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必修第三册　UNIT 1　Nature in the balance
1．harm n．& vt．伤害，损害(harmful adj．有害的；导致损害的 harmless adj．无害的；不会导致损伤的)
◎cause/do harm to sb．/sth．＝cause/do sb．/sth．harm　　　
对某人/某事(物)有害
There is no harm in doing sth． 做某事没有害处。
◎be harmful to sb．/sth． 对某人/某物有害
◎The misunderstanding between friends harmed their relationship until they had an open-hearted talk to clear it up．
朋友之间的误会损害了他们的关系，直到他们进行了一次坦诚的交谈才得以澄清。
2．survive vi．生存，存活 vt．幸存，幸免于难(survivor n．幸存者 survival n．[U]幸存；[C]残存物)
survive...　　　 幸免于……；从……中挺过来
survive from... 从……中存活/流传下来
survive on... 依靠……生存下来
A survive B (by＋一段时间) A比B多活……
survive本身已表示“幸存、幸免于”，其后不加in或from。
◎The Xi'an Circumvallation is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history．
西安古城墙是中国悠久历史上留存下来的最完整的城墙。
3．consequence n．结果，后果；重要性(consequent adj．随之发生的；作为结果的 consequently adv．因此；所以)
◎as a consequence＝in consequence＝as a result＝consequently　　　
因此；结果
as a consequence/result of＝in consequence of
因为；由于
◎face/take the consequences
面对/承担后果
◎(2025·浙江1月卷)Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions．
允许孩子想吃什么就吃什么，也能让他们体验到自己决策所带来的自然后果。
◎(译林版选择性必修第四册Unit 4)Consequently，you will be exposed to many new ideas，beliefs，practices and learning experiences．
因此，你会接触到许多新观点、新信仰、新实践和新的学习经历。
4．defence n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守(defend vt．防御；保护；保卫；辩白；辩解 defensive adj．防御的；自卫的)
◎in defence (of)　 保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护
in one's defence 为某人辩护；站在某人一边
◎defend ...against/from (doing)...
保护……免受(做)……
defend oneself 自卫；为自己辩护
◎The safety devices defend workers from/against danger．
这些安全装置保护工人免受危险。
◎Seeing the snake，he rushed to defend his son．
看到那条蛇，他冲过去保护儿子。
5．damage vt．& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏(damages n．损害赔偿金)
◎do/cause (great) damage to ...
对……造成(很大的)损害
◎damage sb．'s career/reputation/health
损害某人的事业/名誉/健康
◎Exposure to lead is known to damage the brains of young children．
众所周知，接触铅会损害幼儿的大脑发育。
◎Too much sun exposure can cause severe damage to your skin．
过度暴露在太阳光下会对你的皮肤造成严重损伤。
6．come up with想出，想到
come up　　　 出现；被提及；走近；破土而出；升起
come out 出版；开花；(太阳、月亮或星星)出现
come about 发生
come across (偶然)遇见；发现；被理解
come to 总计；达到
when it comes to... 当谈到……
◎Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials．
我们班想出了更好地利用废旧材料的想法。
◎When it comes to improving spoken English，my advice is that you should listen and speak English every day．
当谈到提高英语口语时，我的建议是你应该每天听和说英语。
7．due to 由于，因为(due adj．应得到的；应支付的；预定的)
◎due to sb．/sth． 由于；因为某人/某事(物)
due for sth． 应该某事；预定发生某事
be due to sb． 应付给某人
be due to do sth． 预定/预期做某事
◎in due course 在适当的时候；到一定的时候
◎(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Due to a big storm，my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half．
由于遭遇强风暴，我的航班延误了一个半小时。
8．break down使分解(为)，使变化(成)；消除；打破；(机器)损坏，出故障；(谈判、计划等)失败；(身体)垮掉；崩溃；情不自禁地哭起来
break into 强行闯入，撬开；突然开始
(笑、唱等)；顺利打入
break in 破门而入
break in on 打断(谈话等)
break out (战争、火灾等)爆发；发生(无被动语态)
break up 解体；拆开；驱散；分手；结束；放假
break away (from) 脱离；甩掉；逃跑
break through 突破；有新的重大发现
◎Mother broke into my room and told me not to stay up or I would break down．
妈妈闯进了我的房间，并且告诉我不要熬夜，否则我的身体会垮掉。
9．in turn 相应地，转而
◎by turns 时而；轮流地
wait your turn 等着轮到你
take turns to do sth．/in doing sth． 轮流做某事
◎It is one's turn to do sth． 轮到某人做某事。
It turns/turned out that... 结果是……
◎(2025·浙江1月卷)These qualities，in turn，are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender．
这些特质反过来又被映射到已被赋予性别属性的产品上。
1．Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor．(完全倒装)
往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。
2．Some call for the application of modern technology，and others a change of lifestyle．(省略)
一些人呼吁应用现代技术，另一些人则呼吁改变生活方式。
3．As the human population continues to grow，so does the effect we have on animals．(so＋助动词＋主语)
随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
4．“介词＋which”引导定语从句
The Amazon River，from which the rainforest gets its name，is close to 6，400 kilometres in length...
亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6 400千米……
◎在英语里，“介词 ＋ which”可用于引导定语从句，主要作用是对先行词的相关情况进行更详细的说明，像方式、时间、地点等。
◎“介词 ＋ which”中的 “which” 指代先行词(通常是名词或代词)，介词的选择取决于先行词的搭配、从句中动词的固定搭配，或句子的逻辑意义。
◎(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Further，the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road，by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time．
此外，温室周围的丝绸之路花园引领游客踏上一段受古代丝绸之路影响的旅程，正是通过这条丝绸之路，丝绸以及许多植物物种首次传入英国。
5．even though/if引导让步状语从句
We've been taking various measures，including the use of new technologies，to reduce pollution in the production process，even though these measures raise our production costs．
我们一直在采取各种各样的措施，包括新科技手段的运用，来减少生产过程中产生的污染，尽管这些措施会增加我们的生产成本。
◎even if/though引导让步状语从句，意为“即使，尽管”，所引导的从句常用一般现在时表示将来。
◎even if/though引导的让步状语从句的主语和主句主语相同，且从句中含有be动词的某种形式时，从句可采用省略结构。
◎Even though they faced many difficulties，they didn't give up their dreams．
尽管他们面临许多困难，但他们没有放弃自己的梦想。
Ⅰ．重点词汇对点练
1．harm
①Exposure to loud noises at concerts or construction sites can be harmful ________ hearing，potentially causing permanent damage．
②The snake species found in this region is ____________(harm) to humans，despite its terrible appearance．
③(2023·全国乙卷)There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing ____________ (harm) gases...
④(应用文写作之建议信)在汽车中放一个小急救包没有任何坏处，因为你永远不会知道你什么时候可能需要它。
It doesn't ________________________________________________ a small emergency kit in your car，as you never know when you might need it．
→________________________ a small emergency kit in your car，as you never know when you might need it．
2．survive
①In a harsh environment，____________ (survive) must find a way to stay alive．Some may survive ________ limited resources．____________(survive) is not just about physical needs; it also requires mental strength and determination．
②丈夫去世后，她过着平静的生活，比丈夫多活了五年。
After her husband passed away，she lived a quiet life and __________________________．
③不可否认，没有海洋，包括人类在内的任何生物都无法生存。
There is no denying that without the oceans，________________________，humans included．
④(应用文写作之新闻报道)据报道此次飞机失事中无人生还。
____________________________________ in the plane crash．
3．consequence
①(译林版选择性必修第四册Unit 3)...work allows us the opportunity to be engaged in something we are fond of，and ____________ (consequent)，it can give us a great sense of achievement and satisfaction．
②This decision could have serious __________ (consequent) for the industry．
③(应用文写作之告知信)如果你决定在考试中作弊，要准备好承担后果，这可能包括被学校开除。
If you decide to cheat on the exam，be prepared to ________________________，which may include being expelled from school．
④由于暴雨的影响，河水上涨且水流湍急，冲破了河堤。
_____________________________________________________________________
the heavy rainfall，the river，swollen and turbulent，burst its banks．
4．defence
①(外研版选择性必修第一册Unit 6)...he made a number of appearances on television to argue in favour of its ____________ (defend)．
②The wall was built to defend the road ____________ being washed away by the sea．
③When accused of making a mistake，he became ____________ (defend) and tried to explain himself．________ his defence，he claimed that he had acted based on the information available at that time．
④(读后续写之动作描写)那只狼紧紧地追在他后面，他下了自行车，拿起一根棍子保护自己。
With the wolf running closely after him，he got off his bike and took up a stick ____________________．(defence)
→With the wolf running closely after him，he got off his bike and ____________________________．(defend)
5．damage
①(人教版必修第一册Unit 4)However，dangerous conditions and ____________ (damage) roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies．
②他们修理好并重新粉刷了在地震中受损的大楼。
They have repaired and painted again the buildings ________________________．(damage vt．)
→They have repaired and painted again the buildings the earthquake ________________________．(cause/do damage to)
③当时如果错在我们，那位足球运动员本来是可以向我们索要损害赔偿金的。
The footballer ____________________________________ from us if we had been wrong．
6．come up with
①As soon as the project came ________ at the meeting，it attracted many people's attention．
②Specialists can come up ________ new ways to solve the problem of air pollution．
③When we read newspapers，we often come ________ such English words as “AIDS” and “PK”．
④(应用文写作之兴趣爱好)说到我最爱的季节，我脑海中总会立刻浮现出春天的模样。
____________________________________，spring will always occur to me in no time．
7．due to
①The meeting ________________________ (预期三点才开始)．
②The town was cut off from the rest of the world ______________________ (由于大雪)．
③正是由于我英语老师的帮助，我的英语成绩才总是在班上名列前茅。(用强调句)
________________________________________________ my English scores are always at the top of my class．
8．break down
①The war between the two countries may break ________ at any moment．
②She longed to break ________ on their conversation but didn't want to appear rude．
③(应用文写作之人物介绍)尽管她已经加入乐队五年了，但由于创作的分歧，她最终决定离开乐队。
Even though she had been part of the band for five years，she finally decided to ________________________________________________．
④(应用文写作之动作描写)看到她丢失已久的宠物回到家中，小女孩不禁喜极而泣。
Seeing her long-lost pet back home，the little girl just ___________________．
9．in turn
①In our team meeting，each member spoke．When it was my turn，I presented the latest data analysis．________ turn，my colleague provided insights based on the trends that were observed．At the end of the discussion，it turned ________ that we had found several actionable strategies．
②现在轮到我来实施这些策略，并汇报其成效了。
It ____________________________________ and report back on their effectiveness．
③我们每天晚上轮流做饭，这使得准备饭菜更加愉快和轻松。
We ____________________________________________________________，which makes the meal preparation more enjoyable and less stressful．
④(2024·全国甲卷)这样的练习教会了她倒着读写中文——这项技能后来被证明非常实用，尤其是在我们一起看报纸的时候。
This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down—a skill that has ____________________________________________，especially whenever we share the newspaper．
Ⅱ．高频词汇精准练
1．Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady，gradual increases in the ____________ (long) of the runs．
2．The entire village was destroyed．It now looks ____________ (entire) different from the previous one．
3．Excellent performances on the stage call ________ confidence and unique professional skills．
4．Students learned the practical ____________ (apply) of the theory that they had learned in the classroom．
5．People in this area were hit by hunger and ____________ (poor)．
6．Our country is a traditional ____________ (agriculture) society where the majority of the population are farmers．
Ⅲ．多义词汇语段练(依次写出语段中黑体单词的词性及含义)
1．The hunters tracked the wild animals along the narrow track in the forest，and finally，they saw the animals running on the track of the open plain．
①________________　②________________　③________________
2．Workers in this industrial belt are required to wear a safety belt while operating the machine with a rapidly moving belt．
①________________　②________________　③________________
3．The chief reason for the team's failure is the lack of effective leadership from its chief，who，as the company's chief executive，should take responsibility for the poor performance．
①________________　②________________
③________________
Ⅳ．阅读词汇语境练(写出句中黑体词的词性及含义)
1．Many animals have disappeared during the long history of the Earth and their disappearance affected the balance of ecosystem． ________________
2．Clone can be used to breed animal species which are endangered or extinct，and as a consequence，we needn't be worried about animals' extinction． ________________
3．In time of war，lots of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken． ________________
4．It is reported that some children were poisoned by the poisonous food． ________________
5．The famous chemist denied in his chemistry report that it was the waste water from the chemical factory that polluted the underground water in this area． ________________
Ⅴ．写作句式迁移练
1．他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户，其中大部分已至少一年未擦过。(“介词＋which”引导定语从句)
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows，_____________________．
2．我们在那儿快乐相聚的日子一去不复返了。(全部倒装)
________________________ when we got together there happily．
3．一些人更喜欢在图书馆学习，另一些人则喜欢在家学习。(省略)
Some prefer studying in the library，and ________________________．
4．他们已经完成了家庭作业，他也完成了。(so＋助动词＋主语)
They have finished their homework，________________．
5．尽管任务极具挑战性，这个团队还是设法按时完成了它。(even though)
_____________________________________________________________________，
the team managed to complete it on time．
假定你是李华，你校将以“保护我们的家园——地球”为主题，举办英语征文比赛。请你写一篇短文投稿。
注意：1．写作词数应为80个左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
①众所周知，众多的人类活动对我们的家园——地球造成了巨大的危害。(harm，it作形式主语)
_______________ a great many human activities ________________________—the Earth．
②由于温室气体排放量的增加，地球的温度变得越来越高。(consequence)
The temperature of the Earth is becoming higher and higher ___________________________________．
③更糟糕的是，由于气候变化和人类活动，一些物种正面临着灭绝的危险。(extinction，due to)
What's worse，some species are ________________________________．
④所有这些反过来会对我们人类造成巨大的危害，如越来越多的自然灾害和罕见的疾病。(in turn，damage)
________________________________________________，such as more and more natural disasters and rare diseases．
⑤是时候采取各种方法来保护地球免受污染了。[various，it's (high) time that...]
________________________________________________ to protect the Earth from pollution．
⑥请牢记，重建我们绿色、清洁的地球需要我们每个人的努力和贡献。(call for，keep in mind that...)
________________________ and clean Earth __________________________．
把以上句子用适当的过渡词或过渡句组成一篇80个词左右的短文。
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形容词 supportive，helpful，gentle，sweet，warm-hearted 副词 gently，mercifully，cheerfully
名词 sympathy，pity，mercy 动词(短语) survive，call for，spring to mind
动作描写 ①defence (AmE defense) n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守→defend vt．保护；防御；辩白 ②survive vi．生存，存活 vt．幸存，幸免于难 ③come up with想出，想到 ④call for (公开)要求；需要 ⑤spring to mind突然记起(或想到) ⑥it dawned on sb．that...某人突然意识到…… ⑦pat vt．拍 环境描写 ①hardwood n．阔叶树；硬材(阔叶树的木材) ②jaguar n．美洲豹，美洲虎 ③track n．足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线 ④consequence n．结果，后果；重要性
心情 with a heavy heart心情沉重 同情 have pity on sb．同情某人；怜悯某人；可怜某人
微情景1　“野生动物栖息环境”——看到情况后“悲伤同情”
Nowadays，the habitats of many animals ①________________________ (正在被破坏)，which is really ②__________ (可怜的)．Jaguars living in hardwood forests are facing a tough situation．Their homes are shrinking，and ③________________________ (对于它们来说很难生存，it引导形式主语)．The disappearance of their tracks shows how serious the problem is．We should ④__________________ (想出办法) to protect them because every living thing ⑤________________________ (应该有一个居住的地方，deserve)．After seeing these situations，⑥________________________________ (心情沉重) and ⑦________________________ (可怜这些动物)．
微情景2　“坚忍不拔品行”——作者帮助蜂鸟
I was invited to an old friend's farm．When I walked past a milking house，a hummingbird(蜂鸟) ①____________________ (绝望地逃脱；动词-ing形式短语作定语) spider-webs caught my attention．She looked at me into my eyes and her painful eyes seemed to ②____________________ (乞求我的同情)．Seeing her condition，I immediately felt ③________________________________ (一股同情之意在我心中涌起；无灵主语)．I gently helped her get out of the web，④____________________ (把它放在我的手上；动词-ing形式短语作状语)．When I opened my hand，the bird made no attempt to fly away，but just sat in my hand looking at me with her bright eyes．I ⑤________________________________ (出于同情轻轻拍了拍它)．Gradually，she regained her strength and ⑥________________ (飞到我的前面)．For a very long moment，this tiny creature looked into my eyes and turned her head from side to side，⑦______________________________ (好像向我表达它的感激；状语从句的省略)．Just at the moment，⑧____________________(我突然意识到) a random act of kindness can make a great difference．
?提示：主题语篇精练，请完成“题型组合练(十七)”P375、“题型组合练(十八)”P3781．harm n．& vt．伤害，损害(harmful adj．有害的；导致损害的 harmless adj．无害的；不会导致损伤的)
◎cause/do harm to sb．/sth．＝cause/do sb．/sth．harm　　　
对某人/某事(物)有害
There is no harm in doing sth． 做某事没有害处。
◎be harmful to sb．/sth． 对某人/某物有害
◎The misunderstanding between friends harmed their relationship until they had an open-hearted talk to clear it up．
朋友之间的误会损害了他们的关系，直到他们进行了一次坦诚的交谈才得以澄清。
2．survive vi．生存，存活 vt．幸存，幸免于难(survivor n．幸存者 survival n．[U]幸存；[C]残存物)
survive sth．　　　 幸免于……；从……中挺过来
survive from sth． 从……中存活/流传下来
survive on sth． 依靠……生存下来
A survive B (by＋一段时间) A比B多活……
◎The Xi'an Circumvallation is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history．
西安古城墙是中国悠久历史上留存下来的最完整的城墙。
3．consequence n．结果，后果；重要性(consequent adj．随之发生的；作为结果的 consequently adv．因此；所以)
◎as a consequence＝in consequence＝as a result＝consequently　　　因此；结果
as a consequence/result of＝in consequence of
因为；由于
◎face/take the consequences 面对/承担后果
◎(2025·浙江1月卷)Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions．
允许孩子想吃什么就吃什么，也能让他们体验到自己决策所带来的自然后果。
◎(译林版选择性必修第四册Unit 4)Consequently，you will be exposed to many new ideas，beliefs，practices and learning experiences．
因此，你会接触到许多新观点、新信仰、新实践和新的学习经历。
4．defence n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守(defend vt．防御；保护；保卫；辩白；辩解 defensive adj．防御的；自卫的)
◎in defence (of)　 保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护
in one's defence 为某人辩护；站在某人一边
◎defend ...against/from (doing)... 保护……免受(做)……
defend oneself 自卫；为自己辩护
◎The safety devices defend workers from/against danger．
这些安全装置保护工人免受危险。
◎Seeing the snake，he rushed to defend his son．
看到那条蛇，他冲过去保护儿子。
5．damage vt．& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏(damages n． 损害赔偿金)
◎do/cause (great) damage to ...
　　　 对……造成(很大的)损害
◎damage sb．'s career/reputation/health
损害某人的事业/名誉/健康
◎Exposure to lead is known to damage the brains of young children．
众所周知，接触铅会损害幼儿的大脑。
◎Too much sun exposure can cause severe damage to your skin．
过度暴露在太阳光下会对你的皮肤造成严重损伤。
6．come up with想出，想到
come up　　　 出现；被提及；走近；破土而出；升起
come out 出版；开花；(太阳、月亮或星星)出现
come about 发生
come across (偶然)遇见；发现；被理解
come to 总计；达到
when it comes to... 当谈到……
◎Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials．
我们班想出了更好地利用废旧材料的想法。
◎When it comes to improving spoken English，my advice is that you should listen and speak English every day．
当谈到提高英语口语时，我的建议是你应该每天听和说英语。
7．due to 由于，因为(due adj．应得到的；应支付的；预定的)
◎due to sb．/sth． 由于；因为某人/某事(物)
due for sth． 应该……；预定发生某事
be due to sb． 应付给某人
be due to do sth． 预定/预期做某事
◎in due course 在适当的时候；到一定的 时候
◎(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Due to a big storm，my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half．
由于遭遇强风暴，我的航班延误了一个半小时。
8．break down使分解(为)，使变化(成)；消除；打破；(机器)损坏，出故障；(谈判、计划等)失败；(身体)垮掉；崩溃；情不自禁地哭起来
break into 强行闯入，撬开；突然开始(笑、唱等)；
顺利打入
break in 破门而入
break in on 打断(谈话等)
break out (战争、火灾等)爆发；发生(无被动语态)
break up 解体；拆开；驱散；分手；结束；放假
break away (from) 脱离；甩掉；逃跑
break through 突破；有新的重大发现
◎Mother broke into my room and told me not to stay up or I would break down．
妈妈闯进了我的房间，并且告诉我不要熬夜，否则我的身体会垮掉。
9．in turn 相应地，转而
◎by turns 时而；轮流地
wait your turn 等着轮到你
take turns to do sth．/in doing sth． 轮流做某事
◎It is one's turn to do sth． 轮到某人做某事。
It turns/turned out that... 结果是……
◎(2025·浙江1月卷)These qualities，in turn，are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender．
这些特质反过来又被映射到已被赋予性别属性的产品上。
1．Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor．(完全倒装)
往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。
2．Some call for the application of modern technology，and others a change of lifestyle．(省略)
一些人呼吁应用现代技术，另一些人则呼吁改变生活方式。
3．As the human population continues to grow，so does the effect we have on animals．(so＋助动词＋主语)
随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
4．“介词＋which”引导定语从句
The Amazon River，from which the rainforest gets its name，is close to 6，400 kilometres in length...
亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6 400千米……
◎在英语里，“介词 ＋ which”可用于引导定语从句，主要作用是对先行词的相关情况进行更详细的说明，像方式、时间、地点等。
◎“介词 ＋ which”中的 “which” 指代先行词(通常是名词或代词)，介词的选择取决于先行词的搭配、从句中动词的固定搭配，或句子的逻辑意义。
◎(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Further，the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road，by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time．
此外，温室周围的丝绸之路花园引领游客踏上一段受古代丝绸之路影响的旅程，正是通过这条丝绸之路，丝绸以及许多植物物种首次传入英国。
5．even though/if引导让步状语从句
We've been taking various measures，including the use of new technologies，to reduce pollution in the production process，even though these measures raise our production costs．
我们一直在采取各种各样的措施，包括新科技手段的运用，来减少生产过程中产生的污染，尽管这些措施会增加我们的生产成本。
◎even if/though引导让步状语从句，意为“即使，尽管”，所引导的从句常用一般现在时表示将来。
◎even if/though引导的让步状语从句的主语和主句主语相同，且从句中含有be动词的某种形式时，从句可采用省略结构。
◎Even though they faced many difficulties，they didn't give up their dreams．
尽管他们面临许多困难，但他们没有放弃自己的梦想。
Ⅰ．重点词汇对点练
1．harm
①Exposure to loud noises at concerts or construction sites can be harmful to hearing，potentially causing permanent damage．
②The snake species found in this region is harmless(harm) to humans，despite its terrible appearance．
③(2023·全国乙卷)There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful (harm) gases...
④(应用文写作之建议信)在汽车中放一个小急救包没有任何坏处，因为你永远不会知道你什么时候可能需要它。
It doesn't do/cause any harm to keep a small emergency kit in your car，as you never know when you might need it．
→There is no harm in keeping a small emergency kit in your car，as you never know when you might need it．
2．survive
①In a harsh environment，survivors (survive) must find a way to stay alive．Some may survive on limited resources．Survival(survive) is not just about physical needs; it also requires mental strength and determination．
②丈夫去世后，她过着平静的生活，比丈夫多活了五年。
After her husband passed away，she lived a quiet life and survived her husband by_5_years．
③不可否认，没有海洋，包括人类在内的任何生物都无法生存。
There is no denying that without the oceans，no living things would survive，humans included．
④(应用文写作之新闻报道)据报道此次飞机失事中无人生还。
It's reported that there were no survivors in the plane crash．
3．consequence
①(译林版选择性必修第四册Unit 3)...work allows us the opportunity to be engaged in something we are fond of，and consequently (consequent)，it can give us a great sense of achievement and satisfaction．
②This decision could have serious consequences (consequent) for the industry．
③(应用文写作之告知信)如果你决定在考试中作弊，要准备好承担后果，这可能包括被学校开除。
If you decide to cheat on the exam，be prepared to take the consequences，which may include being expelled from school．
④由于暴雨的影响，河水上涨且水流湍急，冲破了河堤。
In consequence of/As a consequence/As a result of the heavy rainfall，the river，swollen and turbulent，burst its banks．
4．defence
①(外研版选择性必修第一册Unit 6)...he made a number of appearances on television to argue in favour of its defence (defend)．
②The wall was built to defend the road from/against being washed away by the sea．
③When accused of making a mistake，he became defensive (defend) and tried to explain himself．In his defence，he claimed that he had acted based on the information available at that time．
④(读后续写之动作描写)那只狼紧紧地追在他后面，他从自行车上下来，拿起一根棍子保护自己。
With the wolf running closely after him，he got off his bike and took up a stick in defence of himself．(defence)
→With the wolf running closely after him，he got off his bike and defended himself with a stick．(defend)
5．damage
①(人教版必修第一册Unit 4)However，dangerous conditions and damaged (damage) roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies．
②他们修理好并重新粉刷了在地震中受损的大楼。
They have repaired and painted again the buildings (which were)_damaged in the earthquake．(damage vt．)
→They have repaired and painted again the buildings the earthquake caused/did damage to．(cause/do damage to)
③当时如果是我们错了，那位足球运动员本来是可以向我们索要损害赔偿金的。
The footballer could have demanded damages from us if we had been wrong．
6．come up with
①As soon as the project came up at the meeting，it attracted many people's attention．
②Specialists can come up with new ways to solve the problem of air pollution．
③When we read newspapers，we often come across such English words as “AIDS” and “PK”．
④(应用文写作之兴趣爱好)说到我最喜欢的季节，我脑海中总会立刻浮现出春天的模样。
When it comes to the season I like best，spring will always occur to me in no time．
7．due to
①The meeting isn't due to start until three (预期三点才开始)．
②The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to the heavy snow (由于大雪)．
③正是由于我的英语老师的帮助，我的英语成绩才总是在班上名列前茅。(强调句)
It is due to my English teacher's help that my English scores are always at the top of my class．
8．break down
①The war between the two countries may break out at any moment．
②She longed to break in on their conversation but didn't want to appear rude．
③(应用文写作之人物介绍)尽管她已经加入乐队五年了，但由于创作的分歧，她最终决定离开乐队。
Even though she had been part of the band for five years，she finally decided to break away from the band due to creative differences．
④(应用文写作之动作描写)看到她丢失已久的宠物回到家中，小女孩不禁喜极而泣。
Seeing her long-lost pet back home，the little girl just broke down and wept with tears of joy．
9．in turn
①In our team meeting，each member spoke．When it was my turn，I presented the latest data analysis．In turn，my colleague provided insights based on the trends that were observed．At the end of the discussion，it turned out that we had found several actionable strategies．
②现在轮到我来实施这些策略，并汇报其成效了。
It is now my turn to carry out these strategies and report back on their effectiveness．
③我们每天晚上轮流做饭，这使得准备饭菜更加愉快和轻松。
We take turns to cook/in cooking dinner every evening，which makes the meal preparation more enjoyable and less stressful．
④(2024·全国甲卷)这样的练习教会了她倒着读写中文——这项技能后来被证明非常实用，尤其是在我们一起看报纸的时候。
This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down—a skill that has turned out to be quite practical，especially whenever we share the newspaper．
Ⅱ．高频词汇精准练
1．Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady，gradual increases in the length (long) of the runs．
2．The entire village was destroyed．It now looks entirely (entire) different from the previous one．
3．Excellent performances on the stage call for confidence and unique professional skills．
4．Students learned the practical application (apply) of the theory that they had learned in the classroom．
5．People in this area were hit by hunger and poverty (poor)．
6．Our country is a traditional agricultural (agriculture) society where the majority of the population are farmers．
Ⅲ．多义词汇语段练(依次写出语段中黑体单词的词性及含义)
1．The hunters tracked the wild animals along the narrow track in the forest，and finally，they saw the animals running on the track of the open plain．
①v．追踪　②n．小道　③n．路线，方向
2．Workers in this industrial belt are required to wear a safety belt while operating the machine with a rapidly moving belt．
①n．地带，地区　②n．腰带　③n．传送带
3．The chief reason for the team's failure is the lack of effective leadership from its chief，who，as the company's chief executive，should take responsibility for the poor performance．
①adj．主要的　②n．首领　③adj．首席的
Ⅳ．阅读词汇语境练(写出句中黑体词的词性及含义)
1．Many animals have disappeared during the long history of the Earth and their disappearance affected the balance of ecosystem． n．生态系统
2．Clone can be used to breed animal species which are endangered or extinct，and as a consequence，we needn't be worried about animals' extinction．
n．灭绝，绝种
3．In time of war，lots of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken． n．国防
4．It is reported that some children were poisoned by the poisonous food．v．毒害
5．The famous chemist denied in his chemistry report that it was the waste water from the chemical factory that polluted the underground water in this area．
adj．化学的
Ⅴ．写作句式迁移练
1．他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户，其中大部分已至少一年未擦过。(“介词＋which”引导定语从句)
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows，most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year．
2．我们在那儿快乐相聚的日子一去不复返了。(全部倒装)
Gone are the days when we got together there happily．
3．一些人更喜欢在图书馆学习，另一些人则喜欢在家学习。(省略)
Some prefer studying in the library，and others at home．
4．他们已经完成了家庭作业，他也完成了。(so＋助动词＋主语)
They have finished their homework，and so has he．
5．尽管任务极具挑战性，但这个团队还是设法按时完成了它。(even though)
Even though the task was extremely challenging，the team managed to complete it on time．
假定你是李华，你校将以“保护我们的家园——地球”为主题，举办英语征文比赛。请你写一篇短文投稿。
注意：1．写作词数应为80个左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
①众所周知，众多的人类活动对我们的家园——地球造成了巨大的危害。(harm，it作形式主语)
It is well known that a great many human activities have done great harm to our home—the Earth．
②由于温室气体排放量的增加，地球的温度变得越来越高。(consequence)
The temperature of the Earth is becoming higher and higher as a consequence of/in consequence of the increasing emission of greenhouse gases．
③更糟糕的是，由于气候变化和人类活动，一些物种正面临着灭绝的危险。(extinction，due to)
What's worse，some species are in danger of extinction due to climate change as well as human activities．
④所有这些反过来会对我们人类造成巨大的危害，如越来越多的自然灾害和罕见的疾病。(in turn，damage)
All of these in turn will do/cause damage to us human beings，such as more and more natural disasters and rare diseases．
⑤是时候采取各种方法来保护地球免受污染了。[various，it's (high) time that...]
It's_(high)_time that we took/should take various methods to protect the Earth from pollution．
⑥请牢记，重建我们绿色、清洁的地球需要我们每个人的努力和贡献。(call for，keep in mind that...)
Keep in mind that rebuilding our green and clean Earth calls for everyone's efforts and contributions．
把以上句子用适当的过渡词或过渡句组成一篇80个词左右的短文。
【参考范文】
It is well known that a great many human activities have done great harm to our home—the Earth．
The temperature of the Earth is becoming higher and higher as a consequence of/in consequence of the increasing emission of greenhouse gases．What's worse，some species are in danger of extinction due to climate change as well as human activities．All of these in turn will do/cause damage to us human beings，such as more and more natural disasters and rare diseases．
It's (high) time that we took/should take various methods to protect the Earth from pollution．All in all，keep in mind that rebuilding our green and clean Earth calls for everyone's efforts and contributions．
形容词 supportive，helpful，gentle，sweet，warm-hearted 副词 gently，mercifully，cheerfully
名词 sympathy，pity，mercy 动词(短语) survive，call for，spring to mind
动作描写 ①defence (AmE defense) n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守→defend vt．保护；防御；辩白 ②survive vi．生存，存活 vt．幸存，幸免于难 ③come up with想出，想到 ④call for (公开)要求；需要 ⑤spring to mind突然记起(或想到) ⑥it dawned on sb．that...某人突然意识到…… ⑦pat vt．拍 环境描写 ①hardwood n．阔叶树；硬材(阔叶树的木材) ②jaguar n．美洲豹，美洲虎 ③track n．足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线 ④consequence n．结果，后果；重要性
心情 with a heavy heart心情沉重 同情 take/have pity on sb．同情某人；怜悯某人；可怜某人
微情景1　“野生动物栖息环境”——看到情况后“悲伤同情”
Nowadays，the habitats of many animals ①are being destroyed (正在被破坏)，which is really ②pitiful (可怜的)．Jaguars living in hardwood forests are facing a tough situation．Their homes are shrinking，and ③it's hard for them to survive (对于它们来说很难生存；it引导形式主语)．The disappearance of their tracks shows how serious the problem is．We should ④come up with ways (想出办法) to protect them because every living thing ⑤deserves a place to live (应该有一个居住的地方，deserve)．After seeing these situations，⑥I'm with a heavy heart (我心情沉重) and ⑦take pity on these animals (可怜这些动物)．
微情景2　“坚忍不拔品行”——作者帮助蜂鸟
I was invited to an old friend's farm．When I walked past a milking house，a hummingbird(蜂鸟) ①desperately trying to escape from (绝望地逃脱；动词-ing形式短语作定语) spider-webs caught my attention．She looked at me into my eyes and her painful eyes seemed to ②beg me for my sympathy (乞求我的同情)．Seeing her condition，I immediately felt ③a wave of sympathy welled up in my heart (一股同情之意在我心中涌起；无灵主语)．I gently helped her get out of the web，④putting her into my hand (把它放在我的手上；动词-ing形式短语作状语)．When I opened my hand，the bird made no attempt to fly away，but just sat in my hand looking at me with her bright eyes．I ⑤patted her gently in sympathy (出于同情轻轻拍了拍它)．Gradually，she regained her strength and ⑥flew in front of me (飞到我的前面)．For a very long moment，this tiny creature looked into my eyes and turned her head from side to side，⑦as if expressing her gratitude to me (好像向我表达它的感激；状语从句的省略)．Just at the moment，⑧it dawned on me that(我突然意识到) a random act of kindness can make a great difference．
题型组合练(十七)
(建议用时：45分钟　总分：47.5分)
Ⅰ．阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2026·河北邯郸模拟)
Zoologist-turned-artist Sara Cox lives near Durham Palace，where “deep，wooded air and wide open spaces” shelter the birds she studies and sculptures．Twenty years ago，she moved to the village of Hoboken and began transforming recycled wire into hyper-realistic birds—curlews，bitterns，blue tits，and other species now under threat．Each sculpture begins outdoors： she hides in tall grass or bushes，watching birds closely．She draws how their wings bend，how light plays on their feathers (羽毛)，and how their muscles tense when they fly away．Back in her 200-year-old cottage studio she bends and weaves (编织) metal pieces，timing herself to log every step; one piece can consume weeks because “I can't waste a minute—I want to get it absolutely right．”
Accuracy is both scientific and emotional．With two science degrees，Cox volunteers at the Walter Trust's Low Barns reserve．She also spends time studying photographs，preserved birds in museums，and charts of bird body structure．“I need to understand what's beneath the feathers，” she explains，“so the sculpture feels alive and people sense the bird's fragility．” By revealing a bird's physical form，she aims to make people aware of how delicate and at risk they are．Her engineer father taught her to measure and construct; her mother，a potter，showed her how form conveys feelings．Together those influences produced a technique now celebrated nationally．
Earlier this year the Royal Society of British Artists selected several of her endangered species pieces for the annual London exhibition．One of her bird sculptures sold for ￡2，700．The money from this sale helps improve the habitats for wildlife at Low Barns．Schools ask her to conduct workshops．Also，people visiting the nature area stop to look at her huge wire bird sculpture．They read the sign next to it，which shows how many of these birds have disappeared and suggests easy things people can do to protect them．
“All of our birds are precious，” Cox insists．By combining zoology with art，she turns cold statistics into visible，shareable emotion，hoping viewers will “look up，notice，and protect what's still there”．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了动物学家兼艺术家Sara Cox如何用回收的金属丝制作鸟类雕塑，结合科学和艺术来提高人们对鸟类保护的意识。
1．Why does Sara Cox spend weeks on one wire bird sculpture
A．To perfect every small detail．
B．To use more recycled metal．
C．To follow her father's plan．
D．To win art competitions．
A　[细节理解题。根据第一段尾句“...one piece can consume weeks because ‘I can't waste a minute—I want to get it absolutely right．’” 可知，Sara Cox花数周制作一件金属丝鸟类雕塑是因为她希望作品绝对精准，即完善每一个细节。选项A“To perfect every small detail．”与原文“get it absolutely right”直接对应。故选A。]
2．What does the underlined word “fragility” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Beauty．　　　　　　 B．Weakness．
C．Simplicity． D．Speed．
B　[词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“so the sculpture feels alive and people sense the bird's fragility”及后文“make people aware of how delicate and at risk they are”可知，fragility与delicate and at risk构成语义呼应，delicate and at risk指鸟类的脆弱性。选项B“Weakness (脆弱)”符合语境。故选B。]
3．What does the author think of Sara Cox's work
A．It is largely profit-driven．
B．It values speed more than accuracy．
C．It is inspired by museum displays．
D．It unites science and artistic sensitivity．
D　[推理判断题。根据第二段首句“Accuracy is both scientific and emotional．”以及后文对其背景的描述“With two science degrees，Cox volunteers at the Walter Trust's Low Barns reserve．”体现科学背景；“her mother，a potter，showed her how form conveys feelings”体现艺术敏感度。再结合尾段“combining zoology with art”可知，Sara Cox的作品融合了科学准确性与艺术情感表达。选项D “It unites science and artistic sensitivity (它结合了科学与艺术敏感度)”符合题意。故选D。]
4．What is the ultimate goal of Sara Cox's work
A．To train unique artist-scientists．
B．To fund wildlife habitat projects．
C．To inspire conservation action．
D．To document endangered species precisely．
C　[细节理解题。根据尾段中的“hoping viewers will ‘look up，notice，and protect what's still there’”可知，Sara Cox创作的最终目标是让观看者关注并保护濒危鸟类，即“激发保护行动”。选项C“To inspire conservation action”与原文表述直接对应。故选C。]
B
(2025·江苏南京二模)
Australia was populated with giant creatures of all kinds．And according to a new study，early humans actually coexisted alongside these species for tens of thousands of years．Over the last decade，researchers Scott Hocknull and Anthony Dosseto have studied bones from four archaeological sites．Fossil analysis has shown that at least 13 extinct species of giant animals once settled around South Walker Creek while humans arrived and were spreading throughout there．
These early humans would have come into contact with many giant creatures．Many of the species that researchers identified are believed to be new or could be northern variations (变种) of their southern status．It was also found that some species which were believed to have gone extinct were actually still surviving in at least one other location．The identification of these giant creatures not only paints a picture of what life was like in the wilds of Australia tens of thousands of years ago，but it also gives researchers a better understanding of the impact that these creatures had on their environment．
Additionally，this study shows that humans likely weren't the cause of these giant creatures' extinction．Moreover，it confirms that humans did indeed coexist with them for a period of between 15，000 and 20，000 years．It was widely believed that over hunting by humans eventually led to the extinction of Australian giant creatures，but this study has shown that because humans and these giant creatures lived side-by-side for so long，hunting likely wasn't the reason why they died．
Based on these findings，researchers concluded instead that species likely went extinct as a result of a drastically changing environment．“The time of their disappearance coincided (吻合) with severe regional changes in available water and plants，as well as increased fire frequency，” the researchers noted．“This combination of factors may have proven quite risky to the giant land species and those living in the water．” It appears then that climate change was likely the reason why these creatures went extinct．
Meanwhile，scientists are still trying to figure out how some species that lived in that time managed to survive environmental changes through to modern-day．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员发现，澳大利亚曾有各种巨型生物，早期人类曾与它们共存数万年，人类不是澳大利亚巨型生物灭绝的主要原因，环境剧变才可能是真正导致其灭绝的原因。
5．What can we know about Scott Hocknull and Anthony Dosseto's study
A．They established 4 archaeological sites．
B．They conducted research on fossils．
C．They found ancient human beings．
D．They discovered 13 new species．
B　[细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后两句可知，研究人员研究了来自四个考古遗址的骨头并进化了化石分析，这与B选项相符合。故选B。]
6．Why is the widespread view incorrect
A．Humans and giant creatures used to coexist．
B．Humans were not that capable of hunting．
C．Many factors caused giant creatures' extinction．
D．These creatures died out before humans arrived．
A　[细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知，普遍的观点曾认为是人类的过度狩猎导致了巨型动物的灭绝，但新研究发现人类和这些巨型生物共同生活了很长时间，所以狩猎很可能并不是它们灭绝的原因，这与A选项相符合。故选A。]
7．What does the underlined word “drastically” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Intensely．　　　 B．Constantly．
C．Typically． D．Abnormally．
A　[词义猜测题。画线词后一句说到，这些动物消失的时间与可用水资源和植物的区域性剧烈变化以及火灾频率增加的时间相吻合，而且下一句的“severe”正是此题答案的提示，正好与画线的词意思一致，可以推断画线词所在句说的是“环境的剧烈变化”，画线词意为“剧烈地；强烈地”，A选项符合上下文。故选A。]
8．What can we infer about the giant creatures in Australia
A．They were very good with humans．
B．They adapted well to the environment．
C．They contributed to the climate change．
D．They have not disappeared completely．
D　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知，科学家们仍在试图弄清楚一些物种是如何在那个时期适应环境变化并存活到现代的，由此可以推断出它们并没有完全消失，而是有一些存活到了现代，这与D选项相符合。故选D。]
Ⅱ．完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
(2025·江苏镇江二模)
Clearing my mind，one weed at a time
So what if my turf-free(无草皮的) yard is laborious The experience I find there is 1 ．
I was clearing weeds when a couple 2 on the sidewalk．“A nice garden，” one of them said．I gave them a garden 3 ．“You don't have any lawn at all？” they said．“That's really 4 ．Lawns are so much work！”
There's a whole no-lawn movement out there，and plenty of good 5 for it．You can conserve water and avoid fertilizers and pesticides．My garden is turf-free because there was always something more 6 to plant．And there's only so much 7 ．I used to have a lawn，but bit by bit it got 8 for flowers，and other beautiful plants．By the time the lawn had decreased to a dot，there was no 9 to it at all．
Before summer，I am working in that garden 10 the plants I don't want in favor of those I do．The plan is that when I get everything 11 ，I'll lay in a mountain of mulch(覆盖料)．Except by the time I've weeded the whole place，I need to 12 again．
So yes： I spend many hours at something that looks like 13 ．But my new friends from the sidewalk are right．For many people，a lawn is much work．It demands perfection and 14 part of their precious weekend．If something 15 in the way of your rest，it's work，but if it's what you wish you were at home doing when you're at work，it's not．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者一直坚持无草皮花园，虽然要花费很多时间和精力，但是作者觉得非常值得。
1．A．effective　　　　　　　 B．worthless
C．priceless D．unique
C　[考查形容词词义辨析。此题要结合全文来看，因为作者在文章最后得出结论，坚持自己的花园无草皮是值得的。由此可知，作者认为这些经历是无价的(priceless)。]
2．A．showed off B．stepped forward
C．marched on D．passed by
D　[考查动词短语辨析。作者和这对夫妇不认识，因此这对夫妇只是经过(passed by)人行道。]
3．A．tour B．choice
C．day D．plan
A　[考查名词词义辨析。因为这对夫妇赞赏作者的花园，因此作者邀请他们到花园来走一走、看一看。tour符合语境。]
4．A．worn B．strange
C．ordinary D．smart
D　[考查形容词词义辨析。下一句“Lawns are so much work！”说明这对夫妇认为作者这样做是非常明智的(smart)。]
5．A．favorites B．reasons
C．smiles D．mistakes
B　[考查名词词义辨析。下一句提到没有草坪可以节约用水、避免化学肥料和农药，这些都是无草皮运动的理由(reasons)。]
6．A．interesting B．moving
C．encouraging D．surprising
A　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据语境可知，作者不种草皮是因为有更令人感兴趣的(interesting)东西种植。]
7．A．time B．space
C．experience D．power
B　[考查名词词义辨析。作者不种草皮的另外一个原因是地方(space)有限。]
8．A．disappeared B．failed
C．developed D．caused
C　[考查动词词义辨析。作者原来有草坪但是慢慢地草坪被开发(developed)来种植其他的花等漂亮的植物。]
9．A．point B．idea
C．way D．cause
A　[考查名词词义辨析。等到草坪缩小到只剩一个小点那么大的时候，它就完全没有存在的意义(point)了。]
10．A．checking B．advertising
C．advocating D．removing
D　[考查动词词义辨析。在花园里清除(removing)不喜欢的植物以种植自己喜欢的植物。]
11．A．pushed B．cleared
C．explored D．smoothed
B　[考查动词词义辨析。作者清除(clear)自己不想要的植物。下一句“I'll lay in a mountain of mulch”是此题答案的提示。]
12．A．drive B．phone
C．start D．call
C　[考查动词词义辨析。根据语境可知，此处指作者把整个园子的杂草都除完的时候，他又得重新开始(start)除草的工作了。]
13．A．labor B．patience
C．kindness D．support
A　[考查名词词义辨析。作者花了很多时间做一些看起来是劳动(labor)的事情。]
14．A．pleases B．reaches
C．steals D．picks
C　[考查动词词义辨析。草坪需要很多工作，而且草坪偷走(steals)一个人宝贵的周末时间。]
15．A．uses B．takes
C．gets D．costs
C　[考查动词词义辨析。如果某件事妨碍了(get in the way)你休息，那它就是工作。]
Ⅲ．七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
(2025·湖南株洲月考)
I grew up deathly afraid of the ocean． 1 During that year，I began mapping South Africa's kelp forests (海带林) for my biology master's degree．I used satellite images to find the kelp．Then I studied the potential environmental threats．
As I began the survey across the 1，300-kilometre kelp-rich areas of South Africa's coastline，I wanted to see the kelp that was below the ocean's surface． 2 I was amazed by the biodiversity (生物多样性) that exists under this big，blue blanket．I decided to do something for it．
3 For example，I tell people that over half of the atmosphere's oxygen comes from kelp forests via TV．I also explain some environmental threats that the forests face，such as shore mining，pollution and even problems from coast development．
Perhaps the kelp forests' biggest threat is the lack of awareness or appreciation of how many species call them home．It's a very important place．So far，we have mapped only coast kelp because it can be seen by satellites during low tide． 4
South Africa's natural kelp forests are among the few that are still expanding．Others around the world are endangered because of over-harvesting or coast development．My team is building sustainable kelp farms to meet the increased demand for kelp． 5 That's because we collect only the tops of the stalks(茎)，allowing the plant to grow again as it continues to provide a good growing environment．
My team will try our best to guard kelp，because it's an important resource in South African waters that is home to many fish and mammals．
A．However，that changed in late．
B．The price of the kelp is also increasing．
C．I'm looking for the different types of kelp．
D．I use films and social media to educate the public．
E．I floated on my stomach looking down at this golden forest．
F．The government supports our good harvesting way．
G．We hope to use special devices to map the underwater range of it．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者为攻读生物学硕士学位绘制南非海带林地图。他评估了海带林面临的潜在环境威胁，他的团队将尽最大努力保护海带，因为它是南非水域的重要资源，是许多鱼类和哺乳动物的家园。
1．A　[上一句提到作者从小就害怕大海，下一句提到作者为攻读生物学硕士学位绘制南非海带林地图。前后存在转折意义，故A项最符合此处语境。]
2．E　[上一句的“I wanted to see the kelp that was below the ocean's surface”和E项的“looking down at this golden forest”相对应，都表示作者了解海洋下面的海带林。故选E。]
3．D　[此空是此段的主题句。下面两句提到“作者告诉人们大气中一半以上的氧气来自海带林……解释了森林面临的一些环境威胁”。这些都是作者用视频和社会媒体教育公众的具体事例。故选D。]
4．G　[上一句的“we have mapped only coast kelp”和G项的逻辑一致，正因为作者仅绘制海岸海带的生长分布图，因此他们希望使用特殊的设备来绘制海带在水下的生长范围。]
5．F　[下一句说到只收集海带茎的顶端，允许它在继续提供良好生长环境的同时再次生长，说明这种收割方法非常好，这正好与F项一致。]
题型组合练(十八)
(建议用时：45分钟　总分：50分)
Ⅰ．阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·湖南长沙模拟)
A few bat species migrate thousands of kilometers．This rare behavior has long puzzled scientists，but researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB) recently studied 71 bats during their spring migration across Europe．
“We don't just see the path that bats took，but we also see what they experienced in the environment as they migrated，”says Edward Hurme，a researcher at MPI-AB．The study's tracking devices weigh just 5% of a bat's body and feature multiple sensors to measure activity levels and air temperature．Unlike conventional trackers requiring close distance to get data，these labels turn 1，440 daily sensor readings into a 12-byte(字节) message．The data will be transmitted through a long-range network，allowing real-time monitoring from anywhere in Europe．
The tags collected data for up to four weeks as the bats migrated back northeast，revealing routes far more changeable than previously thought．“We had assumed that bats were following a unified path，but we now see they are moving all over the landscape in a general north-east direction，” says senior author Dina Dechmann from MPI-AB．
The scientists analyzed the data and found that bats can migrate almost 400 kilometers in a single night—breaking the known record for the species．They alternated their migratory flights with frequent stops，likely because they needed to feed continuously．“Unlike migratory birds，bats don't gain weight in preparation for migration，” says Dechmann．
“On certain nights，we saw an explosion of departures，” says the researcher Hurme．They found that these migration waves could be explained by changes in weather．“They were riding storm fronts，using the support of warm tailwinds (顺风)．It was known that birds use wind support during migration，and now we see that bats do too，” he adds．
“Before this study，we didn't know what made bats start migrating，” says Hurme．“More studies like this will help form a system to forecast bat migration．We can be stewards of bats，helping wind farms to turn off their turbines (涡轮) on nights when bats are streaming through and this is just a small part of what we will find if we all keep working to open that black box．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员通过标签设备追踪了蝙蝠的迁徙，发现了一些有关蝙蝠迁徙的重要现象，这些发现可以帮助未来对蝙蝠的保护工作。
1．What's the advantage of devices used in the study over traditional ones
A．It's very light in its weight．
B．It's equipped with sensors．
C．It can detect air temperature．
D．It enables remote supervision．
D　[细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后两句可知，与需要近距离才能获取数据的传统追踪器不同，本次研究使用的设备能将传感器读数转换成12字节的消息并实现远程网络传输，允许从欧洲任何地方进行实时监控，即它允许远程监控，这与D选项相符合。故选D。]
2．What hypothesis of the researchers is proven incorrect
A．Bats migrate for long distance．
B．Bats move in a high speed．
C．Bats follow a common route．
D．Bats migrate to same directions．
C　[细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知，研究人员曾假设蝙蝠是在遵循一条统一的路径进行迁徙，但后来发现他们只是总体上向东北行进但小范围内四处移动，即蝙蝠遵循共同路线迁徙的假设是错误的，C选项符合题意。故选C。]
3．What can we know about the mass departures of bats
A．It's to follow the pace．
B．It ensures the schedule．
C．It saves physical strength．
D．It's affected by birds．
C　[推理判断题。根据文章第五段可知，蝙蝠集体出发是为了利用温暖的顺风朝着风暴前缘迁移，可以推断这一行为可以节省体力，C选项正确。故选C。]
4．What does the underlined part “open that black box” mean in the last paragraph
A．Conduct in-depth research to find more secrets．
B．Develop advanced trackers for more accurate data．
C．Study wind farms' impact on bats to protect them．
D．Establish nature reserves for bats in migrations．
A　[推理判断题。最后一段第一句说到在此研究之前蝙蝠的迁徙对人们来说是未知的，其二、三句说到本次研究可以帮助形成预判蝙蝠迁徙的系统，由此可以推断“open that black box”重点强调的是持续研究蝙蝠迁徙从而挖掘更多未知，A选项与文意相符。故选A。]
B
(2025·湖北武汉模拟)
WASHINGTON(AP)—Two-thirds of animal and plant populations are declining in genetic diversity，which makes it harder to adapt to environmental changes，according to research published on Wednesday．
Long before a species goes extinct，the population becomes smaller and more scattered，shrinking (使减少) the number of potential mates and therefore genetic mixing．This leaves a species more at risk to future threats such as disease．“A surprising trend was that we saw genetic diversity declining even among many species that aren't considered at risk，” said co-author Catherine Grueber，a conservation biologist at the University of Sydney．
Researchers examined data for 628 species studied between 1985 and 2019．The greatest losses in genetic variation were seen in birds and mammals．Findings were published in the journal Nature，“When a species has different genetic solutions，it's better able to deal with changes，” said David Nogués-Bravo at the University of Copenhagen，who was not involved in the study．If a new disease spreads through a population or climate change affects summer rainfall，some individuals will handle better than others，in part because of their genes．Higher genetic diversity also means there's a greater chance of a species survival．
Conservation efforts to connect separated populations—basically expanding the dating pool for a particular species—can help maintain or even restore genetic diversity．The Florida panther (佛罗里达美洲狮) is an endangered species that has steadily lost habitat to highways and urban expansion．By the mid-1990s，the remaining big cats in southern Florida showed clear signs of breeding between close relatives—with bent tails and low male fertility (生育能力)．Biologists brought eight female panthers from Texas to Florida．Twenty years later，the number of Florida panthers in the wild has grown significantly and genetic diversity increased．“Isolated populations suffer，” said Duke University ecologist Stuart Pimm，who was not part of the research．“The solution is to reconnect them．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕动植物种群遗传多样性下降这一现象展开：研究表明三分之二的动植物种群遗传多样性在减少，不少非濒危物种也是如此，种群碎片化导致基因混合减少，使物种易受威胁。
5．Which is correct about genetic diversity according to the research
A．It remains stable across all species on earth．
B．It undergoes a small change in species at risk．
C．It experiences great losses in birds and mammals．
D．It is declining sharply only in endangered species．
C　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The greatest losses in genetic variation were seen in birds and mammals．”可知，研究人员发现鸟类和哺乳动物的遗传多样性损失最大。]
6．What strategy was used to increase the genetic diversity of Florida panthers
A．Building more freeways to expand their habitat．
B．Making efforts to reconnect isolated populations．
C．Restricting unplanned urban growth in southern Florida．
D．Conducting more research through conservation initiatives．
B　[细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，由于高速公路和城市扩张，佛罗里达美洲狮的栖息地减少，种群变得孤立，出现近亲繁殖等问题。而生物学家从得克萨斯州引进了八只雌性美洲狮到佛罗里达，这一行为本质上是在连接孤立的种群，即将得克萨斯州美洲狮与佛罗里达当地的美洲狮种群联系起来。]
7．What is the author's tone toward restoring genetic diversity
A．Supportive．　　　 B．Doubtful．
C．Neutral． D．Indifferent．
A　[观点态度题。文章通过佛罗里达美洲狮的案例和引用专家观点(如“解决方案是重新连接种群”)明确了保护行动的必要性和有效性。因此，可推断出作者对恢复基因多样性持支持态度。]
8．What is the best title for the text
A．Genetic Diversity Decline Threatens Species Survival
B．Two-thirds of Species Gain Genetic Diversity
C．Florida Panthers Recover Through Relocation
D．Habitat Reconnection Harms Genetic Health
A　[标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要围绕动物和植物种群遗传多样性下降这一现象展开，阐述了遗传多样性下降使物种更难适应环境变化、更易受威胁并且通过佛罗里达美洲狮的例子说明了保持遗传多样性对物种生存的重要性。因此，“遗传多样性下降威胁到物种的生存”为最佳标题。]
Ⅱ．完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
(2025·湖南名校联考)
I liked to go and watch the sunset at my local park，which was a seaside area in Karachi．There，I would always see the same elderly lady 1 the pigeons (鸽子)．The birds，usually around 10 to 15 in 2 ，would gather around her before she even had a 3 to take the bag of rice out from her handbag．It was the same each day，part of her 4 ．
I found that 5 her perform this ordinary task with such 6 was both calming and beautiful．
On this particular evening，the lady arrived at her 7 spot to feed the birds．But，as she 8 the bench (长凳) to sit down，her necklace (项链) fell to the ground．
I was sitting on the grass nearby waiting for the sun to set．Noticing that，I 9 to get it back for her． 10 ，before I reached it，one of the pigeons from the 11 picked up the necklace， 12 to the bench，and dropped it on her lap．
I couldn't 13 my eyes．The old lady，also 14 ，began laughing quietly to herself．I was 15 with a huge smile on my face and happily went back to watching the sunset．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者喜欢去一个海滨地区公园看日落，常看到一位老妇人喂鸽子。一个特别的晚上，老妇人的项链掉落，一只鸽子竟衔起项链放回到她腿上，这让作者和老妇人都很吃惊，也都非常欣喜。
1．A．feeding B．pursuing
C．training D．collecting
A　[根据下文的“take the bag of rice out from her handbag”可知，这位老人是在喂鸽子。因此应选A。]
2．A．age B．size
C．weight D．number
D　[根据上文的“The birds，usually around 10 to 15”可知，空格处指的是鸽子的数量，因此应选D。]
3．A．wish B．chance
C．plan D．reason
B　[根据句中“The birds...gather around her before she even had...to take the bag of rice out from her handbag．”可知，老妇人甚至还没来得及从手提袋里拿出米粒，这些鸽子就聚集在她身边了。have a chance to do sth．表示“有做某事的机会/时机”。因此应选B。]
4．A．job B．project
C．routine D．dream
C　[根据上文的“It was the same each day”可知，老妇人每天都会到这里喂鸽子，这成了她日常生活的一部分。C．routine“常规；惯例”，因此应选C。]
5．A．watching B．helping
C．making D．hearing
A　[根据上文的“There，I would always see the same elderly lady ________ the pigeons．”可知，此处指作者看到老人喂鸽子，所以watching“观看”，符合语境。因此应选A。]
6．A．confidence B．enthusiasm
C．flexibility D．precision
B　[这位老人能坚持每天去喂鸽子，说明她是充满热情地做这件普通的事情。因此应选B。confidence信心；flexibility灵活性；precision精确。]
7．A．original B．parking
C．hiding D．usual
D　[根据上文的“I would always see the same elderly lady...”可知，作者经常能看到老妇人喂鸽子，这说明老妇人喂鸽子的地点是固定的。D．usual“通常的”，符合语境。因此应选D。]
8．A．repaired B．approached
C．shared D．supported
B　[根据下文的“to sit down”可知，这位老人走近长凳坐下。因此应选B。]
9．A．slipped in B．ran away
C．got up D．turned around
C　[根据上文的“I was sitting on the grass”和下文的“to get it back for her”可知，作者站起来是想去帮老人捡起掉落的项链。因此应选C。其他选项含义：A．slipped in“悄悄进入”B．ran away “跑开；逃跑” D．turned around“转身”。]
10．A．However B．Afterwards
C．Gradually D．Fortunately
A　[根据上文可知，作者本来想去捡项链；再根据“one of the pigeons...picked up the necklace”可知，项链被一只鸽子衔起来了。前后表示语义的转折。因此应选A。]
11．A．sea B．tree
C．pair D．group
D　[根据句中“one of the pigeons from the ________ picked up the necklace”可知，这只鸽子是老人每天喂养的那群鸽子里的。因此应选D。]
12．A．walked B．stuck
C．pointed D．flew
D　[衔起项链的是鸽子，所以是飞到了长凳子那里。因此应选D。]
13．A．lift B．cover
C．believe D．close
C　[作者看到鸽子把项链交还给老人后应是感到非常惊讶，所以不敢相信自己的眼睛。因此应选C。]
14．A．satisfied B．surprised
C．annoyed D．frightened
B　[根据上文的“also”可知，老妇人对于鸽子的行为也感到非常惊讶。因此应选B。]
15．A．caught B．hit
C．left D．met
C　[下文的“with a huge smile on my face”表示作者脸上带着灿烂的笑容。leave sb．with sth．“给某人留下……”。作者看到这一幕后，脸上留下了笑容。因此应选C。]
Ⅲ．语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
(2025·浙江省新阵地教育联盟联考)
The Atbai Desert，a part of the Sahara Desert，is one of the 1．____________ (dry) places on Earth，with a sandy and barren landscape that averages almost zero millimeters of rainfall each year．So，archaeologists were surprised when they discovered rock art showing boats and cattle in an area 2．____________ is 60 miles away from the closest body of water．
“It was surprising to find cattle 3．____________ (carve) on desert rock walls as they require plenty of water and wide-open grassland，and would not survive in Sahara today，” said Julien Cooper，an archaeologist from Macquarie University．“The discovery of boat 4．____________ (image) in the rock art this distant from lakes and rivers was also surprising．”
Archaeologists believe the discovery provides clear evidence supporting the theory of 5．________ once “Green Sahara” around 3，000 B．C．E．During this period，the area was a grassy plain with lakes and rivers 6．____________ (sustain) a variety of wildlife and human activities such as cattle herding．However，changes in African monsoon(季风)patterns transformed the Sahara 7．____________ the barren desert we see today．8．____________ (current)，only hardy animals like camels and goats can survive there．
The rock art's detailed carvings suggest that the creators spent plenty of time in the area further indicating that the region 9．____________ (be) once supportive of human life．As the climate grew unforgiving，many residents were forced to migrate closer to the Nile，contributing to the formation of early urban states and culture in Egypt and Nubia．The discovery offers valuable insight into the changes that 10．____________ (occur) in the Sahara over the past thousands of years．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Atbai沙漠里发现的岩画上有船和牛的图像，这为研究撒哈拉沙漠千百年来的发展和演变提供了宝贵见解。
1．driest　[考查形容词最高级。此处考查固定表达“one of the＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数”，意为“最……的……之一”，故填driest。]
2．that/which　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句。先行词是表示物的名词area，从句中缺少主语，所以空处需要填that/which。]
3．carved　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，本句的谓语动词是was，空处在句中作非谓语，修饰空前的名词cattle，二者之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故填过去分词形式carved。]
4．images　[考查名词复数。根据第一段中的“discovered rock art showing boats and cattle”可知，岩画上有一些船的图像，空处没有冠词修饰，表示泛指，因此这里应该是复数概念，故填images。]
5．a　[考查冠词。空处修饰名词“Green Sahara”，表示泛指，且空后once的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。]
6．sustaining　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处考查with的复合结构，sustain作宾语补足语，与宾语“lakes and rivers”之间形成了主动关系，故填sustaining。]
7．into　[考查介词。根据空前的“transformed the Sahara”和空后的“the barren desert”可知，此处是说把撒哈拉转变成了现在我们看到的一片荒漠。transform...into...意为“将……转化为……”，故填into。]
8．Currently　[考查副词。分析句子结构可知，此处考查副词修饰整个句子，空处位于句首，首字母大写，故填Currently。]
9．was　[考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作宾语从句的谓语，根据从句中的once可知，此处描述过去的情况，时态用一般过去时，从句主语the region是第三人称单数，故填was。]
10．have occurred　[考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空前的that引导定语从句，修饰先行词changes，空处作定语从句的谓语动词。根据时间状语“over the past thousands of years”可知，从句时态用现在完成时。故填have occurred。]

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