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高中英语北师大版 2019 选择性必修第四册 Unit 12 Innovation习题
一、单词拼写
1.The development of the vaccine was a major __________ (突破) in medical science.
2.The company encourages __________ (创新) at every level of the organisation.
3.Einstein is widely regarded as a __________ (天才) in physics.
4.He took out a __________ (专利) to protect his new design.
5.The chemistry teacher showed us how to design a safe __________ (实验).
6.Darwin's __________ (理论) of evolution changed the way we see life.
7.Scientists are searching for a __________ (疗法) for this rare disease.
8.Modern __________ (技术) has changed the way students learn.
9.The child's natural __________ (好奇心) led her to take the clock apart.
10.Astronauts have sent back amazing pictures of the __________ (宇宙).
二、词性转化
1.invent (v.) → __________ (n.) 发明
2.discover (v.) → __________ (n.) 发现
3.apply (v.) → __________ (n.) 应用；申请
4.expand (v.) → __________ (n.) 扩张；膨胀
5.create (v.) → __________ (n.) 创造力
6.science (n.) → __________ (n.) 科学家
7.physics (n.) → __________ (n.) 物理学家
8.analyse (v.) → __________ (n.) 分析
9.intelligent (adj.) → __________ (n.) 智力；才智
10.able (adj.) → __________ (n.) 能力
三、选词填空（从下列所给词中选择合适的单词并用其正确形式填空）
develop, inspire, imagine, observe, prove, publish, succeed, failure
1.Researchers are trying to __________ new drugs that can slow down the disease.
2.The scientist's story will __________ more young people to take up science.
3.It is hard to __________ how people lived without the Internet a century ago.
4.Astronomers __________ the distant star through a powerful telescope every night.
5.It took years of experiments for the young researcher to __________ her theory.
6.After four years of work, the team decided to __________ its findings in a famous journal.
7.Edison failed thousands of times before he managed to __________ in making the light bulb.
8.Every __________ teaches an inventor something that success alone never could.
四、七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
We often imagine that great inventions appear in a flash of genius. In reality, most innovations grow out of ordinary work, repeated experiments and, above all, failure. The road to a working invention is rarely smooth, and even the greatest minds have stumbled many times along the way. 1________
Take the example of James Dyson. In the late 1970s, he noticed that his vacuum cleaner kept losing power as its bag filled with dust. Instead of accepting the problem, he spent five years building 5,127 prototypes that failed before one finally worked. Each one taught him something the previous design could not. 2________
Failure, however, is only useful when we learn from it. After each unsuccessful prototype, Dyson wrote down what had gone wrong and tested the next version against that knowledge. His notebook from those years is now kept in a museum, a record of patience as much as of ideas. 3________ Edison put it another way: 'I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work.'
Creativity also needs space and panies that punish every mistake soon find that no one is willing to try anything new. 4________ Google, for example, famously allows its engineers to spend part of their working time on their own projects, which has led to several of its best-known products. Without this freedom, many useful ideas would never leave the laboratory.
So where does innovation come from Not from magic, but from curiosity, courage and the willingness to fail. Innovation, in other words, belongs to those who keep going. 5________ The next time your plan falls apart, remember: you may be standing at the beginning of a breakthrough.
A. He then sold his idea to every major company, and all of them accepted it at once.
B. In fact, some of the world's most famous inventions were born from repeated failure.
C. That single success, born of thousands of failures, made him one of Britain's best-known inventors.
D. Smart organisations, on the other hand, treat sensible mistakes as part of learning.
E. Failure is embarrassing, so the best choice is to give up as soon as things go wrong.
F. Keeping such records turns each dead end into a map for the next attempt.
G. Innovators see setbacks not as the end of the road but as the beginning of the next one.
五、阅读理解
（一）
In the autumn of 1928, Alexander Fleming returned to his laboratory at St Mary's Hospital after a holiday. He had left a number of dishes containing bacteria on a bench before leaving. While sorting through the messy pile, he noticed something strange: one dish had become polluted by a blue-green mould, and around the mould there was a clear ring where the bacteria had been destroyed.
A less careful scientist might have thrown the dish away as a failed experiment. Fleming, however, examined it closely and realised that the mould was producing a substance that killed bacteria. He named the substance penicillin. Unfortunately, he could not produce it in large amounts, and for years the discovery remained little more than a laboratory curiosity.
The real breakthrough came during the Second World War. Two Oxford scientists, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, developed a method to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1944, the drug was saving the lives of wounded soldiers who, only a year earlier, would have died from infected wounds. After the war, penicillin became widely available and has since saved countless millions of lives.
Fleming received the Nobel Prize in 1945, together with Florey and Chain. He always remained modest about his luck. When he was praised for his genius, he replied that he had simply noticed what nature was showing him. His advice to young scientists was simple: never throw away an unexpected result too quickly. Sometimes, the greatest discoveries hide inside the accidents we almost ignore.
1.What did Fleming notice when he returned to his laboratory
A. A new kind of bacteria he had never seen.
B. A dish he had deliberately polluted before the holiday.
C. An empty laboratory with no dishes on the bench.
D. A mould that had destroyed the bacteria on a dish.
2.Why did penicillin remain "a laboratory curiosity" for years
A. Fleming lost interest in his own discovery.
B. Doctors refused to test new medicines.
C. It could not be produced in large amounts.
D. The war stopped all medical research.
3.Who turned penicillin into a widely used drug
A. Fleming working alone in his laboratory.
B. Florey and Chain of Oxford University.
C. The wounded soldiers in the war.
D. The hospital where Fleming once studied.
4.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Fleming thought paying close attention to unexpected results matters in science.
B. Fleming regretted sharing the Nobel Prize with others.
C. Fleming believed that discoveries come from careful plans only.
D. Fleming advised young scientists to avoid failed experiments.
5.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. A Careless Mistake
B. The War's Deadliest Weapon
C. Luck Favours the Observant Mind
D. How to Grow Mould in a Laboratory
（二）
In 1963, Stephen Hawking, a twenty-one-year-old graduate student at Cambridge, was told he had a rare disease that attacks the nerves controlling the muscles. Doctors gave him about two years to live. Instead of giving up, Hawking returned to his studies and, as he later joked, 'I began to work harder, because I had nothing to lose.'
The disease gradually left him unable to move or speak, yet his mind travelled further than almost anyone else's. Working on Einstein's theory of general relativity, Hawking explored the strange physics of black holes — regions where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape. In 1974 he shocked the scientific world by showing that black holes are not completely black: they should slowly release tiny amounts of radiation, now known as Hawking radiation. This idea connected gravity, quantum theory and thermodynamics in a way no one had imagined.
Hawking was also determined to share his discoveries with ordinary readers. His book A Brief History of Time, published in 1988, explained the birth of the universe in language free of complex mathematics and stayed on best-seller lists for years. Confined to a wheelchair and speaking through a computer-generated voice, he lectured around the globe and met students with humour and patience.
Hawking died in 2018, fifty-five years after his diagnosis. He never won the Nobel Prize, partly because his theory has not yet been proved by observation. But for millions of people, his life itself was proof of his belief: 'However difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at.'
6.How did Hawking respond to his diagnosis in 1963
A. He abandoned his studies for medical treatment.
B. He devoted himself more deeply to his work.
C. He kept his illness a secret from Cambridge.
D. He stopped joking about his condition.
7.What is special about Hawking radiation
A. It proved that black holes were completely dark.
B. It showed that black holes could absorb the entire universe.
C. It was confirmed by direct observation in 1974.
D. It suggested that black holes slowly give off radiation.
8.Why did Hawking write A Brief History of Time
A. To teach advanced mathematics to physicists.
B. To record his own life story in detail.
C. To make his field's ideas understandable to ordinary readers.
D. To compete with other best-selling authors.
9.Why has Hawking never won the Nobel Prize
A. His theory has not been confirmed by observation.
B. His work was considered too old-fashioned.
C. He refused to accept any awards.
D. The prize is never given to physicists.
10.Which of the following best describes Hawking
A. A lucky genius who avoided every failure.
B. A scientist whose courage matched his brilliance.
C. A professor who cared little about the public.
D. A writer who gave up physics for literature.
习题答案解析
一、单词拼写
1.“突破”，形容词 major 后接名词，a major breakthrough 意为“一项重大突破”，故填 breakthrough。
2.“创新”，encourages 后接名词作宾语，此处为不可数名词，意为“创新”，故填 innovation。
3.“天才”，不定冠词 a 后接可数名词单数，regard sb as a genius 意为“把某人视为天才”，故填 genius。
4.“专利”，不定冠词 a 后接可数名词单数，take out a patent 意为“取得专利”，故填 patent。
5.“实验”，不定冠词 a 后接可数名词单数，carry out an experiment 意为“做实验”，故填 experiment。
6.“理论”，名词所有格 Darwin's 后接名词，theory of evolution 意为“进化论”，故填 theory。
7.“疗法；治愈”，不定冠词 a 后接可数名词单数，a cure for a disease 意为“一种疾病的疗法”，注意搭配介词 for，故填 cure。
8.“技术”，形容词 Modern 后接不可数名词，modern technology 意为“现代技术”，谓语用单数 has，故填 technology。
9.“好奇心”，形容词 natural 后接不可数名词，natural curiosity 意为“天生的好奇心”，故填 curiosity。
10.“宇宙”，the universe 为固定说法，定冠词 the 后接名词，意为“宇宙”，故填 universe。
二、词性转化
1.invent 动词“发明”，名词形式是 invention，意为“发明；发明物”，如：the invention of the telephone（电话的发明）。
2.discover 动词“发现”，名词形式是 discovery，意为“发现”，make a discovery 意为“有一项发现”。
3.apply 动词“应用；申请”，名词形式是 application，the application of theory to practice 意为“理论的实际应用”。
4.expand 动词“扩张；膨胀”，名词形式是 expansion，意为“扩张；扩大”，the expansion of the universe 意为“宇宙的膨胀”。
5.create 动词“创造”，其名词 creativity 意为“创造力”，为不可数名词，如：encourage students' creativity（鼓励学生的创造力）。
6.science 名词“科学”，表示“从事科学研究的人”用 scientist，即在 science 基础上变化而来，意为“科学家”。
7.physics 名词“物理学”，表示研究该学科的人用 physicist，意为“物理学家”，如：a famous physicist（一位著名的物理学家）。
8.analyse 动词“分析”，名词形式是 analysis（复数为 analyses），意为“分析”，a close analysis of the data 意为“对数据的仔细分析”。
9.intelligent 形容词“聪明的”，名词形式是 intelligence，意为“智力；才智”，artificial intelligence 意为“人工智能”。
10.able 形容词“能够的”，名词形式是 ability，意为“能力”，the ability to do sth 意为“做某事的能力”。
三、选词填空
1.“研发；研制”，try to do sth 结构中 to 后接动词原形，develop new drugs 意为“研发新药”，故填 develop。
2.“激励”，will 后接动词原形，inspire sb to do sth 意为“激励某人做某事”，故填 inspire。
3.“想象”，不定式 to 后接动词原形，It is hard to imagine... 意为“很难想象……”，故填 imagine。
4.“观察”，由 every night 可知为一般现在时，主语 Astronomers 是复数，谓语用动词原形，故填 observe。
5.“证明”，不定式 to 后接动词原形，prove one's theory 意为“证明某人的理论”，故填 prove。
6.“发表”，decide to do sth 结构中 to 后接动词原形，publish the findings 意为“发表研究成果”，故填 publish。
7.“成功”，manage to do sth 结构中 to 后接动词原形，succeed in doing sth 意为“成功做成某事”，故填 succeed。
8.“失败”，every 后接可数名词单数，与句中 success 相对，故填 failure。
四、七选五
1.B：首段说大多数创新源自普通工作、反复实验，“above all, failure”强调失败；B 选项“In fact, some of the world's most famous inventions were born from repeated failure”承接 failure 话题，与下文戴森的例子自然衔接，故选 B。
2.C：本段说戴森经历 5,127 次失败后“one finally worked”；C 选项“That single success, born of thousands of failures, made him one of Britain's best-known inventors”中的 That single success 指代前文终于成功的原型机，代词衔接明确，故选 C。
3.F：前文说戴森“wrote down what had gone wrong and tested the next version”；F 选项“Keeping such records turns each dead end into a map for the next attempt”中的 such records 指代记录失败原因的做法，与后文爱迪生的名言呼应，故选 F。
4.D：本段讲创造需要空间与耐心，前文说“惩罚每个错误的公司无人愿尝试”；D 选项“Smart organisations, on the other hand, treat sensible mistakes as part of learning”中的 on the other hand 与前文形成对比，并引出下文谷歌的例子，故选 D。
5.G：末段总结创新来自好奇心、勇气和失败的意愿；G 选项“Innovators see setbacks not as the end of the road but as the beginning of the next one”承接 willingness to fail，并与结尾“you may be standing at the beginning of a breakthrough”呼应，故选 G。
五、阅读理解
1.D：由首段“one dish had become polluted by a blue-green mould, and around the mould there was a clear ring where the bacteria had been destroyed”可知，他注意到霉菌周围的细菌被杀死，故选 D。
2.C：由第二段“he could not produce it in large amounts, and for years the discovery remained little more than a laboratory curiosity”可知，多年闲置的原因是无法大量生产，故选 C。
3.B：由第三段“Two Oxford scientists, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, developed a method to produce penicillin in quantity”可知，是牛津的两位科学家实现了量产，故选 B。
4.A：末段弗莱明建议“never throw away an unexpected result too quickly”，并说“the greatest discoveries hide inside the accidents we almost ignore”，可推知他认为留意意外结果很重要，故选 A。
5.C：全文讲述弗莱明因细心观察意外现象而发现青霉素，标题“Luck Favours the Observant Mind”（幸运眷顾善于观察的头脑）最能概括主旨；末段“he had simply noticed what nature was showing him”也印证这一点，故选 C。
6.B：由首段“Instead of giving up, Hawking returned to his studies”和“I began to work harder”可知，他确诊后更加投入研究，故选 B。
7.D：由第二段“black holes are not completely black: they should slowly release tiny amounts of radiation, now known as Hawking radiation”可知，霍金辐射指黑洞会缓慢释放少量辐射，故选 D。
8.C：由第三段“Hawking was also determined to share his discoveries with ordinary readers”及“explained the birth of the universe in language free of complex mathematics”可知，写书是为了让普通读者理解宇宙学思想，故选 C。
9.A：由末段“partly because his theory has not yet been proved by observation”可知，因其理论尚未被观测证实而未获诺贝尔奖，故选 A。
10.B：全文展现霍金身患重病仍坚持探索宇宙（black holes）、并“met students with humour and patience”，勇气与才华兼备；末段他的名言也印证这一点，故选 B。

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