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板块一　奠基篇
第一讲　掌握主要构词法
由于语言的特点，英语单词的构成遵循一定的规律，即构词法。通过掌握构词法，考生能够更好地理解词义、扩大词汇量，并掌握新词汇。
一、派生法
在词的词根前面或后面加上词缀来产生新词汇的构词方法叫作派生法。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义，因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的含义进行推测得知。
(一)前缀改“词义”
1．概念
前缀放在单词之首，来配合词根表达单词的全部意义。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意思，不改变词性。
2．常用前缀
(二)后缀改“词性”
1．概念
后缀没有任何实在的含义，只是表示整个单词的词性，放在单词之尾，配合词根和前缀来完成整个单词；常用的单词后缀有：名词后缀、形容词后缀、动词后缀、副词后缀。后缀一般改变单词的词性，但是并不引起词义的变化。
2．常用后缀
二、转化法
在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转化法。单词转化的种类很多，但最多的是由动词转化为名词和由名词转化为动词两大类。转化后的词义与转化前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大，这就是常说的“熟词生义”或“一词多义”。
转化方式 例词
名词 动词 attempt n．企图/v．努力 cash n．现金/v．兑现支票 circle n．圆圈/v．转圈 cook n．厨师/v．烹调 doubt n．怀疑/v．怀疑 face n．脸/v．面对 guide n．导游/v．指导 hand n．手/v．递交 judge n．法官/v．判决 look n．神色/v．看 mail n．邮件/v．邮寄 nurse n．护士/v．护理 pile n．堆/v．堆放 pocket n．口袋/v．装进口袋 ship n．船/v．运送 shoulder n．肩膀/v．肩负 smell n．味道/v．闻 talk n．交谈/v．讲；说 taste n．味道/v．品尝 tutor n．家庭教师/v．教；任课 voice n．声音/v．表达
名词 形容词 American n．美国人/adj．美国(人)的 Asian n．亚洲人/adj．亚洲(人)的 final n．决赛/adj．最后的 light n．光线/adj．明亮的
形容词 动词 bare adj．裸露的/v．揭开 better adj．较好的/v．胜过 blind adj．失明的/v．使失明 clean adj．干净的/v．打扫 close adj．靠近的/v．关上 dirty adj．脏的/v．弄脏 dry adj．干的/v．使变干 empty adj．空的/v．倒空 narrow adj．狭窄的/v．变窄 open adj．开着的/v．打开 slow adj．慢的/v．变慢 warm adj．温暖的/v．使温暖
动词 副词/ 介词 near v．接近/adv．/prep．在附近 round v．绕行/adv．/prep．环绕
三、合成法
合成法即由两个及以上的词合成一个词，有的用连字符“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由分开的两个词构成。
1．合成名词
构词方式 例词
名词＋名词 headmaster校长
名词＋动名词 shipbuilding造船(业) speed-reading快速阅读
名词＋动词＋er(or) painkiller止痛药
形容词＋名词 highway公路
动词＋副词 get-together聚会；联欢会
副词＋动词 output产量 upkeep保养，维修
介词(副词)＋名词 upland高地，山地 downtown市中心
分词＋副词 grown-up成年人
名词＋介词 passer-by路人
动词＋介词 go-between中间人
名词＋介词＋名词 son-in-law女婿
2．合成形容词
构词方式 例词
形容词＋名词 high-end高端的 upper-class上流社会的
形容词＋名词＋(e)d warm-hearted热心肠的 single-minded一心一意的 middle-aged中年的 bad-tempered易怒的
形容词＋动词-ing形式 good-looking好看的 easy-going容易相处的
形容词＋过去分词 newborn新生的 ready-made现成的
副词＋动词-ing形式 hard-working勤劳的
名词＋动词-ing形式 English-speaking说英语的 peace-loving爱好和平的
副词＋过去分词 newly-built新建的 well-known闻名的
名词＋过去分词 man-made人造的 heartfelt由衷的
数词＋名词＋形容词 twelve-year-old十二岁的 five-metre-long五米长的
3．合成动词
构词方式 例词
名词＋动词 sunbathe晒太阳 sleepwalk梦游 typewrite (用打字机)打印
形容词＋动词 dry-clean干洗 safeguard保护，捍卫 whitewash粉刷
Ⅰ．根据提示写出所给单词的正确形式
1．With plenty of resources easily ____________ (access)and ____________ (flexible) to learn at your own pace，online learning is definitely a perfect addition to the traditional education．
2．The ____________ of practicing calligraphy cannot be overemphasized． Feeling the peace while writing，one can ____________ improve their handwriting and even their artistic abilities． (significant)
3．The Chinese classical novel A Dream of Red Mansions has been adapted for several TV series but the ____________ (adapt) lose some of its original beauty because the actors and ____________ (act) who have adapted to modern life can't really get accustomed to the traditional way of life in ancient times．
4．I'm writing to you to express my __________ (appreciate) for your support and __________(encourage)． I have realized that reading foreign literature in the original is of vital ____________ (important) to my English．
5．She carefully gathered her ____________ (belong) and placed them inside a small bag． With a heavy heart，she turned her back on the familiar ____________ (surround) and embarked on a journey into the unknown．
6．The origin of this painting is still a mystery．____________ (origin)，researchers thought it was an ____________ (origin) creation by a famous artist，but ____________ (current) it has turned out to be a fake．
Ⅱ．利用三大构词法猜测下列加黑词的词性及含义
1．(2025·全国一卷)Here's the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport． ____________
2．(2025·全国二卷)Skirting the town square，you'll find lovely shops，eateries，and the Black and White House Museum． ____________
3．(2025·全国二卷)Bordering the square，the Ludlow Castle is a “must explore” medieval stronghold． ____________
4．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷改编)The reasons relate to a variety of factors，including reduced concentration，an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while a person is consuming digital content． ____________
5．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Travel promotes understanding，expands our minds，makes us better people，and boosts local economies and communities，but the rapid growth of travel has led to overtourism in certain regions and destinations． ____________
6．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)I've been motivated—and demotivated—by other folks' achievements all my life． ____________
7．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started． ____________
8．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Of course，these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses，but I'm old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers． ____________
9．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Visit during off-peak times． ____________
10．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic． ____________板块一　奠基篇
第一讲　掌握主要构词法
由于语言的特点，英语单词的构成遵循一定的规律，即构词法。通过掌握构词法，考生能够更好地理解词义、扩大词汇量，并掌握新词汇。
一、派生法
在词的词根前面或后面加上词缀来产生新词汇的构词方法叫作派生法。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义，因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的含义进行推测得知。
(一)前缀改“词义”
1．概念
前缀放在单词之首，来配合词根表达单词的全部意义。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意思，不改变词性。
2．常用前缀
(二)后缀改“词性”
1．概念
后缀没有任何实在的含义，只是表示整个单词的词性，放在单词之尾，配合词根和前缀来完成整个单词；常用的单词后缀有：名词后缀、形容词后缀、动词后缀、副词后缀。后缀一般改变单词的词性，但是并不引起词义的变化。
2．常用后缀
二、转化法
在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转化法。单词转化的种类很多，但最多的是由动词转化为名词和由名词转化为动词两大类。转化后的词义与转化前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大，这就是常说的“熟词生义”或“一词多义”。
转化方式 例词
名词 动词 attempt n．企图/v．努力 cash n．现金/v．兑现支票 circle n．圆圈/v．转圈 cook n．厨师/v．烹调 doubt n．怀疑/v．怀疑 face n．脸/v．面对 guide n．导游/v．指导 hand n．手/v．递交 judge n．法官/v．判决 look n．神色/v．看 mail n．邮件/v．邮寄 nurse n．护士/v．护理 pile n．堆/v．堆放 pocket n．口袋/v．装进口袋 ship n．船/v．运送 shoulder n．肩膀/v．肩负 smell n．味道/v．闻 talk n．交谈/v．讲；说 taste n．味道/v．品尝 tutor n．家庭教师/v．教；任课 voice n．声音/v．表达
名词 形容词 American n．美国人/adj．美国(人)的 Asian n．亚洲人/adj．亚洲(人)的 final n．决赛/adj．最后的 light n．光线/adj．明亮的
形容词 动词 bare adj．裸露的/v．揭开 better adj．较好的/v．胜过 blind adj．失明的/v．使失明 clean adj．干净的/v．打扫 close adj．靠近的/v．关上 dirty adj．脏的/v．弄脏 dry adj．干的/v．使变干 empty adj．空的/v．倒空 narrow adj．狭窄的/v．变窄 open adj．开着的/v．打开 slow adj．慢的/v．变慢 warm adj．温暖的/v．使温暖
动词 副词/介词 near v．接近/adv．/prep．在附近 round v．绕行/adv．/prep．环绕
三、合成法
合成法即由两个及以上的词合成一个词，有的用连字符“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由分开的两个词构成。
1．合成名词
构词方式 例词
名词＋名词 headmaster校长
名词＋动名词 shipbuilding造船(业) speed-reading快速阅读
名词＋动词＋er(or) painkiller止痛药
形容词＋名词 highway公路
动词＋副词 get-together聚会；联欢会
副词＋动词 output产量 upkeep保养，维修
介词(副词)＋名词 upland高地，山地 downtown市中心
分词＋副词 grown-up成年人
名词＋介词 passer-by路人
动词＋介词 go-between中间人
名词＋介词＋名词 son-in-law女婿
2．合成形容词
构词方式 例词
形容词＋名词 high-end高端的 upper-class上流社会的
形容词＋名词＋(e)d warm-hearted热心肠的 single-minded一心一意的 middle-aged中年的 bad-tempered易怒的
形容词＋动词-ing形式 good-looking好看的 easy-going容易相处的
形容词＋过去分词 newborn新生的 ready-made现成的
副词＋动词-ing形式 hard-working勤劳的
名词＋动词-ing形式 English-speaking说英语的 peace-loving爱好和平的
副词＋过去分词 newly-built新建的 well-known闻名的
名词＋过去分词 man-made人造的 heartfelt由衷的
数词＋名词＋形容词 twelve-year-old十二岁的 five-metre-long五米长的
3．合成动词
构词方式 例词
名词＋动词 sunbathe晒太阳 sleepwalk梦游 typewrite (用打字机)打印
形容词＋动词 dry-clean干洗 safeguard保护，捍卫 whitewash粉刷
Ⅰ．根据提示写出所给单词的正确形式
1．With plenty of resources easily accessible (access)and flexibility (flexible) to learn at your own pace，online learning is definitely a perfect addition to the traditional education．
2．The significance of practicing calligraphy cannot be overemphasized． Feeling the peace while writing，one can significantly improve their handwriting and even their artistic abilities． (significant)
3．The Chinese classical novel A Dream of Red Mansions has been adapted for several TV series but the adaptations (adapt) lose some of its original beauty because the actors and actresses (act) who have adapted to modern life can't really get accustomed to the traditional way of life in ancient times．
4．I'm writing to you to express my appreciation (appreciate) for your support and encouragement(encourage)． I have realized that reading foreign literature in the original is of vital importance (important) to my English．
5．She carefully gathered her belongings (belong) and placed them inside a small bag． With a heavy heart，she turned her back on the familiar surroundings (surround) and embarked on a journey into the unknown．
6．The origin of this painting is still a mystery．Originally (origin)，researchers thought it was an original (origin) creation by a famous artist，but currently (current) it has turned out to be a fake．
Ⅱ．利用三大构词法猜测下列加黑词的词性及含义
1．(2025·全国一卷)Here's the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport． n．数字细目
2．(2025·全国二卷)Skirting the town square，you'll find lovely shops，eateries，and the Black and White House Museum．
v．沿……的边缘走；环绕……的四周
3．(2025·全国二卷)Bordering the square，the Ludlow Castle is a “must explore” medieval stronghold． v．与……接壤；和……毗邻
4．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷改编)The reasons relate to a variety of factors，including reduced concentration，an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while a person is consuming digital content． v．同时做多件事情
5．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Travel promotes understanding，expands our minds，makes us better people，and boosts local economies and communities，but the rapid growth of travel has led to overtourism in certain regions and destinations． n．过度旅游
6．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)I've been motivated—and demotivated—by other folks' achievements all my life． v．使失去动力；使变得消极
7．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started． adj．预播种的
8．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Of course，these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses，but I'm old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers． v．翻阅(书页、纸张)
9．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Visit during off-peak times． adj．非高峰期的
10．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic．
adj．一次性的

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