资源简介

九年级英语（外研版）衔接必备
七八年级核心考点精讲精练
专题十九 阅读理解专项
【中考命题趋势】
阅读理解为全国中考英语分值占比最高题型，整套试卷常设4–5篇短文，每篇配套2–5道小题，总分占全卷25%–30%。
侧重真实语境下信息定位、推理判断、主旨概括综合能力；
体裁丰富：应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文；
选材固定高频主题：个人成长、家国情怀、传统文化、社会热点、科技发展、生态环境；
阅读总量（含题干选项）约1000词，建议答题阅读速度：40–50词/分钟。
【考点精讲】
考点一 阅读理解四大题型及解题策略
一、细节理解题
命题特点
占阅读总题量六成以上，考查原文时间、地点、人物、事件、数字等显性信息定位能力。
常见设问形式：特殊疑问词（what/who/when/where/why/how）、正误判断Which of the following is true 、信息匹配填空。
标准解题步骤
划关键词：圈画题干人名、地名、数字、时间、大写专有名词、核心动词；
原文定位：遵循题文同序原则，题目顺序与段落顺序基本一致；
比对选项：精读定位句，正确答案多为原文同义改写；
原文佐证：所有答案必须有文本依据，不依靠生活常识主观作答。
细节题五大干扰项类型
干扰类型 释义 原文&选项示例
偷换概念 用词相近，但核心含义相反 原文reduced noise，选项increased noise
范围扩大/缩小 改变原文限定范围 原文some students，选项all students
绝对化表述 含only/never/all/must等绝对词，原文无对应表述 原文无“全部、一定”，选项强行添加
无中生有 选项内容全文未提及 文中未出现的事物、观点、数据
张冠李戴 将A人物/事物信息安在B身上 原文Tom won the game，选项Jerry won the game
例题1
题干：When will the School Sports Day take place
解题流程：
关键词：School Sports Day、When；
定位原文：There will be a School Sports Day on the playground this Saturday, June 15th；
提取时间June 15th，匹配选项；
答案：B（June 15th）
二、推理判断题
命题特点
考查基于文本线索推导原文未直接写明的隐含信息，不能直接摘抄原文原句作答。
典型设问：What can we infer from the passage / What is the writer’s attitude
四大解题原则
有据可依：推理线索必须来自原文，无依据选项直接排除；
一步推理：仅做直接浅层推导，不多层延伸联想；
客观中立：摒弃个人主观情感、生活经验；
矛盾排除：与原文表述冲突的选项直接舍弃。
四类常见推理方向
推理方向 考查内容 题干关键词
作者态度 作者对话题的评价、情感倾向 attitude / feel / think
人物情感 文中角色内心感受、想法 feel / believe / consider
事件发展 事情后续可能结果 will / may / probably
写作目的 文章创作意图 purpose / aim / want to
例题2
文本梗概：Sam坚持每日练习篮球，最终比赛取得好成绩
题干：What can we learn from Sam's story
A. It is easy to become a good basketball player.（与长期训练原文矛盾）
B. Hard work can help us achieve our dreams.（原文努力→进步→获胜，合理推导）
C. Everyone can win a game without practice.（与原文相反）
D. Talent is the most important thing.（全文未提及天赋）
答案：B
三、主旨大意题
命题特点
考查全文核心内容概括、最佳标题、写作意图。
典型设问：What is the main idea of the passage / What is the best title
解题四步走
看标题、首尾段：标题点明主题，首段引话题，尾段总结全文；
找段落主旨句：多位于段首总起或段尾总结，串联各段主旨概括全文；
排除三类干扰项：以偏概全（只讲单段内容）、范围过大（超出文本讨论边界）、细节干扰（单独事例，非中心）；
锁定覆盖全文核心要素的选项。
例题3
文本梗概：介绍西安丝绸之路、兵马俑、汉服、特色美食
题干：What is the best title for the passage
A. The History of the Silk Road（仅第一段内容，以偏概全）
B. The Terracotta Army in Xi'an（仅第二段，细节干扰）
C. Xi'an: A City of Culture and History（涵盖全文所有板块，完整概括）
D. Delicious Food in Xi'an（仅结尾段落）
答案：C
四、词义猜测题
命题特点
依托上下文推断生词、短语、代词指代含义。
典型设问：The underlined word “...” means ______.
上下文猜词线索
线索类型 标志词 判断逻辑 例句
定义解释 that is / in other words / or / mean 后文直接释义 He is a pessimist, that is, someone who always expects bad things.
并列同义 and / also / as well as 前后词语感彩、含义相近 The food was delicious and nutritious.
转折反义 but / however / instead / yet 前后语义相反 The weather was not hot but cool.
因果逻辑 because / so / as a result / therefore 由因推果、由果推因 He was exhausted, so he went to bed early.
举例说明 for example / such as / like 通过例子概括词义 outdoor activities, such as hiking, swimming and cycling
例题4
题干：The underlined word “essential” is closest in meaning to ______.
A. unnecessary B. important C. difficult D. optional
语境：Reading is essential for personal development.
逻辑：阅读能拓宽视野、增长知识，说明阅读十分重要。
答案：B
三级过关精练
过关一·基础达标
第一篇（应用文·校园通知）
School Notice Board
Notice 1: School Sports Day
There will be a School Sports Day on the playground this Saturday, June 15th, from 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. All students are welcome to take part in the events. Please sign up with your PE teacher before June 12th. If you want to be a volunteer, please go to Mr Wang in Room 201. Volunteers will help organize the games and assist the referees.
Notice 2: Library Summer Reading Program
The school library will hold a Summer Reading Program from July 1st to August 31st. Students who read at least 10 books during the summer will get a certificate. To join the program, please fill in the form at the library desk before June 30th. The library will provide a recommended book list for students to choose from.
Notice 3: School Talent Show
The annual School Talent Show will be held in the school hall at 7:00 p.m. on June 20th. Students can perform singing, dancing, magic tricks or other talents. The show will be judged by three teachers. To sign up, please contact Ms Li at lili@ before June 15th.
When will the School Sports Day take place
A. June 12th. B. June 15th. C. June 20th. D. July 1st.
Who should you go to if you want to be a volunteer at the School Sports Day
A. Ms Li. B. Mr Wang. C. Your PE teacher. D. The librarian.
What can students get if they read 10 books during the summer
A. A prize. B. A certificate. C. A gift. D. A book.
How can students sign up for the School Talent Show
A. Go to Room 201. B. Fill in a form. C. Call Mr Wang. D. Email Ms Li.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the notices
A. The School Sports Day will be held in the school hall.
B. Students can sign up for the School Sports Day on June 13th.
C. The Summer Reading Program lasts for two months.
D. Students can only perform singing in the Talent Show.
第二篇（记叙文·山间登山游记）
Last summer, my family and I went to a small village in the mountains. The village was very quiet and peaceful. There were no tall buildings or busy streets. The air was fresh and clean, and the sky was always blue. I fell in love with the place immediately.
We stayed in a small hotel run by a local family. The room was simple but clean, with a window overlooking the garden. Every morning, we could hear the birds singing outside. The owners were very friendly and warm-hearted. They cooked delicious local food for us—the noodles and dumplings were especially good. They also told us many interesting stories about the village and its history.
One day, we decided to climb the mountain behind the village. The path was not easy to walk. It was steep, rocky and winding. Halfway up, I felt very tired and my legs were aching. I wanted to give up. My father said to me, “Don’t stop now. The view at the top will be worth all the effort.” So I took a deep breath and kept going.
When we finally reached the top, I could see the whole village below. The view was amazing—green fields, small houses with red roofs, and a winding river shining in the sunlight. I felt proud of myself for not giving up. That experience taught me that sometimes the hardest journeys lead to the most beautiful views.
Where did the family stay during their trip
A. In a big hotel. B. In a small hotel. C. In a friend's house. D. In a tent.
How was the path to the mountain top
A. Easy and flat. B. Steep and rocky. C. Long and boring. D. Short and wide.
Why did the writer want to give up halfway
A. Because the weather was bad. B. Because he lost his way.
C. Because he felt very tired. D. Because the path was too long.
What did the writer learn from the experience
A. We should never climb mountains.
B. We should always listen to our parents.
C. Difficult journeys can bring beautiful rewards.
D. The view at the top is not worth the effort.
What is the best title for the passage
A. A Beautiful Village B. A Mountain Climbing Experience
C. My Favourite Holiday D. The Friendly Hotel Owners
第三篇（说明文·植物的交流方式）
Did you know that plants can “talk” to each other Scientists have found that plants communicate in many ways. They use smells, sounds and even electrical signals to share information with other plants.
When a plant is attacked by insects, it releases special chemicals into the air. These chemicals act like warning signals. They tell nearby plants: “Danger! Insects are attacking!” When other plants receive these signals, they start to produce chemicals that make themselves less tasty to insects. This helps protect them from being eaten.
Some plants also communicate through their roots. They send chemical messages through the soil. For example, when a plant needs more water, it can send signals to other plants in the same area. This helps the whole group survive in difficult conditions.
Scientists are still learning about how plants communicate with each other. They believe that understanding this process can help farmers grow healthier and stronger crops. If farmers know when plants are in danger, they can take action earlier. This could reduce the use of pesticides, making farming more environmentally friendly and sustainable.
How do plants communicate according to the passage
A. Only through smells.
B. Through smells, sounds and electrical signals.
C. Only through roots.
D. Through leaves and flowers.
What do plants do when they are attacked by insects
A. They call for help from animals.
B. They release special chemicals as warning signals.
C. They move to a safer place.
D. They stop growing immediately.
The underlined word “release” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. take in B. send out C. look for D. put away
Why is it important to understand plant communication
A. It can help farmers grow better crops and reduce pesticide use.
B. It can help plants grow faster.
C. It can help animals find food.
D. It can make plants taste better.
Where can we most probably read this passage
A. In a story book. B. In a science magazine.
C. In a travel guide. D. In a sports newspaper.
过关二·能力提升
第四篇（七选五·周末活动推荐）
阅读短文，从方框选项中选出最佳答案填入空白，两项多余。
Are you looking for somewhere to go this weekend Here are some great choices for you.
Rock Climbing Club
If you love adventure, join our rock climbing club! (16) ________ Our instructors are very experienced and will teach you how to climb safely. We provide all the equipment you need, including ropes, helmets and climbing shoes. The club meets every Saturday morning at 9:00 a.m. at the city sports centre.
City Library Events
The city library is holding a special event called “Reading with Parents” this Sunday. (17) ________ You can read books together and share your thoughts and feelings about the stories. There will also be a storytelling session for younger children. It's a wonderful way to spend quality time with your family.
Volunteer at the Animal Shelter
Do you love animals (18) ________ The shelter has many dogs and cats waiting for love and care. You can help feed them, clean their cages and take them for walks. Volunteers are needed on Sunday afternoons. It's a meaningful and rewarding way to spend your weekend.
Night Market
The night market in the city centre is open every Saturday evening. (19) ________ You can try delicious street food from different countries and buy beautiful handmade crafts. There is also live music and dance performances. It's a perfect place to relax and have fun with your friends.
No matter what you choose, we hope you have a wonderful weekend!
(20) ________
A. You will learn a lot about nature.
B. You can find all kinds of interesting things there.
C. This event is for parents and children.
D. The club is free for all students.
E. You can visit the local animal shelter and help out.
F. You need to bring your own climbing shoes.
G. It is a great way to keep fit and challenge yourself.
第五篇（记叙文·微小善举）
My grandmother is a wise and kind person. She always tells me that small acts of kindness can make a big difference in people's lives. I didn't fully understand what she meant until last year.
One cold winter evening, I was walking home from school when I saw an old man sitting on a bench. He was wearing thin clothes and looked very cold and weak. I felt sorry for him, but I didn't know what to do. I had only 10 yuan in my pocket, which was my bus fare. If I gave it to him, I would have to walk home in the freezing cold. After a moment of hesitation, I walked over and gave him the money. He looked up with tired eyes and gave me a warm smile. “Thank you, young man,” he said softly. “Your kindness means a lot to me.”
That day, I walked home for nearly an hour. My hands and feet were frozen and my face was red from the cold wind. But I felt warm deep inside my heart. A few weeks later, I received a letter from the old man's daughter. She told me that her father had been very sick and my small help had touched his heart deeply. She said my kindness gave her father hope when he needed it most.
Now I truly understand what my grandmother meant. Even a small act of kindness—like giving a few coins to someone in need—can create ripples that spread far beyond what we can imagine.
What did the writer see on his way home
A. A sick child. B. A cold old man. C. A lost dog. D. A homeless woman.
Why did the writer hesitate before giving the money
A. Because he didn't have enough money.
B. Because he needed the money for his bus fare.
C. Because he didn't want to help others.
D. Because he was afraid of the old man.
How did the writer feel after he gave the money
A. Cold but warm inside. B. Sad and regretful.
C. Angry and tired. D. Worried and scared.
What did the old man's daughter tell the writer
A. Her father had passed away.
B. Her father had recovered from illness.
C. The writer's kindness gave her father hope.
D. She wanted to return the money.
What lesson did the writer learn from the experience
A. We should never talk to strangers.
B. We should always keep money for ourselves.
C. Small acts of kindness can make a big difference.
D. Winter is a difficult time for old people.
第六篇（说明文·丝绸之路）
Have you ever heard of the Silk Road The Silk Road was not a single road but a vast network of trade routes connecting China with the rest of the world. It began more than 2,000 years ago during the Han Dynasty and remained active for over 1,500 years.
The Silk Road got its name because silk was one of the main goods traded along these routes. However, many other things were also exchanged: tea, spices, paper and gunpowder from China; glass, wool, gold and horses from the West. Perhaps even more importantly, ideas, religions and cultures were shared. Buddhism, for example, spread to China through these routes.
Travelling along the Silk Road was never easy. Merchants had to cross high mountains, vast deserts and endless grasslands. They faced extreme weather—freezing winters and burning summers—as well as the risk of attacks from bandits. Despite all these dangers, many merchants made the journey because trade was highly profitable.
Today, the Silk Road is no longer a major trade route. But its historical and cultural importance remains. In 2014, the United Nations listed parts of the Silk Road as a World Heritage Site. It stands as a lasting symbol of cultural exchange and human connection across different civilizations.
What was the Silk Road
A. A single road from China to Europe.
B. A network of trade routes connecting China with the rest of the world.
C. A route only for trading silk.
D. A road built during the Tang Dynasty.
Why was it called the Silk Road
A. Because the road was made of silk.
B. Because silk was one of the main goods traded.
C. Because only silk was traded on this road.
D. Because silk was discovered on this road.
The underlined word “profitable” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. dangerous B. difficult C. money-making D. time-consuming
What happened to parts of the Silk Road in 2014
A. They were rebuilt.
B. They were listed as a World Heritage Site.
C. They were closed to tourists.
D. They were turned into museums.
What is the best title for the passage
A. The History of Silk
B. The Silk Road: A Network of Exchange
C. How to Travel the Silk Road
D. Trading in Ancient China
过关三·综合突破
第七篇（说明文·大熊猫保护）
The giant panda is one of the most beloved animals in the world. With its black-and-white fur and gentle, peaceful nature, it has become a symbol of China and a global icon of wildlife conservation.
In the wild, pandas live mainly in the bamboo forests of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. Bamboo makes up 99% of their diet. Because bamboo is very low in nutrition, pandas have to eat a huge amount—up to 40 kilograms every single day! This means they spend 10 to 16 hours eating, which is most of their waking hours.
Pandas face many serious challenges. Their natural habitat has been greatly reduced due to human activities such as farming, road building and urban development. As a result, pandas have fewer places to live and less bamboo to eat. Climate change also affects the growth of bamboo, making their situation even worse.
Thanks to years of dedicated conservation efforts, the number of wild pandas has increased significantly. In 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) changed the panda's status from “endangered” to “vulnerable”—a remarkable success story. However, there is still much work to be done. Protecting panda habitats not only helps pandas survive but also protects many other animals and plants that share the same environment, making it a vital part of global biodiversity conservation.
How much bamboo does a panda eat each day
A. About 10 kilograms. B. About 40 kilograms.
C. About 20 kilograms. D. About 50 kilograms.
Why do pandas have to eat so much bamboo
A. Because bamboo is easy to find.
B. Because bamboo is low in nutrition.
C. Because pandas do not eat other food.
D. Because pandas eat very slowly.
What is one of the reasons for the reduction of panda habitats
A. Climate change. B. Natural disasters.
C. Human activities like farming. D. Lack of bamboo.
What happened to the panda's status in 2016
A. It became more endangered.
B. It changed from “endangered” to “vulnerable”.
C. It was removed from the IUCN list.
D. It became a World Heritage Site.
Why is protecting panda habitats important according to the passage
A. Because it helps pandas find more food.
B. Because it also protects other animals and plants.
C. Because it helps reduce climate change.
D. Because it creates more jobs for local people.
第八篇（议论文·青少年社交媒体使用）
In today's digital age, social media has become an inseparable part of many teenagers' lives. A recent survey shows that over 70% of teenagers use social media every day. They use it to stay connected with friends, share their daily lives and follow celebrities and influences.
However, too much use of social media can have negative effects on mental health. Studies have found that teenagers who spend more than three hours a day on social media are more likely to experience anxiety, depression and loneliness. The reason is that people often post only the best and happiest moments of their lives. When teenagers see these seemingly perfect posts, they may start comparing themselves to others and feel dissatisfied with their own lives. This can create a false sense of reality and lead to low self-esteem.
On the other hand, social media also offers real benefits. It allows teenagers to connect with people who share similar interests, especially those who may feel isolated in their offline lives. It can also be a powerful platform for learning, creativity and self-expression. Many teenagers use social media to learn new skills, discover new hobbies or express themselves through art, writing and video creation.
So how can teenagers use social media in a healthy way Experts suggest setting clear time limits—for example, no more than one hour per day. Taking regular breaks is also important. They also recommend being mindful of what they see online and reminding themselves that not everything posted on social media reflects reality. The key is to use social media as a tool, not let it control your life.
According to the survey, what percentage of teenagers use social media every day
A. Over 50%. B. Over 60%. C. Over 70%. D. Over 80%.
Why are teenagers who spend more than three hours on social media more likely to have mental health problems
A. Because they don't get enough sleep.
B. Because they compare themselves to others' perfect posts.
C. Because they don't have enough friends in real life.
D. Because social media is too addictive.
The underlined word “isolated” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. happy B. connected C. lonely D. excited
What does the writer think about social media
A. It is completely harmful and should be banned.
B. It is only useful for entertainment.
C. It has both good and bad sides, and teenagers should use it wisely.
D. It is more beneficial than harmful.
What is the main purpose of this passage
A. To tell teenagers to stop using social media.
B. To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social media for teenagers.
C. To teach teenagers how to post on social media.
D. To advertise a new social media platform.
第九篇（说明文·各国餐桌礼仪跨文化）
Have you ever wondered why people in different countries have such different table manners Table manners are a fascinating and important part of every culture. They reflect the values, history and social norms of a society.
In China, it is polite to let older people start eating first. This shows deep respect for the elderly, a core value in Chinese culture. It is also considered good manners to use chopsticks correctly. For example, you should never stick chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice because it reminds people of funeral rituals. When sharing dishes, it is customary to use serving chopsticks instead of your own chopsticks. Drinking soup directly from the bowl is also considered impolite.
In Western countries, table manners are equally important. People usually use forks and knives for meals. It is considered very rude to talk with your mouth full or to make loud noises while chewing. In formal settings, people often wait until everyone has been served before starting to eat. The fork is traditionally held in the left hand and the knife in the right hand throughout the meal. When not in use, the knife and fork should be placed side by side on the plate.
In Japan, there are also many unique table rules. For instance, it is polite to say “Itadakimasu” (I humbly receive) before a meal and “Gochisousama” (thank you for the feast) after finishing. These phrases express deep gratitude for the food and the people who prepared it. Making loud noises while eating noodles is considered a compliment to the cook, which is very different from Western customs.
While table manners vary greatly around the world, they all share one common purpose: to show respect for others and create a pleasant, harmonious dining experience. Understanding these differences can help us communicate better with people from other cultures and appreciate the richness of human traditions.
In China, what is considered polite at the dinner table
A. Start eating as soon as the food is served.
B. Let older people start eating first.
C. Talk loudly during meals.
D. Use your own chopsticks for sharing dishes.
Why should you not stick chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice in China
A. Because it is difficult to eat.
B. Because it reminds people of funeral rituals.
C. Because it is considered rude to the cook.
D. Because it makes the rice cold.
In Western countries, what should people do in formal dining settings
A. Start eating as soon as they sit down.
B. Wait for everyone to be served before eating.
C. Talk loudly with their friends.
D. Use chopsticks for all meals.
What do the phrases “Itadakimasu” and “Gochisousama” express in Japan
A. Happiness and joy.
B. Gratitude for food and people.
C. Surprise and wonder.
D. Pride in Japanese cooking.
What is the common purpose of table manners around the world
A. To make eating difficult.
B. To show respect for others and create a pleasant dining experience.
C. To make people eat faster.
D. To show how rich a family is.
参考答案与详细解析
过关一·基础达标
第一篇
B 细节理解。原文“School Sports Day ... June 15th”；A是报名截止日，C才艺秀，D阅读项目起始日。
B 细节理解。志愿者找Room 201的Mr Wang。
B 细节理解。读完10本书可获得certificate（证书）。
D 细节理解。才艺秀报名邮箱联系Ms Li。
C 判断正误。阅读项目7.1–8.31，共两个月；A地点操场；B6.12截止报名；D才艺表演形式多样。
第二篇
B 细节理解。we stayed in a small hotel。
B 细节理解。path steep, rocky and winding。
C 细节理解。halfway felt very tired, legs aching。
C 推理判断。原文the hardest journeys lead to the most beautiful views。
B 主旨标题。全文围绕登山经历展开，其余选项仅局部内容。
第三篇
B 细节理解。plants use smells, sounds and electrical signals。
B 细节理解。受虫害释放化学物质作为警示信号。
B 词义猜测。release 释放，同义send out；take in吸收，look for寻找，put away收好。
A 细节理解。助力农民培育作物、减少农药使用。
B 推理判断。科普植物交流，出处为科学杂志。
过关二·能力提升
第四篇（七选五）
G 承接攀岩俱乐部，说明攀岩好处：健身、挑战自我；F与原文提供装备冲突，A无关。
C 对应亲子共读活动，点明活动面向家长与孩子。
E 承接喜爱动物，引出动物收容所志愿活动。
B 概括夜市，各类美食手工艺品等有趣事物。
A 结尾补充总结，贴合全文周末活动推荐主题，升华语段，为唯一剩余合理选项。 多余选项：D、F。
第五篇
B 细节理解。an old man thin clothes, cold and weak。
B 细节理解。10元是回家公交费，因此犹豫。
A 推理判断。走路冻僵，但内心温暖。
C 细节理解。善举给生病老人带去希望。
C 主旨大意。首尾点题：微小善举意义重大。
第六篇
B 细节理解。丝绸之路是贸易路线网络，非单一路线，汉代起源。
B 细节理解。丝绸是核心贸易商品之一，因此得名。
C 词义猜测。路途艰险商人仍前往，说明贸易profitable（赚钱、有利可图）。
B 细节理解。2014年列入世界文化遗产。
B 主旨标题。全文讲丝绸之路贸易与文化交流，其余片面。
过关三·综合突破
第七篇
B 细节理解。up to 40 kilograms bamboo per day。
B 细节理解。bamboo low in nutrition，因此大量进食。
C 细节理解。农耕、修路、城市化等人类活动压缩栖息地；气候变化影响竹子生长，非栖息地减少直接原因。
B 细节理解。IUCN将大熊猫等级从濒危调整为易危。
B 细节理解。保护熊猫栖息地同时保护共生动植物，维护生物多样性。
第八篇
C 细节理解。over 70% teenagers use social media daily。
B 推理判断。对比他人完美生活动态，产生自我不满。
C 词义猜测。isolated 孤独的，同义lonely。
C 推理判断。文章辩证分析利弊，建议合理使用社交媒体。
B 主旨大意。全文讨论青少年使用社交媒体的优缺点。
第九篇
B 细节理解。中国餐桌礼仪：长辈先动筷以示尊敬。
B 细节理解。筷子竖插米饭联想到祭祀丧葬礼仪，不礼貌。
B 细节理解。西方正式宴席需等所有人上菜后再用餐。
B 细节理解。两句日语表达对食物、制作者的感恩。
B 细节理解。全球餐桌礼仪共同目的：尊重他人、营造和谐用餐氛围。

展开更多......

收起↑