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专题九　构词法
　　 年份 考查点　　 2026 2025 2025样卷 2024 2023 2022
合成法 31，40 / / / / /
派生法 49，51，53 37，42，46，51 48，51，54 73，77 72，77，80 72
转化法 / 34 33 46 42 /
分数占比 5分 5分 4分 3分 4分 1分
一、合成法
将两个或两个以上独立且语义不同的单词合在一起构成新词的方法称作合成法。合成法是一种比较灵活的构词方法，可以合成名词、形容词、代词、副词、动词、介词等。用此方法构成的词也叫复合词。
类型 合成方式 示例
复合名词 名词＋名词 lunchbox(2026.31)，basketball(2026.40)，classroom，homework，
bookshelf，handbag，fishbowl，notebook，homeland，keyboard
名词＋动词 headache，daybreak，sunrise，snowfall
动词＋名词 playground，postcard，washroom
形容词＋名词 blackboard，grandfather，greenhouse
动词＋副词 breakdown，breakthrough
副词＋动词 input，output，overthrow
类型 合成方式 示例
复合 形容词 形容词＋名词＋-ed kind-hearted，cold-blooded，warm-hearted
形容词＋现在分词 hard-working，good-looking，easy-going
名词＋现在分词 peace-loving，record-breaking
名词＋过去分词 man-made，state-owned
形容词＋过去分词 ready-made，deep-rooted，narrow-minded
副词＋过去分词 well-known，newly-built，highly-developed
续表
类型 合成方式 示例
复合代词 some/any/every/no＋body somebody，anybody，everybody，nobody
some/any/every/no＋thing something，anything，everything，nothing
some/any/every＋one someone，anyone，everyone
复合副词 副词＋名词 upstairs，downstairs，outside
限定词/形容词＋名词 sometime，meanwhile
续表
类型 合成方式 示例
复合动词 / overlook，overcome，understand，upset，update，forgive
复合介词 / without，within，outside，into，upon，throughout
续表
二、派生法
通过在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个新词的方法称作派生法。
1.常用前缀：前缀一般不改变单词的词性，但会引起词义的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成其反义词。
(1)否定/反义前缀：表示“不、非、相反”
前缀 含义 示例
un- 不；未；相反动作 unable，unhappy，unusual，unlock，uncomfortable，uncommon
in- 不；非；无 inexpensive，incomplete，indirect，informal
im- 不；没；未 impossible，impatient，impolite，improper
前缀 含义 示例
dis- 不；无；相反动作 disappear，disagree，dislike，
disconnect，dishonest，disbelief
non- 不；无；非 non-smoker，non-stop，non-fiction
mis- 错误地；不当 mislead，misunderstand，
misbehave，misread
续表
(2)时间/顺序前缀
前缀 含义 示例
re- 再；又 retell，reuse，recycle，rebuild，rewrite
pre- 在……之前 preview，prehistoric，preheat，preschool
fore- 预先；前方 forecast，foresee，forehead，foreword
(3)空间/位置/方向前缀
前缀 含义 示例
inter- 在……之间；相互 international，interconnect，interview
super- 特；超；极；在……上方 supermarket，supernatural，
superstar，superhero，supercomputer
sub- 在……下方；次要 subway，sub-zero，subtitle
前缀 含义 示例
trans- 横穿；转变 transatlantic(横穿大西洋)，transport，translate，transform
over- 太，过于；在……上方 overproduction，overconfident，
overwork，overlook
under- 不足；在……下方 undercooked，underground，underline
out- 向外；超过 outdoor，outnumber，outrun，outgrow
up- 更高；向上 upland，upstairs，update，uphill
续表
2.常用后缀：通过加后缀构成另一个词。后缀不仅能改变词义，也能改变词性。
(1)构成名词
名词后缀 示例
n.＋-ist art→artist　　 tour→tourist　　violin→violinist
piano→pianist　 science→scientist
n.＋-ian music→musician　 magic→magician
名词后缀 示例
v.＋-er(以e结尾，直接加r) clean→cleaner　 climb→climber　　paint→painter
dance→dancer　　drive→driver　　 write→writer
特殊记：run→runner　 swim→swimmer　　
win→winner
v.＋-or act→actor　　 direct→director　invent→inventor
visit→visitor　　edit→editor
v.＋-ress act→actress　　 wait→waitress
续表
名词后缀 示例
v.＋-ion(以e结尾，去e＋-ion) discuss→discussion(2025.37)　　collect→collection act→action　
invent→invention　 educate→education
pollute→pollution　communicate→communication
v.＋-ation(以e结尾，去e＋-ation) imagine→imagination　　　invite→invitation
organize→organization　　 prepare→preparation
续表
名词后缀 示例
v.＋-tion(以e结尾，去e＋-tion) introduce→introduction　　　　　produce→production
v.＋-ing(以e结尾，去e＋-ing) build→building　　　　　
mean→meaning
meet→meeting　　　　　
write→writing
续表
名词后缀 示例
v.＋-ment(部分以e结尾，去e＋-ment) agree→agreement　　　　
develop→development
encourage→encouragement　　　　　argue→argument
v.＋-ure(以e结尾，去e＋-ure) please→pleasure(2025样卷.48)　　　　　　　
press→pressure　　　fail→failure
续表
名词后缀 示例
adj.＋-ness(部分以y结尾，变y为i＋-ness) ill→illness kind→kindness　　
nervous→nervousness
sad→sadness　 happy→happiness　　
silly→silliness
adj.＋-y/-ty/-ity difficult→difficulty　 safe→safety　　
electric→electricity
形容词以t结尾，变t为ce different→difference　 important→importance　　
silent→silence
续表
(2)构成形容词
形容词后缀 示例
n.＋-ly(以y结尾，变y为i＋-ly) friend→friendly(2022.72)　　love→lovely
like→likely　　week→weekly　　day→daily
n.＋-y(以e结尾，去e＋-y) cloud→cloudy　　rain→rainy　　
health→healthy luck→lucky　　
salt→salty　 　noise→noisy
形容词后缀 示例
n.＋-ful(以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i＋-ful) thank→thankful(2025.51)　　beauty→beautiful care→careful　　
help→helpful　 use→useful
n.＋-less care→careless　　　　　　
harm→harmless　　　　　 home→homeless
续表
形容词后缀 示例
n.＋-al(以e结尾，去e＋-al) music→musical　　nation→national　　
person→personal centre→central　　
nature→natural
n.＋-e(r)n gold→golden　 　wood→wooden　　
east→eastern
n.＋-ous humor→humorous　danger→dangerous
续表
形容词后缀 示例
n.＋-able(部分以e结尾，直接加-able) fashion→fashionable　　knowledge→knowledgeable
以ce结尾的名词，变ce为t confidence→confident　　difference→different　　
convenience→convenient
importance→important　　patience→patient　　
silence→silent
续表
形容词后缀 示例
v.＋-ed/-ing(以e结尾，直接加-d/去掉末尾字母e再加-ing/以y结尾，变y为i再加-ed/直接加-ing) relax→relaxed(2023.77)/relaxing
interest→interested/interesting(2025.46)
excite→excited/exciting　　　　　bore→bored/boring
move→moved/moving　　　　　surprise→surprised/surprising
satisfy→satisfied/satisfying　　　　　worry→worried/worrying
续表
形容词后缀 示例
v.＋-able(部分以e结尾，去e＋-able) comfort→comfortable　　　　　
enjoy→enjoyable
believe→believable　　　　　value→valuable
v.＋-ive(以e结尾，去e＋-ive) act→active　　　　　
create→creative
续表
(3)构成副词
副词后缀 示例
形容词＋-ly real→ really(2023.72)　 quick→quickly　　
active→actively deep→deeply　
careful→carefully　 　cheap→cheaply
clear→clearly　 　final→finally　　
patient→patiently polite→politely　　
safe→safely　　 wise→wisely
副词后缀 示例
以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词，变y为i＋-ly happy→ happily(2025样卷.54，2024.73)
angry→angrily　　 busy→busily　　
easy→easily healthy→healthily　　
heavy→heavily　　 lucky→luckily
以le结尾的形容词，去e＋-y comfortable→comfortably　　　　possible→possibly probable→probably　　　　　
terrible→terribly
续表
(4)构成数词
数词后缀 示例
-th five→fifth　 　seven→seventh　　
fifteen→fifteenth　 forty→fortieth
-ty four→forty　　 six→sixty　　
seven→seventy
三、转化法
把一种词性转化为另一种词性而词形不变的方法称作转化法。
类型 示例
名词→动词 answer n.答案→v.回答(2025样卷.33)　　
phone n.电话→v.打电话(2024.46)
face n.脸→v.面对　　 hand n.手→v.递；给
book n.书→v.预定　　 colour n.颜色→v.给……染色
water n.水→v.浇水　　show n.展览；展示→v.表演；展出
类型 示例
动词→ 名词 stop v.停止→n.车站　
walk v.走；散步→n.散步
talk v.谈论→n.交谈　　
cover v.覆盖→n.封面；覆盖物
形容词→名词 key adj.关键的→n.答案(2025.33)　　
fun adj.有趣的→n.乐趣(2023.42)
light adj.明亮的→n.灯　　
kind adj.友善的→n.种类
续表
类型 示例
形容词→动词 correct adj.正确的→v.改正　　
clean adj.干净的→v.打扫
cool adj.凉爽的→v.降温
形容词→副词 high adj.高的→adv.高地　　
hard adj.硬的；困难的→adv.努力地；费力地
续表
Ⅰ.短文填空 基础题
1.It is __________ (help) to read English aloud every morning.
2.To build a better community，every ___________ (village) is working hard.
3.There is no __________ (win) in this contest，so they have to compete again.
helpful
villager
winner
4.Please stay _______ (silence) while others are sharing their ideas in class.
5.___________ (science) got the idea of making planes by studying how birds fly.
6.If you connect new words with pictures，you will remember them ________ (easy).
silent
Scientists
easily
7.Electric heaters must be used properly，or they will __________ (probable) cause a fire.
8.It is ___________ (enjoy) for me to go skiing with my parents during the winter holiday.
9.Watching the rock climbing game is so ___________ (excite) that we can’t stop cheering.
10.My sister and I came to an ____________ (agree) about sharing the housework every day.
probably
enjoyable
exciting
agreement
Ⅱ.短文填空 微语篇
　　My name is Lin Wei.I live in a quiet and 1.________ (friend) community.Last spring，our community center organized a volunteer program to help people in need around us.I signed up right away.
friendly
　　My first job was to visit Mr Henderson，a 78-year-old man who lost hearing five years ago.He told me that he had great 2.__________ (difficult) buying daily things alone.Every Saturday morning，I help him buy vegetables and other things，and sometimes we 3.__________ (simple) sit and chat by the window.
Mr Henderson often feels lonely，but our weekly visits have brought him 4._____________ (expected) joy.
difficulty
simply
unexpected
　　Another volunteer is Mia，who works with 5.___________ (disable) children at the local activity center.She teaches them to draw and helps build their 6.___________ (confident).Her cheerful personality makes the children feel 7._________ (relax).
disabled
confidence
relaxed
　　After each visit，I feel great 8.____________ (satisfy).With everyone’s efforts，more people have joined us.This journey has taught me that small acts of 9.___________ (kind) can make a big difference.
satisfaction
kindness

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