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九年级英语上册（人教版）单元语法巩固与写作提升
Unit 1 The Changing World
模块一 单元核心语法
语法一：现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）
语法定义
现在完成时主要包含两层语义：一是表述过去发生的动作，对当下产生一定的影响或结果；二是表述动作从过去某个时间点开始，一直持续到现在。该时态多用于描述事物发展、环境与人的状态变化。
完整句式结构
现在完成时的基本谓语结构为“助动词have/has + 动词过去分词”。
人称搭配规则：第一人称、第二人称及复数主语搭配助动词have；第三人称单数主语搭配助动词has。
肯定句式：主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他成分
例句：China has developed rapidly in recent years.（中国近些年发展迅速）
否定句式：主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词 + 其他成分
例句：I haven’t finished my social practice report yet.（我尚未完成我的社会实践报告。）
一般疑问句式：Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他成分？
简略回答：Yes, 主语 + have/has. / No, 主语 + haven’t/hasn’t.
例句：—Has your hometown changed a lot （你的家乡变化大吗？）—Yes, it has.
时态标识状语
在英语句式中，部分时间状语可作为判定现在完成时的重要依据。结合语义与用法，可将这类状语分为两类，适合不同语境的句式表达。
不定时间状语：already、yet、just、ever、never、before
例句1：We have already learned about urban environmental changes.（我们已经了解了城市环境的变化。）
例句2：He has never taken part in community volunteer activities.（他从未参与过社区志愿活动。）
时段性状语：for+时间段、since+时间点/一般过去时从句、so far、in the past few years
例句1：People have improved living conditions greatly in the past ten years.（过去十年间，人们的生活条件大幅改善。）
例句2：She has lived in the new community since 2019.（自2019年起，她就居住在这个新社区。）
考点辨析：for与since用法差异
for 和 since 均可引导现在完成时的时间状语，二者区别体现在后续搭配结构与语义侧重上。
for后接持续时间段，侧重说明动作延续的时间长度
例句：The city has kept green development for fifteen years.（这座城市坚持绿色发展已有十五年。）
since后接过去时间点或一般过去时从句，侧重标注动作的起始时间节点
例句：Our school has carried out low-carbon activities since it was built.（我校自建校以来一直开展低碳活动。）
特别提示：since引导时间状语从句时，从句谓语统一使用一般过去时，主句固定搭配现在完成时，时态对应关系固定，不可混用。
时态辨析：现在完成时与一般过去时
两种时态均可用于描述过去的动作，二者核心区分点为：动作是否与当下存在语义关联。
一般过去时：仅客观陈述过去发生的动作或存在的状态，不体现与现在的联系，常搭配yesterday、last term、in 2020等具体过去时间状语。
例句：He visited the rural scenic spot last year.（他去年参观了这个乡村景区，仅客观陈述过往行为。）
现在完成时：侧重体现过去动作对当下产生的结果、影响，或动作持续至今，句中不出现具体的过去时间状语。
例句：He has visited the rural scenic spot, so he knows its changes well.（他去过这个乡村景区，因此十分了解它的变化，体现过往动作对现在的影响。）
语法二：used to 今昔对比情态句型
语法定义
used to 为固定情态结构，专门用于描述过去习惯性的动作，或长期保持的固有状态，语义上暗含“目前该动作、状态已不复存在”。
句式结构
肯定句式：主语 + used to + 动词原形
例句：People used to travel by bicycle in the old days.（过去人们通常骑自行车出行。）
否定句式：主语 + didn’t use to + 动词原形（初中课标规范通用形式）
例句：Students didn’t use to get access to online learning resources.（过去学生无法获取线上学习资源。）
疑问句式：Did + 主语 + use to + 动词原形？
例句：Did your hometown use to lack public entertainment facilities （你的家乡过去是否缺乏公共娱乐设施？）
拓展语法搭配
used to 后可接续be动词，搭配名词或形容词，用于描述过去长期固定的属性、状态，无动作含义。
例句1：The countryside used to be quiet and simple.（乡村过去静谧且质朴。）
例句2：This area used to be a wasteland.（这片区域过去是一片荒地。）
语法三：by+doing 方式状语结构
语法定义与结构
介词by后接续动名词，构成方式状语，用于说明动作发生的手段、途径与方式，常用来回应how引导的特殊疑问句。
结构公式：主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分 + by + doing sth.
典型语境例句
We can adapt to social changes by learning new skills.（我们可以通过学习新技能适应社会变化。）
Cities improve air quality by planting more trees.（城市通过大量植树改善空气质量。）
易错点提示：by属于介词，其后接续的动词必须使用动名词形式，不可使用动词原形或动词不定式。
单元语法强化训练
一、基础巩固·单项选择
—______ you ever taken part in environmental protection activities
—Yes, I have. I joined the community team last summer.
A. Do B. Have C. Did
The small town ______ greatly in the past five years, with new roads and parks built.
A. changes B. changed C. has changed
My parents ______ walk to work, but now they usually drive electric cars.
A. used to B. use to C. are used to
We can improve our understanding of social changes ______ reading news reports.
A. by B. in C. for
He ______ in the city since he graduated from middle school.
A. lives B. lived C. has lived
—Has your sister finished her survey report ______
—Not yet.
A. already B. yet C. just
People ______ live in crowded old houses, and now they move into bright new apartments.
A. used to B. didn’t use to C. were used to
So far, our school ______ more than ten social practice courses for students.
A. opens B. has opened C. opened
Did the village ______ have modern public transportation ten years ago
A. used to B. use to C. be used to
Many families ______ great progress in living conditions over the past decade.
A. made B. make C. have made
二、动词形式填空（用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，每空一词。）
I ________ (learn) a lot about urban development since I watched the documentary.
They didn’t use to ________ (pay) much attention to low-carbon life before.
The government ________ (build) many community service centers in recent years.
We solve daily problems by ________ (communicate) with others actively.
She ________ (not visit) her hometown for two years.
People ________ (use) traditional tools to work in the past, but now they use smart devices.
My teacher ________ (just) introduce the changes of our city to us.
Great changes ________ (take) place in rural areas over the past few years.
三、汉译英填空（根据中文提示完成英文句子，每空一词）
迄今为止，我们的校园环境已经变得更加优美。
Our campus environment ________ ________ more beautiful so far.
过去这里没有大型休闲公园。
There ________ ________ be large leisure parks here.
许多年轻人通过线上学习提升自身能力。
Many young people improve their abilities ________ ________ online.
自从2021年以来，这座桥梁就投入使用了。
This bridge ________ ________ in use since 2021.
我的祖父过去常常步行去集市。
My grandfather ________ ________ walk to the market.
在过去的几年里，乡村教育发展迅速。
Rural education ________ ________ rapidly in the past few years.
四、语法填空
阅读短文，在空白处填入适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，每空一词
Great changes 1. ________ (take) place in my hometown during recent years. It 2. ________ (be) totally different from what it used to be. Ten years ago, people 3. ________ (live) in small old houses and they didn’t use to 4. ________ (have) convenient traffic. Few people could travel far or get rich information.
But now everything has changed. The government 5. ________ (build) wide roads and modern communities. People can go out by subway or shared bikes. We can know the world well 6. ________ browsing online information. I 7. ________ (study) in a new modern school since three years ago.
I believe our hometown 8. ________ (become) better in the future. So far, every family 9. ________ (improve) their living conditions greatly. These changes tell us that the world is always 10. ________ (develop).
参考答案
一、单项选择
B 解析：句中ever为现在完成时标志性词汇，问句需采用现在完成时句式结构。
C 解析：in the past five years 为现在完成时专属时间状语，谓语动词需使用现在完成时形式。
A 解析：used to do sth. 用于描述过去习惯性动作，与后半句当下状态形成今昔对比。
A 解析：by+动名词为单元固定结构，用于表达动作实施的方式与途径。
C 解析：since引导时间状语从句时，主句谓语常规使用现在完成时。
B 解析：yet多用于否定句、疑问句末尾，already多用于肯定句，二者用法有明确区分。
A 解析：used to do 可描述过去长期存续的生活状态，贴合语境对比逻辑。
B 解析：so far 为现在完成时典型状语，对应现在完成时谓语形式。
B 解析：used to 在疑问句中需还原为动词原形use to，与助动词did搭配使用。
C 解析：over the past decade 引导时间段状语，主句谓语需采用现在完成时。
二、动词形式填空
1. have learned 2. play 3. has built 4. communicating 5. hasn’t visited 6. used 7. has just 8. have taken
三、汉译英填空
1. has become 2. didn’t use to 3. by learning 4. has been 5. used to 6. has developed
四、语法填空
1. have taken 2. is 3. lived 4. have 5. has built 6. by 7. have studied 8. will become 9. has improved 10. developing
模块二 单元写作专项提升
一、单元写作命题与考情分析
本单元写作命题要求学生通过所学时态对比，客观描述人、生活、环境的前后变化，并结合内容简单表达个人看法与感悟。
话题主要分为个人成长变化、家乡发展变化、社会生活变化三类。
注意，考场评分主要参考四项标准：时态运用准确、句型对比清晰、行文逻辑连贯、词汇搭配规范。
二、写作素材积累
个人成长类素材
过去状态素材：used to be lazy；used to depend on parents；didn’t use to have good study habits
当下变化素材：have become independent；have learned to study by making plans；have improved personal abilities
家乡发展类素材
过去状态素材：used to be poor；used to have narrow roads；used to lack public facilities
当下变化素材：has developed rapidly；has become beautiful and modern；traffic becomes more convenient
社会生活类素材
过去状态素材：didn’t use to have digital services；used to waste time on traditional ways
当下变化素材：has changed greatly；improve life quality by online services；communicate by video tools
三、范文精解
范文一：个人视角·My Personal Changes（自我成长变化）
范文 精解
Time goes by, and great changes have taken place in my study and life in the past two years. I have become more independent and hard-working than before. 本句采用现在完成时开篇，搭配对应时间状语，时态运用贴合话题要求。固定短语 great changes have taken place 是变化类作文通用开篇句式；independent、hard-working 为人物品质常用形容词，可丰富文本细节。
I used to be a lazy student. I didn’t use to finish my study tasks on time and I always depended on my parents to arrange my daily life. I seldom took the initiative to learn new knowledge. 连续使用两种used to句型，清晰呈现过去的学习与生活状态，搭建今昔对比的行文框架。depend on、take the initiative to do 为书面表达常用短语，细化内容，避免行文空洞。
However, I have changed a lot now. I develop good learning habits by making daily study plans. I have learned to solve study problems by communicating with classmates and teachers. Besides, I keep exercising every day to improve my physical condition. 用转折词衔接上下文，切换现在完成时描述当下状态，与前文过去状态形成规范对比。两处复用by+doing单元核心结构，具体说明个人提升的方法，紧扣单元语法考点，充实文章内容。
These changes bring me great progress. I believe continuous self-improvement will make me a better person in the future. 本句为常规总结收尾句式，以书面化短语提升表达质感，简洁收束全文，形成完整的行文逻辑，贴合考场作文收尾要求。
范文二：地域视角·Changes in My Hometown（家乡发展变化）
范文 精解
In recent years, my hometown has experienced remarkable development. Its appearance and people’s living styles have changed completely. 以现在完成时标志性状语开篇，整体概述家乡的发展变化，时态运用规范。短语 remarkable development 优化基础表达，提升文本的书面化程度。
My hometown used to be a quiet small town with narrow roads and old houses. People used to travel on foot or by bicycle, and there were few public entertainment facilities. The living conditions were relatively simple. 复用两处used to句型，从城镇风貌、居民出行两个具象维度描述家乡过往状态，对比逻辑清晰。配套话题词汇贴合主题，细节具体，符合变化类作文的写作要求。
With the development of society, everything has improved greatly. The local government has built wide roads, modern parks and community service centers. People can travel conveniently by electric cars and subways. Moreover, residents enrich their spare time by taking part in various community activities. 延续现在完成时描述当下发展成果，与前文过去时态形成鲜明对比。运用by+doing结构说明居民生活方式的改变途径，紧扣单元语法重点；副词修饰动词的句式结构，让表达更加规范。
I am proud of the positive changes of my hometown. I am convinced that it will develop more steadily in the future. 结尾结合个人感受与未来展望，贴合考场作文评分标准。用词精准、句式规整，能够有效升华文章主题，完成全文收尾。
范文三：社会视角·The Changes of Our Daily Life（社会生活变化）
范文 精解
With the rapid development of society, people’s daily life has undergone tremendous changes in recent years. 采用话题常规开篇句式，搭配现在完成时与对应时间状语，从宏观角度概述社会生活变化，时态准确，主题贴合单元写作要求。
Several years ago, people didn’t use to enjoy convenient digital services. They used to go to physical stores for shopping and go to offices to handle various affairs. It usually took themplenty of time and energy. 叠加两种used to核心句型，强化今昔对比的表达效果。选用贴合当下时代的话题词汇，素材新颖，规避陈旧表达，适合考场写作素材要求。
But now, technological progress has changed people’s life greatly. People can finish shopping and handle official business online. Students can acquire more knowledge by taking online courses. People also keep in touch with relatives and friends by video communication. 主句使用现在完成时呼应全文时态基调，多次复用by+doing结构，从学习、社交、生活多个维度展现生活变化，实现语法考点与写作内容的有机结合。
These changes make our life more efficient and colorful. We should cherish the convenient life and keep learning to adapt to social changes. 结尾由现象描述上升至个人认知，深化文章主旨。选用优质书面词汇丰富文本表意，完善行文层次，符合书面表达评分规范。
四、课后巩固
写作题目：请以 Changes in My Daily Life 为题，结合本单元语法，描述自己日常生活的今昔变化，词数80—100，保证时态准确、对比清晰、行文连贯。
写作提示：1. 运用used to句型描述过去生活状态；2. 运用现在完成时描述当下产生的变化；3. 适当使用by+doing结构说明生活方式的变化途径。
参考范文：
Changes in My Daily Life
Great changes have taken place in my daily life in recent years. I used to spend much time playing games and didn’t use to make good use of my spare time. Now my life has become meaningful. I have learned to enrich my life by reading books and taking exercise. I also improve my learning efficiency by making reasonable daily plans. These changes help me grow better. I believe I will keep improving in the future.

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