时态与语态精讲 2027届高三英语一轮复习专项讲义

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时态与语态精讲 2027届高三英语一轮复习专项讲义

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时态与语态精讲
十大时态 + 被动语态
2027届高三英语一轮复习专项讲义
动词是英语句子的灵魂,时态与语态是动词最核心的两大语法范畴。本讲将系统梳理高考高频考查的十大时态与被动语态的构成、用法及易混淆考点,帮助同学们建立清晰的时间逻辑与语法框架。
Part One:时态基础知识入门
1. 什么是时态?
时态(Tense)是英语动词为表示动作或状态发生的时间与方式(体)而产生的形式变化。可以把时态拆分成两个维度来理解:
“时”(Time):动作发生在什么时间——现在、过去、将来,或者“站在过去看将来”(过去将来)。
“体”(Aspect):动作以什么方式存在——一般(简单陈述)、进行(动作正在发生)、完成(动作已经完成,与某一时间点有联系)、完成进行(既强调完成又强调持续)。
将 4 种“时间”与 4 种“体”两两组合,便构成了英语语法体系中完整的 16 种时态;其中考查频率最高、高考语法填空与语篇填空必备的 10 种,就是本讲的核心内容——“十大时态”。
十六时态总表(4 时 × 4 体)
时\体 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 一般现在时
do/does 现在进行时
am/is/are doing 现在完成时
have/has done 现在完成进行时
have/has been doing
过去 一般过去时
did 过去进行时
was/were doing 过去完成时
had done 过去完成进行时
had been doing
将来 一般将来时
will do 将来进行时
will be doing 将来完成时
will have done 将来完成进行时
will have been doing
过去将来 过去将来时
would do 过去将来进行时
would be doing 过去将来完成时
would have done 过去将来完成进行时
would have been doing
说明:表格中加粗底纹以外的 6 种时态(将来完成时、将来完成进行时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、过去将来完成进行时等)结构较复杂、使用频率低,高考阶段不作为考查重点,本讲不再展开,但理解其构成规律有助于触类旁通。
2. 时态变化的两大要素:助动词 + 动词形式
英语时态的变化,本质上是“助动词的时态形式 + 动词的相应形态”的组合。抓住下面三个助动词家族,就能推导出任何一种时态:
助动词 作用 原形/现在式 过去式
be 构成进行时、被动语态 am/is/are was/were
have 构成完成时 have/has had
will/shall 构成将来时(过去将来用 would/should) will/shall would/should
口诀:见“进行”想到 be doing;见“完成”想到 have done;见“将来”想到 will do;若同时出现“过去”,则把开头的助动词换成过去式(was/were、had、would)。
3. 十大时态一览表(先概览,后精讲)
序号 时态 核心结构(write) 核心含义
① 一般现在时 write(s) 经常性动作、客观事实、现在状态
② 一般过去时 wrote 过去的动作或状态
③ 一般将来时 will write / is going to write 将要发生的动作
④ 过去将来时 would write / was going to write 站在过去看将来
⑤ 现在进行时 is writing 现在正在发生的动作
⑥ 过去进行时 was writing 过去某时正在发生的动作
⑦ 将来进行时 will be writing 将来某时正在发生的动作
⑧ 现在完成时 has written 过去动作对现在的影响/延续至今
⑨ 过去完成时 had written 过去的过去,先于过去某动作完成
⑩ 现在完成进行时 has been writing 从过去持续到现在、强调动作本身
Part Two:十大时态分项精讲
1. 一般现在时 Simple Present
结构
肯定式 主语 + 动词原形(主语为第三人称单数时动词加 -(e)s)
否定式 主语 + don't / doesn't + 动词原形
疑问式 Do / Does + 主语 + 动词原形 …?
【常用时间状语】 usually, always, often, sometimes, every day/week/year, on Sundays, once a week, generally, from time to time
用法一:经常性、习惯性的动作
1) She practices the piano for an hour every morning. 她每天早上练一小时钢琴。
2) The subway usually gets very crowded during rush hour. 地铁在高峰期通常非常拥挤。
用法二:客观事实、科学真理、格言警句
1) Water boils at 100°C at sea level. 在海平面,水在100摄氏度时沸腾。
(客观科学事实,与说话时间无关,用一般现在时)
2) Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
(英语谚语、格言恒用一般现在时)
用法三:现在的状态、特征、能力
1) My grandfather looks much younger than his actual age. 我祖父看起来比他的实际年龄年轻得多。
用法四:按时间表、计划表将要发生的事(表将来)
仅限于表示“来、去、出发、到达、开始、结束”等位移或阶段性动词,且句中常带明确的将来时间状语,多用于交通、课程等固定日程。
1) The flight to Shanghai takes off at 9:40 tomorrow morning. 明天上午9点40分飞往上海的航班起飞。
2) The new semester begins next Monday. 新学期下周一开始。
用法五:现在时叙述法(解说、旁白、故事梗概)
1) In the final scene, the hero finally realizes the truth and forgives his father. 在最后一幕,主人公终于意识到真相并原谅了他的父亲。
(介绍影视、戏剧或书籍情节梗概时,习惯用一般现在时增强现场感)
易错提醒
主谓一致:主语为第三人称单数时,动词必须加 -s/-es,这是高考语法填空的高频失分点。
一般现在时表将来只用于时间状语从句、条件状语从句,以及上述位移类动词的日程安排句,不能随意替代 will do。
2. 一般过去时 Simple Past
结构
肯定式 主语 + 动词过去式
否定式 主语 + didn't + 动词原形
疑问式 Did + 主语 + 动词原形 …?
【常用时间状语】 yesterday, last night/week/month/year, …ago, in 1998, just now, the other day, in the past(不与完成时混用)
用法一:过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态
1) The engineer completed the bridge design ahead of schedule last spring. 去年春天,这位工程师提前完成了桥梁设计。
用法二:过去经常性、习惯性的动作
1) When she was little, she often walked to school with her neighbor. 她小时候经常和邻居一起走路上学。
(过去反复发生的习惯性动作,也可用 used to walk 或 would walk 替换)
用法三:过去一连串的连续动作(叙事)
1) He opened the door, turned on the light, and sat down at his desk. 他打开门,开了灯,然后在书桌前坐下。
(记叙文中按时间顺序描述一系列已完成动作,常用一般过去时)
易混辨析:一般过去时 vs. 现在完成时
一般过去时 现在完成时
强调重点 单纯陈述过去发生的事,与现在无关 过去动作对现在造成的影响或结果
时间状语 具体的过去时间点:yesterday, in 2020, …ago 模糊或延续性状语:for, since, already, so far
例句 He lived in Paris for 5 years.(现在已不在巴黎居住) He has lived in Paris for 5 years.(现在仍住在巴黎)
3. 一般将来时 Simple Future
结构
肯定式 主语 + will/shall + 动词原形;主语 + am/is/are going to + 动词原形
否定式 主语 + won't/shall not + 动词原形;主语 + am/is/are not going to + 动词原形
疑问式 Will/Shall + 主语 + 动词原形…?;Am/Is/Are + 主语 + going to + 动词原形…?
【常用时间状语】 tomorrow, next week/month/year, soon, in the future, in + 一段时间(如 in two days)
表达“将来”的四种常见方式辨析
结构 核心含义 例句
will/shall + do 临时决定、预测、承诺、请求 I think it will rain this afternoon.(预测)
be going to + do 事先计划好的打算;有迹象表明即将发生 Look at those dark clouds! It is going to rain.(有迹象)
be doing 已安排妥当的将来计划(多为位移类动词) We are leaving for Beijing this Friday.
be to do 按计划、职责、命令即将发生的事,语气较正式 The president is to visit our school next month.
用法举例
1) I'll help you carry these boxes upstairs. 我来帮你把这些箱子搬到楼上去。
(说话瞬间做出的临时决定,用 will do)
2) The research team is going to publish their findings next month. 研究团队打算下个月发表他们的研究成果。
(事先已有计划安排,用 be going to)
3) The delegation is arriving at the airport at 6 p.m. tomorrow. 代表团明天下午6点抵达机场。
(已确定的行程安排,用 be doing 表将来,常见于位移动词)
补充:be about to do —— 意为“正要、即将”
1) The meeting is about to begin, so please take your seats. 会议马上就要开始了,请大家就座。
(表示极短时间内即将发生的事,通常不与具体将来时间状语连用)
4. 过去将来时 Past Future
过去将来时表示“站在过去某一时刻,看将来将要发生的动作”,常用于宾语从句(时态一致)、间接引语,以及描述“过去设想、后来未必实现”的计划。
结构
肯定式 主语 + would/should + 动词原形;主语 + was/were going to + 动词原形
否定式 主语 + wouldn't/shouldn't + 动词原形;主语 + wasn't/weren't going to + 动词原形
常见语境 主句为过去时的宾语从句、间接引语中
【常用时间状语】 the next day/week, the following month, soon afterwards, the day after
用法一:宾语从句中的时态一致
1) He told me that he would call me back the next day. 他告诉我他第二天会回电话给我。
(主句 told 为一般过去时,从句表将来须用过去将来时)
2) She said she was going to study abroad after graduation. 她说她打算毕业后出国留学。
用法二:过去设想过、但后来未必实现的计划
1) He was going to attend the seminar, but he caught a bad cold. 他本打算参加那场研讨会,但他感冒了。
(was going to do 常暗示“计划落空”,是高考语法填空高频考点)
5. 现在进行时 Present Continuous
结构
肯定式 主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词(doing)
否定式 主语 + am/is/are + not + doing
疑问式 Am/Is/Are + 主语 + doing …?
【常用时间状语】 now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days, Look!, Listen!
用法一:说话瞬间正在发生的动作
1) Listen! Someone is knocking at the door. 听!有人在敲门。
用法二:现阶段正在做(不一定是说话瞬间)
1) I'm reading a fascinating novel about ancient Rome these days. 这些天我正在读一本关于古罗马的精彩小说。
(现阶段持续进行的事,不要求说话当下正在发生该动作)
用法三:表将来——已安排好、近期即将发生的计划
1) We are having a class meeting this Friday afternoon. 我们这周五下午要开班会。
用法四:与 always / constantly 连用,表反复出现,带主观情感(赞扬或不满)
1) He is always losing his keys! 他老是丢钥匙!
(always+现在进行时表达说话人的不满、抱怨情绪,与一般现在时的客观陈述不同)
不用于进行时的动词(状态动词)
这类动词表示一种客观存在的状态而非正在进行的动作,因此通常不用进行时。
类别 常见动词 例句
感官感知类 see, hear, smell, taste, notice, feel(感觉到) I see a bird in the tree.(不说 am seeing)
情感、意愿类 like, love, hate, want, wish, prefer, hope She likes classical music.
认知、判断类 know, believe, understand, remember, forget, think(认为) I understand your point now.
拥有、所属类 have(拥有), own, belong to, possess This car belongs to my uncle.
系动词类 be, seem, appear, look(看起来) He seems tired today.
辨析:部分动词兼有“状态义”与“动作义”,动作义时可用进行时——如 She is tasting the soup.(她正在尝汤,动作)vs. The soup tastes great.(汤尝起来很棒,状态);I'm thinking about the plan.(正在思考,动作)vs. I think it's a good idea.(我认为,状态)。
6. 过去进行时 Past Continuous
结构
肯定式 主语 + was/were + doing
否定式 主语 + wasn't/weren't + doing
疑问式 Was/Were + 主语 + doing …?
【常用时间状语】 at this time yesterday, at that moment, at 8 o'clock last night, when/while + 从句
用法一:过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
1) At ten o'clock last night, I was still finishing my chemistry homework. 昨晚十点,我还在做化学作业。
用法二:两个动作同时进行(while 引导)
1) While she was cooking dinner, her husband was setting the table. 她在做晚饭的时候,她丈夫在摆桌子。
用法三:一个动作正在进行,另一个动作突然发生并打断它(when 引导)
1) I was taking a shower when the fire alarm suddenly went off. 我正在洗澡的时候,火警警报突然响了。
(长动作用过去进行时,被打断的瞬间短动作用一般过去时,when 引导)
用法四:过去反复发生、带主观评价色彩的动作(与 always 连用)
1) He was always complaining about the weather during the trip. 他在旅行中总是抱怨天气。
用法五:委婉、客气的语气
1) I was wondering if you could give me a ride to the station. 我在想您是否能载我去车站。
(was wondering 比 I wonder 语气更委婉、更礼貌,常用于请求)
7. 将来进行时 Future Continuous
结构
肯定式 主语 + will/shall + be + doing
否定式 主语 + won't/shall not + be + doing
疑问式 Will/Shall + 主语 + be + doing …?
【常用时间状语】 this time tomorrow, at 8 o'clock tomorrow morning, next Sunday afternoon
用法一:将来某一时刻正在进行的动作
1) This time next week, I will be lying on a beach in Sanya. 下周这个时候,我将躺在三亚的沙滩上了。
用法二:按计划、routine 即将自然发生的事,语气比 will do 更客观、委婉
1) Will you be using the meeting room this afternoon  你今天下午会用会议室吗?
(将来进行时提问时不含“请求对方做什么”的意味,只是客观询问对方的日程安排,因此语气更礼貌委婉)
8. 现在完成时 Present Perfect
结构
肯定式 主语 + have/has + 过去分词
否定式 主语 + haven't/hasn't + 过去分词
疑问式 Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 …?
【常用时间状语】 already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, up to now, recently, lately, since+过去时间点, for+一段时间
用法一:过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果(强调结果)
1) Someone has left the window open — no wonder it's so cold in here. 有人把窗户开着——难怪这里这么冷。
(过去开窗的动作已完成,其结果(房间冷)延续到现在)
用法二:延续性动作或状态,从过去持续到现在(强调过程)
1) They have known each other since they were classmates in primary school. 自从小学同班以来,他们就相识了。
2) The negotiations have lasted for over three hours. 谈判已经持续了三个多小时。
用法三:表经历,是否发生过某事
1) Have you ever visited the Terracotta Warriors in Xi'an  你去过西安参观兵马俑吗?
辨析:have been to vs. have gone to
结构 含义 例句
have been to 去过某地(已经回来),强调经历 I have been to Japan twice.(我去过日本两次,人现在不在日本)
have gone to 去了某地(尚未回来),强调结果 She has gone to Japan.(她去日本了,现在人不在这里)
常见固定句型
This/It is the first/second/third time that + 主语 + 现在完成时:This is the first time that I have seen a real panda.(这是我第一次亲眼见到熊猫。)
It is/has been + 一段时间 + since + 主语 + 一般过去时:It has been ten years since we graduated from senior high school.(我们高中毕业已经十年了。)
Hardly/Scarcely…when…、No sooner…than…等结构中,主句常用过去完成时(详见附录)。
9. 过去完成时 Past Perfect
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”——以过去某一时刻或某一动作为参照点,在此之前已经发生、完成或持续的动作。
结构
肯定式 主语 + had + 过去分词
否定式 主语 + hadn't + 过去分词
疑问式 Had + 主语 + 过去分词 …?
【常用时间状语】 before, by the end of last year/month, by that time, by 8 o'clock that morning, until then
用法一:过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作
1) By the time the fire engine arrived, the flames had already spread to the second floor. 消防车到达时,火焰已经蔓延到了二楼。
(arrived 是过去时间点,had spread 表示在此之前已经发生的动作)
用法二:过去某一时间点之前已经持续的动作(延续性)
1) When she finally got the job offer, she had been job-hunting for almost a year. 当她最终得到那份工作邀约时,她已经找工作将近一年了。
用法三:固定结构 hardly/scarcely…when… 、no sooner…than…
1) The audience had hardly taken their seats when the curtain rose. 观众们几乎还没坐下,幕布就升起来了。
(主句用过去完成时,when/than 后的从句用一般过去时;hardly/scarcely 位于句首时主句需部分倒装)
2) No sooner had he finished the exam than he began to worry about the result. 他刚一考完试,就开始担心结果了。
易混辨析:过去完成时 vs. 一般过去时
一般过去时 过去完成时
参照点 以说话时刻为参照,描述过去发生的单一动作 以过去某一时刻/动作为参照,描述更早发生的动作
例句 He arrived at the station at 8.(单纯陈述过去事实) When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.(到达之前火车已经开走,两个过去动作有先后)
10. 现在完成进行时 Present Perfect Continuous
结构
肯定式 主语 + have/has + been + doing
否定式 主语 + haven't/hasn't + been + doing
疑问式 Have/Has + 主语 + been + doing …?
【常用时间状语】 for + 一段时间, since + 过去时间点, recently, lately, all this week/month
用法:从过去某时开始一直持续到现在(可能仍在继续),强调动作本身的持续性、重复性
1) Scientists have been monitoring the glacier's retreat for over two decades. 科学家们二十多年来一直在监测这座冰川的退缩情况。
2) My eyes are red because I have been staring at the screen all afternoon. 我眼睛发红是因为我整个下午都在盯着屏幕看。
(现在完成进行时常用来解释当下某种状态的原因)
辨析:现在完成时 vs. 现在完成进行时
现在完成时 现在完成进行时
强调重点 动作的结果、完成度,可能已经结束 动作本身的持续过程,带有“未完、还在继续”的意味
例句 I have read the report.(报告已经读完,强调结果) I have been reading the report all morning.(一直在读,强调过程,可能还没读完)
与延续性动词连用 二者常可换用,含义相近:I have lived here for 10 years. ≈ I have been living here for 10 years. 更强调动作持续中,语气更生动
注意:由于状态动词本身不能用于进行时(见现在进行时一节),因此 know, love, believe 等动词没有“完成进行时”形式,只能用现在完成时,如 I have known him for years.(不能说 have been knowing)。
Part Three:被动语态 Passive Voice
1. 主动语态与被动语态的概念
主动语态(Active Voice)中,主语是动作的发出者;被动语态(Passive Voice)中,主语是动作的承受者,动作的执行者用 by 引出(若不重要或不必说明,可省略)。
1) The committee announced the results yesterday.(主动语态) 委员会昨天宣布了结果。
2) The results were announced by the committee yesterday.(被动语态) 结果于昨天被委员会宣布了。
(被动语态强调动作的承受者 the results,动作发出者 by the committee 可根据需要省略)
2. 被动语态的基本构成
be + 过去分词(done),其中 be 随时态、人称、数发生变化,过去分词形式保持不变。
3. 十大时态的被动语态变化总表(以 write 为例)
时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 write(s) a letter is/am/are written
一般过去时 wrote a letter was/were written
一般将来时 will write a letter will be written
过去将来时 would write a letter would be written
现在进行时 is writing a letter is being written
过去进行时 was writing a letter was being written
将来进行时 will be writing a letter will be being written(罕用)
现在完成时 has written a letter has been written
过去完成时 had written a letter had been written
现在完成进行时 has been writing a letter has been being written(极罕用,实际中常改用完成时表达)
规律总结:把主动语态结构中最后一个助动词后面的动词原形改为“be + 过去分词”即可——如 has written → has been written;will be writing → will be being written(该形式过于繁琐,实际写作中极少使用,一般用现在完成时或将来时的被动式替代)。
4. 被动语态的八种特殊结构
① 情态动词 + be done
1) The final report must be submitted before Friday noon. 最终报告必须在周五中午前提交。
2) Such rare historical documents should be handled with extreme care. 如此稀有的历史文献应当被格外小心地对待。
② 情态动词 + have been done(对过去情况的推测或评价)
1) The password must have been leaked, otherwise no one could have accessed the account. 密码一定是被泄露了,否则没人能登录这个账户。
(must have been done 表示对过去已发生事情的有把握的推测)
③ 短语动词(动词+介词/副词)的被动——介词或副词不能丢
1) The homeless kitten was finally taken care of by the kind old lady. 这只无家可归的小猫最终被那位善良的老太太收养照顾了。
(take care of 整体作及物动词短语看待,被动时 of 不可省略)
2) The proposal was strongly objected to by most of the board members. 这项提议遭到了大多数董事会成员的强烈反对。
④ 双宾语动词的被动——两种转换方式
1) The teacher gave every student a certificate of completion.(主动) 老师给每位学生颁发了一张结业证书。
2) Every student was given a certificate of completion.(间接宾语作主语,更常用) 每位学生都获得了一张结业证书。
3) A certificate of completion was given to every student.(直接宾语作主语,需加 to) 一张结业证书被颁发给了每位学生。
⑤ 复合宾语的被动——宾语补足语原样移至 be 之后
1) The manager appointed her (as) the project leader.(主动) 经理任命她为项目负责人。
2) She was appointed (as) the project leader by the manager.(被动) 她被经理任命为项目负责人。
⑥ 使役动词/感官动词 + 不带 to 的不定式作宾补——变被动后须补上 to
1) The coach made the athletes run ten extra laps.(主动,不带 to) 教练让运动员们多跑十圈。
2) The athletes were made to run ten extra laps.(被动,须加 to) 运动员们被要求多跑十圈。
(make, let, have 等使役动词后接省略 to 的不定式,变为被动语态后必须补上 to;感官动词 see, hear, watch, notice 等同理)
⑦ 不定式和动名词的被动形式
形式 主动 被动
不定式 to do to be done
动名词 doing being done
1) There is still a lot of work to be done before the deadline. 在截止日期前还有大量工作要完成。
2) The suspect denied being seen near the crime scene that night. 嫌疑人否认那晚在犯罪现场附近被人看见。
⑧ get done —— 口语化被动,多表意外、被动的变化或遭遇
1) Be careful, or you'll get hurt on the construction site. 小心点,不然你会在工地上受伤的。
补充:“It is said/reported/believed that…”句型的两种转换
1) It is said that the ancient bridge was built over eight hundred years ago. 据说这座古桥建于八百多年前。
2) The ancient bridge is said to have been built over eight hundred years ago. 这座古桥据说建于八百多年前。
(that 从句的动作先于主句谓语发生时,不定式需用完成式 to have been built)
5. 主动形式表被动含义(中动结构)
某些及物动词(如 sell, read, wash, write, cook, open, clean, cut, drive 等)与 well, easily, badly 等方式副词连用时,主语虽是动作的承受者,却用主动形式,强调主语本身的性质、特点,而非具体某一动作的发生。
1) This kind of fabric washes very well and doesn't fade easily. 这种面料很耐洗,不容易褪色。
2) The novel reads smoothly and is easy for beginners to follow. 这本小说读起来很流畅,初学者也很容易读懂。
3) The new hybrid car drives smoothly even on bumpy country roads. 这款新型混合动力汽车即使在颠簸的乡间道路上也开得很平稳。
6. 不能用于被动语态的情况
① 不及物动词及其短语(本身没有被动对象)
happen, occur, take place, break out, appear, disappear, arrive, rise, consist of, take place 等
1) A serious traffic accident happened on the highway this morning. 今天早上高速公路上发生了一起严重车祸。
(happen 是不及物动词,没有被动语态)
② 系动词(没有被动含义)
be, become, seem, appear, look, feel, taste, smell, sound(用作系动词时)
③ 表状态而非动作的及物动词
have(表“拥有”), belong to, fit, suit, resemble, cost, weigh, lack, possess, contain 等
1) This jacket fits you perfectly. 这件夹克很适合你。
(fit 表状态而非具体动作,不能用于被动语态)
2) The little girl closely resembles her mother in both looks and personality. 这个小女孩无论外貌还是性格都酷似她的母亲。
附:易混淆考点辨析
1. “主将从现”原则——时间/条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时
当主句谓语为一般将来时(will do),由 when, as soon as, before, after, until/till, if, unless, once, in case 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,要用一般现在时代替一般将来时;若从句动作先于主句完成,则用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
1) I will let you know as soon as I hear from the university. 一收到大学的消息我就会通知你。
(as soon as 引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时 hear,代替 will hear)
2) You won't be allowed to enter the exam hall unless you show your ID card. 除非出示身份证,否则你将不被允许进入考场。
3) We will start the ceremony once everyone has arrived. 一旦大家都到齐了,我们就开始典礼。
(从句动作(到齐)先于主句动作(开始)完成,用现在完成时 has arrived 代替将来完成时)
2. 宾语从句中的时态呼应(时态一致性原则)
主句为一般现在时:从句可根据实际时间自由选择任意时态。
主句为过去时态:从句一般也要用相应的过去范畴时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时)。
特例:若从句陈述的是客观真理、科学事实或格言,即使主句为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。
1) The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光的传播速度比声音快。
(客观真理不受主句过去时态限制,从句仍用一般现在时)
3. 情态动词 + 完成式被动,表达对过去情况的不同语气推测
结构 语气 例句
must have been done 肯定的推测(一定……) The letter must have been delivered by now.(信现在一定已经送达了。)
can't/couldn't have been done 否定的推测(不可能……) He can't have been told the truth, or he wouldn't look so calm.(他不可能被告知了真相,否则不会看起来这么平静。)
may/might have been done 不确定的推测(可能……) The vase might have been broken during shipping.(花瓶可能是在运输过程中被打碎的。)
should/needn't have been done 对过去行为的评价(本应该……/本不必……) The email should have been sent earlier.(这封邮件本应该早点发出去。)
4. 一般将来时 vs. 过去将来时 vs. be going to 辨析
一般将来时 过去将来时
参照点 以现在为起点看将来 以过去某一时刻为起点看将来
典型语境 独立陈述句、预测、承诺 宾语从句、间接引语中的时态呼应
例句 She says she will attend the meeting. She said she would attend the meeting.
5. 被动语态 be done 与系表结构辨析
并非所有“be + 过去分词”都是被动语态:若过去分词已经形容词化,仅表示主语的状态而非被动作影响的过程,则属于系表结构。
1) The door was locked by the security guard at 9 p.m. every day.(被动语态,强调动作) 门每天晚上9点被保安锁上。
2) The door was already locked when I arrived.(系表结构,强调状态) 我到的时候门已经是锁着的状态了。
(已经形容词化的过去分词(locked, tired, interested, excited 等)常与 be 构成系表结构,描述主语的状态而非具体被动动作)
全篇完 | 建议配合专项练习题巩固十大时态与被动语态的辨析与运用

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