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UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
大观念之单元话题:本单元主要讲述了医生约翰·斯诺控制霍乱传播的故事,并介绍了我国著名科学家钱学森和英国著名科学家史蒂芬·霍金的事迹及他们身上体现出的科学精神。我们要学习科学家勇于探索、认真钻研的精神,树立敢于开拓创新、坚持不懈、不断进取的观念,思考科学与生活及社会进步的关系。
①academia / k di mi / n.学术界
②discipline / d s pl n/ n.学科;科目
③involve / n v lv/ v.包含;涉及
④qualification / kw l f ke n/ n.素质;技能
⑤renewable /r nju bl/ adj.可再生的;可更新的
⑥innovative / n ve t v/ adj.创新的;革新的
类文悦读·情境导学
科学家只在实验室 从高校科研到企业创新,从政府决策到深入田野,他们的舞台超乎想象。
Where do scientists work
Scientists can work in a wide range of environments,depending on their specific field or special interests.From academia① to industry,healthcare to government work,there is a variety of careers to explore as a scientist.
Research institutions and universities
Academia remains a very popular pathway for many scientists.A career in academia can take various forms depending on the discipline②.For instance,many scientists work in laboratory environments,while others work out in the field,and some work with computer software.There is often a mixture of different work environments.Regardless of the specifics of their work,every academic scientist’s job involves③conducting experiments,collecting results,analyzing data,and publishing the findings of their research.
Government agencies
Scientists can pursue various career options in government,depending on their expertise and qualifications④.For those with leadership goals,technical oversight positions in their specialty are available.Alternatively,scientists can move into non-technical roles,such as management in promotion and marketing.For those interested in lawmaking,policy-making positions offer a chance to apply their scientific knowledge in shaping policies.
Private industry and corporations
There are plenty of opportunities for scientists in the private sector.Industries like biotechnology,artificial intelligence,energy and renewable⑤ energy are all popular options.Private and corporate science positions are popular due to their good pay but often offer less freedom in what you do compared with academia.
In conclusion,scientists have diverse career opportunities across various sectors.Each field offers unique challenges and rewards,allowing scientists to apply their expertise in innovative⑥ ways to address global issues and contribute to societal advancement.
Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking—Comprehending
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
A.How John Snow found the cause of cholera and defeated it.
B.The cause of cholera was polluted water.
C.The source of all drinking water should be examined.
D.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
答案　A
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1　 A.John Snow began his study by marking on a map.
Para.2　 B.John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
Para.3　 C.John Snow’s contributions.
Para.4　 D.John Snow desired to defeat cholera.
Para.5　 E.The truth of the infection of cholera.
答案　Para.1 D　Para.2 B　Para.3 A　Para.4 E　Para.5 C
Ⅱ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What did Snow decide to do after knowing millions of people died from cholera
A.Become a medical worker.
B.Find the cause and defeat it.
C.Set up modern epidemiology.
D.Develop a new theory to explain how it spread.
2.What was the first step of Snow’s investigation
A.He removed the handle of the pump.
B.He paid a visit to those who got cholera.
C.He marked the exact places of the deaths on a map.
D.He found a link between cholera and polluted water.
3.Why were there no deaths in some households
A.They boiled water before drinking.
B.They did not drink the water from the pump.
C.They later moved away from the water pump.
D.They preferred free water provided by their workplace.
4.Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology
A.He changed the way scientists study diseases.
B.He pushed water companies to sell clean water.
C.He cracked a key problem in epidemiological research.
D.He destroyed cholera once and for all through his efforts.
答案　1.B　2.C　3.B　4.A
Ⅲ.难句解构
1.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
学会断句:主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places;where引导定语从句,修饰先行词the exact places;who引导定语从句,修饰先行词those。
尝试翻译:斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
学会断句:本句中so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”,that引导结果状语从句。had it delivered为“have+宾语+过去分词”结构,意为“让某事被做”。
尝试翻译:这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。
Ⅳ.翻转课堂(课文语法填空)
Cholera was one of the most feared 1.diseases (disease) in the past.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.John Snow,2.a famous doctor,was determined 3.to destroy (destroy) cholera once and for all.
There were two theories about cholera at that time.One was 4.that bad air caused the disease and the other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed 5.to the second theory.He began to investigate,6.marking (mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died 7.had lived (live).As a result,he found multiple deaths in one place while there were no deaths in another place.8.Eventually (eventual),he found the evidence for the second theory.He succeeded in 9.stopping (stop) the disease spreading.
Snow transformed the way of studying diseases,and therefore he 10.is considered (consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
[原文呈现]
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①”
Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome[1].This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④,dehydration⑤,and even death.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe,millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated⑧ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[2].In time⑨,he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
[1]此处是until引导的时间状语从句,其中“how it could be overcome”是how引导的宾语从句。
[2]此处是because引导的原因状语从句,其中“how to prevent or treat cholera”是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作knew的宾语。
In general,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread[3].One theory was that bad air caused the disease[4].The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof.Consequently,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854[5],Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.
[3]此处是how引导的宾语从句。
[4]此处是that引导的表语从句,that在从句中不作成分。
[5]此处是when引导的时间状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame [6].What is more,in another part of London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs[7].Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.[8]Through this intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks.
[6]此处是that引导的宾语从句。be to blame意为“负有责任”,动词不定式to blame用主动形式表示被动含义。
[7]此处是that引导的宾语从句。
[8]本句含有“have sth done”结构,意为“让/请某人做某事、使某事被做”;so that引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[9].Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste[10].The people who drank this water[11] were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water[12].
[9]此处是that引导的表语从句。
[10]此处是that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the River Thames。
[11]此处是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词people。
[12]此处是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词those。
Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera[13],thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[14].For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
[13]此处是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构,作know的宾语。
[14]此处是省略了引导词that/in which的定语从句,修饰先行词the way。
[名师圈点]
①cholera / k l r / n.霍乱
②used to do sth过去常常做某事
③severe /sI vI (r)/ adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的
severely adv.严重地;严格地;严厉地
④diarrhoea / daI rI / n.腹泻
⑤dehydration / di haI dreI n/ n.脱水
⑥outbreak n.爆发;突然发生
⑦hit v.攻击;进攻;袭击
⑧frustrated /fr streItId/ adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的
feel frustrated感到沮丧
frustration n.挫折
⑨in time 最后;迟早
⑩rise v.变得更加成功(或重要、强大等)
attend to关怀;照料;处理
give birth (to) 分娩,生育
once and for all最终地;彻底地
in general通常;一般而言
contradictory / k ntr dIkt ri/ adj.
相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的
be contradictory to与……相矛盾
contradict v.相抵触,相矛盾;反驳
infection /In fek n/ n.感染;传染
germ /d m/ n.微生物;细菌;病菌
subscribe to同意;赞同
subscribe /s b skraIb/ vi.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费)
proof /pru f/ n.证据;证明;检验
prove v.证明;证明是
consequently adv.因此,所以
investigate v.调查;研究
particular adj.特定的;特别的
be determined to do sth决心做某事
multiple / m ltIpl/ adj.数量多的;多种多样的
multiply v.乘以;迅速增加;繁殖
water pump水泵
pump /p mp/ n.泵;抽水机;打气筒
household / ha sh ld/ n.一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect /s spekt/ vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任
/ s spekt/ n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
suspect sb of (doing) sth怀疑某人(做过)某事
blame /bleIm/ vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
be to blame for对……应负责任
what is more更重要的是;而且
as a result of由于(后跟原因)
as a result结果(后跟结果)
accordingly adv.因此;相应地
handle / h ndl/ n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
intervention / Int ven n/ n.介入;出面;干涉
infect /In fekt/ vt.使感染;传染
infectious adj.传染性的;感染的(尤指通过呼吸)
link /lI k/ n.联系;纽带
vt.把……连接起来;相关联
a link between...and... ……与……之间的联系
be linked to/with与……联系/连接起来
raw /r / adj.未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的
raw material原材料
be likely to do sth有可能做某事
pure /pj (r)/ adj.干净的;纯的;纯粹的
pure water纯净水
tireless adj.不知疲倦的
substantial /s b st n l/ adj.大量的;价值巨大的;重大的
decrease / di kri s/ n.减少;降低;减少量
/dI kri s/ vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
on the decrease正在减少,在降低
thanks to幸亏;由于
statistic /st tIstIk/ n.[pl.-s]统计数字;统计资料;统计学
transform /tr ns f m/ vt.使改观;使改变形态 vi.改变;转变
transform...into...使……转变成……
epidemiology / epI di mi l d i/ n.流行病学
[译文参考]　　约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前,霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种疾病可以导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初,当霍乱爆发,肆虐欧洲时,数百万人死于这种疾病。由于无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱,年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到沮丧。后来,他成为一位名医,甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而,他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
关于霍乱的蔓延方式,当时的医生通常有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发的这种疾病,另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的,但他仍需要证据。因此,1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时,斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上爆发得非常严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)。然而有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。酒吧为他们提供免费的啤酒,因此他们没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外,在伦敦的另一个区域,一名妇女和她的女儿搬离宽街后死于霍乱。这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。因为这个证据,约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是,他让人拆掉了水泵的把手,这样水泵就不能用了。通过这一干预,疾病的蔓延得以遏制。
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外,斯诺之后还证实了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比,饮用这种水的人更有可能感染霍乱。
　　经过斯诺的不懈努力,供水公司开始销售洁净的水,世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。然而,霍乱仍是一个问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱,并且许多人因此丧生。幸运的是,多亏了约翰·斯诺的努力,我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。此外,通过使用地图和数据,斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。出于这个原因,斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共30分)
A
In Wuhan’s Jianghan district,master craftsman Wu Youquan has devoted over twenty years to transforming himself from a wood businessman into a respected inheritor of guqin-making heritage.Born in 1972 in Hubei Province,Wu has remained faithful to his principle of “approaching guqin-making with the attitude of creating art,” and has become a pioneer in bringing back the lost technique of making silk-stringed (丝弦) instruments from Chinese parasol wood (梧桐木).
The guqin,a seven-stringed instrument with thousands of years of history,represents the heart of ancient Chinese scholarly culture.Wu’s unexpected journey began in 2001 while supplying wood for instrument production,when he discovered that old wood from torn-down houses owned perfect sound qualities.This revelation took him across Yunnan,Guizhou,and Sichuan provinces in search of perfect materials.
Initially viewing this as just a way to earn a living,Wu gradually developed a deep interest in the instrument’s cultural significance.The complex craft involves over a hundred steps—from material selection and woodworking to applying paint and putting together—requiring several years to complete a single instrument.His devotion paid off in 2010 when he participated in a restoration project at the Chinese National Academy of Arts,working alongside master Sun Qingtang,who later became his teacher.
Wu’s path faced numerous challenges,including severe allergic (过敏的) reactions during natural paint collection in remote mountains.Yet his efforts paid off,establishing supply partnerships with paint farmers while mastering traditional techniques.His family joined this cultural mission—his wife preserves Sichuan school guqin playing,while their son studies music theory at university.
Today,the family runs a guqin studio in Wuhan,hosting cultural gatherings and offering public courses.“As a new-generation guqin maker,my mission is to pass on this national treasure,” Wu says,showing the spirit of cultural preservation.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲的是武汉江汉区古琴制作匠人吴友全的传承与创新之路。
1.What does the underlined word “revelation” in paragraph 2 mean
A.Businessman. B.Finding.
C.Quality. D.Problem.
答案　B
解析　[词义猜测题。根据第二段可知,吴友全在为一所乐器厂供应木材时,偶然发现来自拆迁老屋的旧木料拥有绝佳的音质。这一意外发现促使他走遍多个省份寻找理想材料。因此,“revelation”在此处的含义与“Finding(发现)”最为接近。故选B项。]
2.What was the key event that deepened Wu’s commitment to guqin culture
A.Finding special wood from old houses.
B.Meeting his future wife who plays the guqin.
C.Participating in the restoration project in 2010.
D.Opening his own guqin studio in Wuhan.
答案　C
解析　[细节理解题。根据第三段,吴友全最初仅将制琴视为谋生手段。而2010年他得以参与中国艺术研究院的修复项目,并与后来成为其恩师的孙庆堂大师共事,这一经历让他深刻认识到古琴的文化价值,从而真正坚定了传承这项技艺的决心。因此,这是深化其承诺的关键事件。故选C项。]
3.What challenge did Wu Youquan face when collecting natural paint
A.Difficulty in finding paint farmers to cooperate with.
B.Lack of traditional techniques for paint collection.
C.Severe allergic reactions in remote mountains.
D.Shortage of perfect materials for making paint.
答案　C
解析　[细节理解题。根据第四段首句“Wu’s path faced numerous...in remote mountains.”可知,他面临的主要挑战之一便是在偏远山区采集天然涂料时产生的严重过敏反应。故选C项。]
4.Which of the following can best describe Wu Youquan’s character
A.Traditional and cautious.
B.Patient and persistent.
C.Business-minded.
D.Gifted and shy.
答案　B
解析　[推理判断题。纵观全文,吴友全耗费二十余年从木材商人转型为非遗传承人;制琴工序繁复耗时,需数年完成一件;为寻材料和涂料遍访多地,甚至忍受严重过敏也未曾放弃。这些经历共同勾勒出一位极具耐心、持之以恒(patient and persistent) 的匠人形象。故选B项。]
B
What is the future of artificial intelligence (AI) Will it be possible for robots to be autonomous If so,when will that happen and will it be a good thing We asked four experts what they think.
Expert A:I would say that we are quite a long way off developing the computing power for fully autonomous AI.We will probably remain in control of technology.However,no one really knows what will happen if machines become more intelligent than humans.They may help us,ignore us or destroy us.I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives.
Expert B:I have to admit that the potential consequences of creating something that can match or surpass human intelligence frighten me.At some point in the near future,their intelligence may well take off and develop at an ever-increasing speed.In the short term,there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs,creating a large number of unemployed people.
Expert C:Personally,I think it’s fascinating to consider how we’ll speed up our evolution as a species by improving our bodies.Imagine if you could put a computer inside our brain! Soon we’ll be able to do just that and enhance our mathematical ability and our memory,and this idea is only going to become more and more common.AI is also popping up in the world around us.Granted,there have been a few problems.But progress always comes at a cost,and for me the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
Expert D:I’m a member of the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots.Think of what’s happening right now:military machines are already being used to kill with very little human input.The next step will be autonomous “murderbots”,following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.It seems clear to me that this would be completely dangerous for humanity.We need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能对我们未来生活的影响。有的专家认为人工智能会给我们带来更多的好处,而有的专家则对人工智能的影响表示担忧。
5.What is Expert A’s attitude towards the future of AI
A.Positive. B.Negative.
C.Critical. D.Doubtful.
答案　A
解析　[细节理解题。根据Expert A中的“I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives.”可知,专家A倾向于认为人工智能将对未来生活产生积极影响,因此他对人工智能的未来持积极态度。故选A项。]
6.What is Expert B frightened of
A.High future unemployment.
B.Human intelligence in the future.
C.Large-scale poverty and social unrest.
D.Human intelligence’s being overcome.
答案　D
解析　[细节理解题。根据Expert B中的“I have to admit that...intelligence frighten me.”可知,专家B害怕的是创造出能够匹配或超越人类智能的事物所带来的潜在后果,即担心人类智能被超越。故选D项。]
7.Who thinks autonomous AI does more good than harm
A.Expert A. B.Expert B.
C.Expert C. D.Expert D.
答案　C
解析　[细节理解题。根据Expert C中的“But progress always comes at a cost,and for me the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.”可知,专家C认为尽管进步需要代价,但人工智能的优势远大于劣势,即认为自主人工智能利大于弊。故选C项。]
8.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A.AI:Friends or Enemies
B.Technology:Safe or Dangerous
C.The Good Influence of AI
D.The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots
答案　A
解析　[标题归纳题。文章围绕四位专家对人工智能未来的不同观点展开,既有积极认可(如专家A和C),也有担忧警告(如专家B和D),核心探讨人工智能对人类而言是敌是友。“AI:朋友还是敌人 ”准确概括了这一主题,适合作为标题。故选A项。]
C
A recent article published by the science journal Nature Neuroscience says that excessive (过度的) light exposure at night leads to symptoms of depression in mice.
Health experts have long suggested that exposure to light during nighttime may lead to depression in humans,but now Chinese scientists have verified that this happens to mice.
Scientists from the University of Science and Technology of China,based in Hefei,Anhui Province,found that the effect was partly controlled by a neural pathway that carries signals from the eyes to a specific region of brain.Blocking the pathway could prevent the effect,the paper said.
In their experiments,the scientists exposed dozens of mice to blue light from 9 pm to 11 pm.Blue light was chosen because neurons are most sensitive to it,according to An Kai,the lead author of the paper,which was published in the science journal Nature Neuroscience.
“To our surprise,the effect was very obvious in mice,” said An.“The exposure resulted in more than 70 percent of the subject mice exhibiting depressive symptoms,which was shown by two classical tests.”
The mice exhibited decreased mobility in the forced swimming test and decreased preference in the sugar preference test.
An said researchers finally hope to verify the mechanism in humans,but further experiments are required.
Mice are more active at night than in the daytime,which is contrary to humans.
“For the next stage of research,we will move on to other animals whose biological rhythms are closer to humans,” An said.
Exposure to excessive light at nighttime,either from lights or the use of electronic devices such as mobile phones or personal computers before bedtime,has been associated with a greater risk of depression,the paper noted.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个经中国科学家实验证实的现象:老鼠在夜间过度地暴露在光亮中会变得抑郁。科学家们未来准备对其他与人类生物钟类似的动物进行研究,同时也建议人们晚上少使用电子设备。
9.What has the research found
A.Humans are depressed when they’re exposed to light at night.
B.Much exposure to light at night makes mice depressed.
C.Mice are more sensitive to light at night than humans.
D.It’s harmful to be exposed to blue light at night.
答案　B
解析　[细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知,该研究发现老鼠夜间过度暴露在光亮中会变得抑郁,故选B项。]
10.What does the underlined word “verified” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Proved. B.Hoped.
C.Remembered. D.Guessed.
答案　A
解析　[词义猜测题。前文提到一些健康专家提出夜间过度暴露在光亮中可能使人抑郁,又由第一段可知,这种现象在老鼠身上也存在,此处是指中国科学家证实了这一点。由此推断verify意为“证实”,而prove意为“证明”,符合题意,故选A项。]
11.Which of the following was a result caused by the exposure to blue light at night
A.The mobility of the mice in swimming improved.
B.The mice became more sensitive to blue light.
C.The mice showed less interest in sugar.
D.The mice no longer liked swimming.
答案　C
解析　[细节理解题。根据第六段的内容可知,经过蓝光照射后,老鼠在糖偏好实验中对糖的兴趣有所减弱,故选C项。]
12.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.It’s less harmful to be exposed to light from the sky.
B.We should never use personal computers before bedtime.
C.It’s necessary not to use mobile phones too much at night.
D.Depression can be avoided if we don’t use electronic devices at night.
答案　C
解析　[推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,不管是灯光还是电子设备的光,夜间过度暴露在光亮中都会增加抑郁的风险,由此推断我们应该减少夜间对电子设备的使用,故选C项。]
Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分)
Should We Be Concerned About AI
Recently,the European Union passed a draft of the first major law to govern artificial intelligence (AI).Policymakers in China and the United States are working on similar guidelines.　1　 There are crucial issues to consider.
AI-generated content may spread misinformation.AI systems such as chatbots can create polished articles that look like something a person wrote.However,chatbots get their information from the Internet,and they cannot distinguish between reliable facts and false reports.As a result,a chatbot’s articles may include inaccurate information.　2　
AI risks copyright issues.During training,AI systems often add copyrighted works to their databases.Later,when an AI system creates new content such as a drawing,the picture may have the nose of a copyrighted image.　3　 Jonathan Taplin,film producer and author,is against such use of AI.He feels licenses are needed to protect artists when AI uses their copyrighted material in its training.
　4　 Professor Debby Cotton at Plymouth Marjon University placed her name on an article written by a chatbot.Then,she succeeded in having it published in an education journal.Cotton wanted to prove that “ChatGPT is writing at a very high level.” Teachers must search for clues to detect it.In addition,Cotton warns students that cheating steals their chance to learn key skills they will later need.
AI raises many concerns regarding the product it creates and the privacy and protection of people from whom it learns.　5　
A.What are these guidelines about
B.Such articles could mislead people.
C.AI writing tests academic integrity.
D.AI is used in the classroom extensively.
E.Also,AI’s new tune may sound like a popular song.
F.Why do governments want to monitor this technology
G.Laws to guide such powerful technology are necessary.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人工智能可能带来的风险,包括虚假信息传播、版权问题以及教育领域的挑战,强调了对其进行监管的必要性。
1.F
解析　[设空处上文提及欧盟通过了管控人工智能的重大法律草案,中国和美国也在制定类似指导方针,设空处下一句指出有关键问题需要考虑。F项“为什么政府想要监管这项技术”能够合理承接上文提到的各国出台相关举措这一现象,引出下文阐述的AI带来的一系列具体问题。故选F项。]
2.B
解析　[设空处位于段尾,应与上一句构成紧密逻辑关系。上一句提到聊天机器人等AI系统生成的文章可能包含不准确信息,B项“这样的文章可能会误导人们”正是上一句所导致的结果。故选B项。]
3.E
解析　[上文提到AI系统在训练过程中常把有版权的作品加入其数据库,在创作新内容时会出现版权相关问题。E项“而且,AI创作的新曲调可能听起来像一首流行歌曲”则是从音乐创作领域进一步举例说明AI在创作时可能存在的版权问题,与上文从不同创作角度阐释版权问题的逻辑相符。故选E项。]
4.C
解析　[设空处位于段落首句,为段落主题句。下文讲述黛比·科顿教授把聊天机器人写的文章拿去发表,以及教授提醒学生警惕AI作弊、指出作弊会剥夺学生学习关键技能的机会等事例,都是围绕C项“AI写作对学术诚信构成了挑战”展开的。故选C项。]
5.G
解析　[设空处位于末段结尾,应能总结全文内容。上文详细列举了AI在生成内容方面会传播错误信息、存在版权问题,以及给教师教学等方面带来的诸多令人担忧的问题,综合来看,鉴于AI带来了这么多问题,G项“监管这种强大技术的法律是必要的”是解决这些问题的方法,此项内容也与首段呼应。故选G项。](共83张PPT)
主题语境:人与社会——科学技术与科学精神
UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
大观念之单元话题:本单元主要讲述了医生约翰·斯诺控制霍乱传播的故事,并介绍了我国著名科学家钱学森和英国著名科学家史蒂芬·霍金的事迹及他们身上体现出的科学精神。我们要学习科学家勇于探索、认真钻研的精神,树立敢于开拓创新、坚持不懈、不断进取的观念,思考科学与生活及社会进步的关系。
①academia / k di mi / n.学术界
②discipline / d s pl n/ n.学科;科目
③involve / n v lv/ v.包含;涉及
④qualification / kw l f ke n/ n.素质;技能
⑤renewable /r nju bl/ adj.可再生的;可更新的
⑥innovative / n ve t v/ adj.创新的;革新的
类文悦读·情境导学
科学家只在实验室 从高校科研到企业创新,从政府决策到深入田野,他们的舞台超乎想象。
Where do scientists work
Scientists can work in a wide range of environments,depending on their specific field or special interests.From academia① to industry,healthcare to government work,there is a variety of careers to explore as a scientist.
Research institutions and universities
Academia remains a very popular pathway for many scientists.A career in academia can take various forms depending on the discipline②.For instance,many scientists work in laboratory environments,while others work out in the field,and some work with computer software. There is often a mixture of different work environments.Regardless of the specifics of their work,every academic scientist’s job involves③conducting experiments,collecting results,analyzing data,and publishing the findings of their research.
Government agencies
Scientists can pursue various career options in government, depending on their expertise and qualifications④.For those with leadership goals,technical oversight positions in their specialty are available.Alternatively,scientists can move into non-technical roles,such as management in promotion and marketing.For those interested in lawmaking,policy-making positions offer a chance to apply their scientific knowledge in shaping policies.
Private industry and corporations
There are plenty of opportunities for scientists in the private sector.Industries like biotechnology,artificial intelligence,energy and renewable⑤ energy are all popular options.Private and corporate science positions are popular due to their good pay but often offer less freedom in what you do compared with academia.
In conclusion,scientists have diverse career opportunities across various sectors.Each field offers unique challenges and rewards, allowing scientists to apply their expertise in innovative⑥ ways to address global issues and contribute to societal advancement.
文本整体理解
内
容
索
引
语篇助解释疑
课时精练
Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking—Comprehending
文 本 整 体 理 解
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
A.How John Snow found the cause of cholera and defeated it.
B.The cause of cholera was polluted water.
C.The source of all drinking water should be examined.
D.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
√
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1　A.John Snow began his study by marking on a map.
Para.2　B.John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
Para.3　C.John Snow’s contributions.
Para.4　D.John Snow desired to defeat cholera.
Para.5　E.The truth of the infection of cholera.
答案　Para.1 D　Para.2 B　Para.3 A　Para.4 E　Para.5 C
Ⅱ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What did Snow decide to do after knowing millions of people died from cholera
A.Become a medical worker.
B.Find the cause and defeat it.
C.Set up modern epidemiology.
D.Develop a new theory to explain how it spread.
√
2.What was the first step of Snow’s investigation
A.He removed the handle of the pump.
B.He paid a visit to those who got cholera.
C.He marked the exact places of the deaths on a map.
D.He found a link between cholera and polluted water.
√
3.Why were there no deaths in some households
A.They boiled water before drinking.
B.They did not drink the water from the pump.
C.They later moved away from the water pump.
D.They preferred free water provided by their workplace.
√
4.Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology
A.He changed the way scientists study diseases.
B.He pushed water companies to sell clean water.
C.He cracked a key problem in epidemiological research.
D.He destroyed cholera once and for all through his efforts.
√
Ⅲ.难句解构
1.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
学会断句:主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places;where引导　　　　从句,修饰先行词　　　　　　　　;who引导　　　　从句,修饰先行词　　　　。
尝试翻译:
定语
the exact places
定语
those
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
学会断句:本句中　　　　　　　　意为“如此……以至于……”,that引导　　　　　　从句。had it delivered为“have+宾语+过去分词”结构,意为“让某事被做”。
尝试翻译:
so...that...
结果状语
这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。
Ⅳ.翻转课堂(课文语法填空)
Cholera was one of the most feared 1.　　　　　　 (disease) in the past.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.John Snow, 2.__________ famous doctor,was determined 3.　　　　　　 (destroy) cholera once and for all.
diseases
a
to destroy
There were two theories about cholera at that time.One was 4._____________ bad air caused the disease and the other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed 5.　　　　　　 the second theory.He began to investigate, 6.　　　　　　 (mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died 7.　　　　　　 (live).As a result,he found multiple deaths in one place while there were no deaths in another place.8._______________ (eventual),he found the evidence for the second theory.He succeeded in 9.　　　　　　 (stop) the disease spreading.
that
to
marking
had lived
Eventually
stopping
Snow transformed the way of studying diseases,and therefore he 10.　　　　　　 (consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
is considered
语 篇 助 解 释 疑
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①”
Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome[1].This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④,dehydration⑤,and even death.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe,millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated⑧ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[2].In time⑨,he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth .However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all .
[原文呈现]
[1]此处是until引导的时间状语从句,其中“how it could be overcome”是how引导的宾语从句。
[2]此处是because引导的原因状语从句,其中“how to prevent or treat cholera”是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作knew的宾语。
In general ,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread[3].One theory was that bad air caused the disease[4].The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof . Consequently ,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854[5], Snow began to investigate .He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.
[3]此处是how引导的宾语从句。
[4]此处是that引导的表语从句,that在从句中不作成分。
[5]此处是when引导的时间状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame [6].What is more ,in another part of
London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs[7].Accordingly ,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. [8]Through this intervention ,the disease was stopped in its tracks.
[6]此处是that引导的宾语从句。be to blame意为“负有责任”,动词不定式to blame用主动形式表示被动含义。
[7]此处是that引导的宾语从句。
[8]本句含有“have sth done”结构,意为“让/请某人做某事、使某事被做”;so that引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[9].Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste[10].The people who drank this water[11] were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water[12].
[9]此处是that引导的表语从句。
[10]此处是that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the River Thames。
[11]此处是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词people。
[12]此处是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词those。
Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease .However,cholera is still a problem.Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera[13],thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics , Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[14].For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology .
[13]此处是“疑问词+动词不定式”结构,作know的宾语。
[14]此处是省略了引导词that/in which的定语从句,修饰先行词the way。
[名师圈点]
①cholera / k l r / n.霍乱
②used to do sth过去常常做某事
③severe /sI vI (r)/ adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的
severely adv.严重地;严格地;严厉地
④diarrhoea / daI rI / n.腹泻
⑤dehydration / di haI dreI n/ n.脱水
⑥outbreak n.爆发;突然发生
⑦hit v.攻击;进攻;袭击
⑧frustrated /fr streItId/ adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的
feel frustrated感到沮丧
frustration n.挫折
⑨in time 最后;迟早
⑩rise v.变得更加成功(或重要、强大等)
attend to关怀;照料;处理
give birth (to) 分娩,生育
once and for all最终地;彻底地
in general通常;一般而言
contradictory / k ntr dIkt ri/ adj.相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的
be contradictory to与……相矛盾
contradict v.相抵触,相矛盾;反驳
infection /In fek n/ n.感染;传染
germ /d m/ n.微生物;细菌;病菌
subscribe to同意;赞同
subscribe /s b skraIb/ vi.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费)
proof /pru f/ n.证据;证明;检验
prove v.证明;证明是
consequently adv.因此,所以
investigate v.调查;研究
particular adj.特定的;特别的
be determined to do sth决心做某事
multiple / m ltIpl/ adj.数量多的;多种多样的
multiply v.乘以;迅速增加;繁殖
water pump水泵
pump /p mp/ n.泵;抽水机;打气筒
household / ha sh ld/ n.一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect /s spekt/ vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任
/ s spekt/ n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
suspect sb of (doing) sth怀疑某人(做过)某事
blame /bleIm/ vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
be to blame for对……应负责任
what is more更重要的是;而且
as a result of由于(后跟原因)
as a result结果(后跟结果)
accordingly adv.因此;相应地
handle / h ndl/ n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
intervention / Int ven n/ n.介入;出面;干涉
infect /In fekt/ vt.使感染;传染
infectious adj.传染性的;感染的(尤指通过呼吸)
link /lI k/ n.联系;纽带vt.把……连接起来;相关联
a link between...and... ……与……之间的联系
be linked to/with与……联系/连接起来
raw /r / adj.未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的
raw material原材料
be likely to do sth有可能做某事
pure /pj (r)/ adj.干净的;纯的;纯粹的
pure water纯净水
tireless adj.不知疲倦的
substantial /s b st n l/ adj.大量的;价值巨大的;重大的
decrease / di kri s/ n.减少;降低;减少量
/dI kri s/ vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
on the decrease正在减少,在降低
thanks to幸亏;由于
statistic /st tIstIk/ n.[pl.-s]统计数字;统计资料;统计学
transform /tr ns f m/ vt.使改观;使改变形态 vi.改变;转变
transform...into...使……转变成……
epidemiology / epI di mi l d i/ n.流行病学
[译文参考]
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前,霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种疾病可以导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初,当霍乱爆发,肆虐欧洲时,数百万人死于这种疾病。由于无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱,年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到沮丧。后来,他成为一位名医,甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而,他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
关于霍乱的蔓延方式,当时的医生通常有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发的这种疾病,另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的,但他仍需要证据。因此,1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时,斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上爆发得非常严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)。然而有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。酒吧为他们提供免费的啤酒,因此他们没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外,在伦敦的另一个区域,一名妇女和她的女儿搬离宽街后死于霍乱。这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。因为这个证据,约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是,他让人拆掉了水泵的把手,这样水泵就不能用了。通过这一干预,疾病的蔓延得以遏制。
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外,斯诺之后还证实了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比,饮用这种水的人更有可能感染霍乱。
　　经过斯诺的不懈努力,供水公司开始销售洁净的水,世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。然而,霍乱仍是一个问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱,并且许多人因此丧生。幸运的是,多亏了约翰·斯诺的努力,我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。此外,通过使用地图和数据,斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。出于这个原因,斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
课 时 精 练
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共30分)
A
In Wuhan’s Jianghan district,master craftsman Wu Youquan has devoted over twenty years to transforming himself from a wood businessman into a respected inheritor of guqin-making heritage.Born in 1972 in Hubei Province,Wu has remained faithful to his principle of “approaching guqin-making with the attitude of creating art,” and has become a pioneer in bringing back the lost technique of making silk-stringed (丝弦) instruments from Chinese parasol wood (梧桐木).
The guqin,a seven-stringed instrument with thousands of years of history,represents the heart of ancient Chinese scholarly culture.Wu’s unexpected journey began in 2001 while supplying wood for instrument production,when he discovered that old wood from torn-down houses owned perfect sound qualities.This revelation took him across Yunnan,Guizhou,and Sichuan provinces in search of perfect materials.
Initially viewing this as just a way to earn a living,Wu gradually developed a deep interest in the instrument’s cultural significance.The complex craft involves over a hundred steps—from material selection and woodworking to applying paint and putting together—requiring several years to complete a single instrument.His devotion paid off in 2010 when he participated in a restoration project at the Chinese National Academy of Arts,working alongside master Sun Qingtang, who later became his teacher.
Wu’s path faced numerous challenges,including severe allergic (过敏的) reactions during natural paint collection in remote mountains.Yet his efforts paid off,establishing supply partnerships with paint farmers while mastering traditional techniques.His family joined this cultural mission—his wife preserves Sichuan school guqin playing,while their son studies music theory at university.
Today,the family runs a guqin studio in Wuhan,hosting cultural gatherings and offering public courses.“As a new-generation guqin maker,my mission is to pass on this national treasure,” Wu says,showing the spirit of cultural preservation.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲的是武汉江汉区古琴制作匠人吴友全的传承与创新之路。
1.What does the underlined word “revelation” in paragraph 2 mean
A.Businessman. B.Finding.
C.Quality. D.Problem.
解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段可知,吴友全在为一所乐器厂供应木材时,偶然发现来自拆迁老屋的旧木料拥有绝佳的音质。这一意外发现促使他走遍多个省份寻找理想材料。因此,“revelation”在此处的含义与“Finding(发现)”最为接近。故选B项。
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2.What was the key event that deepened Wu’s commitment to guqin culture
A.Finding special wood from old houses.
B.Meeting his future wife who plays the guqin.
C.Participating in the restoration project in 2010.
D.Opening his own guqin studio in Wuhan.
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解析　细节理解题。根据第三段,吴友全最初仅将制琴视为谋生手段。而2010年他得以参与中国艺术研究院的修复项目,并与后来成为其恩师的孙庆堂大师共事,这一经历让他深刻认识到古琴的文化价值,从而真正坚定了传承这项技艺的决心。因此,这是深化其承诺的关键事件。故选C项。
3.What challenge did Wu Youquan face when collecting natural paint
A.Difficulty in finding paint farmers to cooperate with.
B.Lack of traditional techniques for paint collection.
C.Severe allergic reactions in remote mountains.
D.Shortage of perfect materials for making paint.
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段首句“Wu’s path faced numerous...in remote mountains.”可知,他面临的主要挑战之一便是在偏远山区采集天然涂料时产生的严重过敏反应。故选C项。
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4.Which of the following can best describe Wu Youquan’s character
A.Traditional and cautious. B.Patient and persistent.
C.Business-minded. D.Gifted and shy.
解析　推理判断题。纵观全文,吴友全耗费二十余年从木材商人转型为非遗传承人;制琴工序繁复耗时,需数年完成一件;为寻材料和涂料遍访多地,甚至忍受严重过敏也未曾放弃。这些经历共同勾勒出一位极具耐心、持之以恒(patient and persistent) 的匠人形象。故选B项。
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B
What is the future of artificial intelligence (AI) Will it be possible for robots to be autonomous If so,when will that happen and will it be a good thing We asked four experts what they think.
Expert A:I would say that we are quite a long way off developing the computing power for fully autonomous AI.We will probably remain in control of technology.However,no one really knows what will happen if machines become more intelligent than humans.They may help us,ignore us or destroy us.I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives.
Expert B:I have to admit that the potential consequences of creating something that can match or surpass human intelligence frighten me.At some point in the near future,their intelligence may well take off and develop at an ever-increasing speed.In the short term,there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs,creating a large number of unemployed people.
Expert C:Personally,I think it’s fascinating to consider how we’ll speed up our evolution as a species by improving our bodies.Imagine if you could put a computer inside our brain! Soon we’ll be able to do just that and enhance our mathematical ability and our memory,and this idea is only going to become more and more common.AI is also popping up in the world around us.Granted,there have been a few problems.But progress always comes at a cost,and for me the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
Expert D:I’m a member of the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots. Think of what’s happening right now:military machines are already being used to kill with very little human input.The next step will be autonomous “murderbots”,following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.It seems clear to me that this would be completely dangerous for humanity.We need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能对我们未来生活的影响。有的专家认为人工智能会给我们带来更多的好处,而有的专家则对人工智能的影响表示担忧。
5.What is Expert A’s attitude towards the future of AI
A.Positive. B.Negative.
C.Critical. D.Doubtful.
解析　细节理解题。根据Expert A中的“I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives.”可知,专家A倾向于认为人工智能将对未来生活产生积极影响,因此他对人工智能的未来持积极态度。故选A项。
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6.What is Expert B frightened of
A.High future unemployment.
B.Human intelligence in the future.
C.Large-scale poverty and social unrest.
D.Human intelligence’s being overcome.
解析　细节理解题。根据Expert B中的“I have to admit that...intelligence frighten me.”可知,专家B害怕的是创造出能够匹配或超越人类智能的事物所带来的潜在后果,即担心人类智能被超越。故选D项。
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7.Who thinks autonomous AI does more good than harm
A.Expert A. B.Expert B.
C.Expert C. D.Expert D.
解析　细节理解题。根据Expert C中的“But progress always comes at a cost,and for me the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.”可知,专家C认为尽管进步需要代价,但人工智能的优势远大于劣势,即认为自主人工智能利大于弊。故选C项。
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8.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A.AI:Friends or Enemies
B.Technology:Safe or Dangerous
C.The Good Influence of AI
D.The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots
解析　标题归纳题。文章围绕四位专家对人工智能未来的不同观点展开,既有积极认可(如专家A和C),也有担忧警告(如专家B和D),核心探讨人工智能对人类而言是敌是友。“AI:朋友还是敌人 ”准确概括了这一主题,适合作为标题。故选A项。
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C
A recent article published by the science journal Nature Neuroscience says that excessive (过度的) light exposure at night leads to symptoms of depression in mice.
Health experts have long suggested that exposure to light during nighttime may lead to depression in humans,but now Chinese scientists have verified that this happens to mice.
Scientists from the University of Science and Technology of China,based in Hefei,Anhui Province,found that the effect was partly controlled by a neural pathway that carries signals from the eyes to a specific region of brain.Blocking the pathway could prevent the effect,the paper said.
In their experiments,the scientists exposed dozens of mice to blue light from 9 pm to 11 pm.Blue light was chosen because neurons are most sensitive to it,according to An Kai,the lead author of the paper, which was published in the science journal Nature Neuroscience.
“To our surprise,the effect was very obvious in mice,” said An.“The exposure resulted in more than 70 percent of the subject mice exhibiting depressive symptoms,which was shown by two classical tests.”
The mice exhibited decreased mobility in the forced swimming test and decreased preference in the sugar preference test.
An said researchers finally hope to verify the mechanism in humans,but further experiments are required.
Mice are more active at night than in the daytime,which is contrary to humans.
“For the next stage of research,we will move on to other animals whose biological rhythms are closer to humans,” An said.
Exposure to excessive light at nighttime,either from lights or the use of electronic devices such as mobile phones or personal computers before bedtime,has been associated with a greater risk of depression,the paper noted.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个经中国科学家实验证实的现象:老鼠在夜间过度地暴露在光亮中会变得抑郁。科学家们未来准备对其他与人类生物钟类似的动物进行研究,同时也建议人们晚上少使用电子设备。
9.What has the research found
A.Humans are depressed when they’re exposed to light at night.
B.Much exposure to light at night makes mice depressed.
C.Mice are more sensitive to light at night than humans.
D.It’s harmful to be exposed to blue light at night.
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知,该研究发现老鼠夜间过度暴露在光亮中会变得抑郁,故选B项。
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10.What does the underlined word “verified” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Proved. B.Hoped.
C.Remembered. D.Guessed.
解析　词义猜测题。前文提到一些健康专家提出夜间过度暴露在光亮中可能使人抑郁,又由第一段可知,这种现象在老鼠身上也存在,此处是指中国科学家证实了这一点。由此推断verify意为“证实”,而prove意为“证明”,符合题意,故选A项。
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11.Which of the following was a result caused by the exposure to blue light at night
A.The mobility of the mice in swimming improved.
B.The mice became more sensitive to blue light.
C.The mice showed less interest in sugar.
D.The mice no longer liked swimming.
解析　细节理解题。根据第六段的内容可知,经过蓝光照射后,老鼠在糖偏好实验中对糖的兴趣有所减弱,故选C项。
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12.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.It’s less harmful to be exposed to light from the sky.
B.We should never use personal computers before bedtime.
C.It’s necessary not to use mobile phones too much at night.
D.Depression can be avoided if we don’t use electronic devices at night.
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,不管是灯光还是电子设备的光,夜间过度暴露在光亮中都会增加抑郁的风险,由此推断我们应该减少夜间对电子设备的使用,故选C项。
√
Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分)
Should We Be Concerned About AI
Recently,the European Union passed a draft of the first major law to govern artificial intelligence (AI).Policymakers in China and the United States are working on similar guidelines.　1　 There are crucial issues to consider.
AI-generated content may spread misinformation.AI systems such as chatbots can create polished articles that look like something a person wrote.However,chatbots get their information from the Internet,and they cannot distinguish between reliable facts and false reports.As a result,a chatbot’s articles may include inaccurate information.　2　
AI risks copyright issues.During training,AI systems often add copyrighted works to their databases.Later,when an AI system creates new content such as a drawing,the picture may have the nose of a copyrighted image.　3　 Jonathan Taplin,film producer and author,is against such use of AI.He feels licenses are needed to protect artists when AI uses their copyrighted material in its training.
　4　 Professor Debby Cotton at Plymouth Marjon University placed her name on an article written by a chatbot.Then,she succeeded in having it published in an education journal.Cotton wanted to prove that “ChatGPT is writing at a very high level.” Teachers must search for clues to detect it.In addition,Cotton warns students that cheating steals their chance to learn key skills they will later need.
AI raises many concerns regarding the product it creates and the privacy and protection of people from whom it learns.　5　
A.What are these guidelines about
B.Such articles could mislead people.
C.AI writing tests academic integrity.
D.AI is used in the classroom extensively.
E.Also,AI’s new tune may sound like a popular song.
F.Why do governments want to monitor this technology
G.Laws to guide such powerful technology are necessary.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人工智能可能带来的风险,包括虚假信息传播、版权问题以及教育领域的挑战,强调了对其进行监管的必要性。
1.F　[设空处上文提及欧盟通过了管控人工智能的重大法律草案,中国和美国也在制定类似指导方针,设空处下一句指出有关键问题需要考虑。F项“为什么政府想要监管这项技术”能够合理承接上文提到的各国出台相关举措这一现象,引出下文阐述的AI带来的一系列具体问题。故选F项。]
2.B　[设空处位于段尾,应与上一句构成紧密逻辑关系。上一句提到聊天机器人等AI系统生成的文章可能包含不准确信息,B项“这样的文章可能会误导人们”正是上一句所导致的结果。故选B项。]
3.E　[上文提到AI系统在训练过程中常把有版权的作品加入其数据库,在创作新内容时会出现版权相关问题。E项“而且,AI创作的新曲调可能听起来像一首流行歌曲”则是从音乐创作领域进一步举例说明AI在创作时可能存在的版权问题,与上文从不同创作角度阐释版权问题的逻辑相符。故选E项。]
4.C　[设空处位于段落首句,为段落主题句。下文讲述黛比·科顿教授把聊天机器人写的文章拿去发表,以及教授提醒学生警惕AI作弊、指出作弊会剥夺学生学习关键技能的机会等事例,都是围绕C项“AI写作对学术诚信构成了挑战”展开的。故选C项。]
5.G　[设空处位于末段结尾,应能总结全文内容。上文详细列举了AI在生成内容方面会传播错误信息、存在版权问题,以及给教师教学等方面带来的诸多令人担忧的问题,综合来看,鉴于AI带来了这么多问题,G项“监管这种强大技术的法律是必要的”是解决这些问题的方法,此项内容也与首段呼应。故选G项。]
Thanks！
本
讲
内
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结
束Section Ⅱ　Reading and Thinking—Language points
核心单词练透
1.frustrated adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的
教材原句　As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
由于无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱,年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到沮丧。
感知　语言先输入
①Frustrated and disappointed,I felt as if I were thrown into a world of limitless darkness.(心理描写)
②Although this can be frustrating,it turns out that this can actually be good for you.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)feel/be frustrated at/with... 对……感到沮丧/懊恼
(2)frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的
frustrate vt. 挫败;阻挠;使感到灰心
frustration n. 懊恼,沮丧;挫败
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①It’s not just about sharing sweets or frustration(frustrate);it has expanded to almost every aspect of our lives—the whole world seems to be into sharing.
②If we feel sad and frustrated(frustrate),we can choose the music which gives us power and makes us refreshed.
③I was frustrated at my poor performance in the contest and tears of frustration welled up in my eyes.(心理描写)
我对自己在比赛中的糟糕表现感到沮丧,我的眼睛里涌出懊恼的泪水。
2.subscribe vi.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费)
教材原句　Snow subscribed to the second theory.　斯诺赞同第二种看法。
感知　语言先输入
①All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth’s temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels.
②The professor urged his students to subscribe to academic journals in order to deepen their understanding of the subject.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)subscribe to　　 同意;赞同;订购;捐助
(2)subscriber n. 订阅人;订购者;定期捐款者
subscription n. 订阅(费);会(员)费;捐助
运用　语境辨义/补全句子
①It was the outstanding professor who always subscribed to our school,to which we were sincerely grateful.捐助
②To broaden our horizons and enrich our school lives,I have subscribed to the English newspaper Youth in the past three years.订阅
③All of us subscribe to the view that a good parent-children relationship is based on mutual understanding and respect.
我们所有人都赞成这个观点:好的亲子关系是基于相互理解和尊重。
3.suspect vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
教材原句　Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.　斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
感知　语言先输入
①We suspected that the injured participant might not finish the marathon,but actually he made it with strong willpower.
②Anyone suspected of drunk driving should be stopped and take an alcohol test.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)suspect sb of (doing) sth 怀疑某人(做过)某事
suspect sb/sth to be/as... 怀疑某人/某物是……
suspect that... 怀疑……
(2)suspicious adj. 可疑的;怀疑的
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Suspected(suspect) of violating traffic rules,he was questioned by the police.
②We all suspected her to be(be) an actress,but no one knew her.
③I once suspected that he had stolen the money,but later it turned out that I was wrong.
我曾怀疑他偷了钱,但后来证明我错了。
④We should not easily suspect others of bad intentions;kindness often builds stronger bridges.
我们不应轻易怀疑他人抱有恶意;善意往往能搭建更坚固的桥梁。
4.blame vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
教材原句　Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
感知　语言先输入
①Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time,human activity will be to blame.(北师选一U3)
②So instead of blaming others,we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ shoes.(建议信)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)blame sb/sth for sth 因某事而责怪某人/某物
blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某物
be to blame (for) (对坏事)负有责任
(2)lay/put the blame for sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某物
take the blame for sth承担对某事的责任
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①We were ready to take the blame for what had happened.
②Some people find it hard to get up in the morning,and put the blame on the alarm clock.
③Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame(blame) for the fire.
④Blamed for the failure of the performance,Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.(情感描写)
由于演出失败而受到责备,蒂姆感到一阵悲伤,禁不住痛哭起来。
5.link n.联系;纽带 vt.把……连接起来;相关联
教材原句　Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.
此外,斯诺之后还证实了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司有关。
感知　语言先输入
①Undoubtedly,traditional Chinese culture provides a vital link between the present and the past.(传统文化)
②The history of advertising has always been closely linked with that of the mass media.(译林选二U1)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)a link between...and... ……和……之间的联系
(2)link...to/with... 将……和……联系或连接起来
be linked to/with 与……联系/连接起来
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①It has already been proved that high-sugar diets are closely linked to/with heart disease.
②There is a link between health problems and bad eating habits,and as a result,it is necessary for us to link physical health to/with healthy diets.
健康问题和不良的饮食习惯之间是有联系的,因此,我们有必要将身体健康和健康的饮食联系起来。
③Volunteering during teenage years has been linked to some major positive effects such as improved grades and increased self-confidence.(2025·全国二卷)
青少年时期参与志愿活动,一直以来都与一些重要的积极影响相关联,例如学业成绩的提升和自信心的增强。
6.decrease n.减少;降低;减少量vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
教材原句　Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
经过斯诺的不懈努力,供水公司开始销售洁净的水,世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。
感知　语言先输入
①Population growth is decreasing by 1.4% each year,so the country is strongly advocating a third-child policy.
②The data shows that the past year saw a sharp decrease in the number of people who liked group travel.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)decrease by　　　　　 减少了
decrease (from...) to (从……)减少到
decrease in 在某方面下降
(2)on the decrease 在下降;在减少
a decrease in sth 某方面的减少/下降
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.(2025·全国二卷)
②It’s reported that the number of violent crimes is on the decrease.
③The traffic accidents in the city decreased by 30% last year.
④The past five years have witnessed the sharp decrease of the whale number because it has been the main target of the illegal hunt in the whole world.(环境保护)
过去的五年见证了鲸鱼数量的急剧减少,因为它已经成为全世界非法捕猎的主要目标。
7.transform vt.使改观;使改变形态vi.改变;转变
教材原句　Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
此外,通过使用地图和数据,斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
感知　语言先输入
①The dining-room window had been transformed into a lovely Japanese print.(外研选三U6)
②She used to be terribly shy,but a year abroad has completely transformed her.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)transform...into...　　 使……转变成……
(2)transformation n. 变化;转变;改观
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Both men made dramatic transformations(transform) to their lives in order to reconnect with nature.(外研选三U5)
②Finally,during the most exciting part,the music takes a softer turn and ends on a bittersweet note,telling us how the couple transform into butterflies and fly away to be together forever.(译林选一U2)
最后,在最激动人心的部分,音乐以一个柔和的转折和一个苦乐参半的音符结束,告诉我们这对夫妇如何变成蝴蝶飞走并永远在一起。
片段巩固 用本部分词汇完成参加科学实验的续写片段
写作提示: 戴维对项目失败感到沮丧→他决定订阅科学杂志寻找答案→他开始怀疑自己的方法→他不将失败归咎于缺乏资源而是联系失败原因→这帮助他减少错误→最终他将失败转化为经验 　　David felt frustrated when his science project failed again.To find answers,he decided to subscribe to a popular science magazine.He began to suspect that his initial approach was wrong.Instead of blaming failure on the lack of resources,he tried to link his failure to the core principle he had overlooked.This realization helped decrease his repeated mistakes.Through persistent effort,he managed to transform his failure into a valuable lesson.
短语句式通关
1.thanks to幸亏;由于
教材原句　Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow.　幸运的是,多亏了约翰·斯诺的努力,我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。
感知　语言先输入
①“Thanks to your encouragement and assistance,I could take part in the cross-country run,” David said,with tears of gratitude shining in his eyes.
②I told him that thanks to his timely help,everything had gone smoothly.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
记牢　知识再梳理
其他表示“因为;由于”的短语:
(1)because of、on account of、as a result of等常作状语,一般不作表语,可置于句首或句末;
(2)due to、owing to在句中作状语或表语。
运用　补全句子
①Thanks to Jack’s bravery and calmness,the two rescued children were finally reunited with their family happily.
多亏了杰克的勇敢和冷静,被救的两个孩子最终高兴地与家人团聚了。
②I hold the strong belief that your outstanding success is due to/owing to your hard work and tireless efforts.
我坚信你杰出的成就是因为你的勤奋工作和不懈努力。
2.句型公式:until引导时间状语从句
教材原句　Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome.
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前,霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
感知　语言先输入
①The voice became louder and louder until David dragged his leg,surpassing the terminal.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
②“I wasn’t going to give up until every single publisher turned me down,but I often feared that would happen,”she later posted.(外研选一U2)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)not...until...意为“直到……才……”
(2)not until...倒装结构:Not until+...+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+...。
(3)not until...强调结构:It is/was not until+...+that+其他部分。
运用　补全句子/句式升级
①I would keep working on the farm until I earned enough money to help my father buy a new tractor.(2021·浙江6月卷)
我将一直在农场工作直到我挣到足够的钱帮助爸爸买辆新拖拉机。
②I didn’t realize how important working with my own hands was until I took part in the picking activity.(全国Ⅱ卷)
→It wasn’t until I took part in the picking activity that I realized how important working with my own hands was.(强调句型)
→Not until I took part in the picking activity did I realize how important working with my own hands was.(倒装)
3.句型公式:so...that... 如此……以至于……
教材原句　He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上爆发得非常严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。
感知　语言先输入
①She was so tired after work that she fell asleep as soon as her head hit the pillow.
②So ashamed was he that he could hardly utter even a single word.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)引导结果状语从句的两个句型:
①so+
②such+
(2)当so或such位于句首时,主句应用部分倒装语序。
运用　句式升级/补全语段
①She is such a persuasive speaker that everyone agrees with her point of view.
→She is so persuasive a speaker that everyone agrees with her point of view.(so...that...)
→So persuasive a speaker/ Such a persuasive speaker is she that everyone agrees with her point of view.(倒装句)
②I nodded,reciting a line about autumn rain washing old stones.A few students wrote it down,their eyes so curious that they seemed to glow.After class,my classmates showed such interest that many crowded around me.(2025·全国二卷)
我点点头,吟了一句关于秋雨冲刷旧石的诗。几个学生低头记下,眼神好奇得发亮。课后,同学们兴致盎然,许多人将我团团围住。
4.句型公式:无生命名词+see/witness/find+宾语
教材原句　Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
经过斯诺的不懈努力,供水公司开始销售洁净的水,世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。
感知　语言先输入
①The next moment saw the mother’s surprise and happiness when she tasted the breakfast prepared for her by the twins.
②Technology has seen some amazing developments in the last few decades.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)see意为“见证;目睹;经历”时,常以表示时代、年代、世纪或地点的名词作主语,表示某时或某地“目睹、发生、经历”了某事。
(2)与see用法相同的动词有find、witness、experience等,这些词在句中作谓语,用物作主语时,表示一种拟人的修辞手法,以增添语言色彩,使表达更形象。
运用　补全句子/句式升级
①The tree has seen passing generations taking shade and cats lying lazily nearby in the sunlight.
一代又一代的人在这棵树的树荫下乘凉,猫们慵懒地躺在附近晒太阳。
②We all had a really enjoyable time in the tea house.
→The tea house witnessed a really enjoyable time for all of us.
③Great changes have taken place in our hometown since the reform and opening-up policy started.
→Our hometown has seen/witnessed great changes since the reform and opening-up policy started.(拟人修辞)
片段巩固 用本部分短语句式完成介绍努力学习的片段
内容要点: 1.多亏了老师的指导,我上学期英语取得了很大进步; 2.直到进入高中,我才意识到时间管理的重要性; 3.学业负担如此繁重以至于每一分钟都很宝贵; 4.我的书桌见证了无数个努力的夜晚。 　　Thanks to my teacher’s guidance,I made great progress in English last term.I had never realized the importance of time management until I entered high school.The workload is so heavy that every minute counts.My study desk has witnessed countless nights of hard work.Therefore,I started to plan my schedule carefully.This new habit has helped me balance study and rest effectively.
高考热点微练
1.写出加黑部分的词性和汉语意思
①My heart was pumping with extreme excitement.vi.快速运动
②Secondly,take advantage of opportunities for lifelong learning—for example,you could register online and subscribe to e-learning courses.(译林选四U4)定期订购(或订阅等)
③This role has turned him into a household name.adj.家喻户晓的
2.根据语境选出含义
(1)substantial
A.adj.大量的　B.adj.大而坚固的,结实的
①The house built with bricks,steel and concrete is substantial.B
②Then,in 2006,the rabbits’ digging caused some land to collapse,and killed a substantial number of penguins.(外研选二U5)A
(2)handle
A.vt.处理　B.vt.操纵　C.n.把手　D.vt.(用手)触,拿
①The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.
(2022·全国甲卷)D
②I wasn’t sure if I could handle such a powerful car.B
③Tea in China was traditionally drunk from cups without handles.C
④We must learn to handle conflicts calmly and wisely.A
[基础语境练]
Ⅰ.单词情景运用(每小题1分,共10分)
1.After a long research,the scientists found that some ideas were slightly contradictory (相互矛盾的).
2.After he got up,Jack washed his face at the water pump (泵) in front of the house.
3.Analyses were conducted on the raw (原始的) data.
4.Being exposed to these surroundings will increase the risk of infection(感染).
5.Do you get very frustrated (懊恼的) by slow-moving traffic
6.He focused on his discovery and the statistics /st t st ks/ of his research.
7.Despite her good salary,my aunt measured out every dollar needed for household / ha sh ld/ expenses.
8.Owing to the severe environmental pollution,this species of bird is decreasing in number every year.
9.The businessman subscribes to the university regularly where his son is studying.
10.What they may not know is that some bottled water may not be as pure as they expect.
Ⅱ.词形转换填空(每小题1分,共8分)
1.Exactly which bacteria cause the infection(infect) is still unknown.
2.He was struggling to make the transformation (transform) from a single man to a responsible husband.
3.If they were to act like that again,we should criticize them severely(severe).
4.This is one proof(prove) that environmental factors have a much higher effect than we thought.
5.Chinese herbs come from materials that are purely (pure) natural,which have small side effects.
6.All of them blamed the mistake on me,making me quite frustrated (frustrate) and depressed.
7.Besides,your disagreements can also get handled (handle) if you put yourselves in others’ shoes.
8.Generally,yellow is linked (link) with confidence,self-respect and friendliness.
Ⅲ.短语情景运用(每小题1.5分,共9分)
subscribe to,thanks to,decrease by,once and for all,suspect...of,be linked to
1.After overcoming the difficulty,the team proves once and for all that they are the best.
2.There are a number of people who subscribe to the proposal.
3.The devoted man was recommended as manager of the big company thanks to the recommendation of his professor.
4.Due to the economic recession,house prices in that area have decreased by 3%.
5.The man suspected of stealing the car felt frustrated when hearing the trial result.
6.The proof we collected shows that the spread of the disease is linked to the polluted water.
Ⅳ.典型句式集训(每小题2分,共10分)
1.We began to help pick peaches and then had them delivered to the farmers’ houses.(have+宾语+宾语补足语)
我们开始帮忙摘桃子,然后让人把它们送到农民家里。
2.The loss of his hearing deeply depressed Beethoven.He was so upset that,at first,he wanted to keep it a secret.(so...that...)(译林选一U2)
听力的丧失使贝多芬深感沮丧。他是如此难过以至于一开始他想保守秘密。
3.Our city witnesses four different seasons,with plenty of sunshine and good rainfall,but in winter you may feel a little cold.(拟人)
我们的城市见证了四个不同的季节,阳光充足、雨量充沛,但在冬天你可能会觉得有点冷。
4.It was not until I heard the news that I realised that I had won the contest.(not...until...句型的强调句)
直到我听到消息,我才意识到自己赢得了比赛。
5.It seems that everyone wants to do something for the celebration.(seem)
似乎每个人都想为庆典做些什么。
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
Two teenagers,Rahi Shah and Hriday Boriawala,share similar worries.Both of their grandmothers,due to their age and health conditions,face an increased risk of falling.Falls in old age often lead to serious injuries and even death.Both passionate about robotics and coding (编程),they kept asking themselves:“Could we create a preventative tool that would anticipate the risk of falls and warn caregivers in time ”
Over the course of two years,the 18-year-olds devoted themselves to developing Walkfit—a system that attaches to a walking stick to assist with gait (步态) analysis.Walkfit comes with six pressure sensors,which are strategically placed on the stick,with two on the handle and four on the base.The system analyses the pressure on the stick,allowing it to determine the user’s dependency on it.A high level of dependence indicates a greater risk of falling.
“We measure how much of the user’s weight is being supported by the stick;based on that,we predict the likelihood of a fall and help diagnose (判断) potential problems or underlying conditions,” explains Rahi.
Walkfit can send data to a laptop by Bluetooth,generating real-time heat maps.These heat maps actually show which pressure points on the stick are bearing the most weight,giving an insight into what the problem could be,or what the chances of a fall might be.These heat maps visually represent pressure points,with blue indicating low pressure and red indicating high pressure.
In an age when most seniors stay alone,it would be useful to warn their children or caregivers who stay far away by detecting problems early.It also has uses for doctors to monitor patients with known mobility issues.The device can monitor a patient’s condition,providing insights into their risk of falling and the effectiveness of their current treatment.
The students now hope to fine-tune their invention and connect the device to an app to make this data more accessible to users.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。两名青少年发明了Walkfit,一款能分析步态、预测跌倒风险的智能手杖附件,帮助远程监护人和医生监测老年人或行动不便者。
1.What inspired the two teenagers to invent Walkfit
A.Their shared interest in robotics and coding.
B.Their caring for their elderly family members.
C.The need to improve current walking aids.
D.The lack of preventative tools for fall risks.
答案　B
解析　[细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知,拉希·沙和赫里达伊·博里亚瓦拉两人的祖母由于年龄和健康状况,面临着较高的跌倒风险。老年人跌倒往往会导致严重受伤甚至死亡。两个少年都热衷于机器人技术和编程,所以一直在想能否制造一款预防工具,能够预测跌倒风险并及时提醒护理人员。由此可知,对祖母的关心给了他们发明Walkfit的灵感。故选B项。]
2.How does Walkfit function
A.By detecting weight distribution on the stick.
B.By changing the pressure on the stick.
C.By making the walking stick more stable.
D.By adjusting the stick based on the user’s weight.
答案　A
解析　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The system analyses the...a greater risk of falling.”可知,Walkfit是通过检测拐杖上的重量分布来预测风险的。故选A项。]
3.What does the red colour on the heat maps imply
A.The fault in pressure sensors.
B.A great risk of falling.
C.An overload of data.
D.The overuse of Walkfit.
答案　B
解析　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“These heat maps actually...the most weight”“blue indicating low pressure and red indicating high pressure”以及第二段中的“A high level of dependence indicates a greater risk of falling.”可知,热图上的红色暗示拐杖承受的压力大,使用者摔倒的风险也大。故选B项。]
4.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Challenges for people with mobility issues.
B.Advice for caretakers of seniors.
C.Improvements needed for Walkfit.
D.Wide applications of Walkfit.
答案　D
解析　[段落大意题。第五段指出,在大多数老年人独自生活的时代,及早发现问题并提醒不在他们身边的子女或照顾他们的人是很有用的。医生还可以用该设备来监测行动不便的病人。它可以监测病人的状况,了解他们摔倒的风险和当前治疗的有效性。可以看出,不管是监测独居老人还是行动不便的病人,这都是Walkfit的应用。故选D项。]
Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分,共15分)
Many new parents worry about the sleep patterns of their newborns.They are 　1　 that their babies sleep too much.The fact is that babies sleep and it is perfectly 　2　.Here are some facts about babies and sleep that may help to put the minds of 　3　 parents at ease.
The reality is that newborns sleep.There is not any cause for 　4　 if the babies sleep through most of the night and 　5　 sleep a great deal during the day.　6　 the baby sleep reaches up to twenty hours per day,with 　7　 periods of wakefulness,there is no need to worry.
One of the 　8　 why babies sleep a lot is that they are still adjusting to a new environment,and experiencing rapid 　9　 at the same time.A lot of sleep for babies early on is a(n) 　10　 thing.Proper development demands that babies 　11　 a lot.Growth hormones (荷尔蒙) are produced by the pituitary gland (脑垂体) at a much faster rate while babies sleep.
Some parents 　12　 that their babies’ sleeping too much indicates some deficiency (缺陷) in their 　13　 skills.This is not the case at all.Babies sleep because they 　14　 it,not to escape parents who are inattentive or 　15　 in some manner.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章为新手父母解开了婴儿嗜睡之谜。
1.A.concerned B.guilty
C.curious D.annoyed
答案　A
解析　[根据上句中的“worry about”可知,新手父母“担心(concerned)”婴儿睡觉过多。故选A项。]
2.A.simple B.certain
C.special D.normal
答案　D
解析　[根据第二段中的“The reality is that newborns sleep.”及“there is no need to worry”可知,婴儿嗜睡是很“正常的(normal)”。故选D项。]
3.A.strong-minded B.single-minded
C.full-time D.first-time
答案　D
解析　[根据本段第一句中的“new parents”可知,此处是说宽慰“第一次(first-time)”做父母的人。故选D项。]
4.A.alarm B.caution
C.complaint D.horror
答案　A
解析　[根据上一句内容及本段末的“there is no need to worry”可知,不必因为婴儿几乎整夜睡觉,白天“仍然(still)”睡很长时间而“惊慌(alarm)”。故选A项。]
5.A.just B.seldom
C.still D.already
答案　C
解析　[参见上题解析。]
6.A.Every time B.Even if
C.Now that D.Soon after
答案　B
解析　[“即使(Even if)”婴儿的睡觉时间达到一天20个小时也不必担忧。故选B项。]
7.A.early B.late
C.long D.short
答案　D
解析　[根据本空前的“twenty hours per day”可知,一天睡20个小时的话,清醒的时间应该很“短(short)”。故选D项。]
8.A.rules B.reasons
C.examples D.goals
答案　B
解析　[本句中的“they are still adjusting to...at the same time”是婴儿嗜睡的一个“原因(reasons)”。故选B项。]
9.A.growth B.increase
C.recovery D.formation
答案　A
解析　[根据本段中的“development”“Growth hormones (荷尔蒙)”及常识可知,婴儿的“成长(growth)”速度很快。故选A项。]
10.A.private B.good
C.interesting D.easy
答案　B
解析　[根据本段最后一句内容可知,婴儿睡觉的时候,脑垂体分泌成长荷尔蒙的速度更快,因此早期的婴儿多睡觉是件“好(good)”事,婴儿的正常成长需要他们多“睡觉(sleep)”。故选B项。]
11.A.eat B.rest
C.sleep D.play
答案　C
解析　[参见上题解析。]
12.A.admit B.understand
C.realize D.think
答案　D
解析　[一些家长“认为(think)”婴儿睡觉过多表明他们“育儿(parenting)”技能不足。故选D项。]
13.A.learning B.management
C.parenting D.communication
答案　C
解析　[参见上题解析。]
14.A.love B.mean
C.need D.accept
答案　C
解析　[根据上段内容可知,婴儿嗜睡是因为他们的成长“需要(need)”充足的睡眠。故选C项。]
15.A.inactive B.inadequate
C.inconvenient D.indifferent
答案　B
解析　[根据本段中的“deficiency”及“inattentive”可知,这里指婴儿嗜睡不是为了躲避疏忽大意、“不胜任的(inadequate)”父母。故选B项。](共85张PPT)
Section Ⅱ　Reading and Thinking—
Language points
内
容
索
引
核心考点突破
课时精练
核 心 考 点 突 破
核心单词练透
高考热点微练
短语句式通关
核心单词练透
1.frustrated adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的
教材原句　As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
由于无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱,年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到沮丧。
感知　语言先输入
①Frustrated and disappointed,I felt as if I were thrown into a world of limitless darkness.(心理描写)
②Although this can be frustrating,it turns out that this can actually be good for you.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)feel/be frustrated at/with...对……感到沮丧/懊恼
(2)frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的
frustrate vt. 挫败;阻挠;使感到灰心
frustration n.懊恼,沮丧;挫败
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①It’s not just about sharing sweets or 　　　　　　(frustrate);it has expanded to almost every aspect of our lives—the whole world seems to be into sharing.
②If we feel sad and 　　　　　　(frustrate),we can choose the music which gives us power and makes us refreshed.
③I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 in the contest and
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 welled up in my eyes.(心理描写)
我对自己在比赛中的糟糕表现感到沮丧,我的眼睛里涌出懊恼的泪水。
frustration
frustrated
was frustrated at my poor performance
tears of frustration
2.subscribe vi.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费)
教材原句　Snow subscribed to the second theory.
斯诺赞同第二种看法。
感知　语言先输入
①All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth’s temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels.
②The professor urged his students to subscribe to academic journals in order to deepen their understanding of the subject.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)subscribe to　同意;赞同;订购;捐助
(2)subscriber n. 订阅人;订购者;定期捐款者
subscription n. 订阅(费);会(员)费;捐助
运用　语境辨义/补全句子
①It was the outstanding professor who always subscribed to our school,to which we were sincerely grateful.　　　　　
捐助
②To broaden our horizons and enrich our school lives,I have subscribed to the English newspaper Youth in the past three years.
　　　　　
③All of us 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 a good parent-children relationship is based on mutual understanding and respect.
我们所有人都赞成这个观点:好的亲子关系是基于相互理解和尊重。
订阅
subscribe to the view that
3.suspect vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
教材原句　Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
感知　语言先输入
①We suspected that the injured participant might not finish the marathon,but actually he made it with strong willpower.
②Anyone suspected of drunk driving should be stopped and take an alcohol test.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)suspect sb of (doing) sth 怀疑某人(做过)某事
suspect sb/sth to be/as... 怀疑某人/某物是……
suspect that... 怀疑……
(2)suspicious adj. 可疑的;怀疑的
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①　　　　　　(suspect) of violating traffic rules,he was questioned by the police.
Suspected
②We all suspected her 　　　　(be) an actress,but no one knew her.
③I once 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,but later it turned out that I was wrong.
我曾怀疑他偷了钱,但后来证明我错了。
④We should not easily 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ;
kindness often builds stronger bridges.
我们不应轻易怀疑他人抱有恶意;善意往往能搭建更坚固的桥梁。
to be
suspected that he had stolen the money
suspect others of bad intentions
4.blame vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
教材原句　Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
感知　语言先输入
①Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time,human activity will be to blame.(北师选一U3)
②So instead of blaming others,we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ shoes.(建议信)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)blame sb/sth for sth 因某事而责怪某人/某物
blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某物
be to blame (for) (对坏事)负有责任
(2)lay/put the blame for sth on sb/sth把某事归咎于某人/某物
take the blame for sth 承担对某事的责任
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①We were ready to take the blame 　　　　what had happened.
②Some people find it hard to get up in the morning,and put the blame 　　　　　　the alarm clock.
③Officials believe that more than one person may be _____________ (blame) for the fire.
④　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.(情感描写)
由于演出失败而受到责备,蒂姆感到一阵悲伤,禁不住痛哭起来。
for
on
to blame
Blamed for the failure of the performance
5.link n.联系;纽带 vt.把……连接起来;相关联
教材原句　Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.
此外,斯诺之后还证实了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司有关。
感知　语言先输入
①Undoubtedly,traditional Chinese culture provides a vital link between the present and the past.(传统文化)
②The history of advertising has always been closely linked with that of the mass media.(译林选二U1)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)a link between...and... ……和……之间的联系
(2)link...to/with... 将……和……联系或连接起来
be linked to/with 与……联系/连接起来
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①It has already been proved that high-sugar diets are closely linked
　　　　　　heart disease.
②　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ,
and as a result,it is necessary for us to .
健康问题和不良的饮食习惯之间是有联系的,因此,我们有必要将身体健康和健康的饮食联系起来。
to/with
There is a link between health problems and bad eating habits
link physical health to/
with healthy diets
③Volunteering during teenage years such as improved grades and increased self-confidence.(2025·全国二卷)
青少年时期参与志愿活动,一直以来都与一些重要的积极影响相关联,例如学业成绩的提升和自信心的增强。
has been linked to some
major positive effects
6.decrease n.减少;降低;减少量vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
教材原句　Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
经过斯诺的不懈努力,供水公司开始销售洁净的水,世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。
感知　语言先输入
①Population growth is decreasing by 1.4% each year,so the country is strongly advocating a third-child policy.
②The data shows that the past year saw a sharp decrease in the number of people who liked group travel.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)decrease by　　　 减少了
decrease (from...) to (从……)减少到
decrease in 在某方面下降
(2)on the decrease 在下降;在减少
a decrease in sth 某方面的减少/下降
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease 　　　　　　sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.(2025·全国二卷)
②It’s reported that the number of violent crimes is 　　　　　　the decrease.
③The traffic accidents in the city decreased 　　　　　　30% last year.
in
on
by
④ because it has been the main target of the illegal hunt in the whole world.(环境保护)
过去的五年见证了鲸鱼数量的急剧减少,因为它已经成为全世界非法捕猎的主要目标。
The past five years have witnessed the sharp decrease of the
whale number
7.transform vt.使改观;使改变形态vi.改变;转变
教材原句　Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
此外,通过使用地图和数据,斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
感知　语言先输入
①The dining-room window had been transformed into a lovely Japanese print.(外研选三U6)
②She used to be terribly shy,but a year abroad has completely transformed her.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)transform...into...　 使……转变成……
(2)transformation n. 变化;转变;改观
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Both men made dramatic 　　　　　　　　　(transform) to their lives in order to reconnect with nature.(外研选三U5)
transformations
②Finally,during the most exciting part,the music takes a softer turn and ends on a bittersweet note,telling us and fly away to be together forever.(译林选一U2)
最后,在最激动人心的部分,音乐以一个柔和的转折和一个苦乐参半的音符结束,告诉我们这对夫妇如何变成蝴蝶飞走并永远在一起。
how the couple transform
into butterflies
片段巩固 用本部分词汇完成参加科学实验的续写片段
写作提示:
戴维对项目失败感到沮丧→他决定订阅科学杂志寻找答案→他开始怀疑自己的方法→他不将失败归咎于缺乏资源而是联系失败原因→这帮助他减少错误→最终他将失败转化为经验
David felt frustrated when his science project failed again.To find answers,he decided to subscribe to a popular science magazine.He began to suspect that his initial approach was wrong.Instead of blaming failure on the lack of resources,he tried to link his failure to the core principle he had overlooked.This realization helped decrease his repeated mistakes.Through persistent effort,he managed to transform his failure into a valuable lesson.
短语句式通关
1.thanks to幸亏;由于
教材原句　Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow.
幸运的是,多亏了约翰·斯诺的努力,我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。
感知　语言先输入
①“Thanks to your encouragement and assistance,I could take part in the cross-country run,” David said,with tears of gratitude shining in his eyes.
②I told him that thanks to his timely help,everything had gone smoothly.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
记牢　知识再梳理
其他表示“因为;由于”的短语:
(1)because of、on account of、as a result of等常作状语,一般不作表语,可置于句首或句末;
(2)due to、owing to在句中作状语或表语。
运用　补全句子
①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,the two rescued children were finally reunited with their family happily.
多亏了杰克的勇敢和冷静,被救的两个孩子最终高兴地与家人团聚了。
②I hold the strong belief that your outstanding success is
　　　　　　　　　　　　 your hard work and tireless efforts.
我坚信你杰出的成就是因为你的勤奋工作和不懈努力。
Thanks to Jack’s bravery and calmness
due to/owing to
2.句型公式:until引导时间状语从句
教材原句　Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome.
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前,霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
感知　语言先输入
①The voice became louder and louder until David dragged his leg,surpassing the terminal.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
②“I wasn’t going to give up until every single publisher turned me down,but I often feared that would happen,”she later posted.
(外研选一U2)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)not...until...意为“直到……才……”
(2)not until...倒装结构:Not until+...+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+...。
(3)not until...强调结构:It is/was not until+...+that+其他部分。
运用　补全句子/句式升级
①I would 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
to help my father buy a new tractor.(2021·浙江6月卷)
我将一直在农场工作直到我挣到足够的钱帮助爸爸买辆新拖拉机。
keep working on the farm until I earned enough money
②I didn’t realize how important working with my own hands was until I took part in the picking activity.(全国Ⅱ卷)
→　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I realized how important working with my own hands was.(强调句型)
→　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 how important working with my own hands was.(倒装)
It wasn’t until I took part in the picking activity that
Not until I took part in the picking activity did I realize
3.句型公式:so...that... 如此……以至于……
教材原句　He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上爆发得非常严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。
感知　语言先输入
①She was so tired after work that she fell asleep as soon as her head hit the pillow.
②So ashamed was he that he could hardly utter even a single word.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)引导结果状语从句的两个句型:
①so+
②such+
(2)当so或such位于句首时,主句应用部分倒装语序。
运用　句式升级/补全语段
①She is such a persuasive speaker that everyone agrees with her point of view.
→She is 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 everyone agrees with her point of view.(so...that...)
→
everyone agrees with her point of view.(倒装句)
so persuasive a speaker that
So persuasive a speaker/Such a persuasive speaker is she that
②I nodded,reciting a line about autumn rain washing old stones.A few students wrote it down,their eyes 　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.After class,my classmates
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 many crowded around me.
(2025·全国二卷)
我点点头,吟了一句关于秋雨冲刷旧石的诗。几个学生低头记下,眼神好奇得发亮。课后,同学们兴致盎然,许多人将我团团围住。
so curious that they
seemed to glow
showed such interest that
4.句型公式:无生命名词+see/witness/find+宾语
教材原句　Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
经过斯诺的不懈努力,供水公司开始销售洁净的水,世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。
感知　语言先输入
①The next moment saw the mother’s surprise and happiness when she tasted the breakfast prepared for her by the twins.
②Technology has seen some amazing developments in the last few decades.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)see意为“见证;目睹;经历”时,常以表示时代、年代、世纪或地点的名词作主语,表示某时或某地“目睹、发生、经历”了某事。
(2)与see用法相同的动词有find、witness、experience等,这些词在句中作谓语,用物作主语时,表示一种拟人的修辞手法,以增添语言色彩,使表达更形象。
运用　补全句子/句式升级
①The tree 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
and cats lying lazily nearby in the sunlight.
一代又一代的人在这棵树的树荫下乘凉,猫们慵懒地躺在附近晒太阳。
②We all had a really enjoyable time in the tea house.
→The tea house 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
for all of us.
has seen passing generations taking shade
witnessed a really enjoyable time
③Great changes have taken place in our hometown since the reform and opening-up policy started.
→Our hometown 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
since the reform and opening-up policy started.(拟人修辞)
has seen/witnessed great changes
片段巩固 用本部分短语句式完成介绍努力学习的片段
内容要点:
1.多亏了老师的指导,我上学期英语取得了很大进步;
2.直到进入高中,我才意识到时间管理的重要性;
3.学业负担如此繁重以至于每一分钟都很宝贵;
4.我的书桌见证了无数个努力的夜晚。
Thanks to my teacher’s guidance,I made great progress in English last term.I had never realized the importance of time management until I entered high school.The workload is so heavy that every minute counts.My study desk has witnessed countless nights of hard work.Therefore,I started to plan my schedule carefully.This new habit has helped me balance study and rest effectively.
vi.快速运动
高考热点微练
1.写出加黑部分的词性和汉语意思
①My heart was pumping with extreme excitement.　　　　　　　
②Secondly,take advantage of opportunities for lifelong learning—for example,you could register online and subscribe to e-learning courses.
(译林选四U4)　　　　　　　　　　　
③This role has turned him into a household name.　　　　　　　　
定期订购(或订阅等)
adj.家喻户晓的
2.根据语境选出含义
(1)substantial
A.adj.大量的　B.adj.大而坚固的,结实的
①The house built with bricks,steel and concrete is substantial.　　
②Then,in 2006,the rabbits’ digging caused some land to collapse, and killed a substantial number of penguins.(外研选二U5)　　
B
A
(2)handle
A.vt.处理　B.vt.操纵　C.n.把手　D.vt.(用手)触,拿
①The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.(2022·全国甲卷)　　
②I wasn’t sure if I could handle such a powerful car.　　
③Tea in China was traditionally drunk from cups without handles.
　　
④We must learn to handle conflicts calmly and wisely.　　
D
B
C
A
课 时 精 练
基础语境练
素能提升练
[基础语境练]
Ⅰ.单词情景运用(每小题1分,共10分)
1.After a long research,the scientists found that some ideas were slightly 　　　　　　　　(相互矛盾的).
2.After he got up,Jack washed his face at the water 　　　　　　(泵) in front of the house.
3.Analyses were conducted on the 　　　　　　(原始的) data.
contradictory
pump
raw
4.Being exposed to these surroundings will increase the risk of
　　　　　　(感染).
5.Do you get very 　　　　　　(懊恼的) by slow-moving traffic
6.He focused on his discovery and the 　　　　　　/st t st ks/ of his research.
7.Despite her good salary,my aunt measured out every dollar needed for 　　　　　　/ ha sh ld/ expenses.
infection
frustrated
statistics
household
8.Owing to the severe environmental pollution,this species of bird is
d　　　　　　 in number every year.
9.The businessman s　　　　　　　　 to the university regularly where his son is studying.
10.What they may not know is that some bottled water may not be as p　　　　　　 as they expect.
ecreasing
ubscribes
ure
Ⅱ.词形转换填空(每小题1分,共8分)
1.Exactly which bacteria cause the 　　　　　　(infect) is still unknown.
2.He was struggling to make the 　　　　　　　　(transform) from a single man to a responsible husband.
3.If they were to act like that again,we should criticize them
　　　　　　(severe).
4.This is one 　　　　　　(prove) that environmental factors have a much higher effect than we thought.
infection
transformation
severely
proof
5.Chinese herbs come from materials that are 　　　　　　(pure) natural,which have small side effects.
6.All of them blamed the mistake on me,making me quite
　　　　　　(frustrate) and depressed.
7.Besides,your disagreements can also get 　　　　　　(handle) if you put yourselves in others’ shoes.
8.Generally,yellow is 　　　　　　(link) with confidence,self-respect and friendliness.
purely
frustrated
handled
linked
Ⅲ.短语情景运用(每小题1.5分,共9分)
subscribe to,thanks to,decrease by,once and for all,suspect...of,be linked to
1.After overcoming the difficulty,the team proves _________________ that they are the best.
2.There are a number of people who 　　　　　　　　the proposal.
3.The devoted man was recommended as manager of the big company
　　　　　　　　the recommendation of his professor.
once and for all
subscribe to
thanks to
4.Due to the economic recession,house prices in that area have
　　　　　　　　3%.
5.The man 　　　　　　　　stealing the car felt frustrated when hearing the trial result.
6.The proof we collected shows that the spread of the disease
　　　　　　　　the polluted water.
decreased by
suspected of
is linked to
Ⅳ.典型句式集训(每小题2分,共10分)
1.We began to help pick peaches and then
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
(have+宾语+宾语补足语)
我们开始帮忙摘桃子,然后让人把它们送到农民家里。
2.The loss of his hearing deeply depressed Beethoven.He
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
(so...that...)(译林选一U2)听力的丧失使贝多芬深感沮丧。他是如此难过以至于一开始他想保守秘密。
had them delivered to the farmers’ houses
was so upset that,at first,he wanted to keep it a secret
3.Our city 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,with plenty of sunshine and good rainfall,but in winter you may feel a little cold.
(拟人)
我们的城市见证了四个不同的季节,阳光充足、雨量充沛,但在冬天你可能会觉得有点冷。
4.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I realised that I had won the contest. (not...until...句型的强调句)
直到我听到消息,我才意识到自己赢得了比赛。
witnesses four different seasons
It was not until I heard the news that
5.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 everyone wants to do something for the celebration.(seem)
似乎每个人都想为庆典做些什么。
It seems that
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
Two teenagers,Rahi Shah and Hriday Boriawala,share similar worries.Both of their grandmothers,due to their age and health conditions,face an increased risk of falling.Falls in old age often lead to serious injuries and even death.Both passionate about robotics and coding (编程),they kept asking themselves:“Could we create a preventative tool that would anticipate the risk of falls and warn caregivers in time ”
Over the course of two years,the 18-year-olds devoted themselves to developing Walkfit—a system that attaches to a walking stick to assist with gait (步态) analysis.Walkfit comes with six pressure sensors,which are strategically placed on the stick,with two on the handle and four on the base.The system analyses the pressure on the stick,allowing it to determine the user’s dependency on it.A high level of dependence indicates a greater risk of falling.
“We measure how much of the user’s weight is being supported by the stick;based on that,we predict the likelihood of a fall and help diagnose (判断) potential problems or underlying conditions,” explains Rahi.
Walkfit can send data to a laptop by Bluetooth,generating real-time heat maps.These heat maps actually show which pressure points on the stick are bearing the most weight,giving an insight into what the problem could be,or what the chances of a fall might be.These heat maps visually represent pressure points,with blue indicating low pressure and red indicating high pressure.
In an age when most seniors stay alone,it would be useful to warn their children or caregivers who stay far away by detecting problems early.It also has uses for doctors to monitor patients with known mobility issues.The device can monitor a patient’s condition,providing insights into their risk of falling and the effectiveness of their current treatment.
The students now hope to fine-tune their invention and connect the device to an app to make this data more accessible to users.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。两名青少年发明了Walkfit,一款能分析步态、预测跌倒风险的智能手杖附件,帮助远程监护人和医生监测老年人或行动不便者。
1.What inspired the two teenagers to invent Walkfit
A.Their shared interest in robotics and coding.
B.Their caring for their elderly family members.
C.The need to improve current walking aids.
D.The lack of preventative tools for fall risks.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知,拉希·沙和赫里达伊·博里亚瓦拉两人的祖母由于年龄和健康状况,面临着较高的跌倒风险。老年人跌倒往往会导致严重受伤甚至死亡。两个少年都热衷于机器人技术和编程,所以一直在想能否制造一款预防工具,能够预测跌倒风险并及时提醒护理人员。由此可知,对祖母的关心给了他们发明Walkfit的灵感。故选B项。
2.How does Walkfit function
A.By detecting weight distribution on the stick.
B.By changing the pressure on the stick.
C.By making the walking stick more stable.
D.By adjusting the stick based on the user’s weight.
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The system analyses the...a greater risk of falling.”可知,Walkfit是通过检测拐杖上的重量分布来预测风险的。故选A项。
√
3.What does the red colour on the heat maps imply
A.The fault in pressure sensors. B.A great risk of falling.
C.An overload of data. D.The overuse of Walkfit.
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“These heat maps actually...the most weight”“blue indicating low pressure and red indicating high pressure”以及第二段中的“A high level of dependence indicates a greater risk of falling.”可知,热图上的红色暗示拐杖承受的压力大,使用者摔倒的风险也大。故选B项。
√
4.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Challenges for people with mobility issues.
B.Advice for caretakers of seniors.
C.Improvements needed for Walkfit.
D.Wide applications of Walkfit.
√
解析　段落大意题。第五段指出,在大多数老年人独自生活的时代,及早发现问题并提醒不在他们身边的子女或照顾他们的人是很有用的。医生还可以用该设备来监测行动不便的病人。它可以监测病人的状况,了解他们摔倒的风险和当前治疗的有效性。可以看出,不管是监测独居老人还是行动不便的病人,这都是Walkfit的应用。故选D项。
Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分,共15分)
Many new parents worry about the sleep patterns of their newborns.They are 　1　 that their babies sleep too much.The fact is that babies sleep and it is perfectly 　2　.Here are some facts about babies and sleep that may help to put the minds of 　3　 parents at ease.
The reality is that newborns sleep.There is not any cause for 　4　 if the babies sleep through most of the night and 　5　 sleep a great deal during the day.　6　 the baby sleep reaches up to twenty hours per day,with 　7　 periods of wakefulness,there is no need to worry.
One of the 　8　 why babies sleep a lot is that they are still adjusting to a new environment,and experiencing rapid 　9　 at the same time.A lot of sleep for babies early on is a(n) 　10　 thing. Proper development demands that babies 　11　 a lot.Growth hormones (荷尔蒙) are produced by the pituitary gland (脑垂体) at a much faster rate while babies sleep.
Some parents 　12　 that their babies’ sleeping too much indicates some deficiency (缺陷) in their 　13　 skills.This is not the case at all.Babies sleep because they 　14　 it,not to escape parents who are inattentive or 　15　 in some manner.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章为新手父母解开了婴儿嗜睡之谜。
1.A.concerned B.guilty C.curious D.annoyed
解析　根据上句中的“worry about”可知,新手父母“担心(concerned)”婴儿睡觉过多。故选A项。
2.A.simple B.certain C.special D.normal
解析　根据第二段中的“The reality is that newborns sleep.”及“there is no need to worry”可知,婴儿嗜睡是很“正常的(normal)”。故选D项。
√
√
3.A.strong-minded B.single-minded
C.full-time D.first-time
解析　根据本段第一句中的“new parents”可知,此处是说宽慰“第一次(first-time)”做父母的人。故选D项。
4.A.alarm B.caution C.complaint D.horror
解析　根据上一句内容及本段末的“there is no need to worry”可知,不必因为婴儿几乎整夜睡觉,白天“仍然(still)”睡很长时间而“惊慌(alarm)”。故选A项。
√
√
5.A.just B.seldom C.still D.already
解析　参见上题解析。
6.A.Every time B.Even if C.Now that D.Soon after
解析　“即使(Even if)”婴儿的睡觉时间达到一天20个小时也不必担忧。故选B项。
7.A.early B.late C.long D.short
解析　根据本空前的“twenty hours per day”可知,一天睡20个小时的话,清醒的时间应该很“短(short)”。故选D项。
√
√
√
8.A.rules B.reasons C.examples D.goals
解析　本句中的“they are still adjusting to...at the same time”是婴儿嗜睡的一个“原因(reasons)”。故选B项。
9.A.growth B.increase C.recovery D.formation
解析　根据本段中的“development”“Growth hormones (荷尔蒙)”及常识可知,婴儿的“成长(growth)”速度很快。故选A项。
√
√
10.A.private B.good C.interesting D.easy
解析　根据本段最后一句内容可知,婴儿睡觉的时候,脑垂体分泌成长荷尔蒙的速度更快,因此早期的婴儿多睡觉是件“好(good)”事,婴儿的正常成长需要他们多“睡觉(sleep)”。故选B项。
11.A.eat B.rest C.sleep D.play
解析　参见上题解析。
√
√
12.A.admit B.understand C.realize D.think
解析　一些家长“认为(think)”婴儿睡觉过多表明他们“育儿(parenting)”技能不足。故选D项。
13.A.learning B.management
C.Parenting D.communication
解析　参见上题解析。
√
√
14.A.love B.mean C.need D.accept
解析　根据上段内容可知,婴儿嗜睡是因为他们的成长“需要(need)”充足的睡眠。故选C项。
15.A.inactive B.inadequate C.inconvenient D.indifferent
解析　根据本段中的“deficiency”及“inattentive”可知,这里指婴儿嗜睡不是为了躲避疏忽大意、“不胜任的(inadequate)”父母。故选B项。
√
√
Thanks！
本
讲
内
容
结
束Section Ⅲ　Learning About Language
Grammar——表语从句
在主从复合句中充当表语的从句,叫作表语从句,常位于系动词之后,用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。常见引导表语从句的连接词有:that、whether、what/whatever、who/whoever、when、where、why、because、as if/though等。
一、that引导的表语从句
[先感知]
The major contribution of this great explorer is that he “discovered” the New World.(译林选三U3)
这位伟大的探险家的主要贡献是他“发现”了新大陆。
[会发现]
句中that引导表语从句,在从句中不作任何成分。
[明规则]
连接词that引导表语从句,在从句中不充当成分,无意义,但是不能省略。
The most obvious advantage of online learning is that you can study anywhere and anytime.(2024·浙江1月卷)
在线学习最明显的优势是你可以随时随地学习。
[再运用]　用适当的连接词填空
①What surprised me most was that the thin girl should have won three gold medals.
②Whether big or small,what all our choices have in common is that they lead to specific consequences.(外研选四U1)
③Another advantage is that it will encourage more students to share their interesting stories in English.(2025·全国一卷)
二、whether引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①The issue is whether we should take part in the speech competition.(译林选三U3)
问题是我们是否应该参加演讲比赛。
②His first question was whether rescue workers had arrived yet.
他的第一个问题是救援人员是否已经到达。
[会发现]
句①、②中whether均引导表语从句,在从句中不作成分,意为“是否”。
[明规则]
1.whether引导表语从句时在从句中不作任何成分,whether意为“是否”。
2.if不能引导表语从句。
[再运用]　补全句子
①The question is whether we can make good preparations in such a short time.
问题是我们能否在这么短的时间之内做好准备。
②What truly matters is whether we learned something valuable from the experience, not just the final result.
真正重要的是我们是否从经历中学到宝贵的东西,而不仅仅是最终结果。
三、连接代词引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①Unfortunately,as a teenager,that is often exactly what you do to yourself.(译林必一U4)
不幸的是,作为一个青少年,那往往正是你对自己所做的。
②The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
问题是谁真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
[会发现]
句①中what引导表语从句,在从句中作宾语,意为“……的事情”;句②中who引导表语从句,在从句中作主语,意为“谁”。
[明规则]
连接代词who(ever)、whom(ever)、whose、what(ever)、which(ever)引导表语从句时,该类连接词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
[再运用]　用适当的连接词填空
①See the flags on top of the building That was what we did this morning.
②The question remains which path will lead us to a sustainable future.
③What truly matters is whose lives we have positively impacted along the way.
④My main concern is who will take responsibility for the final decision.
四、连接副词引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①That is why when the stars are out,they are visible,but when the lights are out,they are invisible.(外研必一U2)
那就是星星出来时,它们可以被看到,但是当灯熄灭后,它们不能被看到的原因。
②The age of eight was when he started training in Peking Opera on a daily basis.(外研选三U2)
八岁时,他开始每天练习京剧。
[会发现]
句①中why引导表语从句,在从句中作状语,意为“……的原因”;句②中when引导表语从句,在从句中作状语,意为“……的时间”。
[明规则]
连接副词when、where、how、why引导表语从句时,除在句中起连接作用外,在从句中往往作时间、地点、方式、原因状语。
[再运用]　用适当的连接词填空
①My problem is how we can finish such a difficult task in three days.It’s simply impossible.
②The last time we had great fun was when we were visiting the Water Park.
③After all, home is where all family members are together.(译林必二U3)
五、why与because引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①I didn’t phone her,and that’s why she got angry with me.
我没有给她打电话,那就是她生我气的原因。(强调她生气这一结果)
②I didn’t phone her,and that’s because I got angry with her.
我没有给她打电话,那是因为我生她的气。(强调没打电话的原因)
③The reason why I didn’t reply in time was that I went on a trip with my parents last weekend.
我没有及时答复的原因是上周末我和父母去旅行了。
[会发现]
句①、②中的why、because均引导表语从句;句③中的reason作主语,其表语从句由that引导,why引导定语从句。
[明规则]
1.why与because引导表语从句的区别
“This/That is why...”意为“这/那是……的原因”,强调结果;“This/That is because...”意为“这/那是因为……”,强调原因。
2.reason作主语时的表语从句
reason作主语时,表语从句的连接词往往是that,一般不用because。
[再运用]　补全句子
①David was injured in the training.That was why he didn’t take part in the Olympic Games.
大卫在训练中受伤了,那就是他没有参加奥运会的原因。
②He did not see the film last night.That was because he had to help his little sister with her homework.
昨天晚上他没去看电影。那是因为他得帮他的妹妹做作业。
③My choice is “Fun at my school”, and the main reason is that it can show our colorful campus life vividly.(2025·全国一卷)
我选择《校园趣事》这个栏目,主要原因是它能生动地展现我们丰富多彩的校园生活。
六、as if/though引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①Reading this book made me feel as if I’d been woken up from a long sleep and finally opened my eyes to the world!(外研选四U2)
读这本书让我感觉好像从漫长的睡眠中醒来,终于睁开了眼睛看世界!
②It looks as if it is going to rain.I need to rush to the classrooms whose windows are open.(译林选四U2)
看起来好像要下雨了。我得赶紧去那些窗户开着的教室。
[会发现]
句①中as if引导表语从句,从句用虚拟语气;句②中as if引导表语从句,从句用陈述语气。
[明规则]
1.as if/though引导的表语从句常置于系动词seem、appear、look、taste、sound、feel等之后。
2.当说话者认为所述真实或极有可能发生时,as if从句用陈述语气;当说话者认为所述不是事实或发生的可能性不大时,从句用虚拟语气。用法如下:
①若表示与现在事实相反的假设,从句谓语用一般过去时(be 用were);
②若表示与过去事实相反的假设,从句谓语用过去完成时;
③若表示与将来事实相反的假设,从句谓语用“would/could/might+动词原形”。
[再运用]　单句语法填空
①I felt as if my head were(be)splitting.
②It looks as if the team has prepared (prepare)thoroughly, so I am confident about the upcoming competition.
③The garden looks as if it were(be) a scene from a fairy tale.
④The sky appears as if it were painted (paint) with shades of orange and purple.
[基础语境练]
维度一　单句语法填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1.If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities,that’s what they’ll promote.(2024·浙江1月卷)
2.However,what we eat isn’t the most important thing.What’s important is who/whom we eat it with.(北师必一U3)
3.Your dictionary is still where you put it yesterday.
4.The key point is how we can solve this problem efficiently without exceeding the budget.
5.They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists.This is why they need an English trainer.(2023 ·新课标Ⅱ卷)
6.The question discussed at the meeting was whether it was worth trying.
7.We should love our school because this is where we live and study every day.
8.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.That is why I got wet through.
9.You always make the same mistakes in the exams.I think that is because you are too nervous.
10.The reason why Hollywood was a good place for making movies was that the sun shines there every day.
维度二　语法与写作(每小题2分,共12分)
1.I am wild with joy.This is because I have won first prize in the speech competition held last Sunday.
我非常高兴。这是因为我已在上周日举行的演讲比赛中获得一等奖。
2. This is why she has no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners in English.
这就是她毫不费力用英语与外国人交流的原因。
3. My suggestion is that we (should) live a low-carbon life to protect the environment.
我的建议是我们应该为了保护环境过低碳生活。
4.I enjoy the rhythm of the exercise a lot and I feel as if I were dancing on a beautiful stage.
我非常喜欢运动的节奏,感觉我好像在一个美丽的舞台上跳舞。
5.The most important thing is that this column can deepen our love for our school.(2025·全国一卷)
最重要的一点是这个栏目能加深我们对学校的热爱。
6.Respecting others is what we should value when getting along with others.
与人相处时,尊重他人是我们应该重视的。
维度三　语段翻译(每小题2分,共8分)
尽可能多地运用表语从句翻译下列语段
Tears of sadness poured down my cheeks.This was 1.because I failed the English exam.It seemed 2.as if I were thrown into the world of hopelessness.The key problem was that I completely lost confidence.Luckily,my English teacher’s suggestion was 3.that I (should) memorize more words.The most important was 4.how I could apply what I learned to practice.Gradually,a smile appeared on my face again.
悲伤的泪水顺着我的脸颊流淌。这是因为我英语没考及格。似乎我陷入绝望的世界。关键问题是我完全失去了信心。幸运的是,我英语老师的建议是我应该多记单词。最重要的是我如何把所学的东西应用到实践中。逐渐地,我脸上又露出了笑容。
维度四　语法与语篇(每小题1.5分,共10.5分)
阅读下面短文,用适当的连接词填空。
The fact is 1.that Wendy was a famous writer,but no one knew where she came from and the question remained 2.whether she was born in 1961.What they did know was 3.that she was loved by poor people because she always helped whoever was in need of money.Despite this,some people thought she was chasing fame.Why they were so narrow-minded was 4.what Wendy couldn’t understand,but it seemed 5.as if she didn’t care.The most important thing was 6.that she just wanted to do whatever she thought was right.She thought that was 7.where the meaning of life lay.
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
A US doctor has made medical history by successfully operating on a patient in Africa—from 7,000 miles away.Using a robot,Dr.Vipul Patel performed cancer surgery (手术) on Fernando Da Silva,a patient in Africa.
Dr.Patel,who has rich experience in robotic surgeries,typically works near his patients.This time,however,he guided the robot from Florida in the US while his medical team assisted Da Silva in Africa.The robot uses tiny surgical tools to perform difficult operations.
Da Silva volunteered for this experimental “transcontinental robotic telesurgery” to determine if surgeons (外科医生) could conduct operations across global distances.For two years before the surgery,researchers searched for the best technology to make it possible.They connected the robot using special cables (电缆),which send data faster and more reliably over long distances than standard methods.
During the procedure,Dr.Patel controlled the robot from the US,while his team stayed with Da Silva in case of technical issues.“We had backup plans A,B,C,and D,” Dr.Patel explained.“If the connection failed,my team could immediately take over to ensure the safety.” Fortunately,the surgery went smoothly without any accidents.
Dr.Patel plans to share the results with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA),which oversees medical safety.He believes this breakthrough could allow doctors to treat patients globally,especially in poorer countries where advanced medical care is limited.“This new technology lets surgeons operate from far away,but it only works if the connection is completely safe.We use special computer protection so no one can break into the system.If the connection gets attacked,it could put the patient in danger.That’s why we have built strong digital walls around every signal,”he said.
This successful surgery brings hope that healthcare can reach more people around the world.In the future,doctors may be able to do even more operations from far away.This could help sick patients get important treatments without having to travel far.At the same time,this can greatly improve the sharing of medical resources and help advance medical science and technology.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。美国医生成功完成跨洲远程机器人手术,为全球医疗带来新突破。
1.What is the purpose of the “transcontinental robotic telesurgery”
A.To train medical students in Africa.
B.To test the remotely-controlled surgery.
C.To find a new medical treatment for cancer.
D.To introduce new medical equipment to Africa.
答案　B
解析　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“Da Silva volunteered for this...operations across global distances.”可知,达·席尔瓦自愿参与这项名为“跨大陆远程机器人手术”的实验性治疗,旨在验证外科医生是否能够实施全球远距离手术操作。故选B项。]
2.How did Dr.Patel ensure the safety of the operation
A.By using powerful medicine.
B.By shortening the operation period.
C.By receiving assistance from the FDA.
D.By keeping human intervention in standby mode.
答案　D
解析　[推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知,手术过程中,帕特尔医生在美国远程操控机器人,同时医疗团队留守在达·席尔瓦身旁以应对技术故障。帕特尔医生解释道:“我们制定了A、B、C、D四套应急预案。一旦连接中断,团队能立即接管确保安全。”由此可以推知,为了确保手术安全性,帕特尔医生准备好了人类医生介入。故选D项。]
3.What is the key to the “transcontinental robotic telesurgery” according to Dr.Patel
A.Surgeons’ skills.
B.High-quality surgical tools.
C.Network security.
D.Efficient communication.
答案　C
解析　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知,帕特尔医生认为手术的成功运行依赖于绝对安全的网络连接。他们目前采用了特殊的计算机防护系统,防止任何非法入侵。一旦网络遭到攻击,患者将面临生命危险。正因如此,他们为每个传输信号都构筑了坚固的数字防火墙。由此可以推知,帕特尔医生认为远程手术的关键在于网络安全。故选C项。]
4.What is the author’s attitude towards the surgery
A.Positive. B.Concerned.
C.Doubtful. D.Uninterested.
答案　A
解析　[观点态度题。根据最后一段的内容可知,作者认为这场成功的手术为全球医疗普惠带来新希望,未来远程手术范围的扩大将让更多患者免于长途奔波即可获得关键治疗,同时显著提升医疗资源共享效率,推动医学事业持续发展。由此可以推知,作者对这项手术持积极的态度。故选A项。]
Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
Baduanjin,a form of 1.　　　　　　 (fit),has been popular with Chinese younger people thanks to its health benefits.
Last year,fashion designer Jiang Xi took up Baduanjin.She posted videos of her practicing Baduanjin on social media,and attracted more than 10,000 followers in four months.Most of her followers 2.　　　　 (age) between 20 to 30.“3.　　　　　　 practicing Baduanjin,all you need to do is focus on your body and health,moving slowly in 4.　　　　　　 comfortable rhythm,and liberate yourself from the anxiety of living alone in big cities,” said Jiang Xi.Under her influence and persuasion,Jiang Xi’s older brother Jiang Nan also became a vlogger of Baduanjin.5.　　　　　　 (live) in different cities,the siblings (兄弟姐妹) have found new kinship ties in Baduanjin.
Every week,a group of youngers practice Taichi by the lake in Xiaogang Park of Guangzhou city,south China’s Guangdong Province.Feng Junhua is the organizer of martial arts practicing.He gathers youngsters 6.　　　　　　 (interest) in martial arts and health maintenance,and finds a 7.　　　　 (delight) place in the park to relax their bodies.“Practicing martial arts is low-cost and people are free 8.　　　　　　 the burden of socializing.These factors attract young people in the metropolis to participate,” said Feng.
Traditional Chinese culture requires the inheritance of young 9.　　　　　　 (generation).Young people are seeking their inner “order” in an evolving world.Traditional martial arts have brought a concrete and natural way of life in line with their inner selves.They are 10.　　　　　　 young people and traditional Chinese culture blend (融合).
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了八段锦这种健身方式。
1.答案　fitness
解析　[考查词性转换。句意:八段锦是一种健身方式,由于其对健康的好处,在中国年轻人中很受欢迎。作介词的宾语,应用名词,故填fitness。]
2.答案　are aged
解析　[考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:她的大多数粉丝年龄在20到30岁之间。表示“年龄为”用be aged,此处陈述事实用一般现在时,主语为Most of her followers,谓语用复数。故填are aged。]
3.答案　While/When
解析　[考查状语从句。句意:“在练习八段锦时,你所需要做的就是关注自己的身体和健康,以舒适的节奏慢慢移动,把自己从大城市独自生活的焦虑中解放出来。”引导时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”且位于句首,应用While/When。故填While/When。]
4.答案　a
解析　[考查冠词。此处rhythm为泛指,且comfortable是发音以辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。]
5.答案　Living
解析　[考查非谓语动词。句意:生活在不同城市,这对兄妹在八段锦中找到了新的血缘关系。此处live与siblings构成主谓关系,故用动词-ing形式作状语,首字母大写。故填Living。]
6.答案　interested
解析　[考查词性转换。句意:他聚集了对武术和养生感兴趣的年轻人,在公园里找了一个令人愉快的地方放松身体。修饰名词youngsters,指人,应用形容词interested作后置定语。故填interested。]
7.答案　delightful
解析　[考查词性转换。修饰名词place应用形容词delightful,故填delightful。]
8.答案　from/of
解析　[考查介词。句意:练习武术成本低,而且人们可以摆脱社交的负担。短语be free from/of表示“摆脱”。故填from/of。]
9.答案　generations
解析　[考查名词的单复数。句意:中国传统文化需要年轻一代的传承。此处数量大于一,应用generation的复数形式表示泛指。故填generations。]
10.答案　where
解析　[考查名词性从句。句意:它们是年轻人和中国传统文化融合的地方。引导表语从句,从句缺少地点状语,故填where。](共57张PPT)
Section Ⅲ 　Learning About Language
语法知识过关
内
容
索
引
课时精练
语 法 知 识 过 关
Grammar——表语从句
在主从复合句中充当表语的从句,叫作表语从句,常位于系动词之后,用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。常见引导表语从句的连接词有:that、whether、what/whatever、who/whoever、when、where、why、because、as if/though等。
一、that引导的表语从句
[先感知]
The major contribution of this great explorer is that he “discovered” the New World.(译林选三U3)
这位伟大的探险家的主要贡献是他“发现”了新大陆。
[会发现]
句中　　　　引导表语从句,在从句中不作任何成分。
that
[明规则]
连接词that引导表语从句,在从句中不充当成分,无意义,但是不能省略。
The most obvious advantage of online learning is that you can study anywhere and anytime.(2024·浙江1月卷)
在线学习最明显的优势是你可以随时随地学习。
[再运用]　用适当的连接词填空
①What surprised me most was 　　　　　the thin girl should have won three gold medals.
②Whether big or small,what all our choices have in common is
　　　　　　they lead to specific consequences.(外研选四U1)
③Another advantage is 　　　　　　it will encourage more students to share their interesting stories in English.(2025·全国一卷)
that
that
that
二、whether引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①The issue is whether we should take part in the speech competition.
(译林选三U3)
问题是我们是否应该参加演讲比赛。
②His first question was whether rescue workers had arrived yet.
他的第一个问题是救援人员是否已经到达。
[会发现]
句①、②中　　　　　　均引导表语从句,在从句中不作成分,意为“　　　　”。
[明规则]
1.whether引导表语从句时在从句中不作任何成分,whether意为“是否”。
2.if不能引导表语从句。
whether
是否
[再运用]　补全句子
①The question is 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
问题是我们能否在这么短的时间之内做好准备。
②What truly matters is 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, not just the final result.
真正重要的是我们是否从经历中学到宝贵的东西,而不仅仅是最终结果。
whether we can make good preparations
in such a short time
whether we learned something
valuable from the experience
三、连接代词引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①Unfortunately,as a teenager,that is often exactly what you do to yourself.(译林必一U4)
不幸的是,作为一个青少年,那往往正是你对自己所做的。
②The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
问题是谁真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
[会发现]
句①中　　　　　　引导表语从句,在从句中作　　　　,意为“……的事情”;句②中　　　　　引导表语从句,在从句中作主语,意为“　　　　”。
[明规则]
连接代词who(ever)、whom(ever)、whose、what(ever)、which(ever)引导表语从句时,该类连接词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
what
宾语
who
谁
[再运用]　用适当的连接词填空
①See the flags on top of the building That was 　　　　　　we did this morning.
②The question remains 　　　　　　path will lead us to a sustainable future.
③What truly matters is 　　　　　　lives we have positively impacted along the way.
④My main concern is 　　　　　　will take responsibility for the final decision.
what
which
whose
who
四、连接副词引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①That is why when the stars are out,they are visible,but when the lights are out,they are invisible.(外研必一U2)
那就是星星出来时,它们可以被看到,但是当灯熄灭后,它们不能被看到的原因。
②The age of eight was when he started training in Peking Opera on a daily basis.(外研选三U2)
八岁时,他开始每天练习京剧。
[会发现]
句①中　　　　引导表语从句,在从句中作　　　　,意为“……的原因”;句②中　　　　引导表语从句,在从句中作　　　　,意为“……的时间”。
[明规则]
连接副词when、where、how、why引导表语从句时,除在句中起连接作用外,在从句中往往作时间、地点、方式、原因状语。
why
状语
when
状语
[再运用]　用适当的连接词填空
①My problem is 　　　　　　we can finish such a difficult task in three days.It’s simply impossible.
②The last time we had great fun was 　　　　　　we were visiting the Water Park.
③After all, home is 　　　　　　all family members are together.
(译林必二U3)
how
when
where
五、why与because引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①I didn’t phone her,and that’s why she got angry with me.
我没有给她打电话,那就是她生我气的原因。(强调她生气这一结果)
②I didn’t phone her,and that’s because I got angry with her.
我没有给她打电话,那是因为我生她的气。(强调没打电话的原因)
③The reason why I didn’t reply in time was that I went on a trip with my parents last weekend.
我没有及时答复的原因是上周末我和父母去旅行了。
[会发现]
句①、②中的why、because均引导　　　　从句;句③中的reason作主语,其表语从句由　　　　引导,why引导　　　　从句。
[明规则]
1.why与because引导表语从句的区别
“This/That is why...”意为“这/那是……的原因”,强调结果;“This/That is because...”意为“这/那是因为……”,强调原因。
2.reason作主语时的表语从句
reason作主语时,表语从句的连接词往往是that,一般不用because。
表语
that
定语
[再运用]　补全句子
①David was injured in the training.　　　　　　　　 he didn’t take part in the Olympic Games.
大卫在训练中受伤了,那就是他没有参加奥运会的原因。
②He did not see the film last night.　　　　　　　　　　　 he had to help his little sister with her homework.
昨天晚上他没去看电影。那是因为他得帮他的妹妹做作业。
That was why
That was because
③My choice is “Fun at my school”, and the main reason is
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
(2025·全国一卷)
我选择《校园趣事》这个栏目,主要原因是它能生动地展现我们丰富多彩的校园生活。
that it can show our colorful campus life vividly
六、as if/though引导的表语从句
[先感知]
①Reading this book made me feel as if I’d been woken up from a long sleep and finally opened my eyes to the world!(外研选四U2)
读这本书让我感觉好像从漫长的睡眠中醒来,终于睁开了眼睛看世界!
②It looks as if it is going to rain.I need to rush to the classrooms whose windows are open.(译林选四U2)
看起来好像要下雨了。我得赶紧去那些窗户开着的教室。
[会发现]
句①中as if引导表语从句,从句用　　　　　　;句②中as if引导表语从句,从句用　　　　　　。
[明规则]
1.as if/though引导的表语从句常置于系动词seem、appear、look、taste、sound、feel等之后。
虚拟语气
陈述语气
2.当说话者认为所述真实或极有可能发生时,as if从句用陈述语气;当说话者认为所述不是事实或发生的可能性不大时,从句用虚拟语气。用法如下:
①若表示与现在事实相反的假设,从句谓语用一般过去时(be 用were);
②若表示与过去事实相反的假设,从句谓语用过去完成时;
③若表示与将来事实相反的假设,从句谓语用“would/could/might+动词原形”。
[再运用]　单句语法填空
①I felt as if my head 　　　　　　(be)splitting.
②It looks as if the team 　　　　　　　　(prepare)thoroughly, so I am confident about the upcoming competition.
③The garden looks as if it 　　　　　　(be) a scene from a fairy tale.
④The sky appears as if it 　　　　　　　　(paint) with shades of orange and purple.
were
has prepared
were
were painted
课 时 精 练
基础语境练
素能提升练
[基础语境练]
维度一　单句语法填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1.If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities,that’s
　　　　　　they’ll promote.(2024·浙江1月卷)
2.However,what we eat isn’t the most important thing.What’s important is 　　　　　　we eat it with.(北师必一U3)
3.Your dictionary is still 　　　　　　you put it yesterday.
what
who/whom
where
4.The key point is 　　　　　　we can solve this problem efficiently without exceeding the budget.
5.They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists.This is 　　　　　　they need an English trainer.(2023 ·新课标Ⅱ卷)
6.The question discussed at the meeting was 　　　　　　it was worth trying.
how
why
whether
7.We should love our school because this is 　　　　　　we live and study every day.
8.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.That is 　　　　　　I got wet through.
9.You always make the same mistakes in the exams.I think that is
　　　　　　you are too nervous.
10.The reason why Hollywood was a good place for making movies was 　　　　　　the sun shines there every day.
where
why
because
that
维度二　语法与写作(每小题2分,共12分)
1.I am wild with joy.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
held last Sunday.
我非常高兴。这是因为我已在上周日举行的演讲比赛中获得一等奖。
2. in English.
这就是她毫不费力用英语与外国人交流的原因。
This is because I have won first prize
in the speech competition
This is why she has no difficulty (in) communicating with
foreigners
3. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
to protect the environment.
我的建议是我们应该为了保护环境过低碳生活。
4.I enjoy the rhythm of the exercise a lot and
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 .
我非常喜欢运动的节奏,感觉我好像在一个美丽的舞台上跳舞。
My suggestion is that we (should) live a low-carbon life
I feel as if I were dancing on a beautiful stage
5.The most important thing is .(2025·全国一卷)
最重要的一点是这个栏目能加深我们对学校的热爱。
6.Respecting others is 　　　　　　　　　　　　when getting along with others.
与人相处时,尊重他人是我们应该重视的。
that this column can deepen our
love for our school
what we should value
维度三　语段翻译(每小题2分,共8分)
尽可能多地运用表语从句翻译下列语段
Tears of sadness poured down my cheeks.This was 1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.It seemed 2.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.The key problem was that I completely lost confidence.Luckily,my English teacher’s suggestion was 3.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
The most important was 4.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
Gradually,a smile appeared on my face again.
because I failed the English exam
as if I were thrown into the world of hopelessness
that I (should) memorize more words
how I could apply what I learned to practice
悲伤的泪水顺着我的脸颊流淌。这是因为我英语没考及格。似乎我陷入绝望的世界。关键问题是我完全失去了信心。幸运的是,我英语老师的建议是我应该多记单词。最重要的是我如何把所学的东西应用到实践中。逐渐地,我脸上又露出了笑容。
维度四　语法与语篇(每小题1.5分,共10.5分)
阅读下面短文,用适当的连接词填空。
The fact is 1.　　　　 Wendy was a famous writer,but no one knew where she came from and the question remained 2.__________ she was born in 1961.What they did know was 3.　　　　　　 she was loved by poor people because she always helped whoever was in need of money.Despite this,some people thought she was chasing fame.Why they were so narrow-minded was 4.　　　　　　 Wendy
that
whether
that
what
couldn’t understand,but it seemed 5.　　　　　　 she didn’t care. The most important thing was 6.　　　　　　 she just wanted to do whatever she thought was right.She thought that was 7.____________ the meaning of life lay.
as if
that
where
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
A US doctor has made medical history by successfully operating on a patient in Africa—from 7,000 miles away.Using a robot,Dr.Vipul Patel performed cancer surgery (手术) on Fernando Da Silva,a patient in Africa.
Dr.Patel,who has rich experience in robotic surgeries,typically works near his patients.This time,however,he guided the robot from Florida in the US while his medical team assisted Da Silva in Africa.The robot uses tiny surgical tools to perform difficult operations.
Da Silva volunteered for this experimental “transcontinental robotic telesurgery” to determine if surgeons (外科医生) could conduct operations across global distances.For two years before the surgery,researchers searched for the best technology to make it possible.They connected the robot using special cables (电缆),which send data faster and more reliably over long distances than standard methods.
During the procedure,Dr.Patel controlled the robot from the US,while his team stayed with Da Silva in case of technical issues.“We had backup plans A,B,C,and D,” Dr.Patel explained.“If the connection failed,my team could immediately take over to ensure the safety.” Fortunately,the surgery went smoothly without any accidents.
Dr.Patel plans to share the results with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA),which oversees medical safety.He believes this breakthrough could allow doctors to treat patients globally,especially in poorer countries where advanced medical care is limited.“This new technology lets surgeons operate from far away,but it only works if the connection is completely safe.We use special computer protection so no one can break into the system.If the connection gets attacked,it could put the patient in danger.That’s why we have built strong digital walls around every signal,”he said.
This successful surgery brings hope that healthcare can reach more people around the world.In the future,doctors may be able to do even more operations from far away.This could help sick patients get important treatments without having to travel far.At the same time,this can greatly improve the sharing of medical resources and help advance medical science and technology.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。美国医生成功完成跨洲远程机器人手术,为全球医疗带来新突破。
1.What is the purpose of the “transcontinental robotic telesurgery”
A.To train medical students in Africa.
B.To test the remotely-controlled surgery.
C.To find a new medical treatment for cancer.
D.To introduce new medical equipment to Africa.
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“Da Silva volunteered for this...operations across global distances.”可知,达·席尔瓦自愿参与这项名为“跨大陆远程机器人手术”的实验性治疗,旨在验证外科医生是否能够实施全球远距离手术操作。故选B项。
√
2.How did Dr.Patel ensure the safety of the operation
A.By using powerful medicine.
B.By shortening the operation period.
C.By receiving assistance from the FDA.
D.By keeping human intervention in standby mode.
√
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知,手术过程中,帕特尔医生在美国远程操控机器人,同时医疗团队留守在达·席尔瓦身旁以应对技术故障。帕特尔医生解释道:“我们制定了A、B、C、D四套应急预案。一旦连接中断,团队能立即接管确保安全。”由此可以推知,为了确保手术安全性,帕特尔医生准备好了人类医生介入。故选D项。
3.What is the key to the “transcontinental robotic telesurgery” according to Dr.Patel
A.Surgeons’ skills.
B.High-quality surgical tools.
C.Network security.
D.Efficient communication.
√
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知,帕特尔医生认为手术的成功运行依赖于绝对安全的网络连接。他们目前采用了特殊的计算机防护系统,防止任何非法入侵。一旦网络遭到攻击,患者将面临生命危险。正因如此,他们为每个传输信号都构筑了坚固的数字防火墙。由此可以推知,帕特尔医生认为远程手术的关键在于网络安全。故选C项。
4.What is the author’s attitude towards the surgery
A.Positive. B.Concerned.
C.Doubtful. D.Uninterested.
解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段的内容可知,作者认为这场成功的手术为全球医疗普惠带来新希望,未来远程手术范围的扩大将让更多患者免于长途奔波即可获得关键治疗,同时显著提升医疗资源共享效率,推动医学事业持续发展。由此可以推知,作者对这项手术持积极的态度。故选A项。
√
Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
Baduanjin,a form of 1.　　　　　　 (fit),has been popular with Chinese younger people thanks to its health benefits.
Last year,fashion designer Jiang Xi took up Baduanjin.She posted videos of her practicing Baduanjin on social media,and attracted more than 10,000 followers in four months.Most of her followers 2.　　　　 (age) between 20 to 30.“3._______________ practicing Baduanjin,all you need to do is focus on your body and health,moving slowly in 4.　　　　　　 comfortable rhythm,and liberate yourself from the anxiety of living alone in big cities,” said Jiang Xi.Under her influence and persuasion,Jiang Xi’s older brother Jiang Nan also became a vlogger of Baduanjin.5.　　　　　　 (live) in different cities,the siblings (兄弟姐妹) have found new kinship ties in Baduanjin.
Every week,a group of youngers practice Taichi by the lake in Xiaogang Park of Guangzhou city,south China’s Guangdong Province.Feng Junhua is the organizer of martial arts practicing.He gathers youngsters 6.　　　　　　 (interest) in martial arts and health maintenance,and finds a 7.　　　　 (delight) place in the park to relax their bodies.“Practicing martial arts is low-cost and people are free 8.　　　　　　 the burden of socializing.These factors attract young people in the metropolis to participate,” said Feng.
Traditional Chinese culture requires the inheritance of young 9._____________ (generation).Young people are seeking their inner “order” in an evolving world.Traditional martial arts have brought a concrete and natural way of life in line with their inner selves.They are 10.　　　　　　 young people and traditional Chinese culture blend (融合).
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了八段锦这种健身方式。
1.fitness　[考查词性转换。句意:八段锦是一种健身方式,由于其对健康的好处,在中国年轻人中很受欢迎。作介词的宾语,应用名词,故填fitness。]
2.are aged　[考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:她的大多数粉丝年龄在20到30岁之间。表示“年龄为”用be aged,此处陈述事实用一般现在时,主语为Most of her followers,谓语用复数。故填are aged。]
3.While/When　[考查状语从句。句意:“在练习八段锦时,你所需要做的就是关注自己的身体和健康,以舒适的节奏慢慢移动,把自己从大城市独自生活的焦虑中解放出来。”引导时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”且位于句首,应用While/When。故填While/When。]
4.a　[考查冠词。此处rhythm为泛指,且comfortable是发音以辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。]
5.Living　[考查非谓语动词。句意:生活在不同城市,这对兄妹在八段锦中找到了新的血缘关系。此处live与siblings构成主谓关系,故用动词-ing形式作状语,首字母大写。故填Living。]
6.interested　[考查词性转换。句意:他聚集了对武术和养生感兴趣的年轻人,在公园里找了一个令人愉快的地方放松身体。修饰名词youngsters,指人,应用形容词interested作后置定语。故填interested。]
7.delightful　[考查词性转换。修饰名词place应用形容词delightful,故填delightful。]
8.from/of　[考查介词。句意:练习武术成本低,而且人们可以摆脱社交的负担。短语be free from/of表示“摆脱”。故填from/of。]
9.generations　[考查名词的单复数。句意:中国传统文化需要年轻一代的传承。此处数量大于一,应用generation的复数形式表示泛指。故填generations。]
10.where　[考查名词性从句。句意:它们是年轻人和中国传统文化融合的地方。引导表语从句,从句缺少地点状语,故填where。]
Thanks！
本
讲
内
容
结
束Section Ⅳ　Using Language
Ⅰ.Read for details
Read the passages carefully and choose the best answers.
1.Why did Qian Xuesen come back to China
A.He wanted to serve his country.
B.He met with difficulties in America.
C.He was a hero in China.
D.He missed his family.
2.What made Qian Xuesen so creative and outstanding according to passage 1
A.His strong interest in art like music and drawing.
B.His research in the United States.
C.His friends’ encouragement.
D.His habit of reading a lot.
3.How was Hawking’s own theory proved correct
A.Fred Hoyle admitted the mistake himself.
B.He worked with others to prove it true.
C.He pointed out and corrected Fred Hoyle’s mistake in the maths.
D.Hawking was the most famous scientist in physics at the moment.
4.What helped Hawking in his fight against the disease
A.Cleverness. B.Dreams.
C.Determination. D.Mistakes.
答案　1.A　2.A　3.C　4.C
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
Ⅲ.难句解构
1.However,after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932,Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
学会断句:此句是复合句,主句为Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation;after引导的是时间状语从句,because引导的是原因状语从句,that引导的是宾语从句。
尝试翻译:不过,1932年淞沪会战爆发后,钱学森决定转而学习航空专业,因为他意识到中国需要拥有自己强大的空军来保卫国家。
2.During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle’s lectures,Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths.
学会断句:此句是复合句,stood up和pointed out是主句中的并列谓语,that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths是宾语从句,从属连词that可省略。
尝试翻译:在霍伊尔的一次讲座后的问答环节中,霍金站了起来,指出霍伊尔在数学计算中犯了一个错误。
核心单词练透
1.cast vt.(cast,cast)投射;向……投以(视线、笑容等);投掷
教材原句　You stand in front of a white light,and it casts different shadows of you,in every color of the rainbow.
你站在一道白光前,它投下你不同的影子,呈现出了彩虹的每一种颜色。
感知　语言先输入
①She cast a quick smile at her friend across the classroom before the lesson started.
②The children gathered by the lake to cast flat stones,competing to see whose stones would skip the farthest across the water.
记牢　知识再梳理
cast/shed/throw light on　 使(问题等)较容易理解
be cast down by sth 因某事沮丧
cast a shadow over 给……投下一层阴影
cast a look/glance/smile at... 向……投以(视线、笑容等)
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①He was cast down by the low score on his test,but decided to study harder next time.
②The teacher’s simple example cast light on the complicated math problem,helping me finally understand it.
③The sudden rain cast a shadow over our picnic plan,so we moved the party indoors.
突然的雨给我们的野餐计划投下阴影,于是我们把聚会移到了室内。
④The evening sun cast long shadows across the quiet street,making the familiar path feel like a scene from an old movie.
傍晚的太阳在安静的街道上投下长长的影子,让熟悉的小路仿佛旧电影中的场景。
2.defend vt.保卫;防守;辩解
教材原句　...China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
……中国拥有自己强大的空军来保卫国家。
感知　语言先输入
①Driven by a sense of commitment,a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation.(外研选三U3)
②Seeing the fierce wolf,he rushed to defend/in defence of his son like an arrow.(动作描写)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)defend...from/against... 保护……免受……的伤害
defend oneself 自卫;为自己辩护
(2)defence n. 防御;保护;辩护
in defence of 保护;为……辩护
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Some of his colleagues felt he could have defended himself (he) because he was innocent.
②Keeping a balanced diet and taking regular exercise can help defend ourselves against/from infection.(倡议书)
③He spoke in defence (defend) of his client,arguing that she was innocent.
④It is the nature of a mother to do all she can to defend her child from harm and danger.
总是会竭尽全力保护孩子免受伤害和危险是一个母亲的天性。
3.besides prep.除……之外(还) adv.而且;此外
教材原句　Besides being brilliant,he was brave,though sometimes careless in what he said or did.　除了聪明以外,他还很勇敢,尽管有时说话或做事都很粗心。
感知　语言先输入
①Besides the regular homework,our teacher also assigns weekly reading to expand our knowledge.
②You don’t need to bring any snacks;besides,there will be plenty of food provided at the party.
记牢　知识再梳理
besides“除了……之外还有……”,除去的东西包括在范围内,相当于in addition to/as well as。
except“除了……之外”,指从同类的人或物中排除。
except for说明整个基本情况后,对细节加以纠正。
apart from既可以表示besides的含义,也可以表示except或except for的含义。
except that/when...“除去……/除去……的时候”,后加从句。
运用　选词填空:besides,except,except for,except that
①I enjoy all my subjects this semester except physics,which I find a bit challenging.
②Will there be anyone else we know at the party besides Will and Janet
③The park was nearly empty except for a few joggers running along the main path.
④The birthday party was perfect except that the cake arrived a little late.
4.fault n.弱点;过错
教材原句　Above all,Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是,霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
感知　语言先输入
①Perhaps the railway authorities are at fault for poor signalling system.
②He’s proud of his children and blind to their faults.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)find fault with　　　 挑剔,找碴
at fault 负有责任;有过错
(2)faulty adj. 有错误的;不完美的
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①The plan is faulty(fault) in every respect so we should perfect it.
②Nobody knew who was at fault for the train accident.
③A true friend supports you through challenges and does not merely find fault with every small mistake you make.
真正的朋友会支持你渡过难关,而不会仅仅对你犯的每个小错误吹毛求疵。
片段巩固 用本部分词汇完成环保活动的片段
内容要点: 1.我们计划投票支持这项环保提案; 2.此外,我们将在下周组织一次清洁活动; 3.有人可能会挑剔我们的活动时间太短; 4.我们应该通过强调活动的教育意义来捍卫我们的想法。 　　We plan to cast our votes for the environmental proposal.Besides,we will organize a cleanup activity next week.However,some may find fault with our plan for its short duration.To address this,we should defend our idea by highlighting its educational value.With careful preparation,we believe the event will be successful.
短语句式通关
1.break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发
教材原句　However,after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932,Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation...
不过,1932年淞沪会战爆发后,钱学森决定转而学习航空专业……
感知　语言先输入
①In some conflict areas where civil wars often break out,fighters have even destroyed heritage sites on purpose.(译林选三U4)
②The cries of women broke out;the men looked at each other,but were silent.(译林必三U2)
记牢　知识再梳理
break away from　　 脱离/挣脱……
break down 出故障;坏掉;失败;(身体等)垮掉;消除
break in 插话;破门而入
break into 强行闯入;突然开始
break up 打碎;结束;(关系等)破裂
运用　用break短语填空/补全句子
①When the fire broke out in the building,brave firefighters rushed in to rescue all the trapped residents.
②The analysis shows that plastics,particularly those that break down fast,are contributing to the climate change.
③Only then did I realise that it was so foolish of me to break away from my friends and never contact them.
④He broke in rudely,“I am not to blame.”And then he stormed out of the room in anger.(情绪描写)
他粗鲁地插嘴道:“我不应受责备。”然后,他愤怒地冲出了房间。
2.in charge of主管;掌管;负责
教材原句　He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎,不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学而且负责中国的太空和导弹项目。
感知　语言先输入
①Will you be completely in charge of your own life and able to express yourself in new and exciting ways (外研选二U1)
②“It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one,” said the tall man,taking charge of the situation.(译林选四U1)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)in the charge of　　 由……负责;被……掌管
take charge of 负责/看管(表动作)
free of charge 免费
(2)charge (sb) for sth 为……(向某人)收费/要价
charge sb with (doing) sth 指控某人(做)某事
[点津]　in charge of多以人作主语,指“某人负责/主管某事”;in the charge of 多以物作主语,指“某物由某人掌管”。
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Tears of sadness and terror poured down the boy’s cheeks,because he was charged with stealing the woman’s gold ring.She charged him much money for the stolen ring.Luckily,a kind-hearted lawyer offered to defend the boy free of charge.
②The shop owner charged me nothing for the noodles,and I felt a wave of warmth and gratitude welling up inside me.(情感描写)
店主没有收我买面条的钱,一股温暖和感激之情涌上我的心头。
③During this time,the Yongle Emperor wanted to develop harmonious relations with the overseas neighbours.Zheng He,one of the most influential explorers,took charge of the task.(译林选三U3)
在此期间,永乐皇帝希望与海外邻国发展和谐关系。郑和,最有影响力的探险家之一,负责这项任务。
3.come down with患(病);染上(小病)
教材原句　Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles,his world became one of abstract thought.
自从得了一种使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病后,他的世界就变成了一个抽象思维的世界。
感知　语言先输入
①Learning that you come down with a terrible disease,we are quite concerned about you.
②She came up with a new idea for increasing sales.
记牢　知识再梳理
come across　　　　 (偶然)遇见,碰见;被理解
come about 发生(无被动形式)
come up 走近;上来;被提及
come up with 提出
when it comes to... 当谈到……
运用　用come短语填空/补全句子
①The instant I knew that my partner came down with a severe illness,a wave of sadness and concern washed over me.
②I’ll never understand how it came about that you were an hour late for such an important meeting.
③When it comes to English learning,I have the following practical suggestions to share with you.
谈到英语学习,我有以下实用的建议与你们分享。
4.above all最重要的是;尤其是
教材原句　Above all,Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是,霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
感知　语言先输入
①Above all,I have a good command of English,so I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners.
②Bob thought he couldn’t go to the party because he had to write a report,but he went after all.
记牢　知识再梳理
after all　　　　 毕竟;终究
all in all 整体说来;总而言之
in all 全部;合计
first of all 首先
at all(否定句)一点儿也不;(疑问句)到底;究竟
运用　用all短语填空/补全句子
①The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University.First of all/Above all,you’d better learn some basic Chinese before you come.After all,you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances.All in all,studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy at all.(推荐信)
②Thanks to your timely and generous help,I managed to handle the four problems in all.
多亏您及时慷慨的帮助,我成功地处理了全部四个问题。
5.句型公式:过去分词(短语)作状语
教材原句　Born in Shanghai in 1911,Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering.
钱学森1911年出生于上海,在北京上学,之后进入上海交通大学学习铁路机械工程。
感知　语言先输入
①Influenced by Steve Jobs,he focuses on details and seeks perfection in everything.
②Disappointed by his behaviour,I said all this to my best friend.(外研必三U1)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)及物动词的过去分词(短语)作状语表示被动的和完成的动作;不及物动词的过去分词(短语)作状语只表示完成的动作。
(2)过去分词(短语)作状语时其逻辑主语为句子的主语,此时应注意人称一致。
(3)有的过去分词已经转化成了形容词,作状语时不表示动作而是表示主语的一种状态。
运用　单句语法填空/句式升级
①Approached(approach) in this way,your friendship will soon be repaired.(外研必三U1)
②Filled(fill) with anger,you tend to say whatever comes to your mind.(外研必三U1)
③Surprised(surprise) and happy,he stood up and accepted the prize.
④If you expose yourself to the sunlight for a long time in summer,you will get sunburnt.
→Exposed to the sunlight for a long time in summer,you will get sunburnt.(过去分词短语作状语)
6.句型公式:not only...but also... 不仅……而且……
教材原句　He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎,不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学,而且负责中国的太空和导弹计划。
感知　语言先输入
①Visitors to one of her artworks in Vancouver could not only enjoy looking at it,they could also interact with it—literally.(外研选一U4)
②Not only is country music popular in the south,but blues,rock and roll,bluegrass,and jazz are popular in the south as well.(人教必三U3)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)“not only...but also...”连接两个并列成分,如两个主语、宾语、状语等;
(2)“not only...but also...”连接两个分句,且“not only...”置于句首时,not only所在的句子要用部分倒装;
(3)“not only...but also...”连接两个主语时,要根据最近的主语决定谓语动词的单复数形式,即遵循“就近一致”原则。
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子/句式升级
①The Investing jar not only represents a vision for the future,but gives(give) the opportunity to build for the future.(外研选二U2)
②Not only I but also my friend has gained(gain) a glimpse into the two splendid civilizations so far.(2022·浙江1月卷)
③Not only have high-speed trains shortened travel time between places,but they have also brought people closer.(2024·北京卷)
高速列车不仅缩短了人们出行的时间,而且还使人们彼此之间更加亲密。
④We not only forgot to turn off the lights in the kitchen,but we (also) failed to lock the front door.
→Not only did we forget to turn off the lights in the kitchen,but we (also) failed to lock the front door.
片段巩固 用本部分短语句式完成筹备校园艺术展的续写片段
写作提示: 莉莉负责艺术展的筹备工作→她不仅要安排作品还要管理日程→因持续工作疲惫不堪而发烧病倒→尽管如此,她仍坚持到场监督→最重要的是,她希望展览能取得成功→她刚到,两名学生因摆放位置发生了争吵→她强忍不适,用微笑和耐心化解了争执 　　The annual school art exhibition was approaching,and Lily,who was in charge of the event preparation,had been working tirelessly.Not only did she help set up the artworks,but she also managed the schedules for all participants.Exhausted by the continuous work,she soon came down with a high fever.Despite her illness,she insisted on overseeing the final setup,believing that everything needed to be perfect.Above all,she wanted the exhibition to be a success for her classmates.However,just as she arrived,a quarrel broke out between two students over the placement of their artworks.Lily,though weak,smiled and patiently calmed everyone down.
高考热点微练
1.写出加黑部分的词性和汉语意思
①These people are the night workers—nurses on night shift,lorry drivers crossing continents and bakers preparing breakfast bread.(北师选三U7)n.轮班
②While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)adj.可靠的
③He is a man with a vivid imagination and stands out in his colleagues.adj.丰富的
④The biggest challenge at the initial phase was to persuade people to work for me,which was totally outside my experience.(外研选四U4)adj.最初的,开始的
⑤Then,making concrete plans for improvement will bring you a step closer to better self-management.(外研选二U2)adj.具体的
2.选出trace的汉语意思
A.vt.追溯,追究　B.vt.查出,发现　C.n.痕迹;踪迹　D.n.遗迹
①The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital.B
②It’s said that the practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient Rome.A
③Police searched the area but found no trace of the escaped prisoners.C
④It’s exciting to discover traces of earlier civilizations.D
[基础语境练]
Ⅰ.单词情景运用(每小题1分,共10分)
1.After she’d overcome her initial (最初的) shyness,she became very friendly.
2.A rainbow (彩虹) is usually seen after a heavy rain.
3.After the guard recovered from his injury,he went on the night shift(轮班) again.
4.His argument was too abstract (抽象的) for the audience to follow,leaving them feeling lost.
5.Do you have any concrete (具体的) ways to deal with this difficult problem
6.He faces the toughest test of his leadership / li d p/ so far.
7.His father claims to be able to trace /tre s/ the family back to many centuries ago.
8.If you always try to find fault with others,it means that you have gained another shortcoming.
9.As is known to us all,Dr.Yuan Longping was an outstanding Chinese scientist in agriculture.
10.A heavy rain suddenly poured down;as a result,the sports meeting was put off.
Ⅱ.词形转换填空(每小题1分,共8分)
1.I have such a good command of English that I am elected as assistant(assist) to my English teacher.
2.It was not until then that I suddenly realized nobody was happier (happy) than I was.
3.Poems,conveying certain emotions,can vividly (vivid) transform reality into literature.
4.These years,our company has been developing steadily (steady).
5.In reality,the mechanic made a severe mistake,shifting(shift) nervously from one foot to another.
6. Initially(initial),it will do harm to our health and may cause short-sightedness.
7.Stop the negative thinking(think)and focus on solving those problems.
8.No matter how gifted(gift)you are,you alone cannot change the world.
Ⅲ.短语情景运用(每小题1.5分,共9分)
break out,in charge of,come down with,above all,be traced back to,take on
1.There will be many challenges ahead,but I have confidence that I’ll take on the burden.
2.You are in charge of the company,so you should take responsibility for what you said.
3.Above all,we must be honest about what we do not know.
4.Nobody knew when the fire broke out,but they knew it was put out the next morning.
5.Did anyone else in your family come down with a fever
6.It is true that tea houses in Hangzhou can be traced back to the Southern Song Dynasty.
Ⅳ.典型句式集训(每小题2分,共10分)
1.Informed that you are interested in paper-cutting,I am writing to invite you to attend a paper-cutting exhibition to be held in our school next Sunday.(过去分词短语作状语;邀请信)
我被告知你对剪纸感兴趣,我写信邀请你参加我们学校下周日举行的剪纸展览会。
2.Honestly speaking,I have never seen a more responsible person than our monitor.(“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义)
说实话,我从来没有见过比我们班长更负责任的人。
3.Not only should we show respect for the great scientists,but we should also learn the scientific spirits from them.(not only...but also...;倒装结构)
我们不仅要尊重这些伟大的科学家,而且要学习他们的科学精神。
4.What impresses us most is that my deskmate always willingly offers a hand to whoever needs help.(主语从句;2023·天津3月卷)
令我们印象最深刻的是我的同桌总是乐意帮助任何需要帮助的人。
5.While picking oranges,I realized how hard it was for farmers to work in the fields.(状语从句的省略)
在摘橘子的时候,我意识到农民在农田里劳作是多么的艰苦。
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.完形填空(每小题1分,共15分)
My father,Paul Andrew Figura,was a die-hard fisherman.In my 　1　,we went out fishing in all kinds of weather,catching and missing nearly every fish in countless waterways.
Whenever we 　2　,Mom would ask,“What time will you be back ” “When we can’t see the 　3　,” Dad would respond.He often 　4　 it.Sometimes Dad would ask me to 　5　 some food and water and we’d fish the entire day.I observed firsthand his insistent,rapid-fire casting technique,which he credited as a(n) 　6　 factor behind his success.It was one 　7　 after another after another.
The greatest life lesson that Dad taught me involved dealing with those times when the fish weren’t 　8　.Days when the weather was awful,when the mosquitoes were biting,when my hands were cold.Times when I just wanted to 　9　 and go home.Dad’s 　10　 “Son,you’re not going to catch any fish unless you 　11　 your line.Keep casting,” he’d say.
I learned early the importance of 　12　 and willingness to keep trying different fish food if you wanted to catch them.Sooner or later they’d 　13　.I took that same attitude into my school work.　14　,I got many awards at college.I applied it 　15　 to whatever job I had as an adult and it made me the person that I am today.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者的父亲是一个不屈不挠的钓鱼爱好者。作者从小和父亲一起去钓鱼,耳濡目染中作者被父亲坚持不懈的精神所感染,这也成就了他现在的成功。
1.A.dream B.career
C.childhood D.adulthood
答案　C
解析　[根据语境和下文“Times when I just wanted to...Keep casting,’he’d say.”可知,这是介绍作者童年(childhood)的经历。故选C项。]
2.A.got up B.reached out
C.stepped back D.set off
答案　D
解析　[根据语境和下文“Mom would ask,‘What time will you be back ’”可知,此处是指作者和父亲出发(set off)去钓鱼的时候。故选D项。]
3.A.camps B.lines
C.tracks D.cottages
答案　B
解析　[根据语境和下文“Son,you’re not going to catch any fish unless you 　　　　your line.”可知,此处是指钓鱼的线(lines)。此空处所填词正是下文的 line 的原词复现。这些原词有时离设空较近,有时可能在文章的结尾。利用原词复现解题需要把题目选项中的词汇与原文仔细比对,并结合句意确定答案。故选B项。]
4.A.forgot B.rejected
C.recalled D.meant
答案　D
解析　[根据语境和下文“I observed firsthand his insistent,rapid-fire casting technique”可知,父亲是一个坚持的人,说到做到。mean it说话算数;言出必行。故选D项。]
5.A.make B.pack
C.heat D.freeze
答案　B
解析　[根据语境和下文“some food and water and we’d fish the entire day”可知,此处是指把食物和水塞进包里。pack打包,塞满。故选B项。]
6.A.cultural B.random
C.major D.external
答案　C
解析　[根据常识和上文“I observed firsthand his insistent,rapid-fire casting technique,which he credited as a(n)”以及下文“factor behind his success”可知,此处是指他的坚持、快速的抛线技术,是他成功的主要(major)因素。故选C项。]
7.A.cast B.step
C.strike D.risk
答案　A
解析　[根据语境和上文“rapid-fire casting technique”以及下文“after another after another”可知,此处是指不停地抛线(cast)。故选A项。]
8.A.swimming B.dancing
C.gathering D.biting
答案　D
解析　[根据常识和上文“The greatest life lesson that Dad taught me involved dealing with those times when the fish weren’t”可知,此处是指父亲教我处理鱼不咬钩(biting)的情况。故选D项。]
9.A.wander B.play
C.quit D.sleep
答案　C
解析　[根据语境和下文“and go home”可知,此处是指作者想停止(quit)钓鱼,然后回家。故选C项。]
10.A.response B.intention
C.evaluation D.situation
答案　A
解析　[根据语境和上文“Times when I just wanted to 　　　　and go home.”以及下文“‘Son,you’re not going to catch any fish unless you 　　　　your line.Keep casting,’he’d say.”可知,此处是指父亲对想回家的作者做出的回应(response)。故选A项。]
11.A.abandon B.monitor
C.fetch D.wet
答案　D
解析　[根据常识和上文“It was one 　　　　after another after another.”可知,钓鱼时不停地抛线,由此推知,抛线的时候线会湿(wet)。故选D项。]
12.A.kindness B.insistence
C.confidence D.business
答案　B
解析　[根据语境和上文“I observed firsthand his insistent,rapid-fire casting technique”可知,此处是指想钓到鱼,父亲教作者坚持(insistence)和不停地尝试不同鱼食的重要性。故选B项。]
13.A.cooperate B.progress
C.resist D.integrate
答案　A
解析　[根据语境和上文“I learned early the importance of 　　　　and willingness to keep trying different fish food if you wanted to catch them.”可知,此处是指想钓到鱼,坚持和不停地尝试不同鱼食,鱼儿迟早会“配合(cooperate)”的,即上钩。故选A项。]
14.A.In surprise B.As a result
C.Ahead of time D.In particular
答案　B
解析　[根据语境和下文“I got many awards at college”可知,此处是指父亲对作者影响的结果。故选B项。]
15.A.intentionally B.casually
C.hesitantly D.temporarily
答案　A
解析　[根据语境和上文“I applied it”以及下文“to whatever job I had as an adult and it made me the person that I am today”可知,作为一个成年人,我有意地(intentionally)把它应用到我的工作中,它成就了现在的我。故选A项。]
Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
Chen Ning Yang,a famous Chinese physicist and Nobel Prize winner,passed away at the age of 103,according to Chinese media.He was known as one of the 1.　　　　　　 (influential) scientists in the world.
In 1957,Yang and another physicist,Tsung-Dao Lee,2.　　　　　　 (win) the Nobel Prize in Physics for their research on the law of parity.Their 3.　　　　　　 (discover) helped people better understand elementary particles,the tiny parts that make up all matter.
Born in 1922 in Anhui Province,Yang was the eldest of five children.4.　　　　 (grow) up on the campus of Tsinghua University,where his father taught mathematics,he developed 5.　　　　　　 deep love for science.As a teenager,Yang once told his parents,“One day,I want to win the Nobel Prize.” 6.　　　　　　 (remarkable),this dream came true at the age of 35.Having earned his bachelor’s degree in 1942 from the National Southwest Associated University in Kunming,Yang went on 7.　　　　　　 (complete) a master’s degree at Tsinghua.After the Sino-Japanese War,he went to the United States on a Tsinghua fellowship and studied at the University of Chicago under Enrico Fermi,8.　　　　　　 built the world’s first nuclear reactor.
Throughout his long career,Yang devoted 9.　　　　　　 (he) to many fields of physics,focusing especially 10.　　　　　　 statistical mechanics and symmetry principles.It was not only the Nobel Prize that honored him;in 1957,he received the Albert Einstein Commemorative Award,and a year later,an honorary doctorate from Princeton University—a clear recognition of his lifelong devotion to science.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了中国著名物理学家、诺贝尔奖获得者杨振宁的生平和成就。
1.答案　most influential
解析　[考查形容词最高级。句意:他被誉为世界上最具影响力的科学家之一。根据“one of the”可知,此处用固定结构“one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”表示“最……之一”,空处用influential“具有影响力的”最高级形式。故填most influential。]
2.答案　won
解析　[考查动词的时态。句意:1957年,杨振宁与另一位物理学家李政道因对宇称定律的研究共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖。空处作句子的谓语,根据“In 1957”可知,本句在叙述过去发生的事情,时态应用一般过去时。故填won。]
3.答案　discovery
解析　[考查词性转换。句意:他们的发现帮助人类更好地理解构成万物的基本粒子。空前有Their修饰,空处作主语,名词discovery符合题意,且指“两人共同的发现”,discovery用单数形式。故填discovery。]
4.答案　Growing
解析　[考查非谓语动词。句意:在父亲任教数学的清华校园里长大的他,自幼培养了对科学的深厚热爱。句子主干成分完整,空处为非谓语,grow up“长大”和he逻辑上是主动关系,因此用grow的动词-ing形式,作状语,句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Growing。]
5.答案　a
解析　[考查冠词。develop a love for是固定搭配,意为“逐渐产生对……的爱好或喜爱”。故填a。]
6.答案　Remarkably
解析　[考查词性转换。句意:非凡的是,这个梦想在他35岁时便实现了。空处修饰整个句子,副词remarkably符合题意,意为“非凡地”,句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Remarkably。]
7.答案　to complete
解析　[考查非谓语动词。句意:1942年在昆明西南联大获得学士学位后,他继而完成清华硕士学业。go on to do是固定短语,表示“继续做某事(另一件事)”。故填to complete。]
8.答案　who
解析　[考查定语从句。句意:抗战后,他凭借清华奖学金赴美,在世界上首座核反应堆建造者恩里科·费米的指导下就读芝加哥大学。空处引导非限制性定语从句,对先行词“Enrico Fermi”作补充说明,先行词指人,在从句中作主语。故填who。]
9.答案　himself
解析　[考查代词。句意:漫长职业生涯中,他投身多个物理领域,尤其专注统计力学与对称原理。devote oneself to...是固定短语,意为“献身于……,致力于……”,因此空处用反身代词。故填himself。]
10.答案　on
解析　[考查介词。focus on是固定短语,表示“专注于……”。故填on。](共91张PPT)
Section Ⅳ　Using Language
内
容
索
引
核心考点突破
课时精练
文本整体理解
文 本 整 体 理 解
Ⅰ.Read for details
Read the passages carefully and choose the best answers.
1.Why did Qian Xuesen come back to China
A.He wanted to serve his country.
B.He met with difficulties in America.
C.He was a hero in China.
D.He missed his family.
√
2.What made Qian Xuesen so creative and outstanding according to passage 1
A.His strong interest in art like music and drawing.
B.His research in the United States.
C.His friends’ encouragement.
D.His habit of reading a lot.
√
3.How was Hawking’s own theory proved correct
A.Fred Hoyle admitted the mistake himself.
B.He worked with others to prove it true.
C.He pointed out and corrected Fred Hoyle’s mistake in the maths.
D.Hawking was the most famous scientist in physics at the moment.
4.What helped Hawking in his fight against the disease
A.Cleverness. B.Dreams. C.Determination. D.Mistakes.
√
√
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
spirit
challenge
gifted
astronomers
faults
Ⅲ.难句解构
1.However,after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932,Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
学会断句:此句是　　　　句,主句为Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation;after引导的是　　　　　　从句, because引导的是　　　　　　从句,that引导的是　　　　从句。
尝试翻译:
复合
时间状语
原因状语
宾语
不过,1932年淞沪会战爆发后,钱学森决定转而学习航空专业,因为他意识到中国需要拥有自己强大的空军来保卫国家。
2.During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle’s lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths.
学会断句:此句是　　　　句,stood up和pointed out是主句中的并列　　　　,that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths是_________从句,从属连词that可省略。
尝试翻译:
复合
谓语
宾语
在霍伊尔的一次讲座后的问答环节中,霍金站了起来,指出霍伊尔在数学计算中犯了一个错误。
核 心 考 点 突 破
核心单词练透
高考热点微练
短语句式通关
核心单词练透
1.cast vt.(cast,cast)投射;向……投以(视线、笑容等);投掷
教材原句　You stand in front of a white light,and it casts different shadows of you,in every color of the rainbow.
你站在一道白光前,它投下你不同的影子,呈现出了彩虹的每一种颜色。
感知　语言先输入
①She cast a quick smile at her friend across the classroom before the lesson started.
②The children gathered by the lake to cast flat stones,competing to see whose stones would skip the farthest across the water.
记牢　知识再梳理
cast/shed/throw light on　 使(问题等)较容易理解
be cast down by sth 因某事沮丧
cast a shadow over 给……投下一层阴影
cast a look/glance/smile at... 向……投以(视线、笑容等)
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①He was cast 　　　　　　by the low score on his test,but decided to study harder next time.
②The teacher’s simple example cast light 　　　　　　the complicated math problem,helping me finally understand it.
③The sudden rain 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ,
so we moved the party indoors.
突然的雨给我们的野餐计划投下阴影,于是我们把聚会移到了室内。
down
on
cast a shadow over our picnic plan
④The evening sun 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,
making the familiar path feel like a scene from an old movie.
傍晚的太阳在安静的街道上投下长长的影子,让熟悉的小路仿佛旧电影中的场景。
cast long shadows across the quiet street
2.defend vt.保卫;防守;辩解
教材原句　...China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
……中国拥有自己强大的空军来保卫国家。
感知　语言先输入
①Driven by a sense of commitment,a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation.
(外研选三U3)
②Seeing the fierce wolf,he rushed to defend/in defence of his son like an arrow.(动作描写)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)defend...from/against... 保护……免受……的伤害
defend oneself 自卫;为自己辩护
(2)defence n. 防御;保护;辩护
in defence of 保护;为……辩护
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Some of his colleagues felt he could have defended 　　　　　　(he) because he was innocent.
②Keeping a balanced diet and taking regular exercise can help defend ourselves 　　　　　　　infection.(倡议书)
③He spoke in 　　　　　　(defend) of his client,arguing that she was innocent.
himself
against/from
defence
④It is the nature of a mother to do all she can
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
总是会竭尽全力保护孩子免受伤害和危险是一个母亲的天性。
to defend her child from harm and danger
3.besides prep.除……之外(还) adv.而且;此外
教材原句　Besides being brilliant,he was brave,though sometimes careless in what he said or did.
除了聪明以外,他还很勇敢,尽管有时说话或做事都很粗心。
感知　语言先输入
①Besides the regular homework,our teacher also assigns weekly reading to expand our knowledge.
②You don’t need to bring any snacks;besides,there will be plenty of food provided at the party.
记牢　知识再梳理
besides“除了……之外还有……”,除去的东西包括在范围内,相当于in addition to/as well as。
except“除了……之外”,指从同类的人或物中排除。
except for说明整个基本情况后,对细节加以纠正。
apart from既可以表示besides的含义,也可以表示except或except for的含义。
except that/when...“除去……/除去……的时候”,后加从句。
运用　选词填空:besides,except,except for,except that
①I enjoy all my subjects this semester 　　　　　　physics,which I find a bit challenging.
②Will there be anyone else we know at the party 　　　　　　Will and Janet
③The park was nearly empty 　　　　　　　a few joggers running along the main path.
④The birthday party was perfect 　　　　　　　　the cake arrived a little late.
except
besides
except for
except that
4.fault n.弱点;过错
教材原句　Above all,Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是,霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
感知　语言先输入
①Perhaps the railway authorities are at fault for poor signalling system.
②He’s proud of his children and blind to their faults.
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)find fault with　　 挑剔,找碴
at fault 负有责任;有过错
(2)faulty adj. 有错误的;不完美的
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①The plan is 　　　　　　(fault) in every respect so we should perfect it.
②Nobody knew who was 　　　　　　fault for the train accident.
③A true friend supports you through challenges and does not merely
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 you make.
真正的朋友会支持你渡过难关,而不会仅仅对你犯的每个小错误吹毛求疵。
faulty
at
find fault with every small mistake
片段巩固 用本部分词汇完成环保活动的片段
内容要点:
1.我们计划投票支持这项环保提案;
2.此外,我们将在下周组织一次清洁活动;
3.有人可能会挑剔我们的活动时间太短;
4.我们应该通过强调活动的教育意义来捍卫我们的想法。
We plan to cast our votes for the environmental proposal.Besides, we will organize a cleanup activity next week.However,some may find fault with our plan for its short duration.To address this,we should defend our idea by highlighting its educational value.With careful preparation,we believe the event will be successful.
短语句式通关
1.break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发
教材原句　However,after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932,Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation...
不过,1932年淞沪会战爆发后,钱学森决定转而学习航空专业……
感知　语言先输入
①In some conflict areas where civil wars often break out,fighters have even destroyed heritage sites on purpose.(译林选三U4)
②The cries of women broke out;the men looked at each other,but were silent.(译林必三U2)
记牢　知识再梳理
break away from　　 脱离/挣脱……
break down 出故障;坏掉;失败;(身体等)垮掉;消除
break in 插话;破门而入
break into 强行闯入;突然开始
break up 打碎;结束;(关系等)破裂
运用　用break短语填空/补全句子
①When the fire 　　　　　　　　in the building,brave firefighters rushed in to rescue all the trapped residents.
②The analysis shows that plastics,particularly those that ______________ fast,are contributing to the climate change.
③Only then did I realise that it was so foolish of me to ________________ my friends and never contact them.
④He 　　　　　　　　,“I am not to blame.”And then he stormed out of the room in anger.(情绪描写)
他粗鲁地插嘴道:“我不应受责备。”然后,他愤怒地冲出了房间。
broke out
break down
break away from
broke in rudely
2.in charge of主管;掌管;负责
教材原句　He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎,不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学而且负责中国的太空和导弹项目。
感知　语言先输入
①Will you be completely in charge of your own life and able to express yourself in new and exciting ways (外研选二U1)
②“It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one,” said the tall man,taking charge of the situation.(译林选四U1)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)in the charge of 由……负责;被……掌管
take charge of 负责/看管(表动作)
free of charge 免费
(2)charge (sb) for sth 为……(向某人)收费/要价
charge sb with (doing) sth 指控某人(做)某事
[点津]　in charge of多以人作主语,指“某人负责/主管某事”;in the charge of 多以物作主语,指“某物由某人掌管”。
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Tears of sadness and terror poured down the boy’s cheeks,because he was charged 　　　　stealing the woman’s gold ring.She charged him much money 　　　　　　the stolen ring.Luckily,a kind-hearted lawyer offered to defend the boy free 　　　　charge.
②The shop owner 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,and I felt a wave of warmth and gratitude welling up inside me.(情感描写)
店主没有收我买面条的钱,一股温暖和感激之情涌上我的心头。
with
for
of
charged me nothing for the noodles
③During this time,the Yongle Emperor wanted to develop harmonious relations with the overseas neighbours.Zheng He,one of the most influential explorers,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 .
(译林选三U3)
在此期间,永乐皇帝希望与海外邻国发展和谐关系。郑和,最有影响力的探险家之一,负责这项任务。
took charge of the task
3.come down with患(病);染上(小病)
教材原句　Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles,his world became one of abstract thought.
自从得了一种使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病后,他的世界就变成了一个抽象思维的世界。
感知　语言先输入
①Learning that you come down with a terrible disease,we are quite concerned about you.
②She came up with a new idea for increasing sales.
记牢　知识再梳理
come across　　 (偶然)遇见,碰见;被理解
come about 发生(无被动形式)
come up 走近;上来;被提及
come up with 提出
when it comes to... 当谈到……
运用　用come短语填空/补全句子
①The instant I knew that my partner 　　　　　　　　　　a severe illness,a wave of sadness and concern washed over me.
②I’ll never understand how it 　　　　　　　　　　　　
that you were an hour late for such an important meeting.
③　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,
I have the following practical suggestions to share with you.
谈到英语学习,我有以下实用的建议与你们分享。
came down with
came about
When it comes to English learning
4.above all最重要的是;尤其是
教材原句　Above all,Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是,霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
感知　语言先输入
①Above all,I have a good command of English,so I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners.
②Bob thought he couldn’t go to the party because he had to write a report,but he went after all.
记牢　知识再梳理
after all　 毕竟;终究
all in all 整体说来;总而言之
in all 全部;合计
first of all 首先
at all (否定句)一点儿也不;(疑问句)到底;究竟
运用　用all短语填空/补全句子
①The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University.　　　　　　　　　　,you’d better learn some basic Chinese before you come.　　　　　　　　,you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances.　　　　　　　　,studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy 　　　　　　　.(推荐信)
②Thanks to your timely and generous help,I managed to
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
多亏您及时慷慨的帮助,我成功地处理了全部四个问题。
First of all/Above all
After all
All in all
at all
handle the four problems in all
5.句型公式:过去分词(短语)作状语
教材原句　Born in Shanghai in 1911,Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering.
钱学森1911年出生于上海,在北京上学,之后进入上海交通大学学习铁路机械工程。
感知　语言先输入
①Influenced by Steve Jobs,he focuses on details and seeks perfection in everything.
②Disappointed by his behaviour,I said all this to my best friend.
(外研必三U1)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)及物动词的过去分词(短语)作状语表示被动的和完成的动作;不及物动词的过去分词(短语)作状语只表示完成的动作。
(2)过去分词(短语)作状语时其逻辑主语为句子的主语,此时应注意人称一致。
(3)有的过去分词已经转化成了形容词,作状语时不表示动作而是表示主语的一种状态。
运用　单句语法填空/句式升级
①　　　　　　　　(approach) in this way,your friendship will soon be repaired.(外研必三U1)
②　　　　　　(fill) with anger,you tend to say whatever comes to your mind.(外研必三U1)
③　　　　　　(surprise) and happy,he stood up and accepted the prize.
Approached
Filled
Surprised
④If you expose yourself to the sunlight for a long time in summer,you will get sunburnt.
→　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ,
you will get sunburnt.(过去分词短语作状语)
Exposed to the sunlight for a long time in summer
6.句型公式:not only...but also... 不仅……而且……
教材原句　He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎,不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学,而且负责中国的太空和导弹计划。
感知　语言先输入
①Visitors to one of her artworks in Vancouver could not only enjoy looking at it,they could also interact with it—literally.(外研选一U4)
②Not only is country music popular in the south,but blues,rock and roll,bluegrass,and jazz are popular in the south as well.(人教必三U3)
记牢　知识再梳理
(1)“not only...but also...”连接两个并列成分,如两个主语、宾语、状语等;
(2)“not only...but also...”连接两个分句,且“not only...”置于句首时,not only所在的句子要用部分倒装;
(3)“not only...but also...”连接两个主语时,要根据最近的主语决定谓语动词的单复数形式,即遵循“就近一致”原则。
运用　单句语法填空/补全句子/句式升级
①The Investing jar not only represents a vision for the future,but
　　　　　　(give) the opportunity to build for the future.
(外研选二U2)
②Not only I but also my friend 　　　　　　(gain) a glimpse into the two splendid civilizations so far.(2022·浙江1月卷)
gives
has gained
③Not only have high-speed trains shortened travel time between places,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.(2024·北京卷)
高速列车不仅缩短了人们出行的时间,而且还使人们彼此之间更加亲密。
④We not only forgot to turn off the lights in the kitchen,but we (also) failed to lock the front door.
→Not only 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ,
but we (also) failed to lock the front door.
but they have also brought people closer
did we forget to turn off the lights in the kitchen
片段巩固 用本部分短语句式完成筹备校园艺术展的续写片段
写作提示:
莉莉负责艺术展的筹备工作→她不仅要安排作品还要管理日程→因持续工作疲惫不堪而发烧病倒→尽管如此,她仍坚持到场监督→最重要的是,她希望展览能取得成功→她刚到,两名学生因摆放位置发生了争吵→她强忍不适,用微笑和耐心化解了争执
The annual school art exhibition was approaching,and Lily,who was in charge of the event preparation,had been working tirelessly. Not only did she help set up the artworks,but she also managed the schedules for all participants.Exhausted by the continuous work,she soon came down with a high fever.Despite her illness,she insisted on overseeing the final setup,believing that everything needed to be perfect.Above all,she wanted the exhibition to be a success for her classmates.However,just as she arrived,a quarrel broke out between two students over the placement of their artworks.Lily,though weak, smiled and patiently calmed everyone down.
高考热点微练
1.写出加黑部分的词性和汉语意思
①These people are the night workers—nurses on night shift,lorry drivers crossing continents and bakers preparing breakfast bread.
(北师选三U7)　　　　　
②While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)　　　　　
n.轮班
adj.可靠的
③He is a man with a vivid imagination and stands out in his colleagues.　　　　　
④The biggest challenge at the initial phase was to persuade people to work for me,which was totally outside my experience.(外研选四U4)
　　　　　　　　　
⑤Then,making concrete plans for improvement will bring you a step closer to better self-management.(外研选二U2)　　　　　
adj.丰富的
adj.最初的,开始的
adj.具体的
2.选出trace的汉语意思
A.vt.追溯,追究　B.vt.查出,发现　C.n.痕迹;踪迹　D.n.遗迹
①The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital.　　
②It’s said that the practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient Rome.　　
③Police searched the area but found no trace of the escaped prisoners.　　
④It’s exciting to discover traces of earlier civilizations.　　
B
A
C
D
课 时 精 练
基础语境练
素能提升练
[基础语境练]
Ⅰ.单词情景运用(每小题1分,共10分)
1.After she’d overcome her 　　　　　　(最初的) shyness,she became very friendly.
2.A 　　　　　　(彩虹) is usually seen after a heavy rain.
3.After the guard recovered from his injury,he went on the night
　　　　　　(轮班) again.
initial
rainbow
shift
4.His argument was too 　　　　　　(抽象的) for the audience to follow,leaving them feeling lost.
5.Do you have any 　　　　　　(具体的) ways to deal with this difficult problem
6.He faces the toughest test of his 　　　　　　/ li d p/ so far.
7.His father claims to be able to 　　　　　　/tre s/ the family back to many centuries ago.
abstract
concrete
leadership
trace
8.If you always try to find f　　　　　　 with others,it means that you have gained another shortcoming.
9.As is known to us all,Dr.Yuan Longping was an o______________ Chinese scientist in agriculture.
10.A heavy rain suddenly p　　　　　　 down;as a result,the sports meeting was put off.
ault
utstanding
oured
Ⅱ.词形转换填空(每小题1分,共8分)
1.I have such a good command of English that I am elected as
　　　　　　(assist) to my English teacher.
2.It was not until then that I suddenly realized nobody was
　　　　　　(happy) than I was.
3.Poems,conveying certain emotions,can 　　　　　　(vivid) transform reality into literature.
4.These years,our company has been developing 　　　　　(steady).
assistant
happier
vividly
steadily
5.In reality,the mechanic made a severe mistake,　　　　　　(shift) nervously from one foot to another.
6. 　　　　　　(initial),it will do harm to our health and may cause short-sightedness.
7.Stop the negative 　　　　　　(think)and focus on solving those problems.
8.No matter how 　　　　　　(gift)you are,you alone cannot change the world.
shifting
Initially
thinking
gifted
Ⅲ.短语情景运用(每小题1.5分,共9分)
break out,in charge of,come down with,above all,be traced back to,take on
1.There will be many challenges ahead,but I have confidence that I’ll
　　　　　　　　the burden.
2.You are 　　　　　　　　the company,so you should take responsibility for what you said.
3.　　　　　　　　,we must be honest about what we do not know.
take on
in charge of
Above all
4.Nobody knew when the fire 　　　　　　　　,but they knew it was put out the next morning.
5.Did anyone else in your family 　　　　　　　　a fever
6.It is true that tea houses in Hangzhou can 　　　　　　　　the Southern Song Dynasty.
broke out
come down with
be traced back to
Ⅳ.典型句式集训(每小题2分,共10分)
1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,
I am writing to invite you to attend a paper-cutting exhibition to be held in our school next Sunday.(过去分词短语作状语;邀请信)
我被告知你对剪纸感兴趣,我写信邀请你参加我们学校下周日举行的剪纸展览会。
Informed that you are interested in paper-cutting
2.Honestly speaking,I .(“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义)
说实话,我从来没有见过比我们班长更负责任的人。
3. learn the scientific spirits from them.
(not only...but also...;倒装结构)
我们不仅要尊重这些伟大的科学家,而且要学习他们的科学精神。
have never seen a more responsible
person than our monitor
Not only should we show respect for the great scientists,but we
should also
4.　　　　　　　　　　　　 is that my deskmate always willingly offers a hand to whoever needs help.(主语从句;2023·天津3月卷)
令我们印象最深刻的是我的同桌总是乐意帮助任何需要帮助的人。
5.　　　　　　　　　　　　　,I realized how hard it was for farmers to work in the fields.(状语从句的省略)
在摘橘子的时候,我意识到农民在农田里劳作是多么的艰苦。
What impresses us most
While picking oranges
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.完形填空(每小题1分,共15分)
My father,Paul Andrew Figura,was a die-hard fisherman.In my 　1　,we went out fishing in all kinds of weather,catching and missing nearly every fish in countless waterways.
Whenever we 　2　,Mom would ask,“What time will you be back ” “When we can’t see the 　3　,” Dad would respond.He often 　4　 it.Sometimes Dad would ask me to 　5　 some food and water and we’d fish the entire day.I observed firsthand his insistent,rapid-fire casting technique,which he credited as a(n) 　6　 factor behind his success.It was one 　7　 after another after another.
The greatest life lesson that Dad taught me involved dealing with those times when the fish weren’t 　8　.Days when the weather was awful,when the mosquitoes were biting,when my hands were cold. Times when I just wanted to 　9　 and go home.Dad’s 　10　 “Son,you’re not going to catch any fish unless you 　11　 your line.Keep casting,” he’d say.
I learned early the importance of 　12　 and willingness to keep trying different fish food if you wanted to catch them.Sooner or later they’d 　13　.I took that same attitude into my school work.　14　,I got many awards at college.I applied it 　15　 to whatever job I had as an adult and it made me the person that I am today.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者的父亲是一个不屈不挠的钓鱼爱好者。作者从小和父亲一起去钓鱼,耳濡目染中作者被父亲坚持不懈的精神所感染,这也成就了他现在的成功。
1.A.dream B.career C.childhood D.adulthood
解析　根据语境和下文“Times when I just wanted to...Keep casting,’he’d say.”可知,这是介绍作者童年(childhood)的经历。故选C项。
2.A.got up B.reached out C.stepped back D.set off
解析　根据语境和下文“Mom would ask,‘What time will you be back ’”可知,此处是指作者和父亲出发(set off)去钓鱼的时候。故选D项。
√
√
3.A.camps B.lines C.tracks D.cottages
解析　根据语境和下文“Son,you’re not going to catch any fish unless you 　　　　your line.”可知,此处是指钓鱼的线(lines)。此空处所填词正是下文的 line 的原词复现。这些原词有时离设空较近,有时可能在文章的结尾。利用原词复现解题需要把题目选项中的词汇与原文仔细比对,并结合句意确定答案。故选B项。
√
4.A.forgot B.rejected C.recalled D.meant
解析　根据语境和下文“I observed firsthand his insistent,rapid-fire casting technique”可知,父亲是一个坚持的人,说到做到。mean it说话算数;言出必行。故选D项。
5.A.make B.pack C.heat D.freeze
解析　根据语境和下文“some food and water and we’d fish the entire day”可知,此处是指把食物和水塞进包里。pack打包,塞满。故选B项。
√
√
6.A.cultural B.random C.major D.external
解析　根据常识和上文“I observed firsthand his insistent,rapid-fire casting technique,which he credited as a(n)”以及下文“factor behind his success”可知,此处是指他的坚持、快速的抛线技术,是他成功的主要(major)因素。故选C项。
7.A.cast B.step C.strike D.risk
解析　根据语境和上文“rapid-fire casting technique”以及下文“after another after another”可知,此处是指不停地抛线(cast)。故选A项。
√
√
8.A.swimming B.dancing C.gathering D.biting
解析　根据常识和上文“The greatest life lesson that Dad taught me involved dealing with those times when the fish weren’t”可知,此处是指父亲教我处理鱼不咬钩(biting)的情况。故选D项。
9.A.wander B.play C.quit D.sleep
解析　根据语境和下文“and go home”可知,此处是指作者想停止(quit)钓鱼,然后回家。故选C项。
√
√
10.A.response B.intention C.evaluation D.situation
解析　根据语境和上文“Times when I just wanted to 　　　　and go home.”以及下文“‘Son,you’re not going to catch any fish unless you 　　　　your line.Keep casting,’he’d say.”可知,此处是指父亲对想回家的作者做出的回应(response)。故选A项。
√
11.A.abandon B.monitor C.fetch D.wet
解析　根据常识和上文“It was one 　　　　after another after another.”可知,钓鱼时不停地抛线,由此推知,抛线的时候线会湿(wet)。故选D项。
12.A.kindness B.insistence C.confidence D.business
解析　根据语境和上文“I observed firsthand his insistent,rapid-fire casting technique”可知,此处是指想钓到鱼,父亲教作者坚持(insistence)和不停地尝试不同鱼食的重要性。故选B项。
√
√
13.A.cooperate B.progress C.resist D.integrate
解析　根据语境和上文“I learned early the importance of _______ and willingness to keep trying different fish food if you wanted to catch them.”可知,此处是指想钓到鱼,坚持和不停地尝试不同鱼食,鱼儿迟早会“配合(cooperate)”的,即上钩。故选A项。
14.A.In surprise B.As a result C.Ahead of time D.In particular
解析　根据语境和下文“I got many awards at college”可知,此处是指父亲对作者影响的结果。故选B项。
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15.A.intentionally B.casually C.hesitantly D.temporarily
解析　根据语境和上文“I applied it”以及下文“to whatever job I had as an adult and it made me the person that I am today”可知,作为一个成年人,我有意地(intentionally)把它应用到我的工作中,它成就了现在的我。故选A项。
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Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
Chen Ning Yang,a famous Chinese physicist and Nobel Prize winner,passed away at the age of 103,according to Chinese media.He was known as one of the 1.　　　　　　 (influential) scientists in the world.
In 1957,Yang and another physicist,Tsung-Dao Lee,2.__________ (win) the Nobel Prize in Physics for their research on the law of parity. Their 3.　　　　　　 (discover) helped people better understand elementary particles,the tiny parts that make up all matter.
Born in 1922 in Anhui Province,Yang was the eldest of five children.4.　　　　 (grow) up on the campus of Tsinghua University, where his father taught mathematics,he developed 5.　　　　　 deep love for science.As a teenager,Yang once told his parents,“One day,I want to win the Nobel Prize.” 6.　　　　　 (remarkable),this dream came true at the age of 35.Having earned his bachelor’s degree in 1942 from the National Southwest Associated University in Kunming,Yang went on 7.　　　　　　 (complete) a master’s degree at Tsinghua. After the Sino-Japanese War,he went to the United States on a Tsinghua fellowship and studied at the University of Chicago under Enrico Fermi,8.　　　　　　 built the world’s first nuclear reactor.
Throughout his long career,Yang devoted 9.　　　 (he) to many fields of physics,focusing especially 10.　　　　 statistical mechanics and symmetry principles.It was not only the Nobel Prize that honored him;in 1957,he received the Albert Einstein Commemorative Award, and a year later,an honorary doctorate from Princeton University—a clear recognition of his lifelong devotion to science.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了中国著名物理学家、诺贝尔奖获得者杨振宁的生平和成就。
1.most influential　[考查形容词最高级。句意:他被誉为世界上最具影响力的科学家之一。根据“one of the”可知,此处用固定结构“one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”表示“最……之一”,空处用influential“具有影响力的”最高级形式。故填most influential。]
2.won　[考查动词的时态。句意:1957年,杨振宁与另一位物理学家李政道因对宇称定律的研究共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖。空处作句子的谓语,根据“In 1957”可知,本句在叙述过去发生的事情,时态应用一般过去时。故填won。]
3.discovery　[考查词性转换。句意:他们的发现帮助人类更好地理解构成万物的基本粒子。空前有Their修饰,空处作主语,名词discovery符合题意,且指“两人共同的发现”,discovery用单数形式。故填discovery。]
4.Growing　[考查非谓语动词。句意:在父亲任教数学的清华校园里长大的他,自幼培养了对科学的深厚热爱。句子主干成分完整,空处为非谓语,grow up“长大”和he逻辑上是主动关系,因此用grow的动词-ing形式,作状语,句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Growing。]
5.a　[考查冠词。develop a love for是固定搭配,意为“逐渐产生对……的爱好或喜爱”。故填a。]
6.Remarkably　[考查词性转换。句意:非凡的是,这个梦想在他35岁时便实现了。空处修饰整个句子,副词remarkably符合题意,意为“非凡地”,句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Remarkably。]
7.to complete　[考查非谓语动词。句意:1942年在昆明西南联大获得学士学位后,他继而完成清华硕士学业。go on to do是固定短语,表示“继续做某事(另一件事)”。故填to complete。]
8.who　[考查定语从句。句意:抗战后,他凭借清华奖学金赴美,在世界上首座核反应堆建造者恩里科·费米的指导下就读芝加哥大学。空处引导非限制性定语从句,对先行词“Enrico Fermi”作补充说明,先行词指人,在从句中作主语。故填who。]
9.himself　[考查代词。句意:漫长职业生涯中,他投身多个物理领域,尤其专注统计力学与对称原理。devote oneself to...是固定短语,意为“献身于……,致力于……”,因此空处用反身代词。故填himself。]
10.on　[考查介词。focus on是固定短语,表示“专注于……”。故填on。]
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