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语法突破
专题一　名词、数词和主谓一致
名词
考点一　名词的数
1. afternoons　2. times　3. favourites/favorites　4. themes
5. treasures　6. interviews　7. Activities　8. chopsticks
9. seasons　10. causes　11. dishes
考点二　词性转换
1. guidance　2. strategic/strategical　3. central　4. absence
5. solution　6. engineering　7. richness　8. visibility
9. criticism　pletion　11. arrival　12. protection　13. development　14. curiosity　15. interest
考点三　名词所有格
1. people's　2. son's　3. hours'　4. country's　5. China's
主谓一致
1. tries　2. is　3. is　4. walks　5. were　6. were
7. means; is constructed　8. are
专题二　冠词与代词
冠词
1. the　2. a　3. the　4. the　5. a　6. the　7. A　8. the
9. the　10. a　11. the　12. a
代词
考点一　人称、物主、反身代词
1. myself　2. its　3. their　4. its　5. mine　6. them
考点二　不定代词
1. ones　2. neither　3. both　4. either
考点三　it的用法
1. it　2. it　3. it　4. It
专题三　形容词与副词
考点一　形容词
1. functional　2. tasty　3. confident　4. meaningful
5. daily　6. wealthy　7. traditional　8. energetic
考点二　副词
1. digitally　2. Basically　3. rarely　4. eventually
5. extremely　6. finally　7. Recently
考点三　形容词/副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1. largest　2. highest　3. higher　4. longer　5. loudest
6. worse
专题四　介词与连词
介词
考点二　其他常用介词
1. by　2. for　3. on/upon　4. as　5. to　6. by　7. for
8. for
考点三　介词短语
1. to　2. with　3. by　4. as　5. in　6. to　7. with　8. to
连词
考点一　连词的分类
1. and　2. and　3. and　4. or　5. and　6. or　7. and
8. and　9. but　10. and
专题五　动词的时态和语态
考点一　现在时
1. have started　2. has walked　3. suits　4. have been practising　5. have made
考点二　过去时
1. wished　2. addressed　3. was painted　4. touched　
5. had discovered　6. was driving
考点三　将来时
1. will be rewarded　2. will be refused　3. will be writing　4. will have saved
考点四　动词的语态
1. are revealed　2. was built　3. be offered　4. was amazed
5. were invited　6. had been trapped
专题六　非谓语动词
考点一　非谓语动词作主语和表语
1. closed　2. to walk　3. Learning　4. Travelling
考点二　非谓语动词作宾语
1. to present　2. returning　3. to bite　4. recording
5. spending　6. noting　7. looking
考点三　非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1. to be lifted　2. decorated　3. walking　4. recognizing
5. to stay
考点四　非谓语动词作状语
1. to give　2. to find　3. Recalling　4. to benefit
5. Having visited　6. planning　7. To strengthen
8. to plant　9. to promote　10. To enjoy
考点五　非谓语动词作定语
1. to discover　2. left　3. inspired　4. designed　5. visiting
6. to journey　7. held　8. fried　9. to retire　10. spent
专题七　名词性从句
考点一　主语从句
1. What　2. whether　3. how　4. whoever　5. Whatever
考点二　宾语从句
1. what　2. whether
考点三　表语从句
1. what　2. why　3. how　4. that　5. what
考点四　同位语从句
1. that　2. that　3. that
专题八　定语从句
考点一　关系代词引导的定语从句
1. which　2. which　3. that/which　4. who　5. that/which
6. as　7. which/that　8. who　9. which　10. whose
11. who/that　12. which　13. which/that　14. who/that　15. that
考点二　关系副词引导的定语从句
1. where　2. where　3. where　4. when　5. where
6. when　7. where　8. where
专题九　并列句与状语从句
并列句
1. and　2. but/yet　3. or　4. but
状语从句
考点一　时间状语从句
1. When/As　2. until　3. As　4. before
考点二　地点状语从句
1. where　2. wherever
考点四　条件状语从句
1. unless　2. If
考点五　让步状语从句
1. although/though　2. However
考点六　目的状语从句和结果状语从句
1. so that　2. so　3. so that
专题十　虚拟语气与特殊句式
考点一　虚拟语气
1. wouldn't be　2. would have had　3. had　4. Were　
5. had told
考点二　倒装句
1. should　2. did　3. lies　4. came
考点三　强调句
1. that　2. that　3. that
考点四　省略句
1. feeding　2. so★★★★★(8年29考)
考点一　名词的数★★★★(8年10考)
1. 可数名词变复数
类型 说明 示例
规则变化 一般在词尾直接加-s celebration→celebrations(庆典)　interview→interviews(面试)
以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的，一般在词尾加-es loss→losses(损失)　mailbox→mailboxes(邮箱)coach→coaches(教练)　bush→bushes(灌木丛)
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，变 y 为 i，再加-es hobby→hobbies(业余爱好)
以“元音字母＋y”结尾，一般直接加-s survey→surveys(调查)
以-f或-fe结尾，多数变 f/fe 为 v，再加-es shelf→shelves(架子)　housewife→housewives(家庭主妇)特殊：belief→beliefs(信念)　proof→proofs(证据)
以-o结尾，大多加-s，少数加-es piano→pianos(钢琴)　特殊：hero→heroes(英雄)加-es口诀：黑人(Negro)是英雄(hero)，爱吃土豆(potato)和西红柿(tomato)
不规则变化 单复数同形 sheep(绵羊)　series(系列)　species(物种)　means(手段)
特殊变化 child→children(孩子)　criterion→criteria(标准)medium→media(传播媒介)　bacterium→bacteria(细菌)phenomenon→phenomena(现象)　datum→data(数据)
合成名词变复数1. 有中心名词：在中心词后加-s2. 无中心名词：在词尾加-s3. 含man/woman：两部分都变复数 son-in-law→sons-in-law(女婿)grown-up→grown-ups(成人)man doctor→men doctors(男医生)
【特别提醒】　一些短语中的名词只用复数形式，如in high/low spirits(情绪高涨/低落)、burst into tears (突然大哭起来)、make preparations for(为……做准备)、shake hands with (与……握手)、in ruins(严重受损)、in rags(衣衫褴褛)。
2. 不可数名词
要点 规则说明 示例
概念 一般包含物质名词和抽象名词，无复数形式 物质名词：water水　　　　　rice米饭　　　　furniture家具抽象名词：happiness幸福　　 success成功　　 knowledge知识
量的表达 常用修饰词 some milk一些牛奶　　　　　　　much money许多钱a little time一点时间　　 a lot of energy大量精力plenty of rain充足的雨水　　 a great deal of information 大量信息an amount of work一定量的工作　　 a sum of money一笔钱
“单位词＋of”结构表示具体数量 单数单位词：a piece of furniture一件家具　a pair of glasses一副眼镜a set of equipment一套设备复数单位词：three pieces of paper三张纸　two sets of furniture两套家具five articles of clothing五件衣服
抽象名词具体化 抽象名词与不定冠词a/an连用 comfort(安慰)→a comfort令人感到安慰的人(或事物)success(成功)→a success成功的人(或事物)pleasure(愉快)→a pleasure乐事failure(失败)→a failure失败的人(或事物)
【特别提醒】　
1. “of＋抽象名词”相当于对应形容词，可修饰名词或作表语，如of great importance＝very important(非常重要)、of great use＝very useful(很有用)、of no value＝valueless(毫无价值)。
2. a/an＋(形容词＋)抽象名词，如at a loss(不知所措)、in a mess(乱七八糟)、a waste of time/money(浪费时间/金钱)、have a population of(有……人口)、have a good command of(精通)。
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2025新Ⅱ)The sun-dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live,thanks to the absence of smog and plenty of blue sky (afternoon) with lots of fresh air.
2. (2025浙1)As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer (time),clothing rental services have become increasingly popular.
3. (2024新Ⅰ)These plants included modern Western (favourite) such as rosemary,lavender and fennel.
4. (2024新Ⅱ)Although they could never have met,there are common (theme) in their works,said Paul Edmondson,head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
5. (2024甲)They are (treasure) of American heritage(遗产)．
6. (2023新Ⅱ)They also need to be ready to give (interview) in English with international journalists.
7. (2021乙) (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
8. (2020Ⅰ)Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with (chopstick)．
9. (2020浙江)Later,they learned to work with the (season),planting at the right time.
10. (2018Ⅰ)A mere five to ten minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause).
11. (2018浙江)Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
考点二　词性转换★★★★(8年19考)
1. 形容词转换为名词
后缀 示例
-cy efficient→efficiency效率　fluent→fluency流利　accurate→accuracy准确性　private→privacy隐私
-dom free→freedom 自由　　　wise→wisdom 智慧
-ness weak→weakness 弱点　　kind→kindness善良　careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th strong→strength力气　　long→length长度　　wide→width宽度　　　　　warm→warmth温暖
-ity popular→popularity流行　equal→equality平等　similar→similarity相似点
-age short→shortage不足
-ry brave→bravery勇敢
2. 动词转换为名词
后缀 示例
-al approve→approval赞成　arrive→arrival到来　survive→survival幸存　propose→proposal提议
-ance/-ence appear→appearance出现　　　　　　　perform→performance表演exist→existence存在　　 prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考　　 differ→difference 差异
-ion/-tion/-ation attract→attraction吸引　　　　　　　　　graduate→graduation毕业compete→competition比赛　　 invite→invitation邀请expect→expectation期待　　 explain→explanation解释
-sion discuss→discussion讨论　　　　decide→decision决定　　　　　admit→admission承认
-ing hear→hearing听力　　　　　begin→beginning开始
-ment achieve→achievement 成就　　argue→argument辩论　　　treat→treatment治疗judge→judgement判断
-ure/-ture fail→failure失败　press→pressure压力　expose→exposure暴露close→closure关闭　depart→departure离开　sign→signature签名mix→mixture混合；混合物
-y recover→recovery恢复　discover→discovery发现　deliver→delivery传送　injure→injury伤害
-age marry→marriage结婚 　post→postage邮资　pack→package包裹　use→usage用法
-er/-ee employ→employer雇主→employee雇员　interview→interviewer采访者→interviewee接受采访者
-or/-ar/-ress conduct→conductor指挥；售票员　beg→beggar乞丐　lie→liar说谎者act→actor演员→actress女演员
-ant apply→applicant申请人　assist→assistant助手participate→participant参与者　serve→servant仆人
-ive represent→representative代表　explode→explosive炸药
-th grow→growth生长
-ancy/-ency expect→expectancy预料　tend→tendency趋势
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2025新Ⅰ)You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your “ (guide)” till they lose.
2. (2025新Ⅰ)Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces,the beauty in the
(strategy) placement of the pieces,and the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings,sculptures,digitally generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition.
3. (2025新Ⅱ)Yet now,I live in the countryside of Zhejiang,China with my Chinese husband and his family,where bamboo and tea bushes(灌木) grow wild in the mountains,chickens are always free-range,and
(centre) heating doesn't exist.
4. (2025新Ⅱ)The sun-dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live,thanks to the
(absent) of smog and plenty of blue sky afternoons with lots of fresh air.
5. (2025浙1)Tanya's shop offers fashion clothes for women to rent rather than purchase them outright,providing a less expensive (solve) to one-time event dressing.
6. (2024新Ⅰ)The latest (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful.
7. (2024新Ⅰ)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design,to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing(追溯) the steps along the Silk Route which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the (rich) of gardening in England.
8. (2024新Ⅱ)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international (visible),said Edmondson.
9. (2024浙1)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the
(criticize) that they lead to waste.
10. (2024甲)They all agreed and vowed(发誓) to promote the idea at the (complete) of their journey.
11. (2023新Ⅱ)Since June 2017,right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas,Meng Meng and Jiao Qing,I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
12. (2022甲)Cao and Wu also collect garbage along the road,in order to promote environmental
(protect)．
13. (2021乙)It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveller to become educated about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics,and often provides money for conservation and benefits the (develop) of the local areas.
14. (2020Ⅲ)Filled with (curious),the artist packed his bags and left.
15. (2020Ⅰ)The far side of the moon is of particular (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山),more so than the familiar near side.
考点三　名词所有格
类型 用法 示例
-'s所有格 一般名词词尾加-'s Mike's computer(迈克的电脑)women's rights(妇女的权利)
以-s结尾的复数名词，一般只在词尾加-' the teachers' office(老师们的办公室)Dickens' novels(狄更斯的小说)
各自所有：每个名词后都加-'s共同拥有：在最后一个名词后加-'s Jane's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)Jane and Mary's bike(两人共有的自行车)
表示时间、距离、价格、国家、城市等的无生命名词，一般在词尾加-'s或-' the world's population(世界人口)ten minutes' walk(十分钟的步行路程)
表示店铺或某人的家时，常省略其后名词 at the doctor's(在诊所)my uncle's(我叔叔家)
of所有格 主要用于表示无生命名词的所属关系 the cover of the book(书的封面)the four legs of the chair(椅子的四条腿)
也可用于表示有生命名词的所属关系，尤其在主语较长或需要强调时 the death of Stalin(斯大林的逝世)the laws of Newton(牛顿定律)
双重所有格 名词＋of＋名词所有格/名词性物主代词 that car of John's(约翰的那辆车)a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，带有感彩，of前不能用the，但可用a、some、any、two等 a friend of my brother's(我弟弟的一个朋友)some friends of mine(我的一些朋友)
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2025浙1)I really want to make this work for (people) lives today.
2. (2022新Ⅱ)“He saved my (son) life，” said Mrs Brown. “I don't know how to thank him.”
3. He goes to work by car. His house is two (hour) drive from his office in the city.
4. Unlike older generations who might favour Western culture and brands,Chinese youth were born and raised when the (country) economy was taking off,so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture.
5. Among the Han people,which make up a vast majority of (China) total population,the passage into adulthood is no longer celebrated,except in those very traditional families.
★(8年1考)
考点一　基数词的用法
用法 示例
量词前有具体数目时不加-s不确定数目时加-s并与of连用 two dozen books(两打书)hundreds of people(数百人)
表示时间、距离等，可作形容词使用 a ten-minute walk/ten minutes' walk(十分钟的步行路程)
复数形式表示年代或年龄 in the 1990s(在20世纪90年代)　in his sixties(在他六十多岁时)
“名词＋基数词”用于编号、房间号、课程等 Lesson One(第一课)　　　　　　Room 201(201房间)
考点二　序数词的用法
构成和用法 示例
一般直接在基数词后加-th four→fourth(4th)　one hundred→one hundredth(100th)
以-ve结尾的基数词，先去-ve再加-fth five→fifth(5th)　twelve→twelfth(12th)
以-ty结尾的“整十”，变-y为-i再加-eth twenty→twentieth(20th)　thirty→thirtieth(30th)
不规则变化 one→first(1st)　two→second(2nd)three→third(3rd)　eight→eighth(8th)nine→ninth(9th)
表示两位数的数字时，仅将个位数变为序数词 twenty-one→twenty-first(21st)ninety-nine→ninety-ninth(99th)
“the＋序数词＋名词”表示“第几……” the first lesson(第一课)　the third chapter(第三章)
“a＋序数词＋名词”表示“再一，另一”(强调又一次或另一个) a second chance(又一次机会)　a third attempt(又一次尝试)a fifth cup of coffee(又一杯咖啡)
考点三　倍数表达法
结构 公式 示例
A是B的几倍(原级) ...times＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as The classroom is five times as large as our office.
A比B大几倍(比较级) ...times＋形容词/副词比较级＋than The classroom is four times larger than our office.
A是B的几倍(名词) ...times＋the＋名词＋of The classroom is five times the size of our office.
【特别提醒】　以上三种表达方式虽然结构不同，但是表达的意思相同，即“这个教室的面积是我们办公室的5倍”。第二种表达方式在理解和翻译时需特别注意。
考点四　其他数字表达法
类别 构成规则 示例
分数 分子(基数词)＋分母(序数词)分子大于1时，分母用复数 one third(1/3)　　　　　a quarter(1/4)two thirds(2/3)
百分数 数字＋per cent(%) forty per cent(40%)
年/月/日 月份＋日期(序数词)＋年份 December 25th,1999读作：December (the) twenty-fifth,nineteen ninety-nine
时刻 超过半小时用“half past＋整点”离整点少或多几分钟用to/past half past six(6：30)five to eight(7：55)
★★★★(8年13考)
考点一　坚持“三看”原则
1. 坚持“向前看”原则
在“A＋with(together with、along with、except、but、as well as、rather than、including、like)＋B＋谓语动词”中，谓语动词的人称和数与前面的A保持一致。
The father as well as his three children goes skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon.
那个父亲和他的三个孩子每周日下午都去结冰的河上滑冰。
2. 坚持“向后看”原则
在“either A or B、neither A nor B、not only A but also B、not A but B、A or B”结构中，谓语动词的人称和数与后面的B保持一致。
Not only the teacher but also the students are interested in the plan.
不但老师而且学生都对这个计划感兴趣。
3. 坚持“全体看”原则
在“A and B、both A and B”结构中，谓语动词的人称和数与“A＋B”保持一致。
The headmaster and the student are discussing how to set up a reading club.
校长和那个学生正在讨论如何成立一个读书俱乐部。
1. 在A and B结构中，若B前面无冠词，则指同一个人，此时谓语动词仍用单数。
A poet and artist is coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.
一位诗人兼艺术家明天下午要来给我们讲中国文学和绘画。
2. 当and连接的两个单数名词分别被every、each、no修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数。
Each boy and each girl wants to see the famous film star. 每个男孩和每个女孩都想看那位著名的电影明星。
考点二　坚持“一分为二”原则
1. group、class、band、family、army、team、public、crowd、government、audience、committee等集合名词作主语时，如果看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调整体中的每个成员，谓语动词用复数。
His family is a big one and his family are fond of listening to pop songs.
他的家庭是一个大家庭，他的家人都喜欢听流行歌曲。
2. 当“the rest(some、half、a lot、plenty of、any、part、most、majority) of＋名词”作主语时，如果修饰可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
Half of the money was paid for the new dictionary. 一半的钱用于买新词典。
Half of the students are for the new plan. 一半的学生赞成新计划。
3. 当分数、百分数作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由其修饰的名词的数决定。
The population of the city is about one million,and 60 per cent of them are farmers.
这个城市的人口大约有一百万，其中百分之六十是农民。
The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one third were used regularly.
该公司有大约20台笔记本电脑，但只有三分之一是经常使用的。
考点三　坚持“实事求是”原则
1. people(人民)、police(警方)、cattle(牛)等词本身就是复数概念，谓语动词要用复数形式。
The police are puzzled about the strange case. 警方对这个奇怪的案件感到困惑。
注意：当people表示“民族”时，是可数名词，其复数形式是peoples。
2. 成双成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如trousers、shoes、glasses、gloves等；但前面若有a pair of等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
My trousers were made in China. 我的裤子是中国制造的。
Strange enough,a pair of new trousers was found in the rubbish. 奇怪的是，在垃圾中发现了一条新裤子。
3. 一些单复数相同的名词，谓语动词的形式根据具体情况确定，如deer、sheep、fish、means、series、species等。
Every possible means has been tried to do the work. 已经尝试了一切可能的方法来做这项工作。
All the possible means have been tried to do the work. 为了做这项工作，所有可能的方法都试过了。
4. 有些名词本身以-s结尾，但表示单数概念，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。这些词常见的有mathematics、maths、politics、physics、news、the United States等。
I think physics is difficult to learn. 我认为物理很难学。
注意：earnings、remains、belongings、goods等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
All her earnings go on clothes. 她所有的收入都花在买衣服上了。
5. 书刊名、专业名词、时间、金钱、距离、重量、度量等名词复数作主语时，看作单数概念，谓语动词一般用单数。
Three days is enough for him to do the work. 三天对他来说足够做这项工作了。
6. 动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Reading English newspapers is very helpful to our English study.
读英文报纸对我们的英语学习很有帮助。
注意：what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。
What he said is true. 他说的话是真的。
What the school needs are qualified teachers. 这所学校需要的是合格的教师。
7. “the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人已经被治好，失踪人员已被找到。
8. 在定语从句中，谓语动词要与先行词在数上保持一致。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词指代前面或后面整个句子时，看作单数概念。
He has passed the examination,which makes us very happy. 他通过了考试，这使我们非常高兴。
9. 在完全倒装结构中，要注意主语后置。
In front of the house are two big trees. 房子的前面有两棵大树。
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2025新Ⅰ)A decent winner always (try) to beat the opponent by no more than one or two points as a gesture(姿态) of respect for the other side.
2. (2025新Ⅱ)And in the process,I've experienced things that really surprise me at times. The “sunshine scent(香味)” of freshly sunned clothes (be) one of them.
3. (2025浙1)The concept (be) certainly not new—men have been renting good suits for decades—but for female shoppers,it is just taking off.
4. (2024新Ⅰ)Further,the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road.
5. (2024新Ⅱ)Some of the things that Tang was writing about (be) also Shakespeare's concerns.
6. (2023甲)On a cool,starry night in mid-September 1870,four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in what is now northwestern Wyoming. They (be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
7. (2020Ⅰ)This really excites scientists because it (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon (construct)．
8. (2019Ⅰ)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six (be) stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.

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