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题型组合练(三十四)
Ⅰ．【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对鱼龙等海洋生物变弯曲的原因的研究。
1．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“The consequence, if the bubbles accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name． If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death．”可知，遭遇bend的症状是sharp pain and a bent body，即扭曲的身体。故选A。]
2．D　[推理判断题。根据第三段中“What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years．”可知，Rothschild教授的研究目的是弄明白鱼龙是如何适应减压问题的。故选D。]
3．B　[推理判断题。根据第四段中“Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite．”可知，研究结果与他原本的假设相反。故选B。]
4．A　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards．”可推知，Rothschild可能已经得出结论：鱼龙类生物未能进化出反减压器官。故选A。]
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新的房地产形式出现在南非的海滩和沿海干燥的岛屿上——白色的沙滩小屋。这些小屋为非洲企鹅提供了一个安全且凉爽的繁殖场所。
5．C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“With the good conditions and a sea view, they are just big enough to fit a family of African penguins． Their unique selling point: a safe and cool place for penguins to breed．”可知，建这么多的海滩小屋是为了给企鹅繁殖提供安全凉爽的地方。故选C。]
6．B　[细节理解题。根据第三段中“Historically, the penguins dug holes in layers of guano that lined Africa's penguin colonies．．．This, combined with other threats such as egg poaching, overfishing and climate change，has caused African penguin populations to plummet．”可知，影响企鹅数量的因素有四个：商人们开始出售鸟粪作为肥料、偷猎蛋、过度捕捞和气候变化。故选B。]
7．A　[词义猜测题。根据画线词所在段落中“Historically, the penguins dug holes in layers of guano that lined Africa's penguin colonies．．．has caused African penguin populations to plummet．”及语境可知，由于商人们开始出售鸟粪作为肥料、偷猎蛋、过度捕捞和气候变化的影响，企鹅的数量在急剧下降。A选项与画线词为同义词。故选A。]
8．D　[文章出处题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“A new form of real estate appeared along the beaches of South Africa and on the dry islands off its coast—tiny white beach huts．．．Their unique selling point: a safe and cool place for penguins to breed．”介绍了一种新的房地产形式出现在南非的海滩和沿海干燥的岛屿上——白色的沙滩小屋，这些小屋为非洲企鹅提供了一个安全且凉爽的繁殖场所。由此推断，该篇短文可能出现在报纸的环境专栏中。故选D。]
Ⅱ．【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一只5个月大的斑尾塍鹬最近打破了长距离迁徙的纪录，它在11天内不间断飞行了13 560公里。
1．C　[考查名词词义辨析。根据后文“for a long and exhausting journey”可知，此处指候鸟飞上天开始迁徙。故选C。]
2．C　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“the coming cold”及常识可知，候鸟迁徙是为了避开寒冷。故选C。]
3．B　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“That seems like a small distance to cover”可知，此处指鸟飞过10 000多公里的路，指飞过多远的路应用动词cover。故选B。]
4．D　[考查介词词义辨析。此处指超出了所有人的预期，表“超出”应用介词beyond。故选D。]
5．A　[考查动词词义辨析。此处指这只鸟付出生命的代价，表“付出”应用动词cost。故选A。]
6．B　[考查名词词义辨析。此处指鸟的飞行能力。故选B。]
7．D　[考查动词短语辨析。根据后文“from Alaska to New Zealand”可知，这只年轻的斑尾塍鹬从阿拉斯加飞往新西兰。故选D。]
8．A　[考查形容词词义辨析。对应上文“a long and exhausting journey”，tiring journey指疲惫的旅程。故选A。]
9．B　[考查名词词义辨析。根据后文“would have seen it fly around 13，000 kilometers”可知，它的正常飞行路线大约是13 000公里。故选B。]
10．C　[考查名词词义辨析。根据前文小鸟付出了生命的代价可知，此处指这是一个可能造成致命后果的显著差异。故选C。]
11．A　[考查动词词义辨析。后文“with the help of a tiny tracker”指通过追踪器追踪鸟的飞行记录。故选A。]
12．B　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“as adding any kind of significant weight to a creature that weighs only between 300 and 400 grams could put its life in danger”可知，对于这种体重只有300到400克的生物来说，增加任何一种明显的重量都可能使其生命处于危险之中。故选B。]
13．C　[考查名词词义辨析。根据后文“during the 11 day continuous flight”及常识可知，迁徙中，鸟持续飞行会消耗大量的能量，导致体重减少。故选C。]
14．A　[考查动词词义辨析。此处指成功着陆，表“成功”应用make it。故选A。]
15．D　[考查连词词义辨析。引导宾语从句，从句中表示“如何”应用how。故选D。]
Ⅲ．1．On　2．equipment　3．walked　4．what　5．exciting　6．to　7．frequently　8．a　9．are found　10．larger
1/3题型组合练(三十四)　选择性必修第四册　UNIT 3　SEA EXPLORATION
(建议用时：45分钟　总分：50分)
Ⅰ．阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·北京房山区模拟)
If a diver surfaces too quickly，he may suffer the bends． Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure． The consequence，if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint，is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name． If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain，the consequence can be death．
Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales，for example． And so，long ago，did ichthyosaurs． That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones． If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone，they can cut off its blood supply． This kills the cells in the bone，and consequently weakens it，sometimes to the point of collapse． Fossil bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends．
Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past． What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years． To this end，he and his colleagues travelled to the world's natural-history museums，looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods．
When he started，he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils，reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression． Instead，he was astonished to discover the opposite． More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died，but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury．
If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means，they clearly did so quickly—and，most strangely，they lost it afterwards． But that is not what Dr． Rothschild thinks happened． He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change．
Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark． One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles，both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches． Triassic oceans，by contrast，were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free． In the Triassic，then，ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain． In the Jurassic and Cretaceous，they were prey (猎物) as well as predators—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result．
1．Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends
A．A twisted body．
B．A drop in blood pressure．
C．A gradual decrease in blood supply．
D．A sudden release of nitrogen in blood．
2．What is the purpose of Rothschild's study
A．To see why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies．
B．To see when ichthyosaurs broke their bones．
C．To see how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends．
D．To see how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression．
3．What can we know about Rothschild's findings stated in paragraph 4
A．They confirmed his assumption．
B．They disagreed with his assumption．
C．They changed his research objectives．
D．They speeded up his research process．
4．What might Rothschild have concluded about ichthyosaurs
A．They failed to evolve an anti-decompression means．
B．They died out because of large sharks and crocodiles．
C．They gradually developed measures against the bends．
D．They evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it．
B
(2026·河南郑州模拟)
A new form of real estate (不动产) appeared along the beaches of South Africa and on the dry islands off its coast—tiny white beach huts． With the good conditions and a sea view，they are just big enough to fit a family of African penguins． Their unique selling point: a safe and cool place for penguins to breed (繁殖)．
African penguins，unlike their relatives that live in snow and ice，live well in the cold currents of the South Atlantic Ocean． But when they come to land，their thick black coats absorb the heat，and they desperately look for cover—both for themselves and their fragile eggs．
Historically，the penguins dug holes in layers of guano (鸟粪) that lined Africa's penguin colonies，but in the 19th century，traders started selling guano as fertilizer (肥料)，leaving the penguins and their eggs increasingly exposed to natural enemies and the baking sun． This，combined with other threats such as egg poaching，overfishing and climate change，has caused African penguin populations to plummet． In 2019，they were thought to be less than 20，000 breeding pairs，down from an estimated 1.5 to 3 million birds in 1900．For more than a decade，the species has been listed as endangered by the IUCN．
By February 2023，the African Penguin Nest Project had built more than 1，500 nests across five of South Africa's penguin colonies，and planned to expand into Namibia in 2024，the only other country with breeding populations of the species．
“This is still just a drop in the bucket，” said Graham，who anticipated they would need to set up at least 4，500 more ceramic homes to protect penguins currently nesting in exposed areas．“The goal is that every penguin that needs a nest will get one．”
5．Why have so many beach huts been built based on the text
A．To beautify the beach．
B．To conduct research．
C．To shelter the penguins．
D．To balance the ecology．
6．How many factors cause the penguin population to decrease according to the text
A．Three．　　　 B．Four．
C．Five． D．Six．
7．What does the underlined word “plummet” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Decline． B．Increase．
C．Extinct． D．Interrupt．
8．Which column may the text appear in a newspaper
A．Culture． B．History．
C．Technology． D．Environment．
Ⅱ．完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
(2025·安徽滁州模拟)
A five-month-old bar-tailed godwit recently broke the record for long-distance migration after flying 13，560 kilometers non-stop over a period of 11 days．
Every autumn，millions of migratory birds take to the 1 for a long and exhausting journey to 2 the coming cold，feed and breed for the next few months． Many of them 3 impressive distances of over 10，000 kilometers，but this year，one small bird was 4 all expectations regarding long-distance flying，traveling a big 13，560 kilometers without stopping． And it was all because of an unusual roundabout way that could have 5 the bird its life，considering that the non-stop journey pushed its 6 capacity to the limit．
Last month，the young bar-tailed godwit 7 from Alaska to New Zealand，but somehow，at one point during its 8 journey，the small bird took a little roundabout way that added an extra 500 kilometers to its original route． That seems like a small distance to cover，considering that the normal 9 would have seen it fly around 13，000 kilometers，but it's actually a significant difference that could have had deadly 10 ．
Scientists were able to 11 the godwit's record flight with the help of a tiny tracker that only weighed 5 grams． Technological advancements have allowed researchers to track such small species of birds without 12 them，as adding any kind of significant weight to a creature that weighs only between 300 and 400 grams could put its life in danger．
Dr． Woehler estimates that the bird lost “half or more of its body 13 ” during the 11-day continuous flight，but 14 it to dry land safely．
Interestingly，scientists haven't yet understood 15 birds like the bar-tailed godwit are able to navigate such large distances without stopping and without getting lost．
1．A．ground B．forest
C．sky D．mountain
2．A．challenge B．bear
C．escape D．enjoy
3．A．add B．cover
C．measure D．calculate
4．A．within B．under
C．for D．beyond
5．A．costed B．saved
C．offered D．changed
6．A．recognition B．flight
C．defense D．management
7．A．put off B．turned off
C．showed off D．took off
8．A．tiring B．exciting
C．smooth D．short
9．A．gesture B．route
C．sight D．dream
10．A．thoughts B．strengths
C．consequences D．diseases
11．A．track B．create
C．break D．bring
12．A．decorating B．endangering
C．protecting D．preserving
13．A．water B．muscle
C．weight D．size
14．A．made B．managed
C．took D．appreciated
15．A．when B．where
C．whether D．how
Ⅲ．语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
(2025·浙江杭州模拟)
1．___________ Christmas morning，nine-year-old Molly Sampson and her 17-year-old sister Natalie wore chest-high waterproof overalls to go shark tooth hunting like professionals． The sisters set off for Maryland's Calvert Beach with their father to put their new 2．___________ (equip) to use．
Though it was very cold，Molly was undeterred． With the tide particularly low，she 3．___________ (walk) deep into the ocean． In less than half an hour，the fourth-grader noticed something big just beneath the surface of the water． To her delight，it was exactly 4．___________ she was hoping to find: a megalodon's (巨齿鲨的) tooth．
The Sampsons took Molly's 5．___________ (excite) find to the Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons，Maryland． There，Dr． Stephen Godfrey，the Curator of Paleontology，confirmed that the massive five-inch tooth was indeed that of a megalodon．
The waters off Calvert Cliffs were once home 6．___________ whales and dolphins that would have attracted hungry megalodons and other shark species． Sharks 7．___________ (frequent) lose their teeth and replace them with new ones． As 8．___________ result，the area is a treasure trove for amateur fossil hunters looking for shark teeth． While over a hundred shark teeth 9．___________ (find) annually，few are 10．___________ (large) than the one Molly found．
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