资源简介

高中英语定语从句体系精讲与配套习题详解
一、定语从句的基本概念
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。比如“She is the girl who won the first prize in the competition”，“who won the first prize in the competition”就是定语从句，修饰先行词“the girl”。这里被修饰的名词“the girl”就被称为先行词，而连接先行词和定语从句的词“who”则是关系代词。关系词在定语从句中至关重要，它既起连接作用，又在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
二、关系词的分类及用法
（一）关系代词
常见的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose,as等。
that：既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。例如：“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting” （“that”指物，作宾语，可省略）；“The man that is standing there is my teacher” （“that”指人，作主语）。
which：用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略。例如：“The building which stands near the park is a hospital” （作主语）；“The movie which we watched last night was exciting” （作宾语，可省略） 。
who：用于指人，在从句中作主语、宾语 。比如：“The boy who is playing basketball is my brother” （作主语）。
whom：也用于指人，在从句中作宾语 。在口语中，有时可用“who”代替“whom”，也可省略 。例如：“The person whom you talked to just now is my manager” （可换成“who”，也可省略）。
whose：表示“谁的”，既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中作定语 。例如：“The girl whose hair is long is my classmate”（指人）；“I live in a house whose windows face south”（指物）。
（二）关系副词
常见的关系副词有when, where, why 。
when：表示时间，先行词为时间，在从句中作时间状语。例如：“I still remember the day when I first met you” ，先行词“the day”表示时间，“when”在从句中作时间状语 。
where：表示地点，先行词为地点，在从句中作地点状语。比如：“This is the school where I studied ten years ago” ，先行词“the school”表示地点，“where”在从句中作地点状语 。
why：表示原因，先行词为原因“reason”，在从句中作原因状语 。例如：“The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus”。
We are living in an age when many things are done on the computer.我们生活在一个用计算机做很多事情的年代。
Do you know the reason why she was absent from the meeting 你知道她缺席会议的原因吗
Is this the reason that he explained at the meeting
这就是他在大会上解释的原因吗
注意:
当先行词是表示时间、地点的名词或reason时，关系词用when/where/why还是which/that要由关系词在句中所作的成分来决定,作状语时要用when/where/why,作宾语或主语时要用that或which。
“I visited the school which/that my father once studied in” ，先行词“the school”在从句中作“studied in”的宾语，所以用关系代词which或that 。
“I visited the school where my father once studied” ，先行词“the school”在从句中作地点状语，相当于“in the school”，所以用关系副词where 。
三、定语从句的分类
（一）限制性定语从句
对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体、明确。它与先行词关系紧密，不能被省略，否则句子意思就不完整。主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开。例如：“I have a friend who can play the piano very well” ，如果去掉“who can play the piano very well”，句子就变成了“I have a friend”，意思就变得模糊，不知道这个朋友有什么特点。
The man who lives next door is a teacher.（去掉定语从句后，“The man is a teacher.”意思不明确，不知道是哪个男人）
（二）非限制性定语从句
与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将其省去，主句的意义仍然完整。主句和从句之间通常用逗号隔开，而且非限制性定语从句中不能使用关系代词“that” 。例如：“My father, who is a doctor, likes playing basketball” ，去掉“who is a doctor”，“My father likes playing basketball”
这个句子仍然成立。
My brother, who is a doctor, works in a hospital.（去掉定语从句后，“My brother works in a hospital.”意思仍然完整）
四、关系词的特殊用法及注意事项
（一）只用that的情况
1.当先行词是不定代词，如anything, nothing, everything, all，no one 等,或被不定代词all, much, few, any, little等修饰
时。例如：“Is there anything that I can do for you ”
2.先行词被the only, the very, just the修饰时。比如：“This is the very book that I am looking for” 。
3.先行词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。例如：“This is the best book that I have ever read”。
4.先行词既有人又有物时 。如：“He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited” 。
5.当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复用that 。例如：“Who is the man that is standing there ”
6.关系代词作表语时。例如：“He is not the man that he used to be” 。
（二）只用which，不用that的情况
1.关系代词前有介词时 。例如：“This is the room in which I lived last year” 。
2.引导非限制性定语从句时 。例如：“The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting” 。
3.先行词本身是that时 。例如：“What's that which is under the desk ”
（三）关系代词作宾语时的省略
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词who/whom/that/ which作宾语时可以省略。例如：“The book (that/which) I borrowed from the library is very useful” ，“that”或“which”作“borrowed”的宾语，可省略 。
（四）“介词+关系代词”结构
1.当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，会出现“介词+关系代词”的结构 。其中，关系代词指人时用“whom”，指物时用“which” 。例如：“The person to whom I talked just now is my teacher” （指人）；“The pen with which I write is very expensive” （指物） 。
2. 介词的选择取决于从句中的动词、形容词的固定搭配，或者先行词与介词的习惯搭配 。例如：“This is the house in which I was born” （“in the house”是习惯搭配）；“The man about whom we are talking is a famous scientist” （“talk about”是固定搭配）。
3.当先行词是“the way”时,且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that或in which,也可不用关系词。作主语、宾语时用that/which。
What made me angry was not what he said, but the way(that/in which)he said it.使我生气的不是他说的话,而是他说话的方式。
4.当先行词是表示地点的抽象名词,如situation、point、stage、position,occasion（场合）,atmosphere,activity,job,competition,game等时,且关系词在从句中作状语,常用where或“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。
五、as引导的定语从句
1.as可以引导限制性定语从句,并在从句中可作主语、宾语,构成the same...as、such...as、so..as、as...as等结构。
2.as引导非限制性定语从句,主要起承接上下文的作用,表达说话人的看法或观点,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如”
As is often the case with old people, my grandfather is fond of talking about good old days.就像其他老人一样,我祖父也喜欢讲他当年美好的时光，
3.关系代词as与which的区别:
(1)位置不同
as和which引导非限制性定语从句时,都可以指代整个句子,但是as位置比较灵活,既可以放在主句前,又可以放在主句后,有时还可以插入主句中,而which引导的从句只能放在主句后。
Taiwan, as we know,is the largest island in our country.
众所周知,台湾是我国最大的岛屿。
As we know,Taiwan is the largest island in our country.
Taiwan is the largest island in our country,as we know,
He was late for class, which made the teacher unhappy,他上课迟到了,这使得老师不高兴
(2)含义不同
as引导非限制性定语从句,有“如,正如”的含义,which引导的非限制性定语从句在意义上相当于一个并列句,可以用“and this”代替,意思是“这件事”。
Einstein, as we know,is a famous scientist.我们知道,爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
He sold his bicycle, which surprised me.他把自行车卖了,这使我感到惊讶。
六、定语从句在写作中的运用
在英语写作中恰当运用定语从句，可以让文章更加生动、丰富，提升作文档次。比如：
普通表达：“I like the book. The book is written by a famous writer” 。
运用定语从句：“I like the book which/that is written by a famous writer” 。
再如描述一个人：“He is a kind-hearted man. He always helps others” ，可改为“He is a kind-hearted man who always helps others” 。
七、定语从句中的主谓一致问题
1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
The man who is standing there is my brother.（先行词“the man”是单数，从句谓语动词用is）
The books which are on the desk are mine.（先行词“the books”是复数，从句谓语动词用are）
2.“one of +复数名词”作先行词时，定语从句修饰的是复数名词，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of +复数名词”作先行词时，定语从句修饰的是the only one，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词用单数形式。
He is one of the students who have passed the exam.（先行词是“the students”，复数，从句谓语动词用have）
习题及答案
1.The man ______ is standing at the gate is our English teacher.
2.The book ______ I bought yesterday is very interesting.
3.Do you know the girl ______ hair is long and black
4.I still remember the day ______ I first came to this school.
5.This is the place ______ we had a picnic last week.
6.The reason ______ he was late for school is that he missed the early bus.
7.The house ______ windows face south is mine.
8.The boy with ______ I went to the cinema last night is my best friend.
9.The factory ______ we visited last month is very large.
10.The film ______ we saw last night was about a love story.
11.The student ______ answered the question is Zhang Hua.
12.The bike ______ he lost yesterday was very expensive.
13.The man ______ you met yesterday is a famous scientist.
14.The city in ______ I was born is very beautiful.
15.The woman ______ you saw just now is my aunt.
16.The story ______ he told us was very funny.
17.The man ______ car was stolen last night is very angry.
18.The girl ______ is singing on the stage is my sister.
19.The book ______ cover is red is mine.
20.The day ______ they arrived was Sunday.
21.The reason ______ he gave for his absence was not true.
22.The house ______ we live in is very old.
23.The boy ______ father is a doctor studies very hard.
24.The factory ______ my father works is far from here.
25.The film ______ we are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow.
26.The man ______ I spoke to just now is my teacher.
27.The school ______ I studied ten years ago is very famous.
28.The city ______ we visited last year is very large.
29.The pen ______ he writes with is very expensive.
30.The girl______I borrowed the book from is my classmate.
31.The book ______ I spent 5 yuan on is very useful.
32.The man ______ you saw at the meeting is Mr. Smith.
33.The woman ______ daughter is a nurse is my neighbor.
34.The house ______ roof was broken has been repaired.
35.The boy ______ was praised at the meeting is our monitor.
36.The city ______ there are many places of interest is Beijing.
答案解析
1. who/that 。先行词the man指人，在定语从句中作主语，所以用who或that引导。
2. that/which 。先行词the book指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
3. whose 。先行词the girl，与从句中hair构成所属关系，表示“女孩的头发” ，所以用whose引导。
4. when 。先行词the day表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，所以用when引导。
5. where 。先行词the place表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导。
6. why 。先行词the reason表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，所以用why引导。
7. whose 。先行词the house，与从句中windows构成所属关系，表示“房子的窗户” ，所以用whose引导。
8. whom 。先行词the boy指人，在定语从句中作介词with的宾语，所以用whom引导，且介词提前。
9. that/which 。先行词the factory指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
10. that/which 。先行词the film指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
11. who/that 。先行词the student指人，在定语从句中作主语，所以用who或that引导。
12. that/which 。先行词the bike指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
13. whom/who/that 。先行词the man指人，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用whom或who或that引导，也可省略。
14. which 。先行词the city指物，在定语从句中作介词in的宾语，所以用which引导，且介词提前。
15. whom/who/that 。先行词the woman指人，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用whom或who或that引导，也可省略。
16. that/which 。先行词the story指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
17. whose 。先行词the man，与从句中car构成所属关系，表示“男人的车” ，所以用whose引导。
18. who/that 。先行词the girl指人，在定语从句中作主语，所以用who或that引导。
19. whose 。先行词the book，与从句中cover构成所属关系，表示“书的封面” ，所以用whose引导。
20. when 。先行词the day表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，所以用when引导。
21.that/which 。先行词the reason在定语从句中作gave的宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
22. that/which 。先行词the house指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
23. whose 。先行词the boy，与从句中father构成所属关系，表示“男孩的父亲” ，所以用whose引导。
24. where 。先行词the factory表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导。
25. that/which 。先行词the film指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
26. whom/who/that 。先行词the man指人，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用whom或who或that引导，也可省略。
27. where 。先行词the school表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导。
28. that/which 。先行词the city指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
29. that/which 。先行词the pen指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
30. whom/who/that 。先行词the girl指人，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用whom或who或that引导，也可省略。
31. that/which 。先行词the book指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用that或which引导，也可省略。
32. whom/who/that 。先行词the man指人，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用whom或who或that引导，也可省略。
33. whose 。先行词the woman，与从句中daughter构成所属关系，表示“女人的女儿” ，所以用whose引导。
34. whose 。先行词the house，与从句中roof构成所属关系，表示“房子的屋顶” ，所以用whose引导。
35. who/that 。先行词the boy指人，在定语从句中作主语，所以用who或that引导。
36. where 。先行词the city表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导。

展开更多......

收起↑