Unit 1 People of Achievement导学案(含答案,4份打包) 2026-2027学年人教版(2019)选择性必修1

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Unit 1 People of Achievement导学案(含答案,4份打包) 2026-2027学年人教版(2019)选择性必修1

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一、温故
1. Beijing, _________ the Summer Games were held in 2008, is the first city in the world to host both Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics.
2. The other was the Big Bang Theory, _________ holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space.
3. In the evening we went to a party and I met Diana's friends, many of _________ are connected with the movie industry.
4. _________ the chart shows, there has been a sharp increase in the number of users over the past year.
5. The ancient city, _________ history dates back to the Tang Dynasty, attracts thousands of tourists every year.
6. come to/arrive at/reach/draw a conclusion _____________
make a conclusion _____________
bring ... to a conclusion ______________
____________ 最后;总而言之
____________ vt. 得出结论,推断出 vt. & vi. (使)结束,终止
7. in/under the circumstances _______________
_____________________ 决不;无论如何不
in/under any circumstances _______________
二、知新
(一)重点词汇
________ vt. 创建;建立;把……建立在
________ vt. 推断;推定
politician n. ________
(二)听力文本梳理
本篇文本属于访谈类听力对话语篇,场景贴近高中生生涯规划课堂任务,由王乐、同学Anna与王医生三人完成一段现场采访对话,整体采用一问一答的口语交流结构,逻辑清晰、层次分明。
行文按照采访流程顺序推进:邀约采访→提问职业选择初心→分享_________→给予青年成长_________→结尾致谢抒发真情,完整还原真实校园访谈场景。
语言特点为地道口语化、生活化,句式简短易懂,大量使用日常交际短句(Long time no see、long story short等);同时高频运用本单元核心语法____________介绍各界医学榜样(who/whose引导),兼顾交际功能与语法学习;对话情感真挚自然,兼具育人价值与语言训练价值。
行文逻辑:
开篇寒暄铺垫:Anna前来找王乐完成___________作业,二人临时提出采访王医生。
核心问题一:探寻王医生选择医生职业的初衷——心怀助人理想,想做有价值的事。
核心问题二:分享影响自己的_________。
互动延伸:Anna与王乐分别说出各自敬佩的医药、护理领域伟人。
核心问题三:王医生给青少年的成长建议——找到真正热爱的事,遇到困难不放弃。
结尾收尾:Anna致谢,王乐坦言_________也是自己心中的榜样,对话温情收尾。
Listen to the conversation and finish the tasks.
一、判断正误(T / F)
1. The conversation centers on career planning and respectable medical figures. ( )
2. Dr Wang is unwilling to receive the interview and leaves immediately. ( )
3. Only foreign medical scientists are mentioned as role models in the dialogue. ( )
二、单项选择
1. What is the main purpose of Anna and Wang Le’s interview ( )
A. To collect materials for their career-planning school project
B. To learn professional medical knowledge from Dr Wang
C. To ask Dr Wang for advice on how to study biology well
2. What kind of people serve as role models for all three speakers ( )
A. Famous writers and artists
B. Outstanding medical researchers and doctors
C. Successful businessmen
三、短文填空
The two teenagers conduct an interview with Dr Wang to finish their ______-planning task. They share various medical role models at home and ______, and Dr Wang offers suggestions for young people on sticking to personal interests amid difficulties.
一、钟南山
钟南山,1936年10月20日出生于江苏南京,祖籍福建厦门,中国工程院院士,中国抗击非典型肺炎、新冠肺炎疫情的领军人物。
1991年,钟南山首次提出“隐匿型哮喘”观点。2003年,“非典”爆发,以钟南山为代表的医护工作者经长期努力,抗击了非典。2020年9月8日,在全国抗击新冠肺炎疫情表彰大会上,被授予“共和国勋章”。
二、Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale(1820年5月12日-1910年8月13日),英国护士,近代护理学和护士教育创始人。
南丁格尔是世界上第一个真正的护士,她开创了护理事业的先河,也让“南丁格尔”成为护士精神的代名词。“5·12”国际护士节设立在南丁格尔的生日这一天,就是为了纪念这位近代护理事业的创始人。
三、Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming(1881年8月6日—1955年3月11日),英国细菌学家,生物化学家,微生物学家。
亚历山大·弗莱明于1923年发现溶菌酶,1928年首先发现了青霉素。青霉素的发现,使人类找到了一种具有强大杀菌作用的药物,结束了传染病几乎无法治疗的时代;从此出现了寻找抗菌素新药的高潮,人类进入了合成新药的新时代。
四、吴孟超
吴孟超(1922年8月31日-2021年5月22日),福建闽清人,著名肝胆外科专家,中国科学院院士,中国肝脏外科的开拓者和主要创始人之一,被誉为“中国肝胆外科之父”。
吴孟超是最先提出中国人肝脏解剖“五叶四段”的新见解,在国内首创常温下间歇肝门阻断切肝法,率先突破人体中肝叶手术禁区,建立了完整的肝脏海绵状血管瘤和小肝癌的早期诊治体系。
答案及解析
温故知新·基础填空
一、温故
1.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:北京是世界上第一个同时举办夏季奥运会和冬季奥运会的城市,2008年夏季奥运会曾在这里举办。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Beijing,且关系词在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
2.which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:另一种理论是“大爆炸理论”,该理论认为宇宙始于一个特定的时间和空间点。空格处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the Big Bang Theory,且在从句作主语,指物,用which引导该从句。故填which。
3.whom
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:晚上我们去参加了一个派对,我见到了戴安娜的朋友们,其中许多人都与电影行业有关联。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Diana's friends(指人),关系词在从句中作介词of的宾语,需用关系代词 whom,故填whom。
4.As
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:如图表所示,过去一年内用户数量急剧增长。此处考查非限定性定语从句,先行词是整个主句,从句中缺少宾语成分,且引导词位于句首,翻译为“正如”,应用关系代词as,且句首单词首字母要大写。故填As。
5.whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这座古城的历史可以追溯到唐朝,每年吸引成千上万的游客。The ancient city attracts thousands of tourists every year是主句,此空引导非限制性定语从句,先行词The ancient city与history表所属关系,即“这座古城的历史”,应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
6.得出结论
下结论
使……结束
in conclusion
conclude
7.在这种情况下,既然如此
in/under no circumstances
在任何情况下
二、知新
(一)重点单词
found
infer
从政者;政治家;政客
(二)听力文本梳理
榜样人物 建议 非限制性定语从句 生涯规划 榜样 父亲
基础过关·课前自测
一、判断正误
T F T
二、单项选择
A B
三、短文填空
career abroad一、温故
1. Tu Youyou ________ (award) the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2015.
2. Artemisinin, ________ was discovered by Tu’s team, saves millions of malaria patients every year.
3. After ________ (carry) out more than 190 failed experiments, Tu Youyou’s group finally found the effective extract.
4. The method ________ (use) to extract artemisinin requires low temperature.
5. We all believe ________ Tu Youyou’s discovery is a great honor for Chinese traditional medicine.
6. It took the team years ________ (evaluate) thousands of ancient medical treatments.
7. The medicine ________ (test) on volunteers before it was used on malaria patients.
8. ________ makes Tu’s achievement special is that she draws wisdom from ancient Chinese medical texts.
9. Tu Youyou, ________ research focuses on anti-malaria drugs, graduated from Peking University Medical School.
10. The plant ________ (call) sweet wormwood can treat fever.
二、知新
(一)重点词汇
physiology n. ________
artemisinin n. ________
________ adj. 至关重要的;关键性的
malaria n. ________
________ adj. 必不可少的;极其重要的;充满生机的
________ adj. 尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的
________ vt. 承诺;保证 vi. 忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等)
________ n.(艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院;学会;专科院校
________ adj. 学业的;学术的
________ n. 目标;目的 adj. 客观的
botanical adj. ________
________ vt. 评价;评估
________ n. 性质;特征;财产
________ adj. 清晰的;清楚的;有区别的
________ n. 提取物;摘录 vt. 提取;提炼;摘录;(用力)拔出
wormwood n. ________
________ vt. & vi.(使)沸腾;煮开;烧开 n. 沸腾;沸点
liquid n. ________ adj. ________
________ vt.(尤指经努力)获得;赢得 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在;流行
________ vt. 承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢
________ n. 失败;挫败 vt. 击败;战胜
________ vt. 分析
________ adv. 显而易见;看来;显然
________ n. 物质;物品;事实根据
________ vi. & vt. 坚持;坚决要求
scientific adj. ________
mostly adv. ________
(二)重点短语
commit oneself to (sth/doing sth/do sth) ________
insist on ________
(三)语篇略读
1. Summarise the main idea.
The passage is mainly about Tu Youyou’s ______________________________________________.
2. Where would you most likely find this passage
A. In a blog. B. In a book.
C. In a letter. D. In a newspaper.
3. Passages like this are most often written in _______ and _______.
A. the active voice/offer many opinions
B. the first person/talk about feelings
C. both active and passive voices/mostly contain facts
4. Which two pieces of information were not included in the passage
A. A quote from Tu Youyou.
B. The details of how artemisinin was discovered.
C. Tu Youyou’s important contributions other than the discovery of artemisinin.
D. Tu Youyou’s personal life.
E. Tu Youyou’s road to discovering artemisinin.
F. What Tu Youyou was awarded.
G. Why artemisinin is an important discovery.
一、语篇梳理
该文本由多个段落构成,语篇类型属于_________说明文。文章以屠呦呦荣获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖为核心线索,采用_________顺序行文:开篇点明获奖新闻与_________的全球价值;接着介绍屠呦呦的生平、科研背景与抗疟项目立项;完整还原团队查阅古籍、反复试验、低温萃取成功提取青蒿素的艰难科研过程;最后阐述屠呦呦的团队理念,点明该成果对中医药与中国科研的世界意义,叙事完整、逻辑层层递进。
本文语言特点客观严谨、兼具纪实性与褒扬性:以新闻式平实准确的语言记录科研史实,大量使用客观专业词汇介绍医学研究;同时穿插屠呦呦的原话,增强文本真实感;行文客观陈述科研__________与巨大贡献,暗含对科研工作者坚守、奉献精神的赞颂,兼具_________性与人文教育意义。
二、段落主旨大意
Para. 1: Tu Youyou won the __________.
Para. 2: The _____________ of Tu Youyou and her team.
Para. 3: The discovery of ____________.
Para. 4: Tu’s ____________ to the award.
三、屠呦呦的时间线
1930: was born in ________, China
1955: graduated from ________________________________
1967: joined in a team of scientists with the objective of _________________________________
1969: became the ___________ of the project in Beijing
decided to review ________________________________ (how artemisinin was discovered)
1971: the team succeeded after failing more than ______________ times → tested on __________; tested on ________________________
2015: received the 2015 ______________________________________ → a team effort; an honour for ___________________________ and _________________
一、拓展阅读:青蒿素背后的中医药千年智慧
疟疾是困扰人类数千年的烈性传染病,每年在非洲、东南亚热带地区夺走数十万生命。在屠呦呦团队成功提取青蒿素之前,全球主流抗疟药物奎宁逐渐失效,疟原虫产生了耐药性,无数患者无药可医。
为攻克疟疾难题,屠呦呦把目光投向中华传统医学古籍。她带领团队翻阅两千多本中医典籍,筛查数百种中草药,从东晋葛洪《肘后备急方》中“青蒿一握,以水二升渍,绞取汁,尽服之”这句记载获得关键灵感。古人不煎煮青蒿、冷水浸泡取汁的做法,点醒了科研团队:高温会破坏青蒿里的有效药用成分。团队反复改良实验,采用低温冷浸萃取法,历经190余次失败,终于在1971年分离出抗疟特效药青蒿素。
青蒿素问世后,世界卫生组织将其列为全球首选抗疟疗法。几十年间,青蒿素挽救全球上亿人生命,大幅降低非洲疟疾致死率。屠呦呦2015年斩获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,这是中国本土科研、中医药研究首次获得该奖项。她多次强调,这份荣誉不属于个人,是团队、传统中医药与全体国人共同的成果。
如今,青蒿素只是中医药现代化的开端。人参、黄芪、金银花等多种中草药,都有国内外科学家持续研究其药用价值。传统中医不再只是古老偏方,而是借助现代科学技术,成为解决全人类健康难题的宝库。
二、科学家拓展:两位深耕中医药现代化的中国科研先驱
1. 古籍引路人——葛洪
东晋医药学家葛洪,是《肘后备急方》的作者。这本书是古代急救、民间草药实用手册,书中关于青蒿治发热的简短记载,成为屠呦呦突破科研瓶颈的核心线索。葛洪走遍山野收集民间药方,不追求晦涩理论,专注简单、平价的治病草药,是古代务实的民间医学研究者。
2. 中医药抗癌开拓者——陈竺
和屠呦呦思路相似,中科院院士陈竺挖掘传统中药砒霜的药用价值,结合现代医学技术,研发出急性早幼粒细胞白血病靶向疗法,治愈了曾经死亡率极高的血液癌症。二人都证明:传统中医药并非落后旧知识,只要搭配现代科学实验手段,就能诞生造福世界的全新医学成果。
答案及解析
温故知新·基础填空
一、温故
was awarded
which
carrying
used
that
to evaluate
had been tested
What
whose
called
二、知新
(一)重点单词
生理学;生理机能
[药] 青蒿素
crucial
疟疾
vital
committed
commit
academy
academic
objective
植物学的
evaluate
property
distinct
extract
蒿;洋艾
boil
液体;液体的;液态的
obtain
acknowledge
defeat
analyse
apparently
substance
insist
科学(上)的;关于科学的
主要地;一般地
(二)重点短语
承诺;保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)
坚决要求
(三)语篇略读
1. discovery of artemisinin and her great contributions to the medical field
2. D
3. C
4. C、D
基础过关·课前自测
一、语篇梳理
人物纪实类;时间;青蒿素;磨难;科普
二、段落主旨大意
Nobel Prize
introduction
artemisinin
response
三、屠呦呦的时间线
Ningbo
Peking University Medical School
discover a new treatment for malaria
head; ancient Chinese medical texts
190; themselves; malaria patients
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; China’s scientific research; Chinese medicine一、温故
(一)听力策略
Listen for reasons
When people give their opinions or decisions on a matter, they often give reasons for them. Sometimes, the reason is introduced by words such as ________ or _________. At other times, the reason is given right _________________, and the link can be inferred.
(二)语法填空
1. ________ (found) by a group of visionary engineers, the tech company is aimed at revolutionizing the AI industry.
2. ________ (infer) from the conversation, we can tell that the boy doesn’t want to go to France.
3.The ________ (politics) is going to meet with people to talk about matters of common concern.
4.As for my favourite ________ (novel), it must be Mark Twain, one of the best known American writers in the nineteenth century.
5.After months of research, the scientists finally came to the ________ (conclude) that climate change is accelerating faster than expected.
二、知新
(一)重点词汇
________ adj. 众多的;许多的
________ n. 理论;学说
relativity n. ________
________ n. 公式;方程式;配方
________ n.(pl. geniuses)天才;天资;天赋
________ adj. 温柔的;文静的
________ n. 专利;专利证书;获得专利 adj. 有专利的;受专利保护的
________ n. 酷爱;激情
doctorate n. ________
________ adj. 不一般的;非凡的;意想不到的
________ adv. 逐渐地;逐步地
photoelectric adj. ________
________ n. 社会公共机构;制度;习俗
________ n.(教育、专业等)机构;机构建筑
________ n. 结果;后果
moustache n. ________
peculiarity n. ________
________ vt. 偶然碰到;遇到 n. 邂逅;遭遇
professor n. ________
________ vt. & vi. 哀悼;忧伤
________ adj. 聪颖的;绝妙的
________ adj. 非凡的;显著的
________ n. 方法;技巧;装置;仪器
________ vt. 总结;概括 n. 金额;款项;总数;总和
________ n. 草稿;草案 vt. 起草;草拟
(二)重点短语
come to power ________
take up a position ________
sum up ________
(三)语篇略读
1. Fill in the blanks.
The title shows Einstein changed people’s understanding of the ________.
Einstein won the Nobel Prize in ________ for the explanation of the photoelectric effect.
Einstein passed away on 18 April ________.
2. What is the main idea of the whole passage
A. The life, scientific achievements and personal character of Albert Einstein
B. The general theory of relativity and formula E=mc
C. Einstein’s escape from Nazi Germany to America
D. Funny stories about Einstein’s daily life
3. How does the writer organize the text
A. Spatial order B. Chronological (time) order
C. Order of importance D. Comparison and contrast
4. What’s the author’s attitude towards Einstein
A. Doubtful B. Critical
C. Admiring and respectful D. Uninterested
(四)写作指导——如何写人物介绍类文章
1. 文体解读
人物介绍文属于记叙性说明文,以人物为核心,以时间为线索,客观介绍人物的_________、_________、_________与_________。文章要求叙事简洁、重点突出、夹叙夹评,避免流水账,做到有事例、有品质、有升华”。
2. 写作结构
(1)第一段:简要介绍人物生平,通过概括性的语言来描述人物的________。
(2)第二段:具体介绍人物,列举主要经历、事迹或成就,应抓取典型事迹。按________顺序介绍人物的一生,用议论性的语言刻画人物。
(3)第三段:总结人物的历史地位、精神影响,升华主题,让文章更有深度,避免生硬收尾。
3. 人称与时态
(1)人称:多为第一人称或第三人称;介绍他人的经历使用第________人称。
(2)时态:过去出生、求学、奋斗、获奖:__________时
人物客观身份、历史地位、永恒影响:___________时
持续至今的影响:__________时
4. 高分进阶技巧
(1)拒绝平铺直叙:不只写做了什么,还要写“克服了什么、成就了什么、带来了什么”。
(2)多用非谓语、定语从句、同位语,句式高级、紧凑。
(3)叙评结合:每段事迹搭配一句品质评价,避免纯流水账。
(4)结尾必须升华:从“个人成就”上升到“精神价值、榜样力量”。
根据课本内容填空。
THE MAN WHO CHANGED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE
Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived. He ___________________________ the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2. Einstein was not only a genius; he was a courageous and kind figure loved by many people.
This gentle genius was born in Germany on 14 March 1879. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed ___________ his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics. After studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900.
After two years of looking for work as a teacher, Einstein _______________ a clerk in the Swiss patent office. While working there, _________________________, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. That same year, which was later recorded as a miracle year in science, he published four extraordinary physics papers. _______________, he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton. After four years, he was able to quit his job at the patent office and enter research full-time at a university. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler _______________ in Germany. Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. ________________, he had to flee Germany. After spending time in Europe, he finally _______________ as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. Following that, he continued to make great achievements in physics and mathematics.
To the public, he ______________ a slightly odd-looking but kind and funny man. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock. Although he was a genius, he sometimes for got things, like his friends’ birthdays. But despite his peculiarities, he was loved by his friends and neighbours. There is even a story about how he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework. In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him and ask him to help explain things. After many such occasions, he finally started saying, “Pardon me! Sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein!”
On 18 April 1955, _______________ Einstein had passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
一、拓展阅读:牛顿
Isaac Newton, who was mentioned in the text as the predecessor of Einstein, is the founder of classical physics. Born in Britain in 1643, he suffered a hard childhood but never gave up studying natural science.
Newton, whose landmark work Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy shaped physics for centuries, put forward the law of universal gravitation and three laws of motion. Just like Einstein, he spent years doing repeated experiments to explore the secrets of the universe.
He once said, “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” This modest remark, which has been passed down for hundreds of years, reflects the same humble spirit that Einstein owned. Both scientists devoted their whole lives to exploring the universe and inspired generations of young researchers.
二、科学家拓展:中外杰出物理学家
1. 杨振宁(1922—2025)
生于安徽合肥,父亲是数学教授,少年在清华园成长;抗战时期辗转进入西南联合大学物理系,师从吴大猷等物理名家;1945年赴美深造,先后取得芝加哥大学博士、普林斯顿高等研究院教授职位。1999年退休后长期定居中国,任职清华大学高等研究院,晚年全力推动国内基础物理教育与中西学术交流,百岁高龄仍坚持给青年学生授课、指导科研。
核心科研成就
1956年与李政道提出弱相互作用宇称不守恒理论,打破物理学界坚守数十年的固有定论;1957年吴健雄通过实验验证该理论,二人同年斩获诺贝尔物理学奖,成为首位华人诺奖物理得主。
1954年与米尔斯创立杨-米尔斯规范场理论,搭建现代粒子物理标准模型核心框架,是相对论、麦克斯韦电磁理论之外现代物理最重要理论,深刻影响量子力学与数学发展。
提出杨-巴克斯特方程,开辟统计物理、量子群全新研究方向。
2. 钱学森(1911—2009)
生于上海,1935年赴美国麻省理工、加州理工深造,师从空气动力学大师冯 卡门;36 岁成为麻省理工最年轻终身教授,在火箭、空气动力学领域达到世界顶尖水平。新中国成立后执意归国,被美国当局软禁、阻挠长达五年,1955年历经重重封锁回到祖国。归国后从零搭建中国航天科研体系,主持导弹、人造卫星研发,98岁离世。
核心科研成就
创立工程控制论,开创全新交叉学科,理论广泛应用于航天、国防、工业自动化;出版《物理力学讲义》奠定国内高温高速力学研究基础。
担任中国首个火箭导弹研究所首任院长,带领团队研制东风系列导弹;作为总技术负责人完成“两弹结合”试验;主导设计“东方红一号”人造卫星,1970年成功升空,让中国跻身航天大国。
开创中国航天物理、火箭动力学、星际航行理论体系,被誉为“中国航天之父”“火箭之王”。
3. 王淦昌Wang Ganchang(1907—1998)
完整生平
江苏常熟人,1929年毕业于清华大学,赴德国柏林大学攻读核物理博士;回国后在浙大、中科院开展宇宙线、粒子物理研究。1961 年为参与原子弹研发,主动隐姓埋名17年,放弃国际学术声誉扎根戈壁荒漠,直至核武器研发成功才重新公开身份。晚年深耕激光核聚变研究,持续工作至91岁。
核心科研成就
1941年率先提出验证中微子的实验方案,理论预判被后世诺奖实验证实;50年代建立云南宇宙线观测站,把中国宇宙线研究带入国际前列。
在苏联联合原子核研究所带领团队,发现反西格马负超子,填补全球反物质粒子研究空白。
世界最早提出激光惯性约束核聚变设想,开创可控核聚变全新路线;全程主导中国第一颗原子弹、氢弹核心核物理实验,是两弹核心元勋。
4. 马克斯·普朗克Max Planck(1858—1947)
德国理论物理学家,早年主攻热力学,长期研究黑体辐射难题。1900年提出量子假说,开启量子物理时代;是最早认可、公开支持爱因斯坦相对论的顶尖物理学家,是爱因斯坦学术道路上最重要的伯乐。二战期间因反对纳粹迫害犹太科学家遭受打压,晚年坚守科学良知。
核心科研成就
提出量子理论,引入普朗克常数,解决经典物理无法解释的黑体辐射“紫外灾难”,打破“能量连续”固有认知,开启微观量子物理新纪元。
完善热力学、熵变理论,统一热辐射数学模型;作为学术领袖,全力扶持年轻的爱因斯坦,推动相对论在欧洲传播。
1918年凭借量子论斩获诺贝尔物理学奖。
5. 伽利略·伽利莱Galileo Galilei(1564—1642)
意大利近代实验物理之父,早年学医,后痴迷天文与力学;自制改良天文望远镜,持续观测星空,公开支持日心说,与当时教会固有观点冲突,晚年遭审判软禁,但始终坚持实验求真。
核心科研成就
开创实验+逻辑推理现代物理研究方法,推翻亚里士多德流传千年的力学错误结论,提出自由落体定律、斜面运动规律。
改良望远镜用于天文观测,发现月球凹凸表面、木星四颗卫星、太阳黑子,用客观观测证据支撑日心学说,奠定近代天文学基础。
答案及解析
温故知新·基础填空
一、温故
(一)听力策略
because due to after the opinion or decision
(二)语法填空
1.Founded
【详解】考查过去分词。句意:这家科技公司由一群有远见的工程师创立,旨在彻底改变人工智能行业。空处为非谓语动词,the tech company与found为被动关系,用过去分词作状语,首字母大写。故填Founded。
2.Inferring
【详解】考查现在分词。句意:从谈话中推断,我们可以看出这个男孩不想去法国。we逻辑主语和动词infer是主动关系,infer用现在分词形式作状语,首字母大写。故填Inferring。
3.politician
【详解】考查名词。句意:这位政治家将与人们见面,讨论大家共同关心的问题。设空处在句中作主语,名词politician“政治家”符合句意;politician“政治家”为可数名词,由空后is可知设空处应填名词单数形式。故填politician。
4.novelist
【详解】考查名词。句意:至于我最喜欢的小说家,那一定是Mark Twain,他是19世纪美国最著名的作家之一。所给词 novel为名词,意为“小说”,但句中后句提到的Mark Twain是一位作家,因此空格处需表达“小说家”的含义,其对应的名词是novelist。故填novelist。
5.conclusion
【详解】考查名词。句意:经过数月的研究,科学家们最终得出结论:气候变化的速度比预期的更快。空格前有定冠词the修饰,且后面接了由that引导的同位语从句,因此需要填入名词形式。所给词conclude 是动词,意为“得出结论;推断”,其对应的名词是conclusion(结论);come to the conclusion ,意为“得出结论”。故填conclusion。
二、知新
(一)重点单词
numerous
theory
相对论;相对性
formula
genius
gentle
patent
passion
博士学位
extraordinary
gradually
光电的
institution
institute
consequence
上唇的胡子;髭
个性;特点;怪异的性质
encounter
教授
mourn
brilliant
remarkable
device
sum
draft
(二)重点短语
(开始)掌权;上台
担任;任职
总结;概括
(三)语篇略读
1. universe Physics 1955
2. A
3. B
4. C
(四)写作指导
1. 生平经历;关键成就;优良品质;深远影响
2. 特征;时间
3. 三;一般过去;一般现在;现在完成
基础过关·课前自测
made numerous contributions to
due to
took a job as
out of a strong passion for knowledge
Following this
came to power
As a consequence
took up a position
was seen as
it was reported that一、温故
(一)语法填空
1. It was said that altogether he taught about 3,000 students, 72 of whom had outstanding achievements in the ________ (academy) or political field.
2. As a ________ (commit) and patient scientist, Tu Youyou spent years reviewing ancient Chinese medical texts to find effective botanical treatments.
3. To solve this environmental problem, we need to adopt a ________ (science) approach based on data and research.
4. ________ (apparent), the professor has a preference for these devices which can work automatically.
5. It’s generally ________ (acknowledge) that education shouldn’t be measured only by examination results.
(二)定语从句填空
1. 定语从句可以分为_______________与________________。
2. 定语从句的关系词
关系词 关系词 先行词 充当的成分
关系代词 __________ 指人、物 主语、宾语、表语
__________ 指物、句子 主语、宾语、表语
__________ 指人 主语、宾语、表语
__________ 指人 宾语
__________ 指人、物 定语
__________ 指人、物或句子 主语、宾语、表语
关系副词 __________ 表示时间的名词 时间状语
__________ 表示地点的名词 地点状语
__________ 表示原因的名词 原因状语
二、知新
(一)重点词汇
conclusion n. ________
penicillin n. ________
________ vi. & vt.(fled, fled)迅速离开;逃跑
________ n.[usually pl.]条件;环境;状况
novelist n. ________
________ n.(长篇)小说
________ n. 流;流动;流畅;供应 vi. 流;流动
________ n. 图表 vt. 记录;制订计划
(二)重点短语
wear and tear ________
flow chart ________
(三)语法梳理
非限制性定语从句
1. 概念
(1)定语从句:在复合句中用来限制、描绘或说明主句中某一名词或代词而起定语作用的从句。
(2)先行词:定语从句所修饰的__________叫作先行词。先行词可以是人、物,也可以是整个句子或者句子的一部分,先行词一般位于定语从句之__________。
(3)关系词:引导定语从句的词叫作关系词。按照关系词在定语从句中所作的成分,可将关系词分为_________和__________。
2. 定语从句的分类
(1)限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起_________作用,是句中不可缺少的部分,主句和从句关系非常紧密,不能用逗号分开。
(2)非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句往往是对先行词或整个主句进行_________,主从句的关系并不十分密切,若将其去掉,主句的意义仍然完整清楚。从句和主句之间往往用________隔开。除了that和why不能引导之外,所有其他关系词如who, whom, which, whose, as, when,where等均可引导。
3. 非限制性定语从句的使用情况
(1)当关系代词指代整个主句内容时,用非限制性定语从句(用which或as引导)。
(2)当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或________名词时,用非限制性定语从句。
(3)先行词指某人的亲属关系,具有唯一性和确认性时,例如son, daughter, father, mother, wife 等,用非限制性定语从句。
(4)当引导定语从句的关系代词中,含有some/many/few/a few/little/a little/none/ much/most/half of which (whom)等时,多用非限制性定语从句。
4. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
(1)关系代词
①which 指_______,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
②who 指_______,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
③whom 指人,在非限制性定语从句中作_______,一般不能省略。
④whose 既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作_______。
⑤as 既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中可以作__________。
注意:
as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as引导的非限制定语从句既可以放在主句之后,也可以放在主句之前,还可放在主句之中,有“_______________”的意思。
which引导的非限制性定语从句既可以指代整句话的内容,也可以指代某个词或词组,但是不能放于句________。
as引导的非限制性定语从句的固定结构
as is known to all 众所周知
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as is said above 如上所述
as is reported 正如报道的那样
as is mentioned 正如所提及的那样
as we all know 众所周知
as we expected 正如我们预料的
as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样
as has been said before 正如之前所说
(2)关系副词
①关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作_______状语,可与“介词+which”互换。
②关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作_______状语,可与“介词+which”互换。
注意:非限制性定语从句中不用why引导,用________代替。
1. Plates moving underground can cause an earthquake, ________ is a sudden shaking of the earth’s surface.
2. The temple fair, ________ people buy decorations and snacks, is always crowded.
3. Silk from China found its way overland to India, the Middle East, and Rome, along ________ a network of trade and cultural exchange developed.
4. ________ is shown in the report, teenage problems are often connected with family and friends.
5. When I was in college, I met my future, Sichuan-born husband, ________ interest was cooking meals.
6. More of us are using headphones in noisier environments, ________ we may turn up the volume to potentially dangerous levels.
7. Today, these igloos still mean a lot to the local people, for ________ cultural roots hold much value.
8. This old family photo, ________ has been kept for over 60 years, belongs to my grandmother.
9. We visited the factory, ________ products are exported to more than 50 countries around the world.
10. My friend, ________ is a famous architect, designed the new library in our city center.
中外科学家拓展:适配定语从句仿写的人物素材库
1. 国内深耕传统医学现代化的科学家——陈竺
陈竺,中科院院士,深耕血液学研究数十年。他从传统中药砒霜中挖掘药用潜力,研发出针对急性早幼粒细胞白血病的靶向疗法,大幅提升了这类高危血液病的治愈率,成果被全球医学界推广。
可仿写定语从句例句:
Chen Zhu, who is a famous Chinese hematologist, has made great breakthroughs in curing fatal blood cancers.
Arsenic, which was once seen as a deadly poison, has been turned into life-saving medicine under his research.
2. 西方抗生素发现先驱——亚历山大·弗莱明
亚历山大·弗莱明在1928年意外发现青霉素,开启了抗生素治疗的新时代,大幅降低了细菌感染带来的死亡率,改写了现代医学发展进程。
可仿写定语从句例句:
Alexander Fleming, who accidentally discovered penicillin, laid the foundation for modern antibiotic therapy.
Penicillin, which can kill many harmful bacteria, has saved countless wounded soldiers in wars.
3. 袁隆平——中国农业科研代表
袁隆平一生扎根田间,反复筛选野生稻资源,历经上千次失败培育杂交水稻。他不追求名利,始终把消除饥饿当作科研目标,他的研究成果惠及全球几十个国家。
可用仿写句式:Yuan Longping, who spent decades doing field experiments, helped the world get rid of hunger.
4. 玛丽·居里——世界顶尖女科学家
居里夫人是首位两次获得诺贝尔奖的科学家。她提取出放射性元素镭,推动核医学发展,她严谨、执着的科研精神激励无数女性投身科学领域。
可用仿写句式:Madame Curie, who discovered radium, won two Nobel Prizes for her great contributions to chemistry.
答案及解析
温故知新·基础填空
一、温故
(一)语法填空
1.academic
【详解】考查形容词。句意:据说他一共教了大约3000名学生,其中72人在学术或政治领域取得了杰出的成就。名词field前需用形容词作定语。academy的形容词形式为academic,意为“学术的”。故填academic。
2.committed
【详解】考查形容词。句意:作为一名敬业而耐心的科学家,屠呦呦花了数年时间查阅中国古代医学文献,寻找有效的植物治疗方法。此处修饰名词scientist,应用形容词committed“尽心尽力的”,作定语。故填committed。
3.scientific
【详解】考查形容词。句意:要解决这一环境问题,我们需要采用一种基于数据和研究的科学方法。修饰名词approach用形容词scientific,作定语。故填scientific。
4.Apparently
【详解】考查副词。句意:显然,教授偏爱这些能自动工作的设备。修饰后文句子应用副词apparently,首字母大写。故填Apparently。
5.acknowledged
【详解】考查固定句型。句意:人们普遍认为,教育不应该只以考试成绩来衡量。这里考查it is acknowledged that表“人们普遍认为”,为固定句型,其中that后引导主语从句。故填acknowledged。
(二)定语从句填空
1. 限制性定语从句;非限制性定语从句
2. that;which;who;whom;whose;as;when;where;why
二、知新
(一)重点单词
结论;推论
青霉素;盘尼西林
flee
circumstance
小说家
novel
flow
chart
(二)重点短语
(正常使用造成的)磨损;损耗
流程图
(三)语法梳理
1. 名词或代词;前;关系代词;关系副词
2. 修饰、限制;附加说明;逗号
3. 专有
4. 物;人;宾语;定语;主语或宾语;正如,像……一样;首;时间;地点;for which
基础过关·课前自测
1.which
【详解】句意:地下板块移动会引发地震,地震是地球表面突发的震动。逗号后是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词an earthquake,指物,从句本身缺少主语,应用关系代词which引导。
2.where
【详解】句意:庙会总是很拥挤,人们在那里购买装饰品和小吃。这是一个非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词“The temple fair”,在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where来引导从句。
3.which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:来自中国的丝绸通过陆路传到印度、中东和罗马,随之发展起来的是贸易和文化交流网络。“along ______ a network of trade and cultural exchange developed.”为非限制性定语从句,先行词是overland to India, the Middle East, and Rome,关系词在从句中作介词along的宾语,应用关系代词which。故填which。
4.As
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:正如报告中所示,青少年问题往往与家庭和朋友有关。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句,从句缺少主语,且意为“正如”,应用关系代词as作引导词。故填As。
5.whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我上大学时,遇到了我未来的丈夫,他出生在四川,他的兴趣是做饭。此处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词husband指人,关系词在从句中作定语修饰interest,用关系代词whose。故填whose。
6.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:越来越多的人在嘈杂的环境中使用耳机,而在这种环境中,他们可能会将音量调得过高,从而达到潜在的危险程度。空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句,从句中不缺主语或宾语,先行词environments是抽象地点,因此用关系副词where引导定语从句,故填where。
7.whom
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:如今,这些冰屋对当地人来说仍然意义重大,因为他们的文化根基有着重要的价值。分析句子结构可知,此处为“介词 for + 关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词为the local people,指人,且作介词for的宾语,需用关系代词whom引导,符合语境。故填whom。
8.which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这张保存了60多年的老全家福是我祖母的。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是photo,指物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,所以空处需用关系代词which引导定语从句。故填which。
9.whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们参观了这家工厂,它的产品远销全球50多个国家。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the factory,指物,与products构成所属关系,应用关系代词whose引导从句。故填whose。
10.who
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我的朋友是一位著名建筑师,他设计了我们市中心的新图书馆。分析句子可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词My friend 指人。从句中缺少主语,应使用who引导,而that不可用于非限制性定语从句。故填who。

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