to Chinese
communicate more with the natives
That is because
the more fluently you will speak
equally important
要的) is to watch some Chinese films or TV programs.Last but not least,9._____________________________________________________ (无论你有什么困难,都要有积极的态度) learning Chinese.
Anticipating your comments.
take a positive attitude no matter what trouble you may have
读写培优 教考协同
Part Ⅰ　续写能力提升
Part Ⅱ　高考同源研探
Ⅰ.语料积累——情感细节描写:紧张
Part Ⅰ　续写能力提升
单 词 1.nervous adj.　　 紧张的
2.uneasy adj. 担忧的;不安的
3.uneasiness n. 担忧;不安
4.tense adj. 紧张的;焦虑的
5.tension n. 紧张;焦虑
词 块 1.with butterflies in one’s stomach 心里七上八下
2.one’s heart pounds wildly 心狂跳
3.palms sweat 手心冒汗
4.on pins and needles 如坐针毡
5.tremble nervously 紧张地颤抖着
6.one’s heart in one’s mouth 某人的心都提到嗓子眼儿了
7.one’s words trapped by one’s sudden nervousness
突如其来的紧张让某人说不出话来
词 块 8.pace back and forth 来回踱步
9.one’s mouth dries 口干舌燥
10.be overcome by extreme uneasiness 极度不安
11.awkward and nervous 又尴尬又紧张
12.a flood/wave of tension 一阵紧张
13.with uneasiness 不安地
14.a nervous glance 紧张的一瞥
Ⅱ.语料运用
(Ⅰ)补全句子
1._________________________________________________________,
_________________________________________________________,he was nearly breathless. (with复合结构;独立主格)
他心里七上八下,心狂跳,手心冒汗,几乎喘不过气来。
2.So violently did his heart beat that ___________________________.
(介词短语)
心跳如此剧烈,他感到如坐针毡。
With butterflies in his stomach
his heart pounding wildly and palms sweating
he felt on pins and needles
3.________________________________________________, I kept my head down and my eyes fixed on the floor.(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
我紧张地颤抖着,低着头,眼睛盯着地板。
4.________________________________________________, I didn’t move an inch,staring at what was happening.(独立主格)
我的心都提到嗓子眼儿了,我一动也不动,盯着眼前发生的一切。
Trembling nervously
My heart in my mouth
5.Facing the crowd,Jason felt a lump in his throat, _______________________________________________.(独立主格)
面对人群,杰森感到喉咙哽咽,突如其来的紧张让他说不出话来。
his words trapped by his sudden nervousness
(Ⅱ)补全语段
I paced back and forth
With butterflies in my stomach,my heart pounding wildly and palms sweating,1.____________________________________________ (我来回踱步;pace).When my name was called,so nervous was I that I felt my throat tighten,2.____________________ (口干舌燥) and my legs tremble uncontrollably.3._________________________________ (极度不安;过去分词短语作状语),I almost wanted to escape from the stage.However,I climbed onto the stage,my heart in my mouth.
my mouth dry
Overcome by extreme uneasiness
4.____________________________________ (又尴尬又紧张;形容词短语作状语),I forced a smile and glanced at the audience.Beyond my expectations,my performance went smoothly and the audience were on the edge of their seats,all applauding my performance.
Awkward and nervous
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D)
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds,from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
Part Ⅱ　高考同源研探
More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such as “f” and “v”,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐),making it hard to produce labiodentals,which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构),making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food became easier to chew at this point.The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age,with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.
真题再做
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类语音的发展与农业的发展及其所带来的饮食结构的变化有着密不可分的关系。
32.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A.Its variety. B.Its distribution.
C.Its quantity. D.Its development.
√
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Now a team of researchers...this trend arose.”可知,Damián Blasi研究的是这种趋势形成的方式和原因。根据前文可知,this trend指的是30多年前学者查尔斯发现在吃较软食物的群体中唇齿音更常见。由此可推知,Damián Blasi研究的是人类语音的发展,故选D项。
33.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B.They could not open and close their lips easily.
C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知,他们发现古代成年人的上下门牙是对齐的,很难发出唇齿音,而唇齿音是由下唇接触上牙发出的。之后,我们下巴的结构变成了咬合结构,这让我们更容易发出这样的声音。由此可知,他们的下巴构造使他们很难发出唇齿音,故选C项。
34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
√
解析　段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知,对语言数据库的分析也证实,新石器时代之后,国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。第五段主要列举了一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据,故选A项。
35.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A.It is key to effective communication.
B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C.It is a complex and dynamic system.
D.It drives the evolution of human beings.
√
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,Steven Moran认为:自从人类出现以来,我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定,今天我们发现的各种语音都是像生物变化和文化进化等事物相互作用的复杂产物。由此可推知,Steven Moran认为人类语音是一个复杂的动态系统,故选C项。
Step 1　理清行文脉络
新的语音出现
为什么出现
发出唇齿音
生理
变化和文化演化
Step 2　猜测障碍词汇(熟词生义/构词法)
1.Food became easier to chew at this point.___________
2.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age.___________
3.A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.___________________________
n.特定时期
n.语音;发音
adj.突破性的adj.与饮食有关的
4.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.___________
5....a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution...___________
n.狩猎采集者
adj.生物学的
课 时 作 业
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共30分)
(2026·合肥市高三第二次教学质量检测)
Among world languages,English places perhaps the highest value on the expressions of thanks,especially in formal and business settings.So it’s logical that English speakers tend to conflate the expression of thankfulness with the feeling of thankfulness.If somebody didn’t say “thanks”,we often think they must not have been very grateful.And yet,in English,“thank you” gets used so frequently that it can easily start to feel habitual.
But do we say it as much as we think in our casual interactions with family and friends A new research paper titled Universals and cultural diversity in the expression of gratitude suggests that no,we do not.
The research team behind the paper looked for expressions of thankfulness in daily informal interactions across eight languages:English,Italian,Polish,Russian,Lao,Cha’palaa,Murrinhpatha,and Siwu.The findings suggest the universal way in which thankfulness is expressed is not through giving thanks,but rather through participation in a social agreement in which mutual (相互的) assistance and working together are the norm.In fact,the practice of giving thanks seems to have little impact on the practice of mutual exchanges.The practice of giving thanks also varies culturally.
The practice of giving thanks also varies culturally.In India,for example,people—especially when they are your elders,relatives,or close friends—tend to feel that by thanking them,you’re weakening your closeness with them and creating a formality and distance that shouldn’t exist.In contrast,in England,expressing thankfulness through words is seen as a positive strengthening of relationships,promoting goodwill and connections.
Nick Enfield,lead researcher of the study,suggests that most of the 6,000 to 7,000 world languages don’t have a word for “thank you”.“When we consider the negative effects of thanking close relations alongside the fact that many languages are spoken in very small communities where speakers are likely to know each other,that claim starts to feel quite reasonable.”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。英语重视表达感谢,人们常混淆表达与感受。新研究发现,八种语言里表达感谢普遍靠互助合作,且不同文化对感谢看法不同。
1.What does the underlined word “conflate” in paragraph 1 mean
A.Compare. B.Replace.
C.Figure out. D.Mix up.
√
解析　词义猜测题。根据第一段的“So it’s logical that English speakers tend to conflate...If somebody didn’t say ‘thanks’,we often think they must not have been very grateful.”可知,说英语的人通常认为不说“谢谢”,就意味着不感激,即把表达感谢和感激的情感混为一谈,所以conflate应意为“混合”,mix up与其意思相近。
2.How do people express thankfulness universally according to the study
A.By saying thanks directly. B.By making social agreements.
C.By using body language. D.By helping and cooperating.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“The findings suggest the universal way...but rather through participation in a social agreement in which mutual (相互的) assistance and working together are the norm.”可知,研究表明,表达感激的普遍方式是通过参与一种社会协议,在这种协议中,相互帮助和共同努力是常态,而不是直接说谢谢,故选D项。
3.How do Indians view the practice of giving thanks to relatives
A.It weakens their bond. B.It reduces their social distance.
C.It enhances their connection. D.It promotes their mutual trust.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段的“In India,for example,people...and distance that shouldn’t exist.”可知,印度人认为向亲戚表达感谢会削弱彼此的亲密关系,故选A项。
4.What does Nick Enfield imply in the last paragraph
A.Many cultures do not emphasize thankfulness.
B.Thankfulness might not be expressed in words.
C.Small communities prefer to thank close friends.
D.The negative effects of thanking should be avoided.
√
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Nick Enfield,lead researcher of...a word for ‘thank you’.”及Nick Enfield的话可知,Nick Enfield指出世界上大多数语言没有“谢谢”这个词。考虑到感谢亲戚的负面影响以及很多语言使用者在小群体中彼此熟悉,这种说法是合乎情理的,由此可以推断出他暗示感激可能不是通过言语来表达的,故选B项。
(2026·济南市高三模拟考试)
It’s a classic complaint in relationships,especially romantic ones,“She said she was okay with me forgetting her birthday!Then why is she throwing dishes in the kitchen Are the two things related ”
The answer is munication is more than words.It’s how those words are said,the tone,the order,even the choice of a particular word.It’s multi-dimensional,as explored by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber in Meaning and Relevance.Consider the following example:Peter got angry and Mary left; Mary left and Peter got angry.Though they’re identical in words,their meanings differ completely.The first one may have us thinking:Wow,Peter wants more from Mary.The second sentence suggests that Peter must get angry often if Mary leaves.Same words—a totally different context.
Human language is not a code (代码).True codes have a one-to-one relationship with meaning.One sound,one definition.This is what we see with animals.Wilson and Sperber explain that “coded communication works best when emitters (发出者) and receivers share exactly the same code”.Not so for humans.We communicate more than the definitions of our words.This is inferential communication,and it means that we understand not only the words spoken,but the context in which they are spoken.
Irony (反语) is a great example of how powerfully we can communicate context with a few simple words.It is more than just stating the opposite.For example,when Mary says,after a boring party,“That was fun”,she is neither saying literally that the party was fun nor saying “ironically” that the party was boring.Rather,she is expressing an emotion.Three words replace paragraphs,showcasing language’s efficiency.
Wilson and Sperber concluded that human language developed and became so powerful because of two unique abilities of humans:language and the power to try to interpret mental states of others.We look for context for the words we hear.And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人类沟通的多维度特性,强调语境在理解言语中的重要性,并通过反语的例子说明了语言的高效性。
5.What does the complaint in paragraph 1 mainly indicate
A.The inconsistence between words and meaning.
B.The importance of remembering vital moments.
C.The necessity of straightforward communication.
D.The unavoidability of argument in a couple’s life.
√
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段可知,尽管女生说她对忘记生日没有意见,但她的行为(摔盘子)表明她实际上并不高兴。这表明言语和实际意义之间存在差异。故选A项。
6.What may make human language different from true codes
A.The context included in understanding meanings.
B.The definitions made by words in communication.
C.The coded communication between emitters and receivers.
D.The one-to-one relationship between words and meanings.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This is inferential communication...in which they are spoken.”可知,理解意义时所包含的语境使人类语言不同于真正的编码。故选A项。
7.How does Mary’s statement “That was fun” illustrate irony
A.It simplifies language to save time.
B.It covers the true feelings of people.
C.It needs wordy explanations to make sense.
D.It uses fewer words for complex meanings.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段,尤其是其中的“Three words replace paragraphs,showcasing language’s efficiency.”可知,玛丽的“那很有趣”用更少的词表达了她既不认为派对有趣又不认为派对无聊的情感,展示了语言的效率。故选D项。
8.What does the author suggest in communication
A.Focusing on the opposite. B.Taking language literally.
C.Reading beyond the words. D.Avoiding using ironic tones.
√
解析　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“We look for context for the words we hear.And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.”可推知,作者认为沟通不仅仅是理解词汇的字面意思,而是还要理解说话时的语境。故选C项。
(2026·沈阳市高中三年级教学质量监测)
Traditional methods employed for the diagnosis(诊断) of mental-health conditions require that patients engage in direct communication with a doctor.While these methods appear sensible in theory,such assessments can,in practical terms,extend over a period of several months,and furthermore,the diagnoses are ultimately subject to a degree of subjectivity.
It is precisely for this reason that scientists are actively involved in experimental efforts to automate this diagnostic process.For instance,large language models (LLMs) possess the capacity to analyze literally recorded interviews in search of speech patterns and contextual clues indicating psychological disorders.However,text-based AI has its limitations.Cultural distinction,language barriers,and varying levels of fluency in language can impact the results.It has also been demonstrated that LLMs have a tendency to mirror the linguistic discriminations in society.In one study,an LLM failed to diagnose depression in black patients compared with white patients.
Consequently,the novel methods currently under development do not focus on individual words but on the way those words are spoken.An AI model,for example,is intended to detect slight changes in a patient’s voice.The researchers assume that individuals with depression may possess distinctive ways of speaking that are not very noticeable for the human to detect.
The system uses “pre-training”,a technique by which the model is initially exposed to vast quantities of general speech,to help it recognize complex speech patterns.These patterns might include variations in rhythm,pitch(音高) variability and voice quality that human can rarely catch.This pre-training acts as a linguistic tuning fork,enabling the system to pick out complex variations in speech that might potentially signal depression,without the necessity of comprehending the words themselves.Subsequently,the researchers adjusted,or “fine-tuned” this general-purpose system specifically for the detection of depression with the aid of recordings of patients with depression.This method was 95% accurate when tasked with categorizing its severity based on one clinical rating extent.
Diagnosis,though valuable,is only the first step.Different people with the same condition often require customized treatments for the symptoms(症状) they find most troubling.The next step for this promising technology seems self-evident—build AI models that can help doctors personalize the treatments they give to patients.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何利用人工智能技术,特别是语言模型,来改善心理健康状况的诊断过程。
9.What’s the challenge text-based AI faces in paragraph 2
A.It cannot deeply analyze speech patterns.
B.It cannot reflect linguistic discriminations.
C.It cannot correctly recognize contextual clues.
D.It cannot avoid influences from linguistic factors.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段的“However,text-based AI has its limitations.Cultural distinction,language barriers,and varying levels...the linguistic discriminations in society.”可知,基于文本的AI有其局限性。文化差异、语言障碍以及语言流利程度的不同都可能影响结果。此外,大型语言模型有反映社会中语言歧视的倾向。由此可知,基于文本的AI会受到多种语言因素的影响。故选D。D项的“linguistic factors”指的是文中的“language barriers”“varying levels of fluency in language”和“linguistic discriminations”。
10.Why is there pre-training on vast quantities of general speech
A.To recognize complex word patterns.
B.To pick out variations in symptoms.
C.To identify complicated voice patterns.
D.To understand the words themselves.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段的“The system uses ‘pre-training’...to help it recognize complex speech patterns.”可知,“预训练”技术最初接触大量的普通语音,以帮助其识别复杂的语音模式。故选C。C 项的“complicated voice patterns”与文中的“complex speech patterns”是同义互换。
11.How will the AI-based technology further develop
A.It will promote its accuracy. B.It will offer tailored treatments.
C.It will diversify its functions. D.It will provide a personal diagnosis.
√
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The next step for this promising technology seems self-evident...personalize the treatments they give to patients.”可知,基于AI的技术的下一步是构建能够帮助医生为患者进行个性化治疗的AI模型。故选B。B项的“tailored”与文中的“personalize”是同义转换。
12.What can be the best title for the text
A.Promising AI Treatment
B.Diagnosing Mental Disorders with AI
C.Language Models with AI
D.Applying AI to Mental Health Treatment
√
解析　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了如何利用人工智能技术,特别是语言模型,来改善心理健康状况的诊断过程。探讨了传统诊断方法的局限性,以及新兴AI技术在诊断中的应用和发展。B项“用AI诊断心理疾病”作本文标题最佳。
Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分)
(2026·南京、盐城市高三第一学期调研测试)
Achieve Success in Journalistic News Writing
No book,article or blog post can turn an ambitious writer into a successful journalist.All that it can do is help the writer learn to write.The primary skill in learning to write is practice.　1　 Among the most convenient subjects are the events and news in the world around us.Such topics are what skilled journalists write about,and that is why we call this form of writing “journalistic writing”.
Journalistic writing is not special literary gymnastics that requires a special talent and an expansive vocabulary.　2　 It uses language to tell what is going on in the world.As such,it requires no special talent beyond seeing and understanding what is taking place around us,to grasp its significance and relation to other events,and to tell others what we have seen and heard.
　3　 One of the chief characteristics is timeliness and relevance.It has little time to talk about the past,except in comparison with the present.It has little time to foretell the future,except in pointing out the significance of the present.Its subject is today.It is primarily concerned with facts.The writer considers himself a recorder of the things other persons are doing and thinking.
Another basic part of journalistic writing is that the writer prepares it for a definite purpose.Some writers,like novelists,write to use beautiful words and sentences.　4　 However,the writer who favors a journalistic style uses English simply to tell what he has seen and heard; he realizes that his readers care more for the things he tells than for the way in which he tells and expresses them.
Success in journalistic writing demands two important skills.One is the inborn skill to see and understand.The other is the skill to tell what the writer has seen in a way that makes the reader see the same thing.　5　 If the writer is eager to excel,he must expand his knowledge and education so he can better understand and evaluate the things he sees and hears.
A.It will not do them any good to write news items.
B.To these imaginative literary writers,they favor expression.
C.To practice writing,one must have something to write about.
D.An ambitious writer can develop both skills if he lacks them.
E.The writer must write it now or never-without giving up quality.
F.Journalistic writing differs mainly in its subject matter and purpose.
G.Instead,it is the plainest,most reserved form of English composition.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了成功的新闻写作需要的技能。
1.C　[空前一句提到学习写作的首要技能是练习,空后一句提到其中最方便的主题是我们周围世界的事件和新闻。C项“要练习写作,一个人必须有东西可写。”承上启下,符合语境。其中的practice是原词复现。]
2.G　[根据上文可知,新闻写作不是一种特殊的文学技巧展示,不需要特殊的才能和丰富的词汇。G项“相反,它是最朴素、最含蓄的英语写作形式。”与上句对应。]
3.F　[段落主旨句。该段主要讲述了新闻写作的主要特征之一就是时效性和相关性。新闻应该是关于现在的,其话题也应该是关于现在的并且是涉及事实的。下一段主要讲述了新闻写作的目的性。所以F项“新闻写作主要在主题和目的上有所不同。”可以概括本段,并合理地引出下一段。]
4.B　[根据空后的“However,the writer who favors a journalistic style uses English simply to tell what he has seen and heard”可知,B项“对于这些富有想象力的文学作家来说,他们更喜欢表达。”与后句构成转折关系,同时B项的“these imaginative literary writers”指代上文提到的“Some writers”。]
5.D　[根据空前的“Success in journalistic writing demands two important skills.”可知,D项“一个有抱负的作家即使缺乏这两种技能,也可以培养它们。”符合语境。其中的them指代上文的两种技能(two important skills)。]
二次精读
核心单词 A Para.1:logical adj.必然的,合乎情理的,合乎常理的　Para.2:casual adj.随便的,非正式的;(服装)休闲的,便装的;漫不经心的,随意的　Para.3:norm n.常态,正常行为;规范,行为标准
B Para.1:classic adj.有代表性的,典型的;最优秀的,第一流的　Para.2:multi-dimensional adj.多维度的　identical adj.完全同样的,相同的　Para.4:literally adv.按字面,字面上　emotion n.强烈的感情,激情,情感,情绪　Para.5:interpret v.把……理解为,领会;诠释,说明
核心单词 C Para.2:capacity n.能力;容量　linguistic adj.语言的;语言学的　discrimination n.歧视;鉴别力,识别力,鉴赏力　Para.3:distinctive adj.有特色的,与众不同的　Para.4:subsequently adv.随后　categorize v.把……归类　Para.5:customized adj.定制的,用户化的　personalize v.使……个性化
七选五 Para.2:expansive adj.广泛的,全面的;广阔的,辽阔的,浩瀚的　Para.3:relevance n.相关性　Para.4:definite adj.清楚的,明显的;肯定的,确定的,不会改变的　Para.5:excel v.擅长,善于,突出
核心短语 A Para.1:place value on重视,看重　Para.4:in contrast相比之下
C Para.1:engage in从事;参加　be subject to易受……影响的;屈服于……,让步于…… Para.2:have a tendency to do倾向于做
熟词生义 C (1)mirror(Para.2)常用义:n.镜子　文章义:v.反映
例句:The music of the time mirrored the feeling of optimism in the country.
这个时期的音乐反映出这个国家的乐观精神。
(2)novel(Para.3)常用义:n.(长篇)小说　文章义:adj.新的,新颖的,新奇的
例句:She has suggested a novel approach to the problem.
她提议用新方法解决这个问题。
难句分析 C The system uses“pre-training”,
quantities of general speech),
(Para.4)
译文:该系统使用“预训练”技术,通过这种技术,该模型最初接触大量的普通语音,以帮助其识别复杂的语音模式。
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