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时态综合
老师：
grammar
时态
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
过去将来时
一般现在时
结构
be动词
实义动词
以do为例
am,is,are
do/does
e.g: He is so handsome!
肯定形式
（am,is,are) not
don't/ doesn't
否定形式
e.g: The earth goes around the sun.
1. 表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
e.g: He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
2. 表示客观事实或普遍真理。
e.g: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
3. 按时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等安排将要发生的动作，也用一般现在时表将来。
e.g: The plane arrives at 8:00 and leaves at 8:30. 本次航班8:00到站，8:30起飞。
一般现在时的常见时间状语
usually, often, always, sometimes, every day, every Monday/Tuesday/..., once a week
一般现在时的用法
拓展：一般现在时代替其他时态
1. 代替一般过去时：表示“书上说，报纸上说”等
e.g: The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天天气会变冷。
2. 代替现在完成时，谓语动词多为hear, tell, learn, write, forget,know, find, say, remember等
e.g: I hear (have heared) he will go to London. 我听说他要去伦敦。
3. 代替现在进行时，常用于“Here comes...”, “There goes...”句型中。
e.g: Here comes the bus. 公交车来了。
拓展：一般现在时代替其他时态
4. 代替一般将来时
1）常用于时间、让步、条件状语从句中（即主将从现）
e.g: Unless you overcome that habit, you will be ruined. 如果你不戒掉那种习惯，你将毁掉自己。
2）在make sure(弄清楚), take care(当心), be careful(注意), mind(注意), watch(注意)等词后的that从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g: We must take care that no one sees us . 我们必须注意别让人看见。
3）在It doesn't matter..., I don't care..., I don't mind...等结构后的名词从句中通常用一般现在时表将来。
e.g: It donesn't matter where we go on holiday . 我们去哪儿度假都行。
一般过去时
结构
be动词
实义动词
以do为例
was, were
did
肯定形式
（was/were) not
didn't
否定形式
e.g: He was busy last month.
e.g: we enjoyed ourselves at the party last night .
1. 表示过去某一特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。通常与yesterday, last year,
in 2007, a few months ago等表示过去的时间状语连用。
e.g: Where did you go just now 刚才你去哪儿了？
2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作，通常与often, usually等表示频率
的副词连用。
e.g: He used to visit his mother once a week. 以前他每周去看望一次他的母亲。
一般过去时的常见时间状语
yesterday, last night, last week, an hour ago, just now, in 1989, in the past, once upon a time. in the old days 等
一般过去时的用法
3. 在时间、条件状语从句中用来代替过去将来时。
e.g: Mary had left the keys in the classroom so she had to wait until her mother
came home.
玛丽把钥匙忘在教室了，因此她得等到她妈妈回家。
4. 用一般过去时的句子有时用地点状语暗示动作发生在过去。
e.g: - Have you seen a pen I left it here this morning.
你看见了一支钢笔吗？今天早上我把它落在这儿了。
5. 有时句子中含有时间的其他成分也暗示动作发生在过去。
e.g: The year 2002 saw remarkable changes in Shanghai's landscape.
2002年上海地貌发生了巨大变化。
6. 在很多情况下，一般过去时的时间都是通过具体上下文来体现的。
e.g: Mike had given up smoking for three weeks, but soon returned to his old ways.
迈克戒了三周的烟，但很快又回到老毛病上了。
Exercise
1. We __________ (enjoy) ourselves at the party last night.
2. The old man __________ (be) ill and went to see a doctor.
3. They __________ (buy) a guitar yesterday.
enjoyed
was
bought
拓展：一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
1. 一般过去时中，动作发生时的一个或一段时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连，即它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没有联系。
e.g: We visited a power station yesterday.
昨天我们参观了一个发电站（只说明昨天参观发电站这个事实）
2. 现在完成时中动作发生在过去某个或某段时间，它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去的事情对现在产生的结构或对现在的影响。
e.g: We have visited a power station.
昨天我们参观了一个发电站（说明现在对发现站有所了解）
用的时态 不同，表达的意思就不同
一般将来时
结构
will + 动词原形
am/is/are going to do
be to + 动词原形
be about to do sth.
be due to do sth.
will be 和be going to 的区别
1. be going to指当前已计划过或思考过的意图和打算，will表示事先未思考或计划过的意图；
2. be going to可指客观迹象表明马上要发生的事，will则表示说话者的观点、主观意识
表示按计划、安排将要做某事。
该结构还可表示命令、禁止或可能性等
表示即将发生的动作，不能和具体的时间状语连用。
该结构在美式英语中还可表示“打算”（主要用于否定句）
表示按计划或时间表将要发生某事。
一般将来时的常见时间状语
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next time, next Sunday, in the future, in three days...
Exercise
1.He (finish) his homework tomorrow.
3. Robots (do) everything for us in the future.
5. There (be) a computer on every desk in the future.
will finish
will do
will be
现在进行时
结构
am/is/are doing
am/is/are not doing
肯定形式
否定形式
e.g:
Now she is planning the schedule for the trip.
e.g:
They are playing games .
1. 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作，如：
e.g: The students are doing their homework.
2. 有些动词如come, go, leave, begin, stay, start 等的现在进行时可以表示预定的或即将发生的动作，句中常有表示将来的状语:
e.g: Jim is coming here this evening.
现在进行时的常见时间状语
now, at this time, at this moment, at present, look, listen等
现在进行时的用法
Exercise
1.They __________(lie) in the sun.
2. He __________(eat) an ice cream now.
3. We _______________(prepare) for Spring Festival at present.
4. _____ you __________(write) postcards
5. _____ she ________ (talk) to her mother
6. Listen, who __________(sing) a song
are lying
is eating
are preparing
Are
writing
Is
talking
is singing
拓展：不用于进行时态的动词类别
1. 短暂性动词： .
2. 感官类： .
3. 感觉类： .
4. 存在类： .
5. 占有、从属类： .
6. 认知类： .
finish, marry, get up...
see, sound, look, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice ...
hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive...
be, exist, remain...
have, possess, own, contain, belong to, consist, form...
understand, know, believe, doubt, forget, remember...
过去进行时
结构
was/were doing
was/were not doing
肯定形式
否定形式
e.g:
I was reading a book at 5 p.m. yesterday.
e.g:
They were dancing at 9 last night.
二. 过去进行时和 When 连用: A was/were +doing sth When B +did sth.
They were talking when teacher came in.
过去进行时的常见时间状语
(just) then, at that time, yesterday afternoon, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from 9 to 10 last evening / night, those days等
过去进行时的用法
一. 表示过去某个具体时刻（时段）正在进行的事情或动作。
e.g: My father was singing the whole morning.
Exercise
1.What ____ you _______ (do) at 9 yesterday
2. I ____________ (watch) TV when my mother _____ (come) in.
3. He __________ (do) his lessons at half past ten yesterday morning.
4. The children __________ (play) football at four yesterday afternoon.
5. The baby ___________ (sleep) when the mother came back.
were
doing
was watching
came
was doing
were playing
was sleeping
现在完成时
结构
have/has done
have/has not done
肯定形式
否定形式
e.g:
He has worked there for three years.
e.g:
I have owned a cat before.
２.　表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在产生的结果或影响
Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!
医生们已经发现经常大笑的人长寿。
现在完成时的常见时间状语
already, yet, just, ever, recently, so far, up to / till now, for + 时间段, since + 时间点 / 过去时从句, ever since, twice, never, three times, before等。
现在完成时的用法
１.　表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态
Most of us have studied English for 6 years.
我们大部分人已经学了6年英语了。
拓展：have gone to和have been to
have gone to 表示 “去而未归”，have been to表示 “去过已经回来了”
e.g: It can't be John. He has gone to town. 那不可能是John,他去城里了。
拓展：特殊句式的时态
用在 “It is the first/second/third...time+that”从句中，当主句的谓语为is/will be
时，that从句用现在完成时，it还可以用this, this evening等替代，其中first也
可以用其他序数词代替，time也可由其他名词代替；
e.g: It's the first time I have been here. 这是我第一次来这里。
拓展：现在完成时中的非延续性动词
在过去完成时的肯定句中，非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，需转换为相
应的延续性动词。
e.g: He has been in (join) the army for 5 years. 他参军5年了。
短暂性 延续性
arrive at (in) get to/ reach/ come/ go/ move to be in/at
become be
close/open be closed/ be opened
die be dead
leave be away from
begin/start be on
borrow keep
buy have
marry/ get married be married
Exercise
1. Researchers (develop) an artificial intelligence (AI) system to help fill in missing words in ancient writings.
研究人员开发了一种人工智能系统，以帮助填补古代文字中缺失的单词。
2. Archaeologists (discover) an ancient coffin under the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
考古学家在巴黎圣母院地下发现了一具古老的棺材。
3. Tait herself (raise) many dogs recently.
最近泰特自己养了许多狗。
4. For years, Switzerland (stay) neutral in worldwide conflicts.
多年来，瑞士在全球冲突中一直保持中立。
have developed
has raised
have discovered
has stayed
过去完成时
结构
had done
had not done
肯定形式
否定形式
e.g: By 2012, cardiovascular mortality among men in the region had dropped by 80%.
截至2012年，该地区男性的心血管疾病死亡率下降了80%。
It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass.
这是他所见过的最大的一条，还是一条鲈鱼。
２.　过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一个时间，还有可能持续下去
e.g: We had learned 900 English words by the end of last term.
过去完成时的常见时间状语
before, by the end of last term / week / month / year等
过去完成时的用法
１.　表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态
e.g: When we arrived at the station, we found that the train had already left.
拓展：本想做某事（但却没做）
表示想法或打算的动词，如hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等词的过去完成时，其后接to do时
e.g: I had meant to go on Monday but have stayed on.
我本想礼拜一走的，但又留下了。
e.g: We had thought to return early but they wouldn't let us go.
我们本想早点回来的，但他们不让我们走。
拓展：使用过去完成时的句式
1. “hardly...when...一......就......”中，主句谓语动词通常要用过去完成时。
e.g: Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚到，她就抱怨起来。
2. “no sooner...than...一......就......”中，主句谓语动词通常要用过去完成时。
e.g: I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. 我刚把门关上就有人敲门。
3. “It was the first time...”中，从句的谓语动词通常要用过去完成时。
e.g: It was the first time he had been bitten by a dog. 这是他第一次被狗咬。
Exercise
1. I _____________ (work) in a hospital for three years before I came here.
2. When we got there, the football match _____ already _______ (start).
3. I realized I _________ (left) my homework at home when I got to school.
当我到达学校时，我意识到我把作业落在家里了.
had worked
had
started
had left
过去将来时
结构
should / would + 动词原形
should / would not + 动词原形
肯定形式
否定形式
表示从过去某个时间看即将发生的动作或存在的状态。通常在宾语从句中出现，主句谓语动词为过去时态。
e.g: She said she would be there at seven o’clock, and he thought she would keep
her word.
她说她会在7点到达，他认为她会守信用的。
e.g: They always told us that one day we would move into a house, a real house that
would be ours.
他们那时总是跟我们说总有一天我们会搬进一所房子，一所真正属于我们的房子。
Summary
时态 主动语态(以do为例） 被动语态
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
过去将来时
am/is/are
do,does
was/were
did
am/is/are going to do
will be
am/is/are doing
was/were doing
have/has done
had done
would be
am/is/are done
was/were done
am/is/are going to be done
will be done
am/is/are being done
was/were being done
have/has been done
had been done
would be done
Thanks for listening
老师：
grammar

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