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语法突破
专题一　名词、数词和主谓一致
名词
考点一　名词的数
1. afternoons　2. times　3. favourites/favorites　4. themes
5. treasures　6. interviews　7. Activities　8. chopsticks
9. seasons　10. causes　11. dishes
考点二　词性转换
1. guidance　2. strategic/strategical　3. central　4. absence
5. solution　6. engineering　7. richness　8. visibility
9. criticism　pletion　11. arrival　12. protection　13. development　14. curiosity　15. interest
考点三　名词所有格
1. people's　2. son's　3. hours'　4. country's　5. China's
主谓一致
1. tries　2. is　3. is　4. walks　5. were　6. were
7. means; is constructed　8. are
专题二　冠词与代词
冠词
1. the　2. a　3. the　4. the　5. a　6. the　7. A　8. the
9. the　10. a　11. the　12. a
代词
考点一　人称、物主、反身代词
1. myself　2. its　3. their　4. its　5. mine　6. them
考点二　不定代词
1. ones　2. neither　3. both　4. either
考点三　it的用法
1. it　2. it　3. it　4. It
专题三　形容词与副词
考点一　形容词
1. functional　2. tasty　3. confident　4. meaningful
5. daily　6. wealthy　7. traditional　8. energetic
考点二　副词
1. digitally　2. Basically　3. rarely　4. eventually
5. extremely　6. finally　7. Recently
考点三　形容词/副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1. largest　2. highest　3. higher　4. longer　5. loudest
6. worse
专题四　介词与连词
介词
考点二　其他常用介词
1. by　2. for　3. on/upon　4. as　5. to　6. by　7. for
8. for
考点三　介词短语
1. to　2. with　3. by　4. as　5. in　6. to　7. with　8. to
连词
考点一　连词的分类
1. and　2. and　3. and　4. or　5. and　6. or　7. and
8. and　9. but　10. and
专题五　动词的时态和语态
考点一　现在时
1. have started　2. has walked　3. suits　4. have been practising　5. have made
考点二　过去时
1. wished　2. addressed　3. was painted　4. touched　
5. had discovered　6. was driving
考点三　将来时
1. will be rewarded　2. will be refused　3. will be writing　4. will have saved
考点四　动词的语态
1. are revealed　2. was built　3. be offered　4. was amazed
5. were invited　6. had been trapped
专题六　非谓语动词
考点一　非谓语动词作主语和表语
1. closed　2. to walk　3. Learning　4. Travelling
考点二　非谓语动词作宾语
1. to present　2. returning　3. to bite　4. recording
5. spending　6. noting　7. looking
考点三　非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1. to be lifted　2. decorated　3. walking　4. recognizing
5. to stay
考点四　非谓语动词作状语
1. to give　2. to find　3. Recalling　4. to benefit
5. Having visited　6. planning　7. To strengthen
8. to plant　9. to promote　10. To enjoy
考点五　非谓语动词作定语
1. to discover　2. left　3. inspired　4. designed　5. visiting
6. to journey　7. held　8. fried　9. to retire　10. spent
专题七　名词性从句
考点一　主语从句
1. What　2. whether　3. how　4. whoever　5. Whatever
考点二　宾语从句
1. what　2. whether
考点三　表语从句
1. what　2. why　3. how　4. that　5. what
考点四　同位语从句
1. that　2. that　3. that
专题八　定语从句
考点一　关系代词引导的定语从句
1. which　2. which　3. that/which　4. who　5. that/which
6. as　7. which/that　8. who　9. which　10. whose
11. who/that　12. which　13. which/that　14. who/that　15. that
考点二　关系副词引导的定语从句
1. where　2. where　3. where　4. when　5. where
6. when　7. where　8. where
专题九　并列句与状语从句
并列句
1. and　2. but/yet　3. or　4. but
状语从句
考点一　时间状语从句
1. When/As　2. until　3. As　4. before
考点二　地点状语从句
1. where　2. wherever
考点四　条件状语从句
1. unless　2. If
考点五　让步状语从句
1. although/though　2. However
考点六　目的状语从句和结果状语从句
1. so that　2. so　3. so that
专题十　虚拟语气与特殊句式
考点一　虚拟语气
1. wouldn't be　2. would have had　3. had　4. Were　
5. had told
考点二　倒装句
1. should　2. did　3. lies　4. came
考点三　强调句
1. that　2. that　3. that
考点四　省略句
1. feeding　2. so考点一　现在时★★★★(8年8考)
1. 一般现在时
用法 示例
(1) 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或叙述现在的状态。常用的时间状语有always、usually、often、sometimes、seldom、every day/week/month/year、once a week、now and then、from time to time、at times等。 We always care for each other and help each other.He usually goes to work by bus except when it rains.
(2) 表示客观事实或真理。 The science teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
(3) 表示按计划、规定、安排要发生的动作，或表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的动作时，谓语动词要用一般现在时。但仅限于动词come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、begin、start、open、close、end、stop等。 School begins on February 5.According to the timetable,the train starts at 9 o'clock.
(4) 在以here/there开头的倒装句中，用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。 Look! Here comes the bus.
(5) 在时间状语从句、让步状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示将来。 I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
2. 现在进行时(am/is/are doing)
用法 示例
(1) 表示说话时正在进行的动作。 The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
(2) 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但不一定在说话时正在进行或表示正在发展、变化的情况。 We are preparing for our final examination this week.
(3) 在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。 If I am sleeping when he comes,wake me up,please.
(4) 若句中含有always、all the time、constantly、forever等词或短语时，用现在进行时表示一个频繁发生的动作或表示说话人的赞赏、责备、厌恶等感情。 He's always thinking of others. (赞赏)She is forever criticizing me. (厌恶)
(5) go、come、leave、start、arrive、return、work、sleep、stay、play、do、have、wear、take off等可用现在进行时代替将来时，表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。 Mr Brown is coming next week.
3. 现在完成时(have/has done)
用法 示例
(1) 过去发生的事情对现在的影响，往往具有因果关系。 Theearthquake has givenhim a miserable impression.
(2) 动作从过去开始，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用的标志词有for＋时间段、since、so far、already、yet、recently、lately、these days、during/over/in the past/last few years、up to now等。 We have been good friends since our middle school days. We have studied English for six years.Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past three years.
(3) 现在完成时在时间或条件状语从句中用来代替将来完成时。 If you have finished reading the magazine before I leave,please give it back to me.
(4) 某些非延续性动词如die、arrive、join、leave、go、refuse、fail、finish、buy、marry、divorce、awake、buy、borrow、lend等的现在完成时不能与for引出的时间状语连用。 The man has died for two years. (×)The man has been dead for two years. (√)
(5) 现在完成时常用句型① It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句② This/That/It is the first/second...time that从句③ This/That/It is the only...that从句④ This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting...that从句 That is the second time that our class has won first prize in the school English speech contest.
4. 现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)
用法 示例
(1) 表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，有可能到此时为止，也有可能继续进行。 It has been raining for 3 days.
(2) 不是指某个动作一直不停在进行，而是表示一直到说话为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作，常常带有感彩。 She has been saying that twenty times.
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
区别 示例
(1) 现在完成时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成；现在完成进行时表示动作仍在继续。 I've read The Red Sun. (已经完成)I have been reading The Red Sun these days. (仍在继续)
(2) 现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响；现在完成进行时则强调动作一直在持续。 I have written him a letter. (到现在为止已经写完了)I have been writing a letter since three o'clock. (强调一直在写，不表明是否写完)
(3) 现在完成进行时可以和一个时间短语连用，也可以没有时间短语，而现在完成时只有与for＋时间段、since或never等时间状语连用时，才能表达这种持续的动作。 I have been practising the piano.I have lived here for five years. (不能说I have been living here)
(4) 现在完成进行时一般不适用于表示状态的动词。 I have known him since childhood. (不能用现在完成进行时)
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2024浙1)Over the last two years,some supermarkets (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions(份)．
2. (2022甲)In the last five years,Cao (walk) through 34 countries in six continents.
3. (2020江苏)If you look at all sides of the situation,you'll find probably a solution that
(suit) everyone.
4. (2020天津)—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It's because I (practise) a lot these days.
5. (2019Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I (make) over the years.　
考点二　过去时★★★★(8年20考)
1. 一般过去时
用法 示例
(1) 表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体时间的状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。常用的时间状语有yesterday、just now、last week、an hour ago、the other day、in 1982等。 I met her in the street yesterday.Where did you go just now？
(2) 表示在过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child,I often played basketball in our community.
2. 过去进行时(was/were doing)
用法 示例
(1) 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。 I was watching TV at 8 o'clock yesterday evening.
(2) 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when/while引导的时间状语从句中。 It was raining when they left the station.
(3) 表示客气、礼貌或不确定，该用法在写作中比较常见。 I was wondering if you could do me a favour.
3. 过去完成时(had done)
用法 示例
(1) 表示在过去某一动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作或表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常用的时间状语有by then、by the end of last year、by the time、until、before等。 By the end of last year,we had produced 20，000 cars.
(2) 表示未曾实现的愿望、打算等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式的完成式表示，即hoped/planned...to have done。 He had planned to attend the meeting last Sunday.
(3) 在表示“一……就……”的句型中，如no sooner...than...、hardly/scarcely...when...，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.＝ Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.
(4) 在It was the first/second/third...time that从句中，that从句的谓语要用过去完成时。 It was the first time that she had seen him in person.
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2023新Ⅱ)As a little girl,I (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
2. (2022乙)The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society (address) the opening ceremony.
3. (2021浙江)Mary's niece wrote,“The little home (paint) white. It was sweet and fresh.”
4. (2020Ⅰ)The unmanned Chang'e-4 probe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
5. (2020浙江)By about 6000 BC,people (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
6. (2017天津)I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
考点三　将来时(8年0考)
1. 一般将来时(will/shall/be going to/be to/be about to＋动词原形)
用法 示例
(1) 表示未来的动作或状态，常用“will/shall＋动词原形”(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow、next week等)。 She will call you tomorrow.
(2) 表示一种趋向或习惯性动作。 We'll die without air or water.
(3) 表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave、arrive等常用进行时表示将来。 I'm leaving for Chengdu this weekend.
2. 过去将来时(would/should/was going to/were going to＋动词原形)
用法 示例
(1) 表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 I didn't know if he would come.
(2) “was/were going to＋动词原形”常用于表示在过去即将要发生的事情。 She said she was going to start off at once.
(3) come、go、leave、arrive、start等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来。 He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.
3. 将来进行时(will/shall be doing)
用法 示例
(1) 表示在将来某个时间正在进行的动作或按计划、安排、决定预计将要发生的事情。 This time next week we shall be visiting the Great Wall.
(2) 表示在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用于礼貌的询问、要求等。 Don't worry,you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
4. 将来完成时(will/shall have done)
用法 示例
(1) 表示某事持续到将来某一时刻为止一直有的状态。 They will have been married for 20 years by then.
(2) 表示将来某一时刻或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作。 I shall have finished reading this book by the end of this week.
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2016北京)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts
(reward) with success in the end.
2. (2024新Ⅱ)A torch(手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately (refuse) permission to participate.
3. (2013江苏)—Could I use your car tomorrow morning
—Sure. I (write) a report at home.
4. (2011江苏)—Tommy is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month,he (save) enough for a used one.
考点四　动词的语态★★★★(8年10考)
1. 被动语态(助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词)
被动语态的构成(以do为例)
时态 被动形式 时态 被动形式
一般现在时 am/is/are done 将来进行时 will be being done
一般过去时 was/were done 现在完成时 has/have been done
一般将来时 will/shall be done 过去完成时 had been done
现在进行时 am/is/are being done 将来完成时 will/shall have been done
过去进行时 was/were being done 过去将来时 would be done
2. 在主动语态中，如果感官动词(feel、see、hear、observe等)和使役动词(make)后的宾语补足语是动词原形，在被动语态中要带to。
The boss made him work all day long.
→He was made to work all day long (by the boss)．
老板让他整天干活。
3. 含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句，将宾语变为主语，宾语补足语仍保留在动词之后，成为主语补足语。
He found an old man lying at the door. (主动句)
→An old man was found lying at the door by him. (被动句)
他发现一位老人躺在门口。
4. 动词短语变为被动语态时，要注意动词短语的完整性，动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。
The doctor was sent for immediately. 马上派人去请医生。
5. “get＋过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构常用于口语中。
The patient got treated once a week. 那位病人一周得到一次治疗。
1. 不能用被动语态的几种情况
(1) 所有的不及物动词(短语)，如happen、disappear、fail、die、take place、come true、turn out等，不能用于被动语态中。
The interview took place on a Friday afternoon. 采访是在一个星期五的下午进行的。
(2) 表示状态的动词，如last(持续)、hold(容纳)、contain(包含)、fit(合身)、cost(花费)等，不能用于被动语态。
The heavy rain will last 3 days. 这场大雨将持续三天。
(3) 表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等，不能用于被动语态。
We belong to the new club. 我们是这个新俱乐部的成员。
(4) 表示“希望，意图”的动词，如wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等，不能用于被动语态。
2. 主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况
(1) 感官动词和连系动词(look、feel、taste、sound、smell、prove、seem、appear、go、grow、turn、become、stay等)＋形容词/名词。
Don't eat that! It tastes terrible and smells bad. 别吃那个！它尝起来很糟糕，闻起来也不对劲。
(2) 表示主语某种属性特征的动词的主动形式表示被动意义，这些动词常有副词修饰，如wash、write、sell、read、cut、lock、pack、open、play、act、draw、keep、shut等，常用的副词有easily、well、quickly、smoothly等。
Due to its great reviews,this novel sells well online and in bookstores.
由于评价很好，这本小说在网上和书店都卖得很好。
(3) 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin、finish、close、open、start、stop、move、run等，主动形式表示被动意义。
The First World War started in August of that year. 第一次世界大战于那年八月爆发。
注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
The door won't lock. 门锁不上。(指门本身有毛病)
The door won't be locked. 门不会被锁上。(指不会有人来锁门)
3. 动名词或不定式主动形式表示被动意义
(1) 在need、want、require、deserve等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这房子需要修理。
(2) be worth doing值得做，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
The picture-book is well worth reading. 这本画册很值得一读。
(3) 在“be＋形容词＋to do”结构中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语。若不定式是不及物动词，其后加相应的介词。
Some books are interesting to read,but boring to learn. 有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很枯燥。
(4) be to blame(受责备)、be to rent(出租)也是用主动形式表被动。
Don't blame yourself; you are not to blame for what happened. 别责怪你自己，发生的事不是你的错。
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2025新Ⅰ)“The players' personalities (reveal) during the game,and one's weaknesses are exposed to the opponent，” she adds.
2. (2024新Ⅱ)Two years later,a six-metre-tall pavilion,inspired by The Peony Pavilion,
(build) at the Firs Garden,just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
3. (2024浙1)However,though it's nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages,it would help even more if they could sometimes (offer) in smaller packs.
4. (2023乙)Having visited several times over the last 10 years,I (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new,and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage(遗产) while constantly growing.
5. (2019Ⅲ)On the last day of our week-long stay,we (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
6. (2018北京)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who (trap) in the mountains for two days.

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