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语法突破
专题一　名词、数词和主谓一致
名词
考点一　名词的数
1. afternoons　2. times　3. favourites/favorites　4. themes
5. treasures　6. interviews　7. Activities　8. chopsticks
9. seasons　10. causes　11. dishes
考点二　词性转换
1. guidance　2. strategic/strategical　3. central　4. absence
5. solution　6. engineering　7. richness　8. visibility
9. criticism　pletion　11. arrival　12. protection　13. development　14. curiosity　15. interest
考点三　名词所有格
1. people's　2. son's　3. hours'　4. country's　5. China's
主谓一致
1. tries　2. is　3. is　4. walks　5. were　6. were
7. means; is constructed　8. are
专题二　冠词与代词
冠词
1. the　2. a　3. the　4. the　5. a　6. the　7. A　8. the
9. the　10. a　11. the　12. a
代词
考点一　人称、物主、反身代词
1. myself　2. its　3. their　4. its　5. mine　6. them
考点二　不定代词
1. ones　2. neither　3. both　4. either
考点三　it的用法
1. it　2. it　3. it　4. It
专题三　形容词与副词
考点一　形容词
1. functional　2. tasty　3. confident　4. meaningful
5. daily　6. wealthy　7. traditional　8. energetic
考点二　副词
1. digitally　2. Basically　3. rarely　4. eventually
5. extremely　6. finally　7. Recently
考点三　形容词/副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1. largest　2. highest　3. higher　4. longer　5. loudest
6. worse
专题四　介词与连词
介词
考点二　其他常用介词
1. by　2. for　3. on/upon　4. as　5. to　6. by　7. for
8. for
考点三　介词短语
1. to　2. with　3. by　4. as　5. in　6. to　7. with　8. to
连词
考点一　连词的分类
1. and　2. and　3. and　4. or　5. and　6. or　7. and
8. and　9. but　10. and
专题五　动词的时态和语态
考点一　现在时
1. have started　2. has walked　3. suits　4. have been practising　5. have made
考点二　过去时
1. wished　2. addressed　3. was painted　4. touched　
5. had discovered　6. was driving
考点三　将来时
1. will be rewarded　2. will be refused　3. will be writing　4. will have saved
考点四　动词的语态
1. are revealed　2. was built　3. be offered　4. was amazed
5. were invited　6. had been trapped
专题六　非谓语动词
考点一　非谓语动词作主语和表语
1. closed　2. to walk　3. Learning　4. Travelling
考点二　非谓语动词作宾语
1. to present　2. returning　3. to bite　4. recording
5. spending　6. noting　7. looking
考点三　非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1. to be lifted　2. decorated　3. walking　4. recognizing
5. to stay
考点四　非谓语动词作状语
1. to give　2. to find　3. Recalling　4. to benefit
5. Having visited　6. planning　7. To strengthen
8. to plant　9. to promote　10. To enjoy
考点五　非谓语动词作定语
1. to discover　2. left　3. inspired　4. designed　5. visiting
6. to journey　7. held　8. fried　9. to retire　10. spent
专题七　名词性从句
考点一　主语从句
1. What　2. whether　3. how　4. whoever　5. Whatever
考点二　宾语从句
1. what　2. whether
考点三　表语从句
1. what　2. why　3. how　4. that　5. what
考点四　同位语从句
1. that　2. that　3. that
专题八　定语从句
考点一　关系代词引导的定语从句
1. which　2. which　3. that/which　4. who　5. that/which
6. as　7. which/that　8. who　9. which　10. whose
11. who/that　12. which　13. which/that　14. who/that　15. that
考点二　关系副词引导的定语从句
1. where　2. where　3. where　4. when　5. where
6. when　7. where　8. where
专题九　并列句与状语从句
并列句
1. and　2. but/yet　3. or　4. but
状语从句
考点一　时间状语从句
1. When/As　2. until　3. As　4. before
考点二　地点状语从句
1. where　2. wherever
考点四　条件状语从句
1. unless　2. If
考点五　让步状语从句
1. although/though　2. However
考点六　目的状语从句和结果状语从句
1. so that　2. so　3. so that
专题十　虚拟语气与特殊句式
考点一　虚拟语气
1. wouldn't be　2. would have had　3. had　4. Were　
5. had told
考点二　倒装句
1. should　2. did　3. lies　4. came
考点三　强调句
1. that　2. that　3. that
考点四　省略句
1. feeding　2. so考点一　虚拟语气
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式，表示说的话不是事实，而是不可能发生的情况，或是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设。
类别 if从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词用were) would/should/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词 would/should/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 过去式(be动词用were) would/should/could/might＋动词原形
should＋动词原形
were to＋动词原形
1. 与现在事实相反的假设
虚拟条件句中的谓语用一般过去时(be的过去式常用were)，主句谓语用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”。
If we had time now,we should read it again. 要是现在有空，我们就把它再看一遍。
2. 与过去事实相反的假设
虚拟条件句中的谓语用过去完成时(had＋过去分词)，主句谓语用“would/should/could/might＋have＋过去分词”。
If it hadn't been for your help,I wouldn't have finished the work so easily.
要不是你的帮助，我不会那么容易完成这项工作的。
3. 与将来事实相反的假设
虚拟条件句中的谓语用“一般过去时(be的过去式常用were)/should＋动词原形/were to＋动词原形”，主句谓语用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”。
If it rained,the crops would be saved.
＝If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
＝If it were to rain, the crops would be saved.
如果下雨的话，庄稼就有救了。
4. 错综条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
If she had studied hard,she would be a college student now. (从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)
如果她努力学习了，她现在就是一名大学生了。
5. 含蓄条件句
虚拟条件隐含在上下文中或通过without、but for、or、but、otherwise等表示，这时可根据语境及具体意思采用相应的虚拟形式。
Without/But for your help,I couldn't have won the prize.
要是没有你的帮助，我不可能获得这个奖项。
Given the opportunity,she might have become a famous singer.
如果给她提供机会，她可能已经成为著名的歌手了。
6. if省略句
虚拟条件句中有were、had(助动词)、should时，可以省略if，把were、had、should放在主语前，用倒装结构。
Were you in my position,what would you do 如果你处在我的位置，你会怎么做？
1. 在“It is important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital that从句”结构中，主语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。
It's vital that we (should) take our safe driving along the road seriously.
在这条路上我们安全驾驶是很重要的。
2. 在表示建议、要求、命令等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”，should可以省略。常见的动词有suggest、advise、demand、require、insist、request、command、order等。
He insisted that he (should) be sent there. 他坚决要求被派去那里。
注意：当insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”，suggest表示“表明，暗示”时，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
He insisted that he had done nothing wrong. 他坚持说他没有做错。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
3. wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，表示不能实现的愿望。
类别 从句谓语动词形式 示例
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词一般用were) He wishes he could become a scientist some day. (对将来情况的虚拟)
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/could/might＋动词原形
注意：有时用“How I wish...”形式，意为“我多么希望……”。
How I wish I were as young as you! But I am old. 我多么希望和你一样年轻啊！可是我已经老了。
4. would rather后接that从句，用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设，用过去完成时表示对过去的假设。
We would rather you were not in that business now. (对现在的假设)
我们宁愿你们现在不做这个业务。
I would rather I had passed the examination last week. (对过去的假设)
我真希望通过上星期的考试。
5. 表示建议、要求、命令等的名词如advice、order、demand、proposal、suggestion、request等后跟表语从句或同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
My suggestion is that we (should) tell him the news. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他这个消息。
6. if only引导的感叹句中，谓语用一般过去时(be通常用were)、“had＋过去分词”、“would/could/might＋动词原形”表示对现在、过去、将来的假设。
If only I were as clever as you! (对现在的虚拟) 要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊！
7. “It's (high/about) time that从句”中用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词常用过去时，也可用“should＋动词原形”，但should不省略。
It is high time that you did/should do your homework. 该是你做家庭作业的时候了。
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2020江苏)If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers,I (be) where I am.
2. (2019江苏)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing,or we (have) a good time together.
3. (2018江苏)There is a good social life in the village,and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.
4. (2017江苏) (be) it not for the support of the teachers,the student could not overcome her difficulty.
5. (2016北京)Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week If you (tell) me,I could have helped.
考点二　倒装句
1. 完全倒装
谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子为完全倒装句，这类句型主要有四种：
(1) 表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，这类词(组)有here、there、now、then、up、down、in、away、off、out、at the foot of、in front of、on the wall等。
In a corner of the room sat a little girl. 房间的角落里坐着一个小女孩。
当句子的主语为人称代词时，句子不倒装。
Here it is. 给你。
Away they went. 他们走了。
(2) such置于句首
Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man and the 20th century's greatest scientist. 这就是爱因斯坦，一个纯朴的人，也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。
(3) “There be”句型
be动词可用stand、live、exist、lie、remain、seem、appear等来代替，其形式为“There＋谓语＋主语”。
There stands a tower on the top of the mountain. 山顶上有一座塔。
(4) 表语置于句首时
为了保持句子平衡或强调表语部分，可将作表语的形容词、分词、介词短语等置于句首，构成完全倒装形式，即“形容词/现在分词/过去分词/介词短语＋be＋主语”。
Present at the meeting were experts from Europe. (形容词短语) 出席会议的是来自欧洲的专家。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about ten. (现在分词短语) 躺在地上的是一个大约10岁的男孩。
2. 部分倒装
只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词、系动词be或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子是部分倒装句。这类句型主要有：
(1) 将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有never、seldom、rarely、little、at no time、by no means、hardly/scarcely...when、no sooner...than、not only...but also、not until、nowhere、neither...nor等。
Never before have I seen such a moving film. 我以前从未看过这么感人的电影。
No sooner had the game started than it began to rain heavily. 比赛刚一开始，天就下起了大雨。
(2) “only＋状语”置于句首时，主句要进行部分倒装。
Only when food and clothing are enough can one behave properly. 衣食足而知礼节。
注意：only修饰主语时，句子不可以倒装。
Only he can answer the question. 只有他能回答此题。
(3) 五个重要的固定句型：
① “so/neither/nor＋be/have/助动词/情态动词＋主语”表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者。so用于肯定句，neither/nor用于否定句。
He came last night, so did I. 他昨晚来了，我也来了。
Lily can't ride, neither/nor can Lucy. 莉莉不会骑车，露西也不会。
② 在“so＋adj./adv....that从句”和“such(＋a/an)＋adj.＋n....that从句”句型中，如果“so＋adj./adv.”“such(＋a/an)＋adj.＋n.”置于句首，主句用部分倒装，that从句不倒装。
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
他的英语说得如此清楚，以至于他总能让别人听懂。
Such a fine day is it that we'd like to play outside. 天气如此好以至于我们想去外面玩。
③ 在“not only...but (also)．..”句型中，如果not only置于句首，需将not only后的句子倒装，但but (also)后的句子不倒装。
Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。
④ 当“not until...”置于句首时，until从句的主谓不可倒装，而主句需要倒装。
Not until he returned did we have supper. 直到他回来，我们才吃晚饭。
⑤ 在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，通常使用倒装语序(表语/状语/动词原形＋as＋主语)。
Tired as he was,he still went on with his work. 尽管很累，他还是继续工作。
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2019天津)The professor warned the students that on no account they use mobile phones in his class.
2. (2016江苏)Not until recently they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
3. (2010重庆)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River (lie) Chongqing,one of the ten largest cities in China.
4. (2009福建)For a moment nothing happened,then (come) voices all shouting together.
考点三　强调句
1. 强调句型的结构与基本用法
(1) “It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”为强调句型的结构。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是定语或谓语。被强调的部分指人时，用who或that皆可；指事物或情况时，通常用that。
It was in the park that Tom lost his watch. (强调状语) 汤姆是在公园里丢了他的手表的。
(2) 强调句型的问句形式
① 强调句型的一般疑问句只需把is/was提前。
Is it Professor Wang who/that teaches you English 是王教授教你们英语的吗？
② 强调句型的特殊疑问句，只需在一般疑问句前加上疑问词。
Who was it that broke the window 打破窗子的是谁？
(3) 含有not...until...的强调句型，其强调句式为“It is/was not until＋被强调的部分＋that＋其他部分”。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her. 直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她。
1. 在强调句型中只用until不用till。
2. 强调句型的判断：将句子中的it is/was和that/who部分去掉，若句子结构完整，则是强调句型。
3. 强调句子的主语时，that/who之后的谓语动词的人称和数要与被强调的主语一致。
It is Mary and Tom who often do good deeds. 是玛丽和汤姆经常做好事。
2. 谓语动词的强调
如果需要强调谓语时，要采用“do/does/did＋动词原形”结构，意为“的确”。
We're very pleased that she does intend to come. 她的确打算来，我们非常高兴。
注意：这种强调句只有一般现在时和一般过去时，且只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，不用于否定式和疑问式。
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2018天津)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
2. (2017天津)It was when I got back to my apartment I first came across my new neighbours.
3. (2015湖南)It's not doing the things we like,but liking the things we have to do makes life happy.
考点四　省略句★(8年1考)
1. 并列句中的省略
两个并列句中，后一个分句省略与前一个分句相同的部分。
This computer works well,but that one doesn't (work well). 这台电脑工作正常，但那台就不行。
2. 复合句中的省略
(1) 宾语从句中常常省略关系词that，但是及物动词后跟两个或以上宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。
He said (that) English was very important and that we should try to learn it well.
他说英语很重要，我们要努力学好它。
(2) 状语从句中的省略
① 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be。
The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected. 展览比预期的更有趣。
② 当从句的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词一起省略。此时构成“从属连词(if、unless、when、whenever)＋形容词”结构。
Unless (it is) necessary,you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 除非有必要，你最好不要查词典。
③ 可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可用“if＋so/not”省略句式。
Get up early tomorrow. If not (you don't get up early),you will miss the first bus.
明天早点起。如果不早起，你就赶不上首班公共汽车。
3. 动词不定式的省略
在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时动词不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。
(1) 代替动词不定式后被省略掉的动词，常在be afraid、expect、forget、hope、intend、like、love、mean、want等后面加to。
I asked him to see the film,but he didn't want to. 我叫他去看电影，但他不想去。
(2) 否定形式的省略用not to。
—Shall I go instead of him ——我要代替他去吗？
—I prefer not to. ——我宁愿不。
(3) 如果省略的动词不定式结构中含有be、have、have been，则要保留这些词。
—Are you monitor of our class ——你是我们的班长吗？
—No,but I'd like to be. ——不，但是我想当。
(4) 动词不定式符号to的省略
动词不定式作感官动词feel、see、notice、watch、hear、observe和使役动词have、make等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to可省略。
We often hear him sing the song at home. 我们经常听见他在家里唱这首歌。
注意：如果这些动词用于被动语态，其后的动词不定式符号to不能省略。
He is often heard to sing the song at home. 我们经常听见他在家里唱这首歌。
【真题感悟】　单句语法填空
1. (2018Ⅱ)“China's approach to protecting its environment while (feed) its citizens offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
2. (2011江苏)It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If ,we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
考点五　祈使句、感叹句
1. 祈使句的用法
祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，表示“如果……就……，否则……”。前一分句表示一种条件或假设，相当于if条件状语从句，后一分句表示一种结果或推论。陈述句的谓语常用一般将来时。
Try some of this juice and perhaps you'll like it. 尝尝这种果汁，也许你会喜欢的。
注意：or表示“否则，要不然的话”，or可用or else/otherwise替换。
Watch your step, or (else) you might fall into the water.留神脚下，不然你会掉进水里的。
2. 感叹句
基本构成形式：
(1) What (a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！
What great progress he has made! 他取得了多么大的进步呀！
(2) How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！
How charming a girl she is! 她是个多么迷人的女孩啊！
(3) How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！
How thrilling this movie is,which kept me on the edge of my seat from start to finish!
这部电影实在是太刺激了，让我从头到尾都紧张得坐立不安！
注意：
(1) 感叹句常用陈述语序。
(2) How＋many/much/few/little＋名词＋主语＋谓语！
How much rain we have gotten this month! 这个月的雨下得可真多啊！

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