资源简介

一、教学基本信息
二、教学目标
学完本课后，学生能够
理解限制性定语从句的定义与基本结构，掌握关系代词 who, whom, which, that, whose 的指代对象、句法成分及用法，熟记只能使用 that 而不能用 which 的四种特殊情况。
能在文本中识别限制性定语从句；熟练完成句型转换、语篇填空、单选、填空等题型；能够运用该语法结构合并简单句、独立造句，提升语言运用能力。
依托 “友谊” 主题语篇学习语法，感悟真挚友情的意义，树立正确的人际交往观念。
掌握观察例句、归纳语法规则的学习方法，培养自主探究与合作学习能力。
三、教学重难点
教学重点
限制性定语从句的基本结构：先行词 + 关系代词 + 从句。
五大关系代词 who, whom, which, that, whose 的基础用法、指代对象与句法功能。
关系代词作宾语时的省略规则。
教学难点
辨析 who 与 whom 的用法，掌握介词后固定使用 whom/which 的规则。
精准运用 that 的特殊限定用法，区分 that 与 which 的使用场景。
在语境和写作中灵活运用限制性定语从句。
四、教学方法
1. 交际教学法：结合主题语句开展句式练习、问答互动，强化语法运用。
2. 归纳教学法：引导学生观察例句，自主总结限制性定语从句及关系代词的使用规则。
3. 讲授法：讲解语法难点、特殊用法，梳理易混知识点。
五、教学准备
1. 教师准备：课堂练习题、当堂检测题、课后作业清单。
2. 学生准备：预习单元主题词汇，提前阅读友谊主题的短文，初步感知长难句式。
六、教学过程
StepⅠ Lead-in
Greet the students and review the topic of this unit: getting along with others and friendship.
Present the full passage about true friendship on the screen, ask all students to read the passage aloud together.
Assign a simple task: Ask students to mark out the sentences with special structures while reading.
Lead out the new grammar item: Restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns.
（设计意图：依托单元核心话题 “友谊” 导入课堂，以朗读文本的形式营造语言语境，让学生初步感知目标语法句式，自然引出本节课语法主题，激发学生学习兴趣。）
Step Ⅱ Presentation
Show all the marked sentences with restrictive relative clauses one by one.
Write down these typical sentences on the blackboard for students to observe:
A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
A real friend is someone who sees our true self, not just the face that we show to the world.
Yet these days, the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.
Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.
“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.
“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.
Present the basic concept of restrictive relative clauses: It modifies the noun, pronoun or noun phrase in front of it. No comma is used between the clause and the main sentence.
Introduce the general classification: We use relative pronouns to guide restrictive relative clauses.
（设计意图：展示文本中的典型例句，直观呈现限制性定语从句的外在形式，先讲解基础概念，为后续规则学习做好铺垫，遵循由浅入深的认知规律。）
Step Ⅲ The Usage and Functions
Basic introduction of relative pronouns
Explain the general rule first: We use which for things; who/whom for people; that for both people and things; whose for possession.
Explain each relative pronoun one by one
who: Refers to people. It can act as subject or object in the relative clause. Show corresponding examples.
whom: Refers to people. It only acts as object, especially used after prepositions in formal English. Show corresponding examples.
which: Refers to things. It can act as subject or object in the relative clause. Show corresponding examples.
that: It can refer to people or things, acting as subject or object. It is the most widely used relative pronoun. Show corresponding examples.
whose: It shows possession, meaning "of somebody / something", and acts as attribute in the clause. Show corresponding examples and the alternative structure the + noun + of which.
Key special rules: Only use that, not which
Sum up four special situations with sample sentences:
The antecedent is modified by superlatives, ordinals, the only, the very, the same.
The antecedent is indefinite pronouns like all, everything, nothing, something.
The antecedent includes both people and things.
The main clause already has who or which, to avoid repetition.
（设计意图：系统讲解五大关系代词的指代对象、句法成分与基础用法，重点拆解that的特殊使用场景，结合原例句辅助理解，帮助学生理清语法规则。）
Step Ⅳ Practice
Activity 1: Rewrite the sentences
Ask students to combine two simple sentences into one with restrictive relative clauses individually.
Check answers together and explain the key points of each sentence:
Common interests provide rich ground from which many friendships grow.
Friendships grow best between friends whose communication is warm and open.
Friendships are like flowers (that/which) need to be taken good care of.
A relationship with a true friend (who/whom/that) you can count on will surely produce fruit.
To make friends, you should help others the way (that/in which) you have been helped by others.
（设计意图：通过句子改写练习，训练学生运用定语从句合并句子的能力，巩固关系代词以及 “介词 + 关系代词” 的用法，夯实基础。）
Activity 2: Complete the passage
Present the passage about Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, let students fill in blanks with proper relative pronouns.
Invite students to share their answers, then analyze the function of each relative pronoun:
which/that, whose , who/that, which/that, which, whom/that, who/that
（设计意图：将语法融入完整语篇中进行训练，让学生在篇章语境中运用语法知识，提升语篇理解与综合运用能力。）
Activity 4: Exercise
Let students finish 3 multiple-choice questions, then check answers and analyze the reasons:
B, C, A
Complete 3 fill-in-the-blank exercises, check answers and review the usage of who, whose:
who/that, whose, who/that
（设计意图：设置选择、填空两类基础题型，针对课堂重难点进行专项检测，及时发现学生知识漏洞并查漏补缺。）
Step Ⅴ Summary
Guide students to review the key points:
The definition and structure of restrictive relative clauses.
The usages of five relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that, whose.
Four special cases that we can only use that.
The usage and omission rules of relative pronouns in different sentences.
七、板书设计
Unit 3 Getting along with others
Grammar and Usage
Structure
先行词 + 关系代词 + 限制性定语从句
Relative pronouns
who：人（主语 / 宾语）
whom：人（宾语，介词后必用）
which：物（主语 / 宾语）
that：人 / 物（通用，主 / 宾）
whose：人 / 物（定语，表所属）
Special rule: only use that
最高级、序数词、the only...
不定代词 all/everything/nothing...
先行词既指人又指物
主句含 who/which，避免重复
八、作业布置
Review all grammar rules and finish all in-class exercises.
Write 5 sentences about your friends using who, which or that.
Rewrite your short diary, add proper restrictive relative clauses to improve your writing.
九、教学反思
本节课按照 “导入 — 呈现 — 讲解用法 — 分层练习 — 总结” 的流程开展教学，以友谊话题贯穿全程，课堂语境统一，多数学生能够掌握关系代词的基础用法。但教学中仍存在不足：
学生对 who 和 whom 的区分、“介词 + 关系代词” 的用法掌握不够扎实，遇到 that 的特殊题型容易出错；
课堂互动形式偏传统，以教师讲解和学生答题为主，小组合作、抢答等互动活动较少，课堂氛围不够活跃；
语法输出训练仅设置了简单造句，训练形式较为单一。

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