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沪教牛津版英语八年级上册
01
UNIT ONE
Look it up!
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Encyclopaedias: an educational tool with a long history
The word “encyclopaedia” comes from a Greek word that
means “general education”. We use encyclopaedias to find
information about different subjects. Nowadays, most people
use encyclopaedias online, but some still prefer to use paper
encyclopaedias. They often come in several volumes.
China has a long history of creating encyclopaedias. One of the first encyclopaedias was the Huanglan (i.e. the Imperial Anthology). It was created around 220 CE. Another important encyclopaedia was the Yongle Dadian (i.e. the Yongle Encyclopaedia). The Yongle Dadian was completed in 1408 and had over 11,000 volumes. It is probably the largest encyclopaedia in history. Both the Huanglan and Yongle Dadian included important pieces of writing. These entries covered subjects like history, art and science.
Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also go
back a long way in history. The earliest known
encyclopaedias in Europe were written by the
Greeks in the 4th century BCE. They were similar to early Chinese encyclopaedias because they included works by different scholars. Centuries later, the editors of the first modern encyclopaedias, like the Encyclopaedia Britannica, organized the entries in alphabetical order. People could use the first letter of a word to find a subject quickly and easily.
Encyclopaedias have played an important role through history in recording and providing information. They are still a useful tool, and they help us learn about the world that we live in.
02
UNIT TWO
Amazing number
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In ancient times, people developed different counting methods. One of
the earliest was called “tally sticks”. Each “stick”(or pebble,
or other counting tool) stands for a thing we want to count, such as
an animal or a bag of rice. For each animal we wantto count, we draw
one stick. This is called a “one-to-one correspondence”. Tally sticks are easy to understand, but it can take a long time to write down large numbers. To write “1,000”, you have to draw a thousand tally sticks!
The story of numbers
Later, people created faster ways of writing numbers. One such system developed in ancient India. Instead of using tally sticks, people began using different abstract symbols to represent different numbers. Researchers do not know exactly how this happened, but some believe that the sticks slowly turned into symbols over the centuries.
These Indian numerals became popular, and people in the Arab world started using them too. Thanks to the Arabs, this way of writing numbers spread to Europe and across the world. Nowadays, they are known as Arabic numerals.
The ancient Romans wrote numbers in a different way. They used letters from their alphabet. For example, the number 12 is “XII” (10+1+1). The Roman numerals used to be the most common way of writing numbers in Europe. Today we still see them in many places, for example, on clock faces, on buildings or in books. But Roman numerals are not as common as Arabic numerals, maybe because they are too difficult to use!
03
UNIT THREE
Our digital lives
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The story of the computer
A computer is any machine that can be programmed with a set of instructions.
1837 In Britain, the first machine with a program was designed by Charles Babbage and his student Ada Lovelace. Charles wanted a machine to add up big numbers, but Ada realized that a computer program could do a lot more. She was the first computer programmer.
1936 British scientist Alan Turing read Ada’s ideas and created the Turing machine, the basic design of a computer system. The Turing machine could do all kinds of calculations, and it could also run different programs. This is the basis for all modern computers.
1940s Scientists built early computers in England and Germany. They were the size of a room!
1981 A US company designed the
first PC (personal computer) for the general public. Experts didn’t believe that anybody wanted a computer at home. But in two years they sold thousands of them.
1971 Ted Hoff was the main inventor of
the microprocessor, or “microchip”. This
was a major breakthrough in the history of computers. Thanks to the microchip, computers and other electronic devices got faster and smaller very quickly.
1990s–present Smartphones—phones with computer software—arrived! Today’s smartphones can connect to the internet and run all kinds of different apps—in other words, they are small computers. The arrival of smartphones has started a new era in digital technology. Expressions such as “Wi-Fi”, “download” and “app” have become part of our daily lives.
The future Computer technology continues to develop. Some computers will be tiny—perhaps we will even have computers in our clothes. Scientists believe that quantum computers will be the next big breakthrough. They will be many times faster than today’s computers, and much more powerful.
04
UNIT FOUR
Inventions
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Movable type: a dream come true
It was nearly ten o’clock at night. Jane was in bed. She was reading a book about the history of printing when she fell asleep.
Suddenly, Jane found herself inside a big room. She could see an open fire and a big desk with lots of strange tools. There was a man by the desk, and he was working with clay. He was so busy that he didn’t notice her.
“Type What is it Could you tell me more about it ” asked Jane.
“Sure. First, I cut characters into pieces of clay. Then I bake them with fire to make them hard. These ones are ready now—look, each character is a single piece of type. I need to make thousands of these before I can print the book,” said the man.
“Excuse me, what are you doing ” asked Jane.
“I’m going to print a book, so I’m making type,” the man replied.
“Could you show me how to print with them ” asked Jane.
“First, spread out a mixture of pine gum, wax and paper ash on a metal plate. Next, put each piece of type on the plate and fix them with a frame. After that, heat it up so that the mixture will melt. Then press down on the clay characters with a board to make sure the surface is even. Finally, brush the characters with ink—now, it’s ready to print,” he explained.
“Oh, you must be Bi Sheng,” Jane said. “I learnt about you in the book! You invented movable type. You know what, the German craftsman Gutenberg improved your invention and introduced metal movable type to Europe about 400 years later.”
Bi Sheng smiled. At that moment Jane woke up. It was only a dream ...! She looked at the book in her hands and smiled.
05
UNIT FIVE
Going on an exchange trip
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Culture shock
If you travel to a foreign country, you may feel confused, strange or anxious. This feeling is called “culture shock”. People experience culture shock for different reasons. They may not know the language or local culture. They may also miss their families and friends at home. Culture shock usually follows four phases, also known as “the model of cultural adjustment”.
1. The Honeymoon Phase
It is exciting to arrive in a foreign country. Everything is new and unfamiliar, and it is fun to explore the new place and learn about the local culture.
2. The Negotiation Phase
After a while, you begin to feel unhappy about life in the new country. Everything feels difficult, and you get angry or sad very easily. You find it difficult to communicate with people around you. You may get really homesick and lonely.
You finally begin to feel at home in the new culture, and the cultural differences are not a big problem any more.
It can be hard to adjust when you return to your home country after you have been away for a long time. Some people experience a new culture shock when they come back home. This is called reverse culture shock.
3. The Adjustment Phase
During this phase, you slowly start to deal with the difficulties. You know what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. You start to accept the local culture, and you also learn how to deal with the things you do not like.
4. The Adaptation Phase
06
UNIT SIX
Wisdom counts
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Arrows borrowed from an enemy
This is a story about two wise men—Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu. It is one of the most famous stories from Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Zhou Yu was jealous of Zhuge Liang and wanted him to fail. Therefore, he asked Zhuge Liang to make 100,000 arrows within ten days. “No problem,” Zhuge Liang said. “I’ll bring you 100,000 arrows in three days.”
Zhou Yu couldn’t believe his ears—it was an impossible task. “Zhuge Liang won’t be able to do this!” he thought.
Zhuge Liang did nothing on the first two days. In the early morning of the third day, he asked his soldiers to fill 20 large boats with straw men. The soldiers then sailed the boats towards the camps of Cao Cao’s army on the other side of the river. The soldiers shouted and beat their drums loudly.
Zhuge Liang’s soldiers then turned the boats around and shouted, “Thank you for your arrows, Cao Cao.” Zhuge Liang took all these arrows to Zhou Yu. There were more than 100,000 of them.
When Cao Cao’s soldiers heard the sounds, they thought they were under attack. However, they could not see through the thick fog on the river. Cao Cao ordered his soldiers to shoot arrows towards the sounds of the drums and the shouting. Zhuge Liang’s boats were soon full of arrows.
07
UNIT SEVEN
The secret of meney
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The memories of trees
Do trees have memories This may seem like a strange question, but trees can actually tell us things about the past. When a tree is cut down, you can see something special inside: rings. These rings are the memories of trees. Tree rings contain lots of secrets from the forest.
Every year the tree grows, there is a new ring. Scientists can count the rings to tell the age of the tree. They also study tree rings to learn about the climate and the environment. Tree rings are a record of the climate. Some rings are quite wide. This is a good sign as it means the tree grew well and was healthy. This happens when the tree gets enough sun and rain. When it doesn’t rain enough, the tree won’t grow as much, and the rings are narrow. Thanks to this, scientists can look at the tree ring patterns to learn about climate change in a particular place.
It’s amazing that trees can tell us so much, even though they cannot talk!
Scientists also look at tree rings to study natural disasters. For example, sometimes there is a black area on a tree ring. This usually means there was a forest fire. If scientists count the rings from the black area, they can answer difficult questions, such as “When did the fire happen ” and “How common are forest fires ”
first year growth
rainy season
dry season
scar from forest fire
Tree rings can also help us understand human history. For example, scientists can use tree ring patterns to learn the age of old buildings. Nowadays, they can even look at the chemistry of each tree ring to figure out exactly when the tree was cut down. Thanks to this new method, a team of archaeologists discovered that a Viking village in Canada was built in the year 1021 CE.
08
UNIT EIGHT
Pets and us
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500–1500 In the Middle Ages, pets were often a symbol of
wealth and power. It was common for European kings and queens to have pets.
Sometimes, these animals even had their own servants! It became popular
for noble ladies to have lapdogs, and noblemen had hunting dogs. However, common people did not generally keep pets for fun. At about the same time in Japan, people caught fireflies and kept them as pets.
The history of keeping pets
Pets like cats and dogs have lived with people for thousands of years. But do you know what animals people have kept as pets over the years Let’s read and find out!
2000 BCE–500 CE Some ancient Egyptians had unusual pets like crocodiles and elephants, but cats and dogs were the most popular. People even believed that cats had magical powers and could bring good luck.
1700–1900 People kept all kinds of pets in their homes, such
as birds, frogs and even snakes, but cats generally stayed
outside the house. This began to change towards the end of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, cats became very common house pets.
1920s During World War I, an American soldier named Lee Duncan found a dog in France. He named him Rin Tin Tin and began teaching him tricks.
After the war, Duncan took the dog back to America and entered him in dog shows.
One day, the clever dog caught the eye of a film-maker. Rin Tin Tin went on to star in nearly 30 films and became one of the most famous dogs in history! Duncan was full of pride for his clever dog and wrote a poem about him after he died.
Today Cats and dogs are among the most popular pets, and hamsters, guinea pigs,
turtles and goldfish are also common. Over the years, the relationship between
people and pets has grown closer. Across the world, pets are nowadays treated like family members.(共26张PPT)
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Unit1 Look it up!
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Culture and arts
Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 - 1519 ) was an Italian painter , inventor , musician , engineer and scientist . Da Vinci was extremely intelligent , and he was unusually talented in many different fields . He was a true genius , and his paintings and inventions changed the way we think about art and science .
Leonardo da Vinci was born in the countryside in Italy . From an early age , he showed great intelligence and artistic talent . As he grew older , he learnt to do many different things . His paintings are very famous , and one , the Mona Lisa , is perhaps the most famous painting in the world . He also had many inventions . For example , his notebooks include some interesting drawings of flying machines and other vehicles .
Leonardo da Vinci
The living world
Dinosaurs are a type of prehistoric animal. They are related to crocodiles , snakes and lizards . They are also the ancestors of today's birds. Dinosaurs first appeared around 245 million years ago.The word “dinosaur” comes from two Greek words, and it means “terrible lizard”.
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Dinosaurs lived on land and walked on either two or four legs. Many dinosaus ate plants, but some ate meat. Dinosaurs came in different sizes. Some were as small as chickens, and others were as big as ten elephants.
Dinosaurs
Dinosaurs ruled the Earth for more than 180 million years. About 66 million years ago, dinosaurs suddenly died out. Scientists are not completely sure why. However, they are learning more and more about dinosaurs by studying their fossils.
Unit2 Amazing number
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The old man and the king
A long time ago, there was a king in India. The king’s favourite game was chess.
One day, a wise old man came to the palace and the king challenged him to a game. “You can have any prize if you win the game,” the king promised the old man.
The old man thought for a moment and said slowly, “If I win the game, I’d like one grain of rice for the first square of the chessboard, two for the second, four for the third ... I’d like you to double the amount for each of the rest of the squares.”
The king was very surprised. “Is that all ” he asked.
“Wouldn’t you like gold or silver instead ”
“No, just rice,” the old man replied without hesitation.
“How many grains of rice will this be ” the king wondered, “There are 64 squares on the chessboard, so there will be one, two, four, eight, sixteen, … Perhaps a bag of rice is enough.” After thinking about it for a moment, the king agreed.
The king and the old man played the game for a long time. Finally, the old man won, so the king ordered his men to collect a bag of rice. The king’s men put one grain on the first square, two on the second, and so on. After a few squares, the king realized the problem—even with all the rice in the country, he would still not have enough rice to put on the chessboard!
Unit3 Our digital lives
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Smart life in the future
Host: Our guest today is Dr Li, a technology expert. Dr Li has studied how the internet will further change our lives in the future.
Dr Li: That’s right. The internet has brought big changes to everyday life. For example, e-learning and mobile payment have changed the way we study and shop. In the future, even more things will be connected to the internet, so life will continue to change.
Host: Can you give us some examples
Dr Li: Take health for example. We’ll probably wear small devices all the time, and they’ll check our health and warn us about health problems. With this information, doctors can provide better treatment.
Host: Interesting! Will the internet help improve the environment
Dr Li: Yes! As more things become connected to the internet, our cities will become smart cities. Smart cities will be more eco-friendly than cities today. One of the most important changes will come in energy use. Different devices will communicate and share data with each other. This will help them save energy. For example, smart rubbish bins will automatically tell the smart city network when they are full. This data will allow the rubbish collection company to plan better collection routes.
Host: Will smart cities improve our lives in other ways
Dr Li: I think the biggest change will be in transport. Our roads will be much safer in the future, and traffic will flow more smoothly. There will be fewer accidents because cars will drive themselves, and they will share data with the smart city network. With this data, traffic lights can change the timing according to the number of cars on the road.
Host: That’s amazing. And will this really be possible
Dr Li: Yes, it will. We’ve already started doing some of these things!
Unit4 Inventions
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The wonder of the wheel
When the first humans decided to leave their homes over 100,000 years ago in search of new places to live and better sources of food, they did it on foot. Humans continued walking across the globe for the next 94,000 years, until about 6,000 years ago when a number of important changes took place. For instance, in the Central Asian country of Kazakhstan, people started to ride horses. Although this meant that people could travel further and faster, transporting large amounts of goods was still a difficult job. That all changed, however, a few hundred years later with the invention of the wheel.
Who first invented the wheel We will never know for sure, but the inventors probably first used wheels to make pottery. Later, they realized that they could also use them to transport people and things. They soon attached wheels to horse-pulled vehicles. Farmers were suddenly able to transport their goods to markets far away. This invention increased national and international trade.
The wheel changed the way villages, towns and even countries did business with each other, but it wasn’t perfect. The roads were old walking paths. These old paths quickly became extremely difficult to use in wet weather. As a result, the first roads made of stone appeared after the arrival of the wheel. The Romans then invented new road-building techniques. The new roads were very good, and we still use some of them today.
The wheel not only changed the way humans move, but it also allowed us to build all types of amazing machines. Windmills, clocks and other machines all use wheels, and the Industrial Revolution depended on the wheel. Even in our digitalized world, we still use wheels in devices such as 3D printers. Without doubt, the wheel is one of the most important inventions of all time.
Unit5 Going on an exchange trip
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The wonderful exchange visit in Beijing
A group of British students from Woodpark School in London are visiting Yangguang Junior High School.
“I was very nervous at first,” says Sarah. “However, my host family are really friendly. I’m really grateful that they let me stay in their home. I love Chinese food and enjoy every meal I have with my host family. I’ve learnt to use chopsticks, and I can speak a little Chinese!”
The students spend the weekdays studying with Chinese students. At the weekend, they go on tours with their host families around Beijing and visit places of interest, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace and the National Museum.
“I’ve watched videos about the Great Wall before, but seeing it in person is definitely an unforgettable experience!” says Lisa. “The wall snakes its way through the mountains of north China for thousands of kilometres. The Great Wall is no doubt one of the most amazing achievements in human history!”
The students also spend time learning about Chinese culture. They get to try different things for themselves.
“It’s been a fantastic experience so far,” says Eric. “I’ve learnt a bit of tai chi, and I really enjoy it. The teachers have introduced us to Chinese painting as well. The way of painting is very interesting. It’s quite different from what I’ve learnt in my art classes back home. We dip the brush in black ink, and paint on a special kind of paper, called Xuan paper. I haven’t had much success yet, but I’ll keep trying.”
“I’ve made many new friends,” says Sarah. “I plan to keep in touch with them when I return home. We’ll see one another soon because they’ll come over to the UK for the second part of the exchange next month. I can’t wait!”
Unit6 Wisdom counts
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The night of the horse
The soldier came down the stairs—two at a time. “Captain, they’ve gone,” he cried. “The Greek soldiers have disappeared—all of them. I can’t see …” But the captain was no longer listening. He was going up the stairs—three at a time.
Seconds later, the captain stood on the high wall of the city of Troy. He looked down at the empty Greek camp and, beyond it, at the empty sea. “They’ve gone and we’ve won,” he said. “The Greek army has tried for ten years to capture our city. Now, they’ve sailed away and taken everything with them.”
“Not everything, sir,” the soldier said. “They’ve left their horse.” Outside the main gate of the city stood a huge wooden horse.
That night, all the Trojans celebrated their victory in the main square. They sang and danced around the horse, and made jokes about the stupid Greeks. Then they made sure all the gates of the city were locked, and went to bed.
The captain stopped him and said, “You’re a soldier. It’s not your job to think. Your job is to obey orders, and I’m giving you one now. Move that horse!” So the Trojans pulled the wooden horse into the city.
“Ah, yes,” the captain said, “that wooden horse. It’s so big that they couldn’t take it with them. Well, it’s ours now. Get some help and pull it into the city. That won’t be difficult. It’s on wheels.”
“But why is it on wheels ” asked the soldier. “I think that maybe the Greeks want us to …”
The Greeks spent ten years trying to take over the city of Troy. In the end, they succeeded in capturing it in just one night with a clever trick—and without any fighting.
By midnight, the main square was empty, except for the huge horse. Some Greek soldiers were hiding inside. They waited for another hour, to be sure. Then, very carefully, they opened the secret door on the horse’s side and climbed out. No guards were around so they quietly made their way to the main gate and let in the Greek soldiers waiting outside. These soldiers secretly came back while the Trojans were celebrating. Now the Greek army entered the city.
Unit7 The secret of meney
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Ways to improve your memory
Your memory plays an important role in your life. It helps you remember who you are, where you live, what you have learnt and what you plan to do in the future.
So, how can you improve your memory
First, it is helpful to live a mentally active life. Make a point of trying new things. For example, you will exercise your brain if you learn to play a new instrument or learn a foreign language. You can also improve your memory with brain games, such as crosswords, word games and maths puzzles. Techniques like memory linking also work your brain and improve your memory. In memory linking, you make mental connections to help you remember things. For example, you can make up a story to link items in a list so that you will remember them. You will be exercising your brain as well as improving your memory!
Second, if you live a healthy life, your memory will work better. Healthy eating habits are especially important, and a healthy diet helps maintain a good memory. Research shows that eating green vegetables, nuts, berries, and oily fish can improve your ability to remember things. What’s more, regular physical exercise and getting enough sleep also help improve your memory.
Last but not least, it is important to get plenty of rest. Unless you take time to relax, your brain will find it hard to remember things. Besides, if you get too stressed or worried, your memory will become less sharp.
Everyone has moments of forgetfulness and memory tends to decline with age. Therefore, it is quite normal for people to experience memory loss as they get older. However, you can maintain and even improve your memory if you exercise your brain, live a healthy life and make time to relax!
Unit8 Prts and us
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HEAD TO HEAD
Is it a good idea to keep dogs as pets Li Li and Wang Meng give their opinions on this matter.
Second, we can learn responsibility from keeping dogs. We have to feed them, train them and play with them. According to my mum, this helps us become more responsible people. It can also teach young people how to care for others.
“Having a dog is a good idea. There are lots of reasons for this. First, dogs are really cute and make great playmates. It’s nice to hold them in our arms and play games with them. It’s also wonderful to see them grow up.
Finally, a dog will love you faithfully and is always pleased to see you. These characteristics mean that owning a dog will bring you lots of happiness.
“Keeping pet dogs is a good idea,” says Li Li.
In short, I think it’s a good idea to have a dog.”
Dogs are noisy. Nearly all dogs bark at strangers. Some dogs bark more loudly than others. A few dogs bark all night. This can keep your neighbours awake at night! Not all dogs are friendly. A small number of pet dogs even attack people.
What’s more, it’s common for people to live in flats. They have no choice but to keep their dogs inside most of the time. However, this is not good for dogs since they need fresh air and large open spaces where they can run free.
“Keeping pet dogs is not a good idea,” says Wang Meng.
“It’s not a good idea to have a dog. Pet dogs leave their hair on the floor, on beds and on sofas, and they need to be washed often.
Finally, owning a dog can be expensive. An owner needs to buy food and toys for his or her dog, and if the dog gets ill, it needs to be taken to the vet.
Because of all these reasons, I would advise you not to get a dog as a pet.”

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