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板块二　词法篇
专题一 | 复杂多变的动词
第一讲　谓语动词
一般体
?真题体验
1．(2025·全国一卷)A decent winner always ____________ (try) to beat the opponent by no more than one or two points as a gesture (姿态) of respect for the other side．
2．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)As a little girl，I ____________ (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up．
3．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP ____________ (be) officially set up next year．
?语法精讲
1．一般现在时(do/does；am/is/are)
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或叙述现在的状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，seldom，every day/week/month/year，once a week，now and then，from time to time，at times等。
※We always care for each other and help each other．
我们总是互相关心，互相帮助。
※He usually goes to work by bus except when it rains．
他经常坐公共汽车上班，下雨天除外。
(2)表示客观事实或真理。
※The science teacher told us the earth moves around the sun．
科学课老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按计划、规定、安排要发生的动作，或表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的动作时，谓语动词要用一般现在时。但仅限于下列动词：come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，begin，start，open，close，end，stop等。
※According to the timetable，the train starts at 9 o'clock．
根据时刻表，火车9点出发。
(4)在以here/there开头的倒装句中，用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。
※Look! Here comes the bus．
看！公共汽车来了。
(5)在时间状语从句、让步状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示将来。引导此类从句的词有when，after，before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，whatever，wherever等。
※Whatever happens，you should keep cool-headed．
无论发生什么事，你都应该保持头脑冷静。
2．一般过去时(did；was/were)
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体时间的状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。常用的时间状语有yesterday，just now，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982(具体过去年份)等。
※I met her in the street yesterday．
我昨天在街上遇到了她。
(2)表示在过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。
※When I was a child，I often played basketball in our community．
当我还小的时候，我经常在我们社区打篮球。
3．一般将来时(will/shall/be going to/be to/be about to＋动词原形)
(1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用“will/shall＋动词原形”(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等)。
※We will hold a community book swap in the square next Saturday．
下周六我们将在广场举办一场社区图书交换活动。
(2)表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
※We'll die without air or water．
没有空气和水，我们会死。
(3)表示趋向行为的动词如come，go，start，begin，leave，arrive等常用进行时表示将来。
※I'm leaving for Chengdu this weekend．
这个周末我要去成都。
4．一般过去将来时(would/should/was/were going to＋动词原形)
(1)表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
※I didn't know if he would come．
我不知道他是否会来。
(2)“was/were going to＋动词原形”常用于表示在过去即将要发生的事情。
※She said she was going to start off at once．
她说她即刻将要出发。
(3)come，go，leave，arrive，start等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来。
※He said the train was leaving at six the next morning．
他说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。
单句语法填空
1．(译林版选择性必修第一册Unit 2)On 7 May 1824，a crowd of music lovers ____________ (stream) into a theatre in Vienna to hear the first-ever performance of the great Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No．9．
2．(北师大版选择性必修第二册 Unit 6)Reading a book and watching a film ____________(be) two very different experiences，but it's normal to have high expectations when a film of a favourite book is made．
3．Undoubtedly，if you feel you are struggling to make ends meet while everyone around you appears to be living in comfort and security，you ____________(feel) less joy and more stress．
进行体
?真题体验
1．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry ____________(fix) his car when he heard the screams．
2．Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she ____________ (teach) a class at that time．
3．The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers ____________ (repair) one of the main pipes．
?语法精讲
1．现在进行时(am/is/are＋doing)
(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作。
※The workers are building a new bridge across the river．
工人们正在建一座横跨河流的新桥。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但不一定在说话时正在进行或表示正在发展、变化的情况。
※We are preparing for our final examination this week．
我们正在为本周的期末考试做准备。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。
※If I am sleeping when he comes，wake me up，please．
如果他来时我正在睡觉，请叫醒我。
(4)句中若含有always，all the time，constantly，forever等词或短语时，用进行时表示一个频繁发生的动作或表示说话人的赞赏、责备、厌恶等情感。
※He's always thinking of others．
他总是想着他人。(赞赏)
※She is forever criticizing me．
她老是批评我。(厌恶)
(5)go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear，take off等可用现在进行时代替将来时，表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
※Mr Brown is coming next week．
布朗先生将于下周来。
2．过去进行时(was/were＋doing)
(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
※I was watching TV at 8 o'clock yesterday evening．
昨天晚上8点我在看电视。
(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when/while引导的时间状语从句中。
※It was raining when they left the station．
当他们离开车站时，正在下雨。
(3)表示客气、礼貌或不确定。
※I was wondering if you could do me a favour．
不知你能否帮我一个忙？
3．将来进行时(will/shall＋be＋doing)
(1)表示在将来某个时间正在进行的动作和按计划、安排、决定预计将要发生的事情。
※This time next week we shall be visiting the Great Wall．
下个星期这个时候，我们将在参观长城。
(2)表示在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用于礼貌的询问、要求等。
※Don't worry．You won't miss her．She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time．
别担心，你到时不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的裙子。
单句语法填空
1．She ____________ (read) a novel in the garden right now．
2．(外研版必修第一册Unit 2)When I ________ (look) for the exit，I saw that shoes were actually sold downstairs on the ground floor，not the first floor．
3．Sorry，I can't meet you at five o'clock tomorrow afternoon，because I ____________ (play) soccer then．
完成体/完成进行体
?真题体验
1．(2024·浙江1月卷)Over the last two years，some supermarkets ____________(start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份)．
2．(2022·全国甲卷)In the last five years，Cao ____________(walk)through 34 countries in six continents．
3．(2020·浙江7月卷)By about 6000 BC，people ____________(discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise．
?语法精讲
1．现在完成时(have/has＋done)
(1)过去发生的事情对现在的影响，往往具有因果关系。
※The earthquake has given him a miserable impression．
地震给他留下了痛苦的印象。
(2)动作从过去开始，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用的标志词有for，since，so far，already，yet，recently，lately，these days，during/over/in the past/last few years，up to now等。
※We have been good friends since our middle school days．
从中学时期起，我们就是好朋友。
(3)现在完成时在时间或条件状语从句中用来代替将来完成时。
※If you have finished reading the magazine before I leave，please give it back to me．
如果你在我离开前看完这本杂志的话，请把它还给我。
(4)现在完成时常用时间状语：for＋时间段，since＋时间点，so far，already，yet，just，today，recently，lately，this week，this month，these days，during/in the last/past few years，ever，never，before等。
※Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past three years．
在过去的三年中，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
(5)现在完成时常用句型
①It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句
②This/That/It is the first/second...time that＋现在完成时
③This/That/It is the only...＋that＋现在完成时
④This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting...＋that＋现在完成时
(6)某些非延续性动词如die，arrive，join，leave，go，refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake，borrow，lend等的现在完成时不能与for引出的时间状语连用。
The man has died for two years．(×)
The man has been dead for two years．(√)
2．过去完成时(had＋done)
(1)表示在过去某一动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作或表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去，常用的时间状语有by then，by the end of last year，by the time，until，before等。
※By the end of last year，we had produced 20，000 cars．
到去年年底为止，我们已生产了两万辆汽车。
(2)表示未曾实现的愿望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示，即hoped/planned...＋to have done。
※He had planned to attend the meeting last Sunday．
上个星期日，他原打算去参加会议。
(3)在表示“一……就……”的句型中，如no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
※She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang．
＝Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang．
她刚上床，铃就响了。
(4)在It was the first/second/third...time that...句型中，that从句的谓语要用过去完成式。
※It was the first time that she had seen him in person．
这是她第一次见到他本人。
3．将来完成时(will/shall＋have＋done)
(1)表示某事持续到将来某一时刻为止一直有的状态。
※They will have been married for 20 years by then．
到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
(2)表示将来某一时刻或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作。
※I shall have finished reading this book by the end of this week．
到本周末时，我将读完这本书了。
4．现在完成进行时(have/has＋been＋doing)
(1)表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，有可能到此时为止，也有可能继续进行。
※It has been raining for 3 days．
大雨已经下了三天了。
(2)不是指某个动作一直不停地在进行，而是表示一直到说话为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作，常带有感彩。
※She has been saying that twenty times．
这话她已经说了20遍了。
单句语法填空
1．(外研版选择性必修第四册Unit 6)Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon back on 20 July 1969，people ____________(become)accustomed to the notion of space travel．
2．(译林版选择性必修第一册Unit 2)By the time he was a teenager，he ____________ already ____________ (enjoy) a reputation as a wonderful young musician．
3．(外研版选择性必修第一册Unit 4)Whatever your opinion，people ________________(express) their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years．
被动语态
?真题体验
1．(2025·全国一卷)“The players' personalities ____________ (reveal) during the game，and one's weaknesses are exposed to the opponent，” she adds．
2．(2023·全国乙卷)I ____________(amaze) by the co-existence of old and new，and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing．
3．(2022·浙江1月卷)Travelling to conferences，lectures，workshops，and the like—frequently by plane—____________(view)as important for scientists to get together and exchange information．
?语法精讲
1．被动语态的构成
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am/is/are＋过去分词 am/is/are＋being＋过去分词 have/has＋been＋过去分词
过去时 was/were＋过去分词 was/were＋being＋过去分词 had＋been＋过去分词
将来时 shall/will be＋过去分词 shall/will＋have been＋过去分词
2．被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者
※Attention，please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8：00 a．m．tomorrow．Everyone is expected to attend on time．
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者
※The woman was taken to the hospital．
那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰
※The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money．
那个想法被那些想多赚钱的人所支持。
[名师点津]
①动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
※The plan will be given up．
这项计划就要被放弃了。
②有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态，如：have，cost，lack，own，belong to，date from/back to，take part in。
※It is an old custom that dates back to 4，000 years ago．
这是一个可以追溯到4 000年前的古老习俗。
③不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态，如：happen/take place/occur，remain，last，break out，come out，come up，run out等。
※NASA said in a statement it hopes the small orbiting instrument could help predict a volcanic eruption before an explosion happens．
美国国家航空航天局在一份声明中表示，它希望这个小型轨道仪器能助力在火山喷发前对其进行预测。
单句语法填空
1．Humour isn't just about laughter，but is a way of life and a tool that can ____________ (use) to illuminate the world．
2．(译林版选择性必修第二册Unit 1)If an advertisement ____________ (place) on a popular website or on TV at peak times，a huge number of people will know about the product or service it is advertising．
3．(译林版选择性必修第二册Unit 1)The more we like the brand ambassador，the more we ____________ (attract) to buy the product．
主谓一致
?真题体验
1．(2025·全国二卷)And in the process，I've experienced things that really surprise me at times．The “sunshine scent(香味)” of freshly sunned clothes ____________(be) one of them．
2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)“Some of the things that Tang was writing about ____________(be) also Shakespeare's concerns．I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》)is similar in some ways to Romeo and Juliet．”
3．(2023·浙江1月卷)In the Ming Dynasty，the center was the Forbidden City..．Citizens of higher social classes ____________(permit) to live closer to the center of the circles．
?语法精讲
1．坚持“三看”原则
(1)坚持“向前看”原则：在“A＋with(together with，along with，except，but，as well as，rather than，including，like)＋B＋谓语动词”中，谓语动词的人称和数与前面的A保持一致。
※The father as well as his three children goes skating every Sunday afternoon．
那个父亲和他的三个孩子每周日下午都去滑冰。
(2)坚持“向后看”原则：在“either A or B、neither A nor B、not only A but also B、not A but B、A or B”结构中，谓语动词的人称和数与后面的B保持一致。
※Not only the teacher but also the students are interested in the plan．
不仅老师，学生们也对这个计划感兴趣。
(3)坚持“全体看”原则：在“A and B、both A and B”结构中，谓语动词的人称和数与“A＋B”保持一致。
※The headmaster and the student are discussing how to set up a reading club．
校长和那个学生正在讨论如何建立一个读书俱乐部。
[名师点津]
①在“A and B”结构中，若B前面无冠词，则指同一个人，此时谓语动词仍用单数。
※A poet and artist is coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon．
一位诗人兼艺术家明天下午要来给我们讲中国文学和绘画。
②当and连接的两个单数名词分别被every、each、no修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数。
※Each boy and each girl wants to see the famous film star．
每个男孩和每个女孩都想看那位著名的电影明星。
2．坚持“一分为二”原则
(1)group，class，band，family，army，team，public，crowd，government，audience，committee等集合名词作主语时，如果看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调整体中的每个成员，谓语动词用复数。
※His family is a big one and his family are fond of listening to pop songs．
他的家庭是一个大家庭，他的家人都喜欢听流行歌曲。
(2)当“the rest (some，half，a lot，plenty of，any，part，most，majority) of＋名词”作主语时，如果修饰可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
※Half of the money was paid for the new dictionary．
一半的钱用于买新词典了。
※Half of the students are for the new plan．
一半的学生赞成新计划。
(3)当分数、百分数作主语时，谓语动词视其后的宾语而定。如果后面的宾语为复数概念，谓语动词用复数；如果后面的宾语为单数概念，谓语动词用单数。
※The population of the city is about one million，and 60 per cent of them are farmers．
这个城市的人口大约有一百万，其中百分之六十是农民。
※Three fifths of the land is covered with grass．
这片土地的五分之三被草覆盖着。
3．坚持“实事求是”原则
(1)people(人民)，police(警方)，cattle(牛)等词本身就是复数概念，谓语动词要用复数形式。
※The police are puzzled about the strange case．
警方对这个奇怪的案件感到困惑。
注意：当people表示“民族”时，是可数名词，其复数形式是peoples。
(2)成双成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如trousers，shoes，glasses，gloves等；但前面若有a pair of等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
※My trousers were made in China．
我的裤子是中国制造的。
※Strange enough，a pair of new trousers was found in the rubbish．
奇怪的是，在垃圾中发现了一条新裤子。
(3)一些单复数相同的名词，谓语动词的形式根据具体情况确定，如deer，sheep，fish，means，series，species等。
※Every possible means has been tried to do the work．
已经尝试了每个可能的方法来做这项工作。
※All the possible means have been tried to do the work．
已经尝试了所有可能的方法来做这项工作。
(4)有些名词本身以-s结尾，但表示单数概念，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。这些词常见的有mathematics，maths，politics，physics，news，the United States等。
※I think physics is difficult to learn．
我认为物理很难学。
注意：earnings，remains，belongings，goods等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
※All her earnings go on clothes．
她所有的收入都花在买衣服上了。
(5)书刊名、专业名词、时间、金钱、距离、重量、度量等名词复数作主语时，看作单数概念，谓语动词一般用单数。
※Three days is enough for him to do the work．
三天对他来说足够做这项工作了。
(6)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
※Reading English newspapers is very helpful to our English study．
读英文报纸对我们的英语学习很有帮助。
注意：what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。
※What he said is true．
他说的话是真的。
※What the school needs are qualified teachers．
这所学校需要的是合格的教师。
(7)“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
※The sick have been cured and the lost have been found．
病人已经被治好，失踪人员也已经被找到。
(8)在定语从句中，谓语动词要与先行词在数上保持一致。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词指代前面或后面整个句子时，看作单数概念。
※He has passed the examination，which makes us very happy．
他通过了考试，这使我们非常高兴。
(9)在完全倒装结构中，要注意主语后置。
※In front of the house are two big trees．
房子的前面有两棵大树。
单句语法填空
1．Jiang visited students in the special education schools，many of whom ____________ (inspire) to do their best to achieve as much as a so-called healthy person．
2．It is reported that many a new house ________(build) at present in the disaster area．
3．The famous musician，as well as his students，____________ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony last night．
4．Luckily，not only the teacher but also the students ____________ (be) in favor of the proposal which was put forward by Hume．
[典例]Later，Nelson __________(award) the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his work．
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．(2025·山东新高考联合模拟)Obviously，the business _________________ (grow) since the beginning of this year．Despite being very busy at times，Chung is excited to earn money on his own，and it has also boosted his self-confidence．
2．(2025·福建福州模拟)In October 2022，China ____________(launch) a solar exploration satellite called Kuafu-1 into space to settle the mysteries of the sun，producing its first solar image in November．
3．(2025·山东青岛模拟)Green is the colour of wealth，hope and growth，commonly believed to represent purity and cleanness．Many buildings ____________ (paint) in green nowadays，as is often the case with banks，post offices and some restaurants．
4．(2025·山东青岛模拟)Dough(面团) sculpture，also known as dough flowers，____________ (date) back to the Han Dynasty．
5．(2023·长沙雅礼中学一模)After the end of the Qing Dynasty，the Palace Museum ____________(establish) in 1925，allowing tourists at home and abroad to visit the architecture and appreciate the artistic treasures．
Ⅱ．语法与写作
1．I am firmly convinced that these reports
____________________________________ of China's journey of development and its impact on the world stage．
我坚信，这些报告将全面介绍中国的发展历程及其在世界舞台上的影响。
2． ________________________ our persistent efforts and remarkable growth．
过去三年见证了我们坚持不懈的努力与显著的成长。
3．This was the first time our school ____________________________________ in the park with breathtaking scenery．
这是我们学校第一次在风景优美的公园里组织美术课。
Ⅲ．语篇提能练(动词的时态、语态和主谓一致)
How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years？It 1．____________ (take) me almost 20 years to have the courage to even ask my father this very personal question．When my father first quit drinking，the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a situation that，in the past，2．____________ (start) him drinking again．For a few years we were afraid to bring it up for fear the drinking 3．____________(begin) again．“I had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day” was my father's reply to my 18-year-old unasked question．And then he 4．____________(share) the poem with me．
About a month after this talk with my father，when I 5．____________ (have) a rest，I received a gift in the mail from a friend of mine．It was a book of daily affirmations with one affirmation listed for each day of the year．It 6．____________ (be) my experience that when you 7．____________ (get) something with days of the year on it，you 8．____________ (turn) to the page that lists your own birthday．
I hurriedly opened the book to November 10th to see what words of wisdom this book had in store for me．There，on my birthday，was the exact same poem that 9．____________ (help) my father for all these years！It 10．__________ (call) the Serenity Prayer．板块二　词法篇
专题一 | 复杂多变的动词
第一讲　谓语动词
一般体
?真题体验
1．(2025·全国一卷)A decent winner always tries (try) to beat the opponent by no more than one or two points as a gesture (姿态) of respect for the other side．
2．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)As a little girl，I wished (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up．
3．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP will be (be) officially set up next year．
?语法精讲
1．一般现在时(do/does；am/is/are)
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或叙述现在的状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，seldom，every day/week/month/year，once a week，now and then，from time to time，at times等。
※We always care for each other and help each other．
我们总是互相关心，互相帮助。
※He usually goes to work by bus except when it rains．
他经常坐公共汽车上班，下雨天除外。
(2)表示客观事实或真理。
※The science teacher told us the earth moves around the sun．
科学课老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按计划、规定、安排要发生的动作，或表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的动作时，谓语动词要用一般现在时。但仅限于下列动词：come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，begin，start，open，close，end，stop等。
※According to the timetable，the train starts at 9 o'clock．
根据时刻表，火车9点出发。
(4)在以here/there开头的倒装句中，用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。
※Look! Here comes the bus．
看！公共汽车来了。
(5)在时间状语从句、让步状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示将来。引导此类从句的词有when，after，before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，whatever，wherever等。
※Whatever happens，you should keep cool-headed．
无论发生什么事，你都应该保持头脑冷静。
2．一般过去时(did；was/were)
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体时间的状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。常用的时间状语有yesterday，just now，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982(具体过去年份)等。
※I met her in the street yesterday．
我昨天在街上遇到了她。
(2)表示在过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。
※When I was a child，I often played basketball in our community．
当我还小的时候，我经常在我们社区打篮球。
3．一般将来时(will/shall/be going to/be to/be about to＋动词原形)
(1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用“will/shall＋动词原形”(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等)。
※We will hold a community book swap in the square next Saturday．
下周六我们将在广场举办一场社区图书交换活动。
(2)表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
※We'll die without air or water．
没有空气和水，我们会死。
(3)表示趋向行为的动词如come，go，start，begin，leave，arrive等常用进行时表示将来。
※I'm leaving for Chengdu this weekend．
这个周末我要去成都。
4．一般过去将来时(would/should＋动词原形，was/were going to＋动词原形)
(1)表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
※I didn't know if he would come．
我不知道他是否会来。
(2)“was/were going to＋动词原形”常用于表示在过去即将要发生的事情。
※She said she was going to start off at once．
她说她即刻将要出发。
(3)come，go，leave，arrive，start等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来。
※He said the train was leaving at six the next morning．
他说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。
单句语法填空
1．(译林版选择性必修第一册Unit 2)On 7 May 1824，a crowd of music lovers streamed (stream) into a theatre in Vienna to hear the first-ever performance of the great Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No．9．
2．(北师大版选择性必修第二册 Unit 6)Reading a book and watching a film are(be) two very different experiences，but it's normal to have high expectations when a film of a favourite book is made．
3．Undoubtedly，if you feel you are struggling to make ends meet while everyone around you appears to be living in comfort and security，you will feel(feel) less joy and more stress．
进行体
?真题体验
1．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry was fixing(fix) his car when he heard the screams．
2．Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching (teach) a class at that time．
3．The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing (repair) one of the main pipes．
?语法精讲
1．现在进行时(am/is/are＋doing)
(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作。
※The workers are building a new bridge across the river．
工人们正在建一座横跨河流的新桥。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但不一定在说话时正在进行或表示正在发展、变化的情况。
※We are preparing for our final examination this week．
我们正在为本周的期末考试做准备。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。
※If I am sleeping when he comes，wake me up，please．
如果他来时我正在睡觉，请叫醒我。
(4)句中若含有always，all the time，constantly，forever等词或短语时，用进行时表示一个频繁发生的动作或表示说话人的赞赏、责备、厌恶等情感。
※He's always thinking of others．
他总是想着他人。(赞赏)
※She is forever criticizing me．
她老是批评我。(厌恶)
(5)go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear，take off等可用现在进行时代替将来时，表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
※Mr Brown is coming next week．
布朗先生将于下周来。
2．过去进行时(was/were＋doing)
(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
※I was watching TV at 8 o'clock yesterday evening．
昨天晚上8点我在看电视。
(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when/while引导的时间状语从句中。
※It was raining when they left the station．
当他们离开车站时，正在下雨。
(3)表示客气、礼貌或不确定。
※I was wondering if you could do me a favour．
不知你能否帮我一个忙？
3．将来进行时(will/shall＋be＋doing)
(1)表示在将来某个时间正在进行的动作和按计划、安排、决定预计将要发生的事情。
※This time next week we shall be visiting the Great Wall．
下个星期这个时候，我们将在参观长城。
(2)表示在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用于礼貌的询问、要求等。
※Don't worry． You won't miss her． She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time．
别担心，你到时不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的裙子。
单句语法填空
1．She is reading (read) a novel in the garden right now．
2．(外研版必修第一册Unit 2)When I was looking (look) for the exit，I saw that shoes were actually sold downstairs on the ground floor，not the first floor．
3．Sorry，I can't meet you at five o'clock tomorrow afternoon，because I will/shall be playing (play) soccer then．
完成体/完成进行体
?真题体验
1．(2024·浙江1月卷)Over the last two years，some supermarkets have started(start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份)．
2．(2022·全国甲卷)In the last five years，Cao has walked(walk)through 34 countries in six continents．
3．(2020·浙江7月卷)By about 6000 BC，people had discovered(discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise．
?语法精讲
1．现在完成时(have/has＋done)
(1)过去发生的事情对现在的影响，往往具有因果关系。
※The earthquake has given him a miserable impression．
地震给他留下了痛苦的印象。
(2)动作从过去开始，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用的标志词有for，since，so far，already，yet，recently，lately，these days，during/over/in the past/last few years，up to now等。
※We have been good friends since our middle school days．
从中学时期起，我们就是好朋友。
(3)现在完成时在时间或条件状语从句中用来代替将来完成时。
※If you have finished reading the magazine before I leave，please give it back to me．
如果你在我离开前看完这本杂志的话，请把它还给我。
(4)现在完成时常用时间状语：for＋时间段，since＋时间点，so far，already，yet，just，today，recently，lately，this week，this month，these days，during/in the last/past few years，ever，never，before等。
※Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past three years．
在过去的三年中，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
(5)现在完成时常用句型
①It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句
②This/That/It is the first/second...time that＋现在完成时
③This/That/It is the only...＋that＋现在完成时
④This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting...＋that＋现在完成时
(6)某些非延续性动词如die，arrive，join，leave，go，refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake，borrow，lend等的现在完成时不能与for引出的时间状语连用。
The man has died for two years． (×)
The man has been dead for two years． (√)
2．过去完成时(had＋done)
(1)表示在过去某一动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作或表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去，常用的时间状语有by then，by the end of last year，by the time，until，before等。
※By the end of last year，we had produced 20，000 cars．
到去年年底为止，我们已生产了两万辆汽车。
(2)表示未曾实现的愿望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示，即hoped/planned...＋to have done。
※He had planned to attend the meeting last Sunday．
上个星期日，他原打算去参加会议。
(3)在表示“一……就……”的句型中，如no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
※She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang．
＝Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang．
她刚上床，铃就响了。
(4)在It was the first/second/third...time that...句型中，that从句的谓语要用过去完成式。
※It was the first time that she had seen him in person．
这是她第一次见到他本人。
3．将来完成时(will/shall＋have＋done)
(1)表示某事持续到将来某一时刻为止一直有的状态。
※They will have been married for 20 years by then．
到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
(2)表示将来某一时刻或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作。
※I shall have finished reading this book by the end of this week．
到本周末时，我将读完这本书了。
4．现在完成进行时(have/has＋been＋doing)
(1)表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，有可能到此时为止，也有可能继续进行。
※It has been raining for 3 days．
大雨已经下了三天了。
(2)不是指某个动作一直不停地在进行，而是表示一直到说话为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作，常带有感彩。
※She has been saying that twenty times．
这话她已经说了20遍了。
单句语法填空
1．(外研版选择性必修第四册Unit 6)Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon back on 20 July 1969，people have become(become)accustomed to the notion of space travel．
2．(译林版选择性必修第一册Unit 2)By the time he was a teenager，he had already enjoyed (enjoy) a reputation as a wonderful young musician．
3．(外研版选择性必修第一册Unit 4)Whatever your opinion，people have been expressing(express) their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years．
被动语态
?真题体验
1．(2025·全国一卷)“The players' personalities are revealed (reveal) during the game，and one's weaknesses are exposed to the opponent，” she adds．
2．(2023·全国乙卷)I am amazed(amaze) by the co-existence of old and new，and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing．
3．(2022·浙江1月卷)Travelling to conferences，lectures，workshops，and the like—frequently by plane—is viewed/has been viewed(view)as important for scientists to get together and exchange information．
?语法精讲
1．被动语态的构成
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am/is/are＋过去分词 am/is/are＋being＋过去分词 have/has＋been＋过去分词
过去时 was/were＋过去分词 was/were＋being＋过去分词 had＋been＋过去分词
将来时 shall/will be＋过去分词 shall/will＋have been＋过去分词
2．被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者
※Attention，please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8：00 a．m． tomorrow． Everyone is expected to attend on time．
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者
※The woman was taken to the hospital．
那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰
※The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money．
那个想法被那些想多赚钱的人所支持。
[名师点津]
①动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
※The plan will be given up．
这项计划就要被放弃了。
②有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态，如：have，cost，lack，own，belong to，date from/back to，take part in。
※It is an old custom that dates back to 4，000 years ago．
这是一个可以追溯到4 000年前的古老习俗。
③不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态，如：happen/take place/occur，remain，last，break out，come out，come up，run out等。
※NASA said in a statement it hopes the small orbiting instrument could help predict a volcanic eruption before an explosion happens．
美国国家航空航天局在一份声明中表示，它希望这个小型轨道仪器能助力在火山喷发前对其进行预测。
单句语法填空
1．Humour isn't just about laughter，but is a way of life and a tool that can be used (use) to illuminate the world．
2．(译林版选择性必修第二册Unit 1)If an advertisement is placed (place) on a popular website or on TV at peak times，a huge number of people will know about the product or service it is advertising．
3．(译林版选择性必修第二册Unit 1)The more we like the brand ambassador，the more we will be attracted (attract) to buy the product．
主谓一致
?真题体验
1．(2025·全国二卷)And in the process，I've experienced things that really surprise me at times． The “sunshine scent(香味)” of freshly sunned clothes is(be) one of them．
2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)“Some of the things that Tang was writing about were(be) also Shakespeare's concerns． I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》)is similar in some ways to Romeo and Juliet．”
3．(2023·浙江1月卷)In the Ming Dynasty，the center was the Forbidden City... Citizens of higher social classes were permitted(permit) to live closer to the center of the circles．
?语法精讲
1．坚持“三看”原则
(1)坚持“向前看”原则：在“A＋with(together with，along with，except，but，as well as，rather than，including，like)＋B＋谓语动词”中，谓语动词的人称和数与前面的A保持一致。
※The father as well as his three children goes skating every Sunday afternoon．
那个父亲和他的三个孩子每周日下午都去滑冰。
(2)坚持“向后看”原则：在“either A or B、neither A nor B、not only A but also B、not A but B、A or B”结构中，谓语动词的人称和数与后面的B保持一致。
※Not only the teacher but also the students are interested in the plan．
不仅老师，学生们也对这个计划感兴趣。
(3)坚持“全体看”原则：在“A and B、both A and B”结构中，谓语动词的人称和数与“A＋B”保持一致。
※The headmaster and the student are discussing how to set up a reading club．
校长和那个学生正在讨论如何建立一个读书俱乐部。
[名师点津]
①在“A and B”结构中，若B前面无冠词，则指同一个人，此时谓语动词仍用单数。
※A poet and artist is coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon．
一位诗人兼艺术家明天下午要来给我们讲中国文学和绘画。
②当and连接的两个单数名词分别被every、each、no修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数。
※Each boy and each girl wants to see the famous film star．
每个男孩和每个女孩都想看那位著名的电影明星。
2．坚持“一分为二”原则
(1)group，class，band，family，army，team，public，crowd，government，audience，committee等集合名词作主语时，如果看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调整体中的每个成员，谓语动词用复数。
※His family is a big one and his family are fond of listening to pop songs．
他的家庭是一个大家庭，他的家人都喜欢听流行歌曲。
(2)当“the rest (some，half，a lot，plenty of，any，part，most，majority) of＋名词”作主语时，如果修饰可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
※Half of the money was paid for the new dictionary．
一半的钱用于买新词典了。
※Half of the students are for the new plan．
一半的学生赞成新计划。
(3)当分数、百分数作主语时，谓语动词视其后的宾语而定。如果后面的宾语为复数概念，谓语动词用复数；如果后面的宾语为单数概念，谓语动词用单数。
※The population of the city is about one million，and 60 per cent of them are farmers．
这个城市的人口大约有一百万，其中百分之六十是农民。
※Three fifths of the land is covered with grass．
这片土地的五分之三被草覆盖着。
3．坚持“实事求是”原则
(1)people(人民)，police(警方)，cattle(牛)等词本身就是复数概念，谓语动词要用复数形式。
※The police are puzzled about the strange case．
警方对这个奇怪的案件感到困惑。
注意：当people表示“民族”时，是可数名词，其复数形式是peoples。
(2)成双成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如trousers，shoes，glasses，gloves等；但前面若有a pair of等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
※My trousers were made in China．
我的裤子是中国制造的。
※Strange enough，a pair of new trousers was found in the rubbish．
奇怪的是，在垃圾中发现了一条新裤子。
(3)一些单复数相同的名词，谓语动词的形式根据具体情况确定，如deer，sheep，fish，means，series，species等。
※Every possible means has been tried to do the work．
已经尝试了每个可能的方法来做这项工作。
※All the possible means have been tried to do the work．
已经尝试了所有可能的方法来做这项工作。
(4)有些名词本身以-s结尾，但表示单数概念，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。这些词常见的有mathematics，maths，politics，physics，news，the United States等。
※I think physics is difficult to learn．
我认为物理很难学。
注意：earnings，remains，belongings，goods等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
※All her earnings go on clothes．
她所有的收入都花在买衣服上了。
(5)书刊名、专业名词、时间、金钱、距离、重量、度量等名词复数作主语时，看作单数概念，谓语动词一般用单数。
※Three days is enough for him to do the work．
三天对他来说足够做这项工作了。
(6)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
※Reading English newspapers is very helpful to our English study．
读英文报纸对我们的英语学习很有帮助。
注意：what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。
※What he said is true．
他说的话是真的。
※What the school needs are qualified teachers．
这所学校需要的是合格的教师。
(7)“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
※The sick have been cured and the lost have been found．
病人已经被治好，失踪人员也已经被找到。
(8)在定语从句中，谓语动词要与先行词在数上保持一致。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词指代前面或后面整个句子时，看作单数概念。
※He has passed the examination，which makes us very happy．
他通过了考试，这使我们非常高兴。
(9)在完全倒装结构中，要注意主语后置。
※In front of the house are two big trees．
房子的前面有两棵大树。
单句语法填空
1．Jiang visited students in the special education schools，many of whom were inspired (inspire) to do their best to achieve as much as a so-called healthy person．
2．It is reported that many a new house is being built(build) at present in the disaster area．
3．The famous musician，as well as his students，was invited (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony last night．
4．Luckily，not only the teacher but also the students were (be) in favor of the proposal which was put forward by Hume．
[典例]Later，Nelson was awarded(award) the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his work．
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．(2025·山东新高考联合模拟)Obviously，the business has grown/has been growing (grow) since the beginning of this year． Despite being very busy at times，Chung is excited to earn money on his own，and it has also boosted his self-confidence．
2．(2025·福建福州模拟)In October 2022，China launched(launch) a solar exploration satellite called Kuafu-1 into space to settle the mysteries of the sun，producing its first solar image in November．
3．(2025·山东青岛模拟)Green is the colour of wealth，hope and growth，commonly believed to represent purity and cleanness． Many buildings are painted (paint) in green nowadays，as is often the case with banks，post offices and some restaurants．
4．(2025·山东青岛模拟)Dough(面团) sculpture，also known as dough flowers，dates (date) back to the Han Dynasty．
5．(2023·长沙雅礼中学一模)After the end of the Qing Dynasty，the Palace Museum was established(establish) in 1925，allowing tourists at home and abroad to visit the architecture and appreciate the artistic treasures．
Ⅱ．语法与写作
1．I am firmly convinced that these reports
will provide a comprehensive view of China's journey of development and its impact on the world stage．
我坚信，这些报告将全面介绍中国的发展历程及其在世界舞台上的影响。
2．The past three years witnessed our persistent efforts and remarkable growth．
过去三年见证了我们坚持不懈的努力与显著的成长。
3．This was the first time our school had organised an art class in the park with breathtaking scenery．
这是我们学校第一次在风景优美的公园里组织美术课。
Ⅲ．语篇提能练(动词的时态、语态和主谓一致)
How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years？It 1．took (take) me almost 20 years to have the courage to even ask my father this very personal question． When my father first quit drinking，the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a situation that，in the past，2．would have started (start) him drinking again． For a few years we were afraid to bring it up for fear the drinking 3．would begin(begin) again．“I had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day” was my father's reply to my 18-year-old unasked question． And then he 4．shared(share) the poem with me．
About a month after this talk with my father，when I 5．was having (have) a rest，I received a gift in the mail from a friend of mine． It was a book of daily affirmations with one affirmation listed for each day of the year．It 6．has been (be) my experience that when you 7．get (get) something with days of the year on it，you 8．will turn (turn) to the page that lists your own birthday．
I hurriedly opened the book to November 10th to see what words of wisdom this book had in store for me． There，on my birthday，was the exact same poem that 9．had helped (help) my father for all these years！It 10．is called (call) the Serenity Prayer．

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