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2025-2026年八年级英语人教版下册语法通关
【现在完成时及过去进行时】
【语法归纳】
现在完成
1.?现在完成时的构成:
have\\has+过去分词?(过去分词的构成有规则变化和不规则变化)
2.?现在完成时的四个基本句型
肯定句
主语+has/have +过去分词+其它.
He has finished the work.
一般疑问句
Has/Have +?主语?+过去分词+其它？
肯定回答：Yes,主语+has/have.
否定回答：No,主语?+ hasn’t/haven’t.
Has he finished the work??????
回答?Yes ,he has.????????No, he hasn’t.
否定句
主语+hasn’t/haven’t+过去分词+其它.
He has not finished the work.
特殊疑问句
疑问词+ has/have +主语?+过去分词+其它？
What has he done?
3.?现在完成时的用法:
（1）表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影想或结果）。
The car has arrived.?车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口）
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）
（2）表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。
My uncle has worked at this factory for five years.???我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。
Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002.?自从2002年Mr. Black?一直住在中国。
How long have you been here??你来这里多久了？
4.?时间标志词
标志词
词义
例句
already
已经
They have already chosen Li Ping to be the team captain.
ever
曾经
Have ever chatted online????你曾经网上聊过天吗？
never
从未
I have never chatted online.?我从来没有在网上聊天过。
just
刚刚
You have just come back from your hometown.
yet
还
Have you handed in your homework yet????你交作业了吗？
recently
最近
David has made great progress recently.
once,twice,a few times
几次
I have been there twice
自2015年以来，我已经去过那里两次
during/in the past＋一段时间
在过去的...时间
Our country has made great achievements during the past decades.?我国在过去几十年中取得了巨大成就。
（1）过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。现在完成时可以和already(通常用于陈述句), yet(通常用于否定句和疑问句), just（用于陈述句）, ever（用于疑问句）, never（用于否定句）, before, twice, three times等连用。
（2）发生在过去并持续到现在的动作或状态。
表示从过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时（肯定句和疑问句中动词必须用延续性动词）,时间状语有：during/in the past(last) few years , for +时间段,???since…ago, since+过去时间点, since+过去式句子，by now, up to now, recently, in recent years…
I?have been away?from my hometown?for three years.(我离开家乡有3年了)
= I?have been away?from my hometown?since three years?ago.
= I?have been away?from my hometown?since?2019.
= It is 3 years?since?I?left?my hometown.
五、几组辨析
1、already和yet的区别
（1）already.???adv. “已经”多用于肯定句中,通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。　　
①?I’ve seen the film already.???我已经看过这部电影了。
②?The train has already left.???火车已经开走了。
（2）yet.???adv.?“已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句,且常常置于句末。如：
①?He hasn’t found his bike yet.????????他还没有找到他的自行车。
②Have you read Treasure Island yet?????????你读过《金银岛》？
【注意】already也可用于疑问句,但不表真心的疑问,而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。????????
Have you already had breakfast??难道你已经吃过早餐了？
2、since和for的区别
for+时间段: I have worked here for 12 years.???????????????????????????
since+时间点: I have lived here since 2008.
since+一段时间+ago=for +时间段: The film has been on since 10 minutes ago.
since +从句（一般过去时）:Two hours have passed since he arrived here.
It’s+一段时间+since（一般过去时句子）:It’s three years since my grandpa died.
3、have been to/have gone to/have been in
①have/has gone to意为“到某地去了”，说话时该人不在现场。一般只用第三人称作主语。
Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英国。)
②have/has been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示一种经历，含有“现在已离开那儿”之意，后可接次数（如once，
twice，three times等）表示“去过某地几次”，也可和just，never，ever等连用。
I have been to Beijing three times. (我去过那里三次。)
③have been in表示“到某地多长时间了”，常与时间段连用。
He has been in Beijing for ten years.???(他在北京呆十年了。)
过去进行时
一、基本用法
1、过去进行时的概念
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。
2、过去进行时的构成
过去进行时由“助动词be（was/were）+现在分词”构成。当主语是第一人称和第三人称单数时，要用was，其他则用were。
Linda was drawing pictures at five yesterday afternoon.昨天下午五点琳达正在画画。
The children were doing their homework from 6:00 to 8:00 yesterday evening.昨晚六点到八点孩子们正在做作业。
3、过去进行时的基本句式
结构
肯定句
主语+was/were +?现在分词
In 2022，she was studying in a university.
2022年的时候她在上大学。
否定句
主语+was/were not +现在分词
This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV.He was repairing his bike.昨天这个时候，杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车。
一般疑问句
was/were +?主语+?现在分词
肯定回答：?Yes，主语+was / were.
否定回答：No，主语+wasn't / weren't.
Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午四点你们在打篮球吗?
Yes，we were./No，we weren’t.是的，我们在打。/不，我们没打。
特殊疑问句
疑问词+was / were＋主语+动词-ing形式
What were you doing at this time yesterday?
昨天这个时候你在做什么?
What was he researching all day last Sunday?
上周日他一整天都在研究什么?
时间标志词
then，at that time，at ten yesterday，at this time yesterday，this morning，the whole morning，all day，from nine to ten last evening，when，while等.
二、特殊用法
when和while引导的时间状语从句中过去进行时的应用。
when和while都可意为“当…...时”，可与过去进行时连用，表示主句动作发生的背景。
1.主句中动作先于从句中动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，主句用过去进行时（从句常用一般过去时）。
We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。
2.从句中动作先于主句中动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，从句用过去进行时（主句用一般过去时）。
While I was watching the basketball game, suddenly the ball flew over and hit me.当我正在看篮球赛时，突然球飞了过来并打中了我。
3.若主从句动作开始时间不存在先后关系（即时间发生）或无所谓先后时，主从句可同时使用过去进行时，此时的时间状语从句一般由while引导。
I was doing homework while my father was watching TV.我做作业的时候爸爸正在看电视。
三、难点突破
1、过去进行时表示过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作，常与the whole day, all day yesterday等时间状语连用。有时没有明显的时间状语，可根据上下文语境判断。
We were having classes all day yesterday.我们昨天整天都在上课。
2、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作，与表示过去某一时间点的时间状语连用，如at three o’clock yesterday afternoon, at this time yesterday等。
I was taking a walk at nine last Monday morning.上周一上午九点我正在散步。
四、与一般过去时的区别
一般过去时着重表示过去某个时候发生了某件事情，强调所做的动作已完成；过去进行时表示某个动作在过去某个时候正在发生或进行，强调动作正在进行。
I did my homework yesterday evening.我昨晚做了作业。（表示did这个动作在昨晚发生过，did这一动作已经完成）
I was doing my homework at eight o’clock yesterday evening.昨晚八点我在做作业。（表示昨晚八点在做作业，动作在过去这个时间正在进行中）
【基础专练】
一、单项选择
1．—Will you watch the movie NeZha 2 with me together?
—Thank you. But I ________ it twice.
A．see B．saw C．will see D．have seen
2．Emma isn’t here. She ________ to Shanghai. She’ll come back tomorrow.
A．goes B．was going C．will go D．has gone
3．I met Lily in January and I ________ her since then.
A．don’t see B．didn’t see C．haven’t seen D．will see
4．—Hello. Is Lucy at home?
—No, she ________ the library. She ________ a message for you just now.
A．has been in; is leaving B．has been to; has left
C．has gone to; left D．has gone to; leaves
5．Half an hour ________since the train ________.
A．has passed; left B．has passed; has left C．passed; has left D．passed; left
6．—Sandy, what is your plan for the coming winter holiday?
—Pardon? I’m sorry. I ________ about something else.
A．think B．thought C．am thinking D．was thinking
7．—Why didn’t you come to our party yesterday?
—Sorry. I ________ a football match on TV from 7 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. and forgot the time.
A．watched B．was watching C．am watching D．will watch
8．—What was Lucy doing at 8 o’clock last night?
—Sorry, I didn’t know. I ________ the newspaper at that time.
A．read B．am reading C．was reading D．will read
9．—I called you at 7:00 yesterday evening, but nobody answered.
—I’m sorry for it. My parents and I ________ in the supermarket.
A．am shopping B．are shopping C．was shopping D．were shopping
10．Sophia ________ for the coming test when her friends came to her house.
A．prepares B．is preparing C．prepared D．was preparing
二、适当形式填空
11．My mum ________ (feed) the cat since it came to our house.
12．So far, we _______ (hand) out more than 500 leaflets by ourselves.
13．We ________ (not see) that film yet.
14．—________ you ________ (have) breakfast yet?
—Yes, I have.
15．Her grandmother ________ (die) for ten years.
16．Grandma was cooking breakfast while I ________ (wash) my face this morning.
17．—Why didn’t you answer my phone last night?
—Sorry, I ________ (take) a shower when you called.
18．I _____________ (do) my homework from 8:00 to 10:00 last night.
19．I ______ (take) a shower while my mother was reading a newspaper.
20．When you called me, I was ________ (collect) rubbish on the beach.
【能力提升】
三、完形填空
请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
At Woodland School, a young wolf named Leo and his best friend, Milla the rabbit, have a special meeting one day. Their teacher, Mrs. Owl, says, “We’re starting a new 21 at Woodland School. It’s called “Understanding Each Other”. You will learn about disabilities and celebrate everyone’s special qualities. Over the next few weeks, you’ll learn what makes each of us special, 22 about the life of people with disabilities.”
The next day, two special 23 arrive. First is Tessa, an old turtle. She uses a wooden wheelchair to move around. She says, “ 24 I have weak legs, I can still play, explore, and even create new games.” Then comes Bella, a cheerful but deaf squirrel. She uses sign language (手语) and facial expressions to communicate. She 25 the class to sign “hello” and “friend”.
A week later, Mrs. Owl holds the Woodland Obstacle (障碍) Race! In this 26 , Leo’s group must complete it without speaking, like Bella, while another group has to move in wheelchairs, like Tessa. Leo learns to encourage his friends with his paws and face instead of words. He also finds riding in a wheelchair 27 . The students realize that doing things differently can be just as enjoyable.
In the final week, the class holds a storytelling circle. They sit together and take turns to 28 their own stories. Leo stands up and says, “Everyone has weak points and special talents. Our 29 make our school kinder and richer.”
On the last day of the project, the class meets under the big oak tree. They 30 to always welcome everyone and help each other, no matter what they face.
Leo looks around at his friends—some signing, some painting in new ways, others ready to race. He knows their forest home will be a better place full of understanding and kindness.
21．A．show B．project C．service D．interview
22．A．directly B．completely C．especially D．certainly
23．A．guests B．hosts C．parents D．reporters
24．A．Until B．Unless C．Whether D．Although
25．A．advises B．orders C．reminds D．teaches
26．A．event B．lesson C．journey D．pattern
27．A．clear B．fun C．hopeful D．peaceful
28．A．write B．repeat C．share D．imagine
29．A．choices B．manners C．achievements D．differences
30．A．promise B．manage C．afford D．prefer
四、阅读理解
In Yongfeng County, Jiangxi Province, a modern waste-to-energy plant (发电厂) runs smoothly, turning household rubbish into electricity. Designed to deal with 800 tons of waste daily, the plant now faces a “happy problem”: there isn’t enough rubbish to run at full capacity (满负荷).
To understand why this is happening, it is necessary to look at the rapid development of waste-to-energy incineration (焚烧) in China. Waste-to-energy plants have grown quickly and helped solve one of the biggest worries in China — too much rubbish in cities. By 2025, China had 1,064 incineration plants, far more than any other country in the world. Here, each ton of waste produces enough electricity for a family for one month.
This success, however, has also led to a new challenge. Many of the plants are not running at their full capacity. “The machines can’t stay idle (闲置的),” says Dai Wei, a manager in Yongfeng’s plant. To fill the gap, the plant now brings in waste from nearby areas and even thinks about digging up underground waste. For a short time, the development of plants still depends on getting enough waste to burn. Some companies are looking for waste from abroad. Several big companies have founded waste-to-energy projects abroad.
In recent years, waste incineration plants in China have developed greatly. They used to deal with too much rubbish at home, but now they are sharing their technology with other countries. This shows big progress in China’s environmental development. Waste treatment connects economic growth and environmental protection. We are working hard to prove to the world that “waste” can truly become “resource”.
31．What is the “happy problem”?
A．Not enough rubbish to burn. B．Too much electricity is produced.
C．High costs of running plants. D．Slow development of technology.
32．What can we learn about waste-to-energy plants in China?
A．They are running at their full capacity.
B．They will face challenges and be closed.
C．They protect the environment and reuse waste.
D．They solve all Chinese environmental worries.
33．How do some plants solve the “happy problem”?
① stopping the machines for some time????② digging up underground waste
③ bringing in waste from nearby areas????④ buying waste from other countries
A．①②③ B．①②④ C．①③④ D．②③④
34．What are the best keywords to search for this article on the internet?
A．electricity, main challenges B．household rubbish, recycling
C．China, waste-to-energy plant D．China electricity, environment
五、任务型阅读
Learning by doing is a popular way of learning. It means learning through hands-on experience instead of just listening to lectures or reading books.
Many studies show that learning by doing helps people remember information better. When you do something yourself, you have to think about each step and solve problems on your own. This makes the knowledge stay in your mind longer.
For example, if you want to learn how to ride a bike, you can’t just read a book about it. You have to get on the bike and practice. You might fall down many times, but each time you learn something new. Finally, you can ride the bike well.
In schools, more and more teachers are using learning by doing methods. They ask students to do projects, experiments and group activities. This not only helps students learn better but also makes them more interested in studying.
Learning by doing is not just for students. Everyone can use this way to learn new skills. Whether you want to cook, paint or fix a car, doing it yourself is the best way to learn.
35．What is learning by doing?

36．Why does learning by doing help people remember information better?

37．How can you learn to ride a bike well according to the passage?

38．What methods are more and more teachers using in schools?

39．Do you think learning by doing is a good way? Why?

六、短文填空
Museums play a big role in our society. They are also 40 important classroom for primary and secondary school students. During holidays, groups of young museum guides are seen everywhere in Changzhou Museum. Since 2011, Changzhou Museum has 41 (carry) out more than 100 public training activities for volunteer guides.
42 July, 2021, I was chosen to be a volunteer guide in Changzhou Museum. Because it was my 43 (one) time to serve there, I didn’t know what to do. 44 (lucky), the teachers there gave many interesting training classes, including “Public Places and Manners”, “Red History and Red Culture” and so on. I was deeply touched by the 45 (story) of pioneers like Qu Qiubai and Zhang Tailei. I was impressed that they had lost their lives to create a new China.
In the following month, I guided 46 (hundred) of tourists. I did my job successfully. This experience had a great influence 47 me. I know more about my hometown and the 48 (mean) of life. I feel proud of 49 (be) a volunteer guide to help more people learn about Changzhou.
In the future, I will work harder to introduce our city to the tourists.
参考答案
1．D
【详解】句意：——你要和我一起去看《哪吒2》吗？——谢谢。但我已经看过两遍了。
考查现在完成时。根据“But I ...it twice.”可知，此处表达“我已经看了两次了”，需用现在完成时have/has done结构。故选D。
2．D
【详解】句意：艾玛不在这里。她去上海了。她明天会回来。
考查现在完成时。根据“Emma isn’t here.”和“She’ll come back tomorrow.”可知，此处应该表达她去上海了，应用has gone to+地点，是现在完成时，意为“去了某地还未回来”。故选D。
3．C
【详解】句意：我在一月份遇到了莉莉，从那以后我就没见过她。
考查时态。根据“since then”可知，句子要用现在完成时，表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作。肯定结构为have/has done，否定结构为haven’t/hasn’t done。故选C。
4．C
【详解】句意：——你好。露西在家吗？——不在，她去图书馆了。她刚才给你留了个口信。
考查时态和短语辨析。has been in在某地待了一段时间；has been to曾经去过某地（现在已不在那里）；has gone to去了某地（还没回来）。根据“No”可知露西不在家，去了图书馆还没回来，第一空用“has gone to”；根据“just now”可知第二空时态是一般过去时，用过去式“left”。故选C。
5．A
【详解】句意：火车离开已经半小时了。????
考查动词时态。此处是since引导的从句，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时，即：第一空表示“半小时已经过去”，强调对现在的影响，用现在完成时（has passed）；第二空表示“火车离开”是过去的动作，用一般过去时（left）。故选A。
6．D
【详解】句意：——桑迪，你对即将到来的寒假有什么计划？——什么？对不起，我刚才在想别的事情。
考查动词时态。根据“I’m sorry”及“about something else”可知，此处是在解释刚才没有听到对方说话的原因，因为刚才正在想别的事情，所以应该用过去进行时。故选D。
7．B
【详解】句意：——你昨天为什么没来参加我们的聚会？——对不起。我从晚上7点到8点半在看足球比赛，忘记了时间。
考查过去进行时。根据“yesterday”和“from 7 p.m. to 8:30 p.m”可知，此处表示过去某个时间段正在发生的动作，用过去进行时，结构是was/were doing。故选B。
8．C
【详解】句意：——昨晚8点露西在做什么？——对不起，我不知道。那时我正在看报纸。
考查过去进行时。根据问句“at 8 o’clock last night”可知，“at that time”指代昨晚8点，答句需说明当时正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时，其结构为“was/were+现在分词”。故选C。
9．D
【详解】句意：——我昨晚7点给你打电话，但没有人接。——很抱歉。我和父母在超市购物。
考查时态及主谓一致。根据“I called you at 7:00 yesterday evening, but nobody answered.”可知，此处指过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，用过去进行时；空处所在句的主语表复数，be动词用were。故选D。
10．D
【详解】句意：索菲娅正在为即将到来的考试做准备，这时她的朋友们来到她家。
考查时态。根据“when her friends came to her house”可知，此处表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，应用过去进行时，其构成为主语+was/were+doing。故选D。
11．has fed
【详解】句意：自从猫来到我们家，我妈妈就一直在喂它。根据“since it came to our house”可知，主句应用现在完成时，主语为“My mum”，应填has fed。故填has fed。
12．have handed
【详解】句意：到目前为止，我们已经亲自分发了500多份传单。根据“So far”可知，句子时态是现在完成时，主语是we，have handed符合句意，故填have handed。
13．haven’t seen
【详解】句意：我们还没有看过那部电影。根据“yet”可知，本句是现在完成时的否定句，其结构为“have/has not + 动词的过去分词”，主语是“We”，所以助动词用“have”，“have not”的缩写形式为“haven't”，“see”的过去分词是“seen”。故填haven’t seen。
14． Have had
【详解】句意：——你吃早餐了吗？——是的，吃过了。根据答语“Yes, I have.”以及“yet”可知，句子时态为现在完成时，结构为“have done”，此句为一般疑问句，主语为“you”，将have放置句首，首字母大写；主语后接过去分词had。故填Have；had。
15．has been dead
【详解】句意：她的祖母已经去世十年了。根据“for ten years”可知，此句时态为现在完成时，应该用延续性动词，die是短暂性动词，与其对应的延续性动词为be dead，主语是第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has been dead。
16．was washing
【详解】句意：今天早上我洗脸的时候，奶奶正在做早饭。while引导的时间状语从句，在此处强调主从句动作同时发生，应用过去进行时，主语是I，be动词用was。故填was washing。
17．was taking
【详解】句意：——你昨晚为什么不接我电话？——抱歉，你给我打电话的时候，我正在洗澡。根据“when you called”可知，表示过去某个时间点正在做的事情，用过去进行时was/were doing的结构，主语I是第一人称，be用was，故填was taking。
18．was doing
【详解】句意：昨晚八点到十点我一直在做作业。根据“from 8:00 to 10:00 last night”可知，此处描述的是过去某一时段正在发生的动作，应该用过去进行时，其谓语动词构成是was/were doing，主语是I，be动词用was。故填was doing。
19．was taking
【详解】句意：我在洗澡，妈妈在看报纸。根据“I…a shower while my mother was reading a newspaper.”及提示词可知，句子为while引导的时间状语从句，主从句中的动作应同时发生，根据“my mother was reading a newspaper.”可知，从句句子时态为过去进行时，结构为was/were+doing。主句时态应该和从句时态保持一致，主句主语I，助动词应为was，take的现在分词形式为taking。故填was taking。
20．collecting
【详解】句意：你打电话给我的时候，我正在海滩上捡垃圾。根据“When you called me, I was...”可知此处是过去进行时，表示“我正在捡垃圾”，其结构为was/were doing。故填collecting。
21．B 22．C 23．A 24．D 25．D 26．A 27．B 28．C 29．D 30．A
【导语】本文讲述了伍德兰学校开展“相互理解”新项目，通过邀请特殊嘉宾、举办障碍赛事、故事分享会等活动，让学生学会理解残障群体、接纳彼此差异的故事。
【详解】21．句意：我们要在伍德兰学校开启一个新项目。
根据倒数第二段“On the last day of the project”可知，这是一个项目，应用project。show“演出”、service“服务”、interview“采访”均不符合校园专题活动的语境。
22．句意：在接下来的几周里，你们将了解是什么让我们每个人都很特别，尤其是会了解残疾人的生活。
根据“about the life of people with disabilities”可知，此处是在前句基础上的进一步强调，表示特别关注残疾人的生活，应用especially“尤其/特别”。directly“直接地”、completely“完全地”、certainly“当然”逻辑不通。
23．句意：第二天，两位特殊的客人到了。
后文登场的Tessa和Bella是来给学生分享经历的特邀来客，应用guests“嘉宾/客人”。hosts“主办方”、parents“家长”、reporters“记者”不符合人物的身份。
24．句意：虽然我的腿很虚弱，但我仍然可以玩耍、探索，甚至创造新游戏。
根据“I have weak legs”和“I can still play”可知，前后句存在让步转折关系，应用Although引导让步状语从句。Until“直到”、Unless“除非”、Whether“是否”逻辑不匹配。
25．句意：她教全班同学用手语打“你好”和“朋友”。
根据前文“She uses sign language”可知，Bella擅长手语，因此是她把手语教给同学们，应用teaches“教授”。advises“建议”、orders“命令”、reminds“提醒”不符合场景。
26．句意：在这场活动中，Leo所在的小组必须像Bella一样全程不能说话完成任务，另一组要像Tessa一样坐轮椅行动。
根据前文“Mrs. Owl holds the Woodland Obstacle Race!”可知，障碍赛是一项比赛活动，应用event“赛事/活动”。lesson“课程”、journey“旅途”、pattern“模式”不符合语境。
27．句意：他还发现坐轮椅很有趣。
后文提到学生们意识到不一样的做事方式也能充满乐趣，应用fun“有趣的”。clear“清晰的”、hopeful“充满希望的”、peaceful“和平的”与语境不符。
28．句意：他们坐在一起，轮流分享他们自己的故事。
根据前文“the class holds a storytelling circle”可知，在讲故事的环节，大家是口头讲述，即分享故事，应用share“分享”。write“写”、repeat“重复”、imagine“想象”不符合聚会交流的场景。
29．句意：我们的差异让我们的校园更友善、更丰富多彩。
根据前文“Everyone has weak points and special talents”可知，每个人都有自己的特点，即人与人之间存在差异，应用differences“差异/不同”。choices“选择”、manners“礼仪”、achievements“成就”偏离文章主旨。
30．句意：他们承诺无论大家面对什么困境，都会永远接纳所有人、互相帮助。
根据语境，在项目的最后一天，同学们深受触动，下定决心并做出承诺要互相帮助，应用promise“承诺”。manage“设法做到”、afford“负担得起”、prefer“偏爱”不符合语境。
31．A 32．C 33．D 34．C
【导语】本文主要介绍中国垃圾焚烧发电厂的发展现状、面临“垃圾不足”的新难题、解决办法以及中国向海外输出相关环保技术的环保发展成就。
【详解】31．根据第一段“Designed to deal with 800 tons of waste daily, the plant now faces a ‘happy problem’: there isn’t enough rubbish to run at full capacity.”可知，这个“幸福的难题”是没有足够垃圾用来焚烧。
32．根据第二段“Waste-to-energy plants have grown quickly and helped solve one of the biggest worries in China—too much rubbish in cities.”以及最后一段“Waste treatment connects economic growth and environmental protection.”可知，垃圾焚烧发电厂能保护环境并回收利用垃圾。
33．根据第三段“To fill the gap, the plant now brings in waste from nearby areas and even thinks about digging up underground waste. For a short time, the development of plants still depends on getting enough waste to burn. Some companies are looking for waste from abroad.”可知解决办法为②挖掘地下垃圾、③从周边地区运入垃圾、④从国外购入垃圾；①关停机器和原文“The machines can’t stay idle ”相悖，排除①。
34．全文围绕中国垃圾焚烧发电厂展开，介绍其发展、难题、解决方案与行业成就，核心关键词为China、waste-to-energy plant。
35．It means learning through hands-on experience instead of just listening to lectures or reading books. 36．Because when you do something yourself, you have to think about each step and solve problems on your own. 37．You have to get on the bike and practice. 38．Projects, experiments and group activities. 39．Yes, I do. Because it helps people remember information better.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“做中学”这一学习方式的定义、好处、具体实例以及在学校和生活中的应用。
【详解】35．根据文章第1段“It means learning through hands-on experience instead of just listening to lectures or reading books.”可知，It指代上文提到的Learning by doing，即“做中学”，说明这种方法意味着通过亲身体验学习，而不是仅仅听讲座或读书，此处是为“做中学”下定义。故填 It means learning through hands-on experience instead of just listening to lectures or reading books.
36．根据文章第2段“When you do something yourself, you have to think about each step and solve problems on your own.”可知，当你亲自做某事时，你必须思考每一步并自己解决问题。由此可推知此处在说明这是帮助记忆更好的原因。故填 Because when you do something yourself, you have to think about each step and solve problems on your own.
37．根据文章第3段“You have to get on the bike and practice.”可知，你必须骑上自行车并练习骑行。由此可推知这是学会骑自行车的方法。故填 You have to get on the bike and practice.
38．根据文章第4段“They ask students to do projects, experiments and group activities.”可知，他们要求学生做项目、实验和小组活动。由此可推知此处在说明老师们使用的方法。故填Projects, experiments and group activities.
39．此题是开放探究题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。根据文章第 2 段“Many studies show that learning by doing helps people remember information better.”可知，许多研究表明，做中学帮助人们更好地记忆信息。这是一种好方法及其原因。故填 Yes, I do. Because it helps people remember information better.
40．an 41．carried 42．In 43．first 44．Luckily 45．stories 46．hundreds 47．on 48．meaning 49．being
【导语】本文通过讲述作者在常州博物馆担任志愿讲解员的经历，展现了博物馆在社会教育中的重要作用，表达了作者对家乡的热爱与服务他人的自豪之情。
【详解】40．句意：它们也是中小学生的一个重要课堂。此处泛指“一个重要的课堂”，important以元音音素开头，需用不定冠词an。
41．句意：自2011年以来，常州博物馆已为志愿讲解员开展了100多场公共培训活动。句中“Since 2011”表明时态为现在完成时，结构为“have/has + 过去分词”，carry的过去分词为carried。
42．句意：2021年7月，我被选为常州博物馆的志愿讲解员。表示“在某年某月”，介词用In，句首首字母大写。
43．句意：因为这是我第一次在那里服务，我不知道该做什么。此处表示“第一次”，需将基数词one变为序数词first。
44．句意：幸运的是，那里的老师给我们上了许多有趣的培训课，包括“公共场所与礼仪”、“红色历史与红色文化”等。此处修饰整个句子，需用副词形式，lucky的副词为Luckily，句首首字母大写。
45．句意：我被瞿秋白、张太雷等先驱的故事深深打动。句中提到多位先驱，需用复数形式stories。
46．句意：在接下来的一个月里，我为数百名游客做了讲解。“hundreds of”是固定搭配，表示“数百的”。
47．句意：这段经历对我影响很大。固定搭配 “had a great influence on sb.”，表示“对某人影响很大”。
48．句意：我对我的家乡和生命的意义有了更多的了解。定冠词the后接名词，mean的名词形式为meaning（意义）。
49．句意：作为一名志愿讲解员，帮助更多人了解常州，我感到很自豪。固定搭配“feel proud of doing sth.”，表示“为做某事感到自豪”，介词of后接动名词being。

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