资源简介

题型组合练(二十)
(建议用时：45分钟　总分：50分)
Ⅰ．阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·安徽黄山模拟)
As recent flooding in Spain and elsewhere revealed，every minute of warning given to people ahead of a possible flood can save lives and property．A new paper in the journal Hydrology may help ameliorate flood evacuation work with the help from a machine learning model．
PhD candidate Ahmed and professor Samuel Li created a method that uses artificial intelligence to more accurately predict short-term river discharge (流出量)．They based their research on measuring the rate of water movement between two existing measuring stations on the Ottawa River and adopted historical data collected over decades by the Government of Canada as well as extra data on rainfall，temperature and so on．
Once input into the machine learning model，these data provided reliable estimates on daily discharge and gave real-time data on how much water was moving through a particular cross section in the river．“The newly developed method gives us more accurate forecast probabilities compared to those that make predictions daily or over multiple days，” Ahmed says．“These are all based on probabilities，and the probability increases as the forecasting time decreases．”
The researchers built on an existing type of algorithm (算法) called the group method of data handling．This method constructs predictive models by sorting and combining data into groups，where they are computed in different combinations repeatedly until the best and most reliable data combination is identified．It's important to note that it does not necessarily use all the predictors or weigh them equally．And the model changes depending on the time frame．
“As this technique matures，people will be able to check river discharge estimates on their phones，just like they do a weather forecast，” Li says．“Instead of giving them the estimates for temperatures or rainfall at some point in the future，we can give them the water levels．” To Ahmed，this model is only one tool he hopes to use ahead of disastrous flooding．“With this tool，we can help people predict which roads will be available for evacuation，which would give the local transportation system real-time action plans that can save lives and property．”
1．What does the underlined word “ameliorate” mean in paragraph 1
A．Observe．　　　　　 B．Research．
C．Improve． D．Predict．
2．How did the researchers collect data
A．By sending commands to the AI．
B．By establishing measuring stations．
C．By borrowing some official records．
D．By calculate the frequency of rainfall．
3．Why is the input data processed repeatedly
A．To form as many combinations as possible．
B．To determine the weight of different data．
C．To find out the most persuasive predictor．
D．To polish the model based on former ones．
4．What does Ahmed expect the model to do
A．Provide information through apps．
B．Measure the real-time water levels．
C．Develop ways to prevent floods．
D．Reduce the actual harm of floods．
B
(2025·浙江绍兴模拟)
The number of people living in urban areas has tripled (成为三倍) in the last 50 years．If a major natural disaster hits a city，more lives will be in danger．Meanwhile，extreme weather events are becoming stronger and more frequent than ever due to climate change．How can we deal with this growing threat
Luckily，AI is stepping up to help．Its applications in tackling various hazards are already making a difference．In October 2024，experts used AI models to accurately predict where Hurricane Milton would land．AI is also being used to warn the public more efficiently．The U．S．National Weather Service has partnered with the AI translation firm Lilt to help deliver forecasts in Spanish and Chinese．This could shorten the time to translate a warning from an hour to just ten minutes．
Machine learning techniques have been applied to weather forecasting models for years．But recent advances have improved the accuracy and speed of forecasting．Traditional models，which rely on complex equations to simulate interactions between water and air in the atmosphere，require supercomputers．As a result，they can take hours to generate a single forecast．By contrast，AI weather models learn to spot patterns by training on decades of climate data．This data can be easily gathered from satellites and ground sensors and shared by governments．
However，AI models are only as good as the data they are trained on，which can be a problem in some places．Poorer regions，often at the greatest risk of climate disasters，typically have fewer weather sensors．The ones they do have are often poorly maintained，creating gaps in climate data．AI systems trained on this skewed (不准确的) data can be less accurate and negatively affect forecasts．In addition，unlike physics-based models，which follow set rules，AI models become more and more complex．As they advance，these models increasingly operate as “black boxes”，where the path from input to output becomes less transparent (易识破的)．
5．What is causing the growing threats from natural disasters in cities
A．Outdated weather models in cities．
B．Low disaster risk awareness in cities．
C．Urban growth raises disaster risks．
D．Climate change reduces extreme weather in cities．
6．What does paragraph 2 mainly focus on
A．Government's efforts in disaster relief．
B．Limitations of traditional weather forecasts．
C．Economic impact of disasters on urban areas．
D．AI's role in improving disaster preparedness．
7．How do AI forecasting models outperform traditional models
A．AI learns from past data to predict more quickly．
B．AI is more transparent than physics-based models．
C．AI relies on more supercomputers for faster results．
D．AI needs no satellite data，using only ground sensors．
8．What is the author's overall attitude toward AI's role in disaster response
A．Critical of its complexity．
B．Optimistic despite challenges．
C．Uncertain of its effectiveness．
D．Skeptical due to data limitations．
Ⅱ．完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
(2025·安徽合肥模拟)
Hurricane Ian hit Florida and brought with it flooding，winds and a record high storm．
Karen is 84 years old and relies on a wheelchair to 1 because she lost a leg．Her son Johnny tried 2 to get her to leave，but she refused again and again—she 3 the intensity of the storm．
Johnny lives four blocks away．When Karen reported the water in her house had reached her waist，he knew he had to take 4 ．
First，Johnny 5 his kids were taken care of．He gave them food and opened the attic (阁楼) so that they could 6 through the roof if water continued to rise．Then，he jumped out of a window and began to 7 ．
Johnny was racing against the clock．He knew he only had a(n) 8 period of time to get there before the water rose above Karen's 9 ．It took him 40 minutes to swim four blocks．The sound of Karen yelling was 10 to his ears! She was still alive!
Everyone in Johnny's family is now 11 although they've lost everything they owned．But they're 12 just to be here．
“I didn't lose 13 ．Life is like a computer，there're two 14 ：a reset and a power—and we are blessed that it was just a reset button，not the power，that got 15 ，” he said．
1．A．get around　　　　　 B．help out
C．sit up D．work out
2．A．simply B．repeatedly
C．obviously D．particularly
3．A．calculated B．identified
C．experienced D．underestimated
4．A．care B．place
C．action D．charge
5．A．proved B．ensured
C．noticed D．admitted
6．A．expand B．assist
C．escape D．dominate
7．A．run B．ride
C．drive D．swim
8．A．short B．efficient
C．ideal D．indefinite
9．A．waist B．ankles
C．head D．knees
10．A．harm B．music
C．advice D．news
11．A．responsible B．remarkable
C．innocent D．safe
12．A．grateful B．sure
C．concerned D．surprised
13．A．memory B．hope
C．sight D．weight
14．A．screens B．keyboards
C．buttons D．monitors
15．A．prepared B．separated
C．injured D．hit
Ⅲ．语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
(2025·湖南名校联考)
As part of a post-fire response and recovery project，the Debris Flow Hazard Team (泥石流危害小组) is engaging in several studies 1．________(understand) the drivers of post-fire debris flows and improve post-fire hazard assessments across the Pacific Northwest．Wildfires make debris flows easy to happen．
They have been conducting debris-flow hazard assessments for wildfires．2．________(evaluate) burned areas includes the nearly 2021 Dixie fire，the 2020 Labor Day wildfires，and many wildfires in Washington in 2021．The models used for hazard assessment 3．________(test) in drier region for years，but not carried out 4．________(extensive) in wetter places．Are the models accurate for wetter places Researchers have begun monitoring post-fire debris-flow activity in wetter regions to answer the question．Post-fire monitoring 5．________ (involve) measuring the rainfall within the burned area and recording the flow response after rainstorms．
Recent data reveals both 6．________(similarity) and differences in debris-flow processes 7．________ the wetter and drier areas．Continued observation and tests are expected to lead to 8．________ improved set of hazard assessment models．
Other frequently asked questions after wildfires are： How far will debris flows travel What will be affected And how long will the burned area remain 9．________(danger) These questions are not addressed in debris-flow hazard assessments at present，10．________ the researchers are doing research to provide answers soon．题型组合练(二十)
Ⅰ．【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员利用一些基于天气的参数创造了一种基于人工智能技术的机器学习模型，实现了短期内洪水风险的精确预测。
1．C　[词义猜测题。画线词所在句前一句说到，洪水警报每提前一分钟就可以挽救很多生命和财产，后半句又说到机器学习模型对洪水疏散相关工作起作用，可以推断这一模型应该是让疏散工作变得更好，画线词意为“改善、改进”，这与C选项相符合。故选C。]
2．C　[细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句可知，该团队采用了加拿大政府几十年来收集的历史数据，即他们借用了一些来自官方的记录，这与C选项相符合。故选C。]
3．C　[推理判断题。根据文章第四段第二、三句可知，这种算法将数据不断进行分类、组合并进行反复计算以识别最佳的数据组合。反复处理数据得到的最佳组合对应最具说服力的预测依据。故选C。]
4．D　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后一句可知，哈迈德希望利用该模型来预测洪水来临时可用于疏散的道路并提供实时交通规划，从而挽救生命和财产，可以推断哈迈德希望这个模型能够减轻洪水对人们生命和财产的实际危害，这与D选项相符合。故选D。]
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了AI在应对城市自然灾害威胁方面的应用、优势以及面临的挑战。
5．C　[细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，城市人口增长增加了灾难发生的风险，导致城市自然灾害威胁日益增长。故选C。]
6．D　[段落大意题。通读第二段，尤其是根据第二段中的“Luckily，AI is stepping up to help．Its applications in tackling various hazards are already making a difference．”可知，第二段主要聚焦于AI在提高灾害防范能力方面的作用。故选D。]
7．A　[细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，AI通过学习过去的数据来更快地预测，从而优于传统模型。故选A。]
8．B　[观点态度题。根据第二段第一句可知，作者肯定 AI 在灾害应对中的积极作用；根据第三段中说到最近的进展提高了预报的准确性和速度。传统模型依赖复杂的方程式来模拟大气中水汽与空气的相互作用，需要超级计算机支持。因此，它们可能需要数小时才能生成一个预报。相比之下，人工智能气象模型通过对数十年气候数据的训练来学习识别模式。由此可知，作者强调AI的进步。根据第四段中说到基于这种有偏差的数据训练的人工智能系统可能不太准确，并对预测产生负面影响。由此可知，作者承认数据偏差和模型复杂性等挑战。所以作者认为人工智能在灾害应对中尽管存在挑战但仍持乐观态度。故选B。]
Ⅱ．1－5　ABDCB　6－10　CDACB　11－15　DABCD
Ⅲ．1．to understand　2．Evaluated　3．have been tested
4．extensively　5．involves　6．similarities　7．between　8．an
9．dangerous　10．but

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