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中学英语语法系列之二
构词篇
导论 语法层次
语言（Language）是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法体系。
语法（Grammar）是语言的组织规律，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇(Vocabulary)则是语言的建筑材料。它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。
在语言的结构系统、语音系统和语义系统中，结构系统（即语法）是中心成分，是结合语音系统和语义系统的枢纽。
英语的语法结构具有层次性。它可以分为五个不同的层次，即句子（Sentence ）、分句（Clause）、词组（Phrase）、词（Word）和词素（Morpheme）。
句子是语法的最高层次，由一个或一个以上的分句构成；分句是由一个或一个以上的词组构成；词组是由一个或一个以上的词构成；词是由一个或一个以上的词素构成。
我们要学习语法，所以必须从英语语法的最小组成部分——词素学起。
第一节 词素
一、词素的定义：
词素（Morpheme）是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。
二、词素的分类：
词素分为两大类：自由词素（Free Morpheme）和粘附词素（Bound Morpheme）
（一）自由词素
自由词素指本身具有完整的意义，并能作为“简单词”（Simple Word）而单独使用的词素。如：
boy 男孩 girl 女孩 desk 书桌 chair 椅子 kind 仁慈的 cruel 残酷的 give给 take 拿
自由词素可以充当词根（Root），加上词缀（Affix）构成派生词（Derivative）。如：
kind: kindness unkind unkindness kindly
friend: friendly friendship friendless unfriendly unfriendliness
自由词素还可以和其他词素相结合，构成复合词（Compound Word）。如：
book: bookmark bookworm bookshop bookstall
take: intake take-home take-over takeaway undertake
（二）粘附词素
粘附词素指本身没有完整的意义，不能单独使用，而必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素。
粘附词素的主要功能是在构词上充当词缀，即屈折词缀（Inflectional Affix）和派生词缀（Derivational Affix）。
屈折词缀在现代英语中寥寥可数，它们包括：
1. 名词复数的标记-s/-es
2. 名词属格的标记-‘s
3. 第三人称动词单数现在时标记-s/-es
4. 动词过去时标记-ed
5. 动词过去分词标记-ed
6. 动词现在分词标记-ing
7. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的标记-er, -est
派生词缀分为前缀（Prefix）和后缀（Suffix），能和词根搭配，构成派生词。 如：
前缀 后缀 前后缀
anti-warpostwarpan-Africanco-exist Marxistmovementcarelesscarelessness unluckyco-existenceinappropriatenesspre-liberation
三、词素的变体
表示相同意义的词素在不同的环境中有不同的变体，这叫做词素的变体（Allomorph）。
词素变体可以表现在拼法上，如形容词的否定前缀有以下几种变体：
in- im- il- ir-
inactiveincoherentinexperiencedinsecure immatureimmortalimperfectimpractical illegalillogicalillegibleillegitimate irrationalirregularirrelevantirresponsible
词素变体可以表现在语音上，如复数标志-s在cat中为 [s]，在dogs中为 [z]，而在horses中则为 [iz]。
第二节 词
一、词的定义
词（Word）是比词素高一级的语法单位，它由一个或一个以上的词素构成。
二、词的分类
可以从两方面对词进行分类：
（一）根据构词法进行分类
根据构词法，英语中的词可以分为简单词、派生词和复合词。
1. 简单词
简单词，又叫“单词素词”（Morpheme Word），是由单一自由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词。如at，by，in，on，up，hear，hand，foot，get，take，make等等。
这类词在英语词汇中虽占少数，但有较高的出现频率和较强的派生能力，因而它们是构成英语基本词汇的主体。
2. 派生词
派生词是由词根（主要是自由词根）加上派生词缀构成。
词根是派生词的基础，同一词根加上不同的词缀，可以表示不同的意义或不同的词性。
1）大多数前缀不影响词根的词性，而仅对词跟的意义加以修饰，表示否定、相反、贬低、向背、程度、时间和方位等意义。如：
①表示否定的前缀
un- non- in- dis-
unfairunhappy nonsmokernonviolent inedibleinexact disloyaldiscontent
②表示相反的前缀
un- de- dis- counter-
unkinduncover decreasededuct discoverdiscourage counterattackcounteract
③表示错误或失当的前缀
mis- mal- pseudo-
misjudgemisdirect maltreatmalpractice pseudoscientific
④表示背向的前缀
pro- anti-
pro-Chinesepro-American antiwarantisocial
⑤表示程度、大小的前缀
arch- super- ultra- semi-
archbishoparch fascist supermarketsuper luxury ultra leftistultraconservative semicirclesemiskilledsemi steel
over- under- mini-
overcuriousovereatoverdressed underdevelopedundercookunderfeed minibusminicabminiskirt
⑥表示时间的前缀
pre- fore- post-
preschoolprewar foretellforewarn postwarpostgraduate
⑦表示方位的前缀
sub- inter- trans-
subwaysubmarine internationalinterdependent transatlantictransporter
注：英语中有4个前缀，就是，并不改变词根的基本意义，而是引起词性的变化。如：
be- en- em- a-
benumbbefriend enslaveenable embodyempower asleepablaze
2）英语的后缀有较强的语法作用，加在词根上构成派生词，并不改变词根的基本意义，而是改变了词性。如：
①动词变名词
-ation -ment -al -ee -er -age
explorationsimplification arrangementmovement refusalproposal traineeemployee workerteacher drainagecoverage
②形容词变名词
-ness -ity -ism -ist
happinessmeanness diversityacceptability nationalismfanaticism loyalistracialist
③名词、形容词变动词
-ify -ize -en
beautifysimplify modernizehospitalize quickenwiden
④名词变形容词
-y -ish -esque -some -ous
hairysandy foolishTurkish picturesque burdensometroublesome poisonoushumorous
注：有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词根的词义，而不改变词性。如：
gangster boyhood impressionism kingdom spoonful Londoner machinery
matting booklet idealism friendship drudgery
3）中学常见前缀与后缀举例：
前缀 功能和意义 例词
a- 构成形容词、副词 asleep睡着的, abroad在国外, alone
dis- 否定 disappear, discourage, disappoint
en- 使可能 encourage, enable使成为可能
in- (il-, im-, ir-) 不、非 invisible看不见的, illegal非法的, impossible, irregular不规则的
inter- 相互、之间 international, inter-school校际的
mis- 误 mistake, misunderstand误会
re- 重复、再 return, reunite, remarry再婚
tele- 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescope望远镜
un- 不 unfit, unfair, unknown
non- 不、非 non-conductor非导体, non-payment不支付
后缀 例词
名词 -er 者 foreigner swimmer traveler
-ese 地方的人 Chinese Japanese
-ian 精通…的人, …地方的人 musician technician Russian
-ist 专业人员 artist pianist physicist
-ment 性质,状态 government movement development
-ness 性质状态 business illness darkness
-or 器具,…者 cooker tractor visitor professor
-tion 表示动作,过程,结果 pollution suggestion invention
形容词 -al practical educational national
-an American Italian Australian
-ern southern northern eastern
-ful 表示具有 helpful useful careful
-ble …的性质，或 reasonable horrible terrible
-ish 与……有关 foolish British English
-ive active native expensive
-y rainy sleepy healthy
-less careless useless
动词 -fy 使……化 simplify electrify terrify
-ize 使……成为 realize apologize organize
副词 -ly 表示方式, 程度 freely badly perfectly truly angrily
-ward(s) 表示方向 towards forward outward
数词 -teen 十 fourteen eighteen
-ty 整十位数 forty fifty
-th 序数词 twelfth twentieth
3. 复合词
复合词通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成，主要有：
1）复合名词（Compound Noun）如：
deadline handbook driveway tooth -stick snowfall slipup downfall
常见的合成名词的方法有：
构成方式 例词
名词（代词）+名词 spaceship 宇宙飞船
she-wolf 母狼
名词+动名词 machine-building 机械制造
名词+及物动词+-er (-or) pain-killer 止痛的
形容词+名词 highway 公路
及物动词+名词 breakfast 早餐
现在分词+名词 flying-fish 飞鱼
动名词+名词 freezing point 冰点
副词+动词 output 输出
动词+副词 turn-off 断开
介词（副词）+名词 afternoon 午后
2）复合形容词（Compound Adjective）如：
bloodthirsty dog-tired bitter-sweet light-blue
常见的合成形容词的方法有：
构成方式 例词
形容词（数词）+名词+-ed cold-blood 冷血的
名词+名词+-ed potato-shaped 马铃薯形式的
名词（代词）+分词 hand-made 手工制的
self-educated 自学的
名词（代词）+形容词 color-blind 色盲的
形容词（数词）+名词 left-hand 左边的
形容词（数词）+分词 good-looking 相貌好看的
副词+分词 hard-working 勤劳的
副词+形容词 ever-green tree 常青树
形容词+形容词 light-blue 浅蓝色的
动词+副词 see-through 透明的
介词+名词 downhill 下坡的
含介词或连词的短语 work-for-word translation 逐字的翻译
3）复合动词（Compound Verb）如：
(to) nickname (to) outline (to) spotlight (to) mass-produce (to)sightsee
常见的合成动词的方法有：
构成方式 例词
副词+动词 ill-treat 虐待
名词（代词）+动词 mass-produce 大规模生产
形容词+动词 safe-guard 保卫
4）复合副词（Compound Adverb）如：
moreover nevertheless
常见的合成副词的方法有：
构成方式 例词
副词+副词 however 但是
代词+代词 anywhere 任何地方
副词+名词 downstairs 在楼下
形容词+名词 anyway 无论如何
5）复合代词（Compound Pronoun）如：
another something anybody nobody whatever whosoever whatsoever
常见的合成代词的方法有：
some, any, no 可以与–ing, -one, -body合成代词。
6）复合连词（Compound Conjunction）如：
whenever wherever whereas
7）复合介词（Compound Preposition）如：
alongside outside throughout notwithstanding
（二）根据句法功能进行分类
英语的词汇就其语法功能来说，可以分为封闭词类（Closed Class）和开放词类（Open Class）。
1. 封闭词类
封闭词类指的是所有的功能词（Function Word）。
这一类词没有完整的词汇意义，但有语法意义。它们数目有限，比较稳定，很少增生，因而词项序列不能随便延伸，所以叫做“封闭词类”。
它们包括：
介词（Preposition）如：in of on without in spit of
代词（Pronoun）如：he you one which this that
限定词（Determiner）如：a the this that some any no
连词（Conjunction）如：and or but because when if
助动词（Auxiliary Verb）如：do can may must will
2. 开放词类
开放词类指各种实义词（Content Word）。
这一类词是随着社会、经济、文化的发展而不断丰富和发展的。 在这一类词汇中，新词不断出现，旧词不断消失或获得新的词义，因而词项序列可以不断延伸，所以叫做“开放词类”。
它们包括：
名词（Noun）如：Smith Pairs man drama faith
形容词（Adjective）如：old young big small cheap
副词（Adverb）如：here there early late really fast
主动词（Main Verb）如：work give make take talk
此外，还有基数词（Cardinal Numeral）、序数词（Ordinal Numeral）和感叹词（Interjection）是介乎于“封闭”与“开放”之间的词类。
第三节 词组
一、词组的定义
词组（Phrase）是由一个或一个以上的词构成的语法单位。
词组是按照一定语法规则围绕一定的中心词（或）结合起来的一组词。
二、词组的类别
中心词所属词类决定着词组内部的结合方式，也决定着词组的类别，如：动词词组（Verb Phrase），名词词组（Noun Phrase），形容词词组（Adjective Phrase），副词词组（Adverb Phrase），介词词组（Preposition Phrase）等等。
三、常用和必掌握的词组应用示例：
A
according to根据；按照
According to the papers， our export increases every year．据报纸说，我们的出口逐年增加。
You choose according to what you want你可以根据需要选择。
accuse of控告某人犯某罪
accuse … of控告（某人）犯某罪
We accused him of taking bribes我们控告他受贿。
Of what was the man accused？这个人被控犯了什么罪？
add … to增加；添加
Will you add more sugar to your coffee？你们咖啡要多加些糖吗？
Please add my name to the list．请在名单上加上我的名字。
add up to总计
These figures add up to fifty这些数字总计为 50。
His remarks added up to a condemnation of my plan．他的意见总之就是谴责我的计划。
after all毕竟；终究
After all，it is not so hard as it looks．它毕竟不象看上去那么难。
So you see I was right after all.所以你看，我毕竟是对的。
a few有些；几个
Mrs. Smith gave me a few flowers.史密斯太太给了我一些花。
We need a few eggs and a little milk.我们需要几个鸡蛋和一些牛奶。
again and again 再三地；反复地
I’ve told you again and again not to play football in the street．我已经告诉你多少遍，不要在街上踢球。
a great deal很多，大量
He ate a great deal．他吃了很多。
He ran a good deal faster than I．他跑得比我快得多。
A great deal of money was spent on the project．那计划花费了大量金钱。
a kind of一种
A dolphin is a kind of mammal. 海豚是一种哺乳动物。
He is a kind of genius.他可算是天才。
a kind of fruit（meat，hat etc.）一种水果（肉，帽子……）
all kinds of各种各样的
We were talking about all kinds of things．我们谈论着各种各样的事情。
a little一些；一点点
There’s a little wine left in the bottle．瓶子里还剩一点儿酒。
a lot of／lots of许多
You have lots of records and tapes．你的唱片和录象带真多。
She spends a lot of money on dresses.她在服装上花很多钱。
We had lots of rain this month.这个月雨真多。
and so on等等
I went shopping and bought a blouse, a sweater, and so on.我去购物，买了一件短上衣，一件毛衣及其他东西。
They sell apples，oranges，bananas and so on.他们卖干果、橘子、香蕉等等。
a number of若干；许多
She bought a number of eggs at the store.她在店里买了几个鸡蛋。
A number of people went there.许多人到那里去。
Japan exports a large( great, good) number of cars to the United States.日本出口许多汽车到美国。
A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.我的很多朋友都认为我应该休假了
a set of一套
My mother wants to buy a set of dishes.我母亲想买一套盘子。
as a result结果
He slipped and broke his leg．As a result, he will have to be away from school for two or two months.他滑倒了，摔断了腿。这样一来，他这两三个月不能上学了。
He was late as a result of the traffic jam.由于交通阻塞，他迟到了.
as well as既……又；以及
She speaks English as well as French.她会讲英语也会讲法语。
The teacher，as well as the students，is interested in the activity.老师也和同学们一样对这项活动有兴趣。
She was kind as well as beautiful．她即美丽又亲切。
My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy music.不仅我的姐姐喜欢音乐，而且我的父母也喜欢音乐。
at any time在任何时候
I will come at any time.我随时都会来。
at first首先
At first I didn’t believe such a thing possible.首先，我相信这样的事情是不可能发生的。
at least至少
He might at least have written to me.他至少应该给我写信。
at once立刻
He came at once.他立刻来了。
Don’t try to do two things at once.不要同时做两件事。
at the beginning of起初；开始
Start at the beginning.从头开始。
At the beginning of the class the teacher told us a joke．上课前老师先讲个笑话。
I wrote to my mother at the beginning of this month.这个月初我给妈妈写了一封信。
at the edge of在……边上
The factory stands at the edge of the town.那个工厂位于市区边缘。
at the end of在……末端；在……结尾
Go to the end of the road and turn left.请走到这条路的尽头，然后左转。
I missed the end of the TV program because he called me up.因为他打电话给我，使我错过了电视节目的结尾部分。
at the moment此刻
She is busy at the moment.她这时候正忙。
He was sleeping at the very moment.他这时候正在睡觉。
at the same time同时
It’s cheap and at the same time very good.这不但价廉而且物美。
a variety of种种；各种
Every one arrived late at the party, for a variety of reason.因种种原因，每人在聚会上都迟到了。
B
be able to 能够；会
As I had plenty of money, I was (better/more)able to help her.如果我有钱，我就会更好（多）地帮助她。
be annoyed at为……而生气
I was annoyed at missing the bus.我因没赶上公共汽车而生气。
be busy with忙于做某事
He’s busy with some important work.他正忙着一些重要工作。
be different from不同于
My plan is different from yours.我的计划和你的不同。
different后的介词通常是from，但有时英国语法用to，美国语法用than。
Mary is different from(than/to)Jane.玛丽和珍不同。
be divided into（被）分为
The earth is divided into two hemispheres.地球分为两半球。
The boys are divided into groups.男孩们被分成若干组。
be fit for适合；胜任
He is fit for the position.他适合这个职位。
The apple is no fit to eat这苹果不能吃了。
be fond of喜欢；爱好
I’m very fond of music我非常喜欢音乐。
She has many faults, but we’re all very fond of her.她有许多缺点，但我们还是很喜欢她。
be full of充满
The future is full of hope.前途大有希望。
be grateful for对……表示感谢
I was most grateful to John for bringing the books.我非常感谢约翰送来书。
I am most grateful (to you )for your kindness.我深深地感谢你的好意。
be interested in对……感兴趣
Some scientists are especially interested in making new materials.一些科学家对制造新材料特别感兴趣。
be known for因……而著名
The place is known for its handcraft products.这个地方因出产手工艺品而闻名。
He’s known for his readiness to help others.大家都知道他乐于助人。
be made up of由……组成；由……构成
A car is made of many different parts.汽车是由许多不同零件构成的。
be satisfied with对……感到满意
I am satisfied with your explanation.我对你的解释感到满意。
be similar to类似；相似
His views are similar to mine.他的观点与我的想法相似。
A is similar to B in many ways.甲在好多方面和乙相象。
be unfamiliar to不熟悉
The subject is unfamiliar to me.这个问题我不懂。
be used to 习惯于
I am used to getting up early.我习惯早起。
Mr. Green has been in China for many years and now he is used to Chinese food.格林先生在中国已经好几年了，现在他已经习惯吃中国饭了。
be wrapped up in全神贯注于
He is wrapped up in that book.他被那本书迷住了。
Mary was so wrapped up in her book, she didn’t hear her mother calling her.玛丽因太专心读书，没有听到母亲喊她。
because of由于
I came back because of the rain.由于下雨我回来了。
break down击破；把……拆散
They broke down the door and entered the room.他们把门捣碎而进入房间。
The old cars were broken down for their metal and parts.拆散旧车以取得金属和零件。
break into闯入
The shop was broken into last night.昨晚有小偷闯入这家店铺。
break out（战争、火灾、役病等）突然发生、爆发
Fire broke out in the kitchen．厨房突然起火。
The Second World War broke out in September 1939.第二次世界大战爆发于 1939年 9月。
burst out V-ing突然发生；突然……的起来
She burst out crying.她突然哭出来。
by hand用手
This was by hand.这是手工做的。
Did this letter come by hand or through the post？这封信是派人送来的还是（经邮局）寄来的？
C
call…up 打电话给某人
Can you call her up on the telephone？你能给她打个电话吗？
can’t/couldn’t help V-ing不得不；不禁
I couldn’t help laughing.我禁不住笑了。
I can not help thinking so.我不得不如此想。
care for照料；愿意
Would you care for a cup of tea？你要求一杯茶吗？
She doesn’t care much for modern jazz.她不太喜欢现代爵士乐。
carry out进行；开展；执行
carry out a plan执行计划
carry out a promise履行诺言
Never made a promise that you are not ready to carry out．千万别许空愿。
I had some difficulty in carrying out the plan．我在实行这项计划时遇到一些困难。
catch up（with）赶上；追上
I catch up with my friends.我赶上找的朋友们
clear off完成;清理（工作等）；（云）散
You’d better clear off that work you’ve got on hand你最好把手头工作处理完。
Please clear your papers off so that I can serve dinner.请将你的报纸收拾起来，我要开饭了。
The mist cleared off and the sun shone brightly.雾已消散，阳光普照。
come by走过
At that moment a number of people come by.那时有一些人从旁边走过。
come in进来
It’s raining, come in at once.下雨了，赶快进来。
come over过来；从远方来
When did you first come over to England？你是什么时候第一次来英格兰的？
Come over here and give me a hand．过来帮我一下。
come to逐渐；终于
How did you come to hear of it？这事你怎么会听说的
Now I come to think of it…现在我仔细想一想。
Later I come to know him better.后来我对他有了进一步了解。
compare…with与……比较；与……对照
I have done little this year compare with what I did last year.同去年相比，我今年做的工作太少了。
He compared my painting with (to) his．他将我的画与他的（画）作比较。
concentrate on专心于
We concentrated all our efforts on the problem.我们倾全力于这问题。
consist of由……组成
A week consists of seven days.一周由七天组成。
D
deal with应付；处理
I must deal with many difficulties.我必须处理许多难事。
devote oneself to（后接名词、代词或动名词）献身于；致力于；专心于
He devoted himself to helping the poor.他献身于帮助穷人。
We are devoting ourselves to the modernization of China．我们正致力于使中国现代化。
die out消灭；灭绝
The dark night is coming, and evening will die out in it.黑夜即将来临，一切将消失在其中。
The Red Indian tribes, once so numerous in North America, have now almost died out.过去在北美洲人口从多的印第安部落现在几乎绝种。
divide … into把……分成
Let’s divide the cake into three.让我们把蛋糕分成三份。
divide an apple into half（two）将苹果分成两半
do harm to损害；伤害
Excessive drinking will do you a lot of harm.饮酒过度，非常有害健康。
The typhoon did great (much) harm to the rice crop.那次台风对稻谷收成造成很大的损害。
draw a conclusion得出结论
We drew a conclusion that the room bust have been empty.我们得到的结论是：那个房间（当时）一定是空着的。
He drew a conclusion that internal peace is not possible.他得出结论：永久的和平是不可能的。
It was difficult to drew any conclusion from the discussion那讨论很难会有什么结果。
E
either…or或者 …… 或者；不论…… 还是
Either Tim or his brother have to shovel the snow.要么蒂姆要么他的哥哥必须铲雪。
F
fall flat跌倒；完全失败
His jokes fell flat and amused nobody.他的笑话没有逗笑任何人。
find out找到；发现
I won’t tell you－you must find out for yourself.我不会告诉你，你必须自己找到答案。
for a moment一会儿；此刻
I’d like to speak to you for a moment.我想跟你谈一下。
He will be here in a moment.他很快就回来。
I had to think for a moment before I remembered his name.我想了一会儿，才记起他的名字。
for a while暂时；一时
He thought for a while.他考虑了一会儿。
for example例如
We visited several countries in Europe —France, Germany and Italy, for example.我们去了欧洲几个国家，例如，法国、德国和意大利。
for instance例如
I visited several countries , for instance, America, Canada and Mexico．我访问过好几个国家，例如，美国，加拿大和墨西哥。
Take, for instance , our school.拿我们的学校来做例。
from time to time有时；不时
He visits us from time to time.他偶尔来看我们。
She wrote to me from time to time.她偶尔给我写信
G
get along /on with进展
How are your studies getting along？你的研究进展得怎样？
How are you getting along with your work？你的工作进展如何？
I could not get along very well with my mother-in-law.我没法和婆婆（岳母）处得很好。
get by通过
Don’t let this chance go by.不要错过这次机会。
get hold of握；抓住
Can you get hold of that rope？你能抓住那根绳子吗？
Here，get hold of this parcel.嘿，接住这个包。
get off下车
They get off the bus and walked away.他们下了公共汽车就走了。
He get off his bicycle and went into the house.他下了自行车走进屋里。
get on进展
How are you getting on？您过得怎么样。
get out of摆脱
get out of a bad habit戒除恶习
He is still asleep, he hasn’t got out of bed yet.他仍在睡觉，他还没有起床。
get tired of对……厌倦
I get tired of this programme—let’s switch it off.这节目我看烦了，关上吧。
He is never tires of talking about his pretty daughter.他谈起他那漂亮的女儿，从不会厌倦。
give off发出（蒸气、光等）
This engine give off lots of smoke and steam.这台发动机冒出许多烟和气。
get up起床；爬上
He is still asleep, he hasn’t got up yet.他仍在睡觉， 他还没有起床。
give up放弃；断绝
He has given up beer.他戒了啤酒。
They finally gave up the research for the missing ship.他们终于放弃搜索 那艘失踪的船。
He give up his seat to her．他把座位让给她。
go out出去；（灯光）熄火
Are you going out tomorrow？你明大会外出吗？
Suddenly all the light went out.突然，灯全熄灭了。
go＋ v-ing进行某项活动
We went swimming in the river.我们到河里去游泳。
Mother has go shopping.妈妈买东西去了。
grow up成长
He grew up in a little village.他在一个小村庄长大。
He grew up to be an engineer.他长大成为了工程师。
H
hand over交出
The thief was handed over to the police. 把小偷交给警察处理。
I’ve handed over my place on the committee.我已将我在委员会的职位移交他人。
have to 不得不；必须
Do you often have to go to the dentist’s？你必须常去看牙医吗？
We’ll have to help them as much as we can．我们得尽量帮助他们。
hear from接到……的信（或电报等）
They’ll be delighted to hear from you again.再次收到你的来信，他们会很高兴。
hold back阻止……
The child tried to touch the dog， but his mother held him back.那孩子想摸那条狗，却被母亲制止了。
She couldn’t hold back her tears.她无法忍住眼泪不流出来。
I
in a hurry匆忙
Don’t be in such a hurry.不要那么急。
They we in a hurry to leave.他们急着要走。
in case假如；万一；以防
Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold.带上暖和的衣服，以防天气太冷。
in front of在……前面
Don’t park your car in front of the building.不要把你的车子停在那幢建筑物前面。
in line成行；整齐
Please stand in a straight line．请站成纵队。
in no mood没有心情
The beautiful sunny morning put me in a happy mood.阳光灿烂的美丽早晨使人的心情十分舒畅。
be in no mood for joking没有开玩笑的心思
I’m very busy, and in no mood for joking.
She was very tired, and in no mood for dancing.她太累了，没有心思跳舞。
in other words换句话说
He has been working too much， and is no at all well. In other words, he needs a holiday.他近来工作过度，身体也不大好，也就是说，他需要休假。
in spite of尽管……仍然；不顾
I went out in spite of the rain.尽管下雨，我还是出去了。
instead of代替
If I hadn’t got a cold I’d be working instead of lying here in bed.如果我没感冒，我就会在工作而不是躺在床上。
He was watching TV instead of doing his homework.他在看电视，没有做作业。
She wanted to be a doctor，but she became a teacher instead.她想当个医生，但却当了教师。
in the course of在……之中
They shall learn 2000 new words by heart in the course of the term.这学期的课程他们要记住2000个生词。
in the distance远处；远距离
I see a cottage in the distance.我望见远处有一所茅屋。
in the future将来；今后
In the future we may all work fewer hours a day.今后我们大家每日的工作时间可能减少。
In the future, please write your name clearly.以后请把你的名字写清楚。
J
just as正当……时刻
The last pupil arrived just as the lesson began.最后一个学生到达时正好上课。
K
keep from抑制
If he can keep from smoking for months, his health will improve.要是他能控制几个月不吸烟，他的健康一定会好转。
keep…from阻止
The noise kept me from sleeping.吵闹声使我不能入睡。
keep on继续
The farmers kept on working although it’s raining.尽管下雨，农夫们仍继续干活。
keep＋n＋a.使……保持（某种状态）
Exercises may keep our body health.锻炼可使身体健康。
keep in touch with与……保持联系
You can phone me every few weeks, in that way we can keep in touch with each other. 每隔几周打个电话，以便保持联系。
keep … out of使……不进人；使……置身于之外
I hope you’ll keep my brother out of trouble wile I’m away.我希望我不在的时候，你不要让我弟弟惹事生非。
keep up保持；维持；继续
I hope the good weather keeps up.我希望好天气保持下去。
They keep up attacking all night.他们一整夜不断地攻击。
L
lead to 导致
The path led to a village.这条小路通向村庄。
Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.过分疲劳而很少休息将会使人生病。
look at（查）看；考虑
Look at teacher when she speaks to you.老师与你讲话时应看老师。
They refused to look at my suggestion.他们拒绝考虑我的建议。
look for寻找
We are looking for the lost child.我们正在寻找丢失的孩子。
look forward to盼望
Students are looking forward to the holidays.学生盼望着假期。
look into调查
They’re looking into your company.他们正在调查你们公司。
I usually look into magazine before buying it.我买杂志前通常先浏览一下。
The boy looked into the box.小男孩向盒子里看。
look through仔细查看
I must look through these bills before I pay them.我必须仔细查帐单才能付款。
Look through your notes before the exam．考试前温习一下你的笔记。
Every time I try to fool him, he looks through my tricks.每次我想捉弄他时，他总能看穿我的把戏。
look up向上看；尊重；（在词典中）查找
When I look up, he had gone.当我抬头看时，他已走了。
It’s a good habit to look up the new words in a dictionary.在字典里查生词是个好习惯。
All the students looked up to Mr. Smith.所有的学生都尊敬史密斯先生。
lose one’s nerves不知所措
When the film broke out in the theatre, the people lost their heads and ran in all directions. 电影院失火时，人们惊慌失措，四处乱跑。
M
make an effort做出努力
He missed some lessons because of his illness，but he made an effort to catch up with his studies.他因病缺了一些课，但他努力把功课补上。
make friends（with）与……做朋友
Within a month，all the students have made friends with their teachers.在一个月内，学生们与老师成为了朋友。
make fun of取笑于人
It’s wrong to make fun of an old man.取笑老人是错误的。
make out起草；填写；理解
He made out a check for the money he owed me.他将欠我的钱付了一张支票给我。
I couldn’t make out what he meant.我不理解他的意思。
The doctor’s signature couldn’t be made out.这医生的签名无法认出。
How did he make out while his wife was away？他夫人不在家他是怎么过的？
make up one’s mind下决心
They made up their minds to sell house.他们决定卖房子。
N
no longer不再
The wind was no longer blowing， but it was still rather cold.风不刮了但仍相当冷。
no more than只不过；仅仅
I’m no more than an ordinary man.我不过是个普通人。
not…at all根本不
He doesn’t like playing basketball at all.他根本就不喜欢打篮球。
not…either也不
I’m not a student, he is not, either.我不是学生，他也不是。
not only…but also不仅……而且
Not only也可放句前，用倒装语序
He visited not only Beijing but also Shanghai.他不但参观了北京也参观了上海。
Not only did he study hard, but also he sang well when he was in college.他在大学时木但学习努力歌也唱得好。
now and then时而；不时
We meet now and then but not regularly.我们时常见面但并不定期。
O
on board在船上
We saw people on board waving as the ship was leaving.当船离开时，我们看到船上的人们在挥手。
once in a while偶尔；有时
The young couples quarreled once in a while but not very often.这对年轻的夫妇偶尔吵架但不经常。
on vocation度假
Where is John？ He is on vocation in London.约翰在哪儿 他在伦敦度假。
out of breath上气不接下气
After 10000 meters’ running, we were completely out of breath. 跑完10000米后，我们全上气不接下气。
out of control失去控制
Some students are out of control, we ought to find new ways to teach them.有些学生失去了控制，我们应找出新方法去教育他们。
out of sight看不见
The plane flied out of sight quickly.飞机很快飞远看不见了。
over and over反复；再三
You have told me over and over，I can’t forget it.你再三告诉我，我不会忘记的。
P
pass by 路过
An elephant and an Indian passed by the six blind men.一头大象和一个印度人路过六个盲人。
pay attention to注意
Pay attention to what the teacher have told you.注意老师们对你说的话。
pay off还清
Mrs. Smith spent 10 years in paying off her debts.史密斯夫人花了 10年还清了她的债。
pickup抬起；学会（语言）；（车辆）中途搭（人）
The little boy picked up the wallet lying on the ground.小男孩抬起了地上的钱包。
I picked up the book in a second hand store.我在一家旧书店偶然找到的这本书。
I’ll pick you up at the station.我将在车站接你。
play a trick on捉弄某人
If you play a tuck on somebody, don’t be surprised they’ll play tricks on you, too. 如果你捉弄别人，那么不要奇怪（吃惊）别人也会捉弄你。
plenty of充足；大量
We need plenty of clean, fresh air to breath.我们需要呼吸大量的干净、新鲜的空气。
prevent …from 阻止
Nothing can prevent us from studying foreign language.任何事都不能阻止我们学习外语。
put off延期
If it rains heavily, the sports meeting must be put off.如果下大雨，运动会必须延期。
put on穿上；增加（体重）
He put on his overcoat and ran out of the room.他穿上外套，跑出房间。
I have put on 10 pounds this year.我今年已增加了 10磅了（体重）。
R
raise…to one’s feet扶起某人
We raised the lady to her feet and sent her to a hospital at once.我们扶起了这位女士，并马上送到医院。
refer to指；谈到；参考
When I said that some people are foolish, I was not referring to you.当我说到有些人是傻瓜时，我并不是指你。
The writer referred to his teacher in his novel.作家在他的小说中提到了他的老师。
Reader’s attention is referred to page 19.读者请参阅第 19页。
regard…as认为……是
He and I grew up together, I regarded him as my own brother.我和他一起长大，我把他当作自己的兄弟。
right away立刻
If you find any clue to the problem, let me know right away.要是你找到解决问题的任何线索，请立即告诉我。
run away逃脱；逃走
The prisoner wanted to run away.犯人想逃走。
There is a hole in the basin，the water is running away.盆里有个洞，水都流掉了。
run out用完
The food supplies had run out and new harvest was not yet in.这正是青黄不接的时候。
S
say goodbye to 向某人告别
There are many expressions on how to say goodbye to people.有许多表达方式有关如何向人告别。
sell out卖完；脱销
I’m sorry，all the dark coats are sold out.很抱歉，深色大衣都卖完了。
separate …from使……和……分离
No one can separate him from his homeland.没有人能使他与祖国分离。
shut off关掉、切断（电源等）；停止供应（煤气、水等）
Don’t forget to shut off the electricity before you leave the lab.别忘了离开实验室前切断电源
side by side肩并肩地
They walked side by side in the street.他们在街上并排走着。
since then 其后；从此一直
Since then he became a good teacher.此后他成为了一名优秀教师。
slow down减速
The machine slowed down and stopped.机器减速后停止。
stand for代替；代替
What does the word stand for？这个词代表什么意思？
T
take a photograph of拍摄
When I traveled, I often took a photograph of beautiful scenery.当我旅游时，我经常拍一些自然风景。
take cafe 小心；注意
You must take care when you cross the road.过马路时要小心。
take…for granted 认为……当然
He took for granted all that his parents did for him.他认为父母为他所做的一切是理所应当的。
take place发生；举行
When did the accident take place？事故是什么时候发生的？
Can you tell me when and where the meeting will take place？你能告诉我会议在何时何地评。
talk of谈到：说到
Talk of the devil and he will appear. 说曹操，曹操就到。
think highly of对……高度评价
They though highly of our new headmaster’s ability.他们高度评价了新校长的能力。
think over 仔细考虑
Think over before you make a decision.做出决定前应仔细考虑。
to be reluctant to do sth.不愿意做某事
He seemed reluctant to help us.他似乎不愿意帮助我们。
to one’s surprise使某人非常吃惊
To my surprise , he got the first in our class this term.使我吃惊的是他这学期在我们现得了第一。
translate…into把……译成
Translate the sentence into English.油将这句话翻译成英文。
turn off关（水源、电灯、煤气等）
Before you leave the room, be sure to turn off the lights.离开房间前应确保关灯。
turn over 翻滚；打翻；移交
The fire started because of his turning over the candle.由于他打翻了蜡烛，引起火灾。
The thief was turned over to the police.小偷交给了警察。
turn up扭大（灯火等）；出现
Would you mind turn up the radio 你介意将收音机调大声吗？
His name is often turning up in the newspaper.他的名字经常出现在报纸上。
U
Used to＋V过去常常；过去习惯于
Used you（Did you use） to go to school early？ Yes， I used to（l did）．你以前很早就会上学吗？是的。
W
wait for 等……
What are you waiting for？ We are waiting for his coming.你们等什么？我们在等他来。
wake up醒来
I usually wake up at 6:30 a.m..我通常早六半醒。
with reference to关于
He has told me everything he knows with reference to the matter.关于这件事，他将所有知道的都告诉我了。
without regard to与…无关
It’s said he was without regard to the affair.据说这件事与他无关。
work out 解决
I can’t work out the problem.我不会做这道题。
The area can easily be worked out if you know the length and width.如果知道长和宽， 面积很容易算出来。
He never seems to be worked out.他似乎不会疲倦。
would rather … than 宁可……而不
He (had) would rather resign than take part in such a dishonest transaction.他宁愿辞职也不愿参与那一桩不诚实的交易。
巩固练习题2
一、给下列单词加上前缀dis- , un-，in- 或, im- 构成意思相反的词：
agree complete healthy important able cover known practical
cover selfish perfect visible touched dress proper successful
lucky wrap approva1 interesting usua1 seen kind reasonable
air comfort fit satisfaction
二、用下列单词构成合成词：
Model: ball footbal1, basketball, volleyball, handballl.
1. book
2. room
3. man
4. side
5. work
三、翻译下列单词并说出他们的词根：
Model: information 通知，信息inform 通知
A. collection election education congratulation invention fascination situation satisfaction
B. exactly fearless wonderful revolutionary shopping instructive realize government
C. encourage research impossible aloud disappear untouched.
四、按括号内的要求改写下列单词：
1. rain(形容词) 2. dirt(形容词) 3. shy(副词)
4. die (名词) 5. usual(副词) 6. live(现在分词)
7. hot(动词) 8. frighten (形容词) 9. Australia(形容词)
10. worry (过去分词) 11. wound (形容词) 12. beautiful(名词)
13. friend(形容词) 14. useful (名词) 15. advice (动词)
16. recent (副词) 17. free (名词) 18. polite (名词)
19. s1ow (副词) 20. early (副词) 21. safe (名词)
22. Sun(形容词) 23. act (名词) 24. (形容词)
五、用括号内单词的适当形式填空：
Model: The news filled them with pride. (proud)
1. The soldiers were filled with when they heard all the villagers had been killed by the enemy. (angry)
2. The success of our experiment is a great to us all. (satisfy)
3.They have in sending every one of the satellites into space. (success)
4.The adventurer gave a smile to all those who came to greet him. (friend)
5.You must do the exercises . (care)
6. It will be to drive a motor car through such a storm. (difficulty)
7. English is used in the world. (wide)
8. In time of man's brains work much faster than normal. (dangerous)
9. "You are quite , young man, "the old man said to me. (mistake)
10. The boy showed great in fighting the enemy. (brave)
11. He was so that he gave me many story-books. (kindness)
12. The book has been out when I got to the bookstore. (sale)
13. Don't be afraid of . (difficult)
14. Who carried the boy to ( safe)
15.The Frenchman went to a shop to get some medicine for his cough.(chemical)
16. The children have a lot of stamps. (collection)
17. The book is very . I am in it. (interest)
18. Since Shanghai has changed a lot. (liberate).
19. Hisako isn't English. She's from . (Japanese)
20. My parents are both farmers. They work on a . (farmer)
2l. A business can't do well without good . (manage)
22. It was ten years ago that I made with him. We have had a long . (friend)
23. The soldier had a bad in his right leg. (wound)
24. An old showed us around the Museum yesterday. (science)
25. To tell you the , I don't like you at all. (true)
26. I’ve old woman is much than before. Now she is living . Today our life is full of . (happy)
7. It was of you to make such a mistake. You should be more next time. (care)
28. John is an boy. All of us love him very much. is the best policy. (honest)
29. We thanked him for his . (kind)
30. The teacher told us what the change was in the lesson. (chemist)
六、把下列句子译成汉语，注意画线单词的词义
1. My uncle likes to read the evening paper while having his supper.
Will you give me a piece of paper to write down the address
The moth’s paper was rather difficult this time.
2. In hot summer days big trees can cool us with their shade.
The milk is not cool enough to drink.
Come and sit in the shade. Its quite cool here.
3. Tom was told to paint the fence on a Saturday morning. Do you have any more white paint
4. He brushed the dirt off his clothes, using a new plastic brush.
Don’t forget to brush your teeth before going to bed at night.
5. The boys ran along the river, shouting at the top of their voices.
As he walked along, someone called him from behind.
6. Each of the boys walked past him but he pretended not to see anyone.
He has been busy for the past few weeks.
7.Tom took out of his pockets all that he owned. I heard it with my own ears.
8.His heart beat faster when he heard his name called. He gave the dog a good beating.
七、选择题：
1. Their absence our difficulties.
A. added to B. added C. added up to D. added up
2. The old lady but saw nobody nearby.
A . looked for B. looked after C. looked around D. looked at
3. He is not used to like this.
A. being spoken B. speaking to C. being spoken to D. speak
4. It was a small village what it is now.
pare with B. compared about C. compare to D. compare with
5. China has coal, oil and natural gas，which are exploited for energy.
A. a great deal of B. a large number of C. a great deal D. the number of
6. Hard work success and failure after 1aziness.
A. lies in, had to B. leads to, lies in C. lies to, leads to D. 1ies for, 1eads into
7. We regard the man our friend.
A. being B. as C. for D. is
8. The enemy had to at last.
A. give up B. give in C. give off D. give away
9. I stay at home than go to the cinema.
A. should rather B. had better C. would rather D. would like to
10. The polluted water must into the river at once.
A. prevent from sending B. be prevented from sending
C .be prevented to send D. be stopped to send
11. The sports meet will be till next week because of the weather.
A .put off B .put away C .put up D. put down
12. Cheap coal a lot of smoke.
A. gives up B. gives in C. gives away D. gives off
13. The horrible noise from the man, s room simply me mad.
A. put B. caused C. drove D. turned
14 this book and tell
A. Look through B. Look on C. Look into D. Look up
15.Will you me a favor please
A. give B. make C. do D. bring
16.We each other the best of luck in the examination.
A . hoped B. wanted C. expected D. wished
17. ! There’s a train coming.;
A. Look out B. Look around C. Look forward D. Look on
18' l really don' t want Io go to the party, but I don’t see how I can it.
A. get back from B. get out of C. get away D. get off
19.If no one the phone, ring me at work.
A. returns B. replies C .answers D. receives
20. The captain an apology to the passengers for the delay caused by bad weather.
A. made B. said C. put D. passed
21. Readers can quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.
A. get over B. :get in C. get along D. get through
22. I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please
A. turn it on B. turn it down C. turn it up D. turn it off
23. It is wise to have some money for old age.
A. put away: B. kept C. given away D. laid up
24. She his number in the phone book to make sure that she has got it right.
A .looked up B .1ooked for C. picked out D. picked up
25. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to .
A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
26 will our school building be built
A. How long B. How fast C. How often D. How soon
27. A. narrow strait Europe from Africa.
A. separates B. divides C. makes D. takes
28. Tom studied harder then ever, he got full marks in the Chinese test.
A. As result B. As a result C. In a result D. As the result
29. People in the mountain village cannot the programmer.
A. take down B. put away C. pick up D. get along.
30. What play will be at the theatre tonight
A. put up B. put away C. put on D. put out
参考答案:
一、
disagree incomplete unhealthy unimportant unable discover unknown uncover unselfish imperfect invisible untouched undress improper unsuccessful unlucky unwrap disapproval uninteresting unusual unseen unkind unreasonable unfair discomfort unfit dissatisfaction
二、
1. book—text - book, picture -book, story- book
2. room—classroom, meeting room, reading-room, sitting-room, workroom
3. man —dustman, fisherman, Frenchman, policeman, man- made
4. side—inside, outside, roadside
5. work—workmate, workshop, workroom, homework, housework
三、
A.
collection 收集，收集物，收集品　 collect收集
election 选举，当选 　elect 选举，推选
education 教育，培养　 educate 教育，培养
congratulation 祝贺，庆贺　 congratulate 祝贺
invention 发明，创造 invent 发明，创造
fascination 强烈的爱好，迷惑 fascinate强烈吸引，迷住
situation 位置，地点 situate 使位于，使处于
satisfaction 满意，满足 satisfy 使满意, 使满足
B.
exactly 确切地，恰恰正是 exact 确切的，精确无误的
fearless 不怕的,无畏的 fear 害怕, 恐惧
wonderfu1 奇妙的，精彩的 wonder 惊奇，奇迹
revolutionary 革命的，革命者 revolution 革命
shopping 买东西 shop 到商店去买东西
instructive 有教育意义的 instruct 教，指导
rea1ize 实现 real 现实的，真实的，真的
government 政府 govern 统治，管理
C.
encourage 鼓励 courage 勇气，英勇，胆量
research 调查，研究 search 搜查，探索
impossible 不可能的 possible 可能的
aloud 出声地，大声地 loud 大声的(地)
disappear 消失，消散 appear 出现，显露
untouched 原样的，未动过的 touch 触摸
四、1. rainy 2. dirty 3. shyly 4. death 5. usually 6. living 7. heat 8. frightened 9. Australian 10. worried 11. wounded 12. beauty 13. friendly 14. use 15. advise 16. recently 17. freedom 18. politeness 19. slowly 20. early 21. safety 22. sunny 23. action 24. Russian
五、1. anger 2. satisfaction 3. succeeded 4. friendly 5. careful1y 6. difficult 7. widely 8. danger 9. mistaken l0. bravery 11. kind 12. sold 13. difficulty 14. safety l5. chemist 16. collected 17. interesting, interested 18. liberation 19. Japan 20. farm 21. management 22. friends, friendship 23. wounded, wound 24. scientist, Science 25. truth 26. happier, happily, happiness 27. careless, careful 28. honest, Honesty 29. kindness 30. chem1cal, chemistry
六、１. 我叔叔喜欢在吃晚饭时看晚报。
请你给我一张纸来写下这个地址好吗？
这次的数学考（卷）题相当难。
２. 在炎热的夏天，大树阴下可以乘凉。
牛奶不够凉，没法喝。
３. 汤姆被吩咐在一个星期六的上午油漆篱笆。
你还有白油漆吗？
４. 他用一把新的塑料刷子刷掉衣服上的灰尘。
晚上睡觉前不要忘记刷牙。
５. 孩子们沿着河流，边跑边扯着嗓子叫喊。
他往前走的时候，有人从后面叫他。
６. 每个男孩都从他身旁走过，但他装着谁也没有看见。
几周来他一直很忙。
７. 汤姆从口袋里把所有的东西都掏了出来。
我是亲耳听到这件事的。
８. 当他听见叫他的名字时，心跳得更快了。
他把那只狗狠狠地打了一顿。
七、1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. C 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. C
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中学英语语法系列之一
语音篇
作为社会交际工具的语言，首先是有声音的语言，它所传递的信息首先是通过语音系统表达出来的。所以语音是语义的物质媒介，是语言赖以存在和发展的物质基础。
第一章 英语字母
英语字母共有26个，分为元音字母和辅音字母两类。a, e, i, o, u为元音字母；字母y有时用作元音字母，有时用作辅音字母，称为半元音字母；其余为辅音字母。英语字母有印刷体（大、小写）和书写体（大、小写）两种。
英语字母表
印刷体 手写体 读音 印刷体 手写体 读音
大写 小写 大写 小写 大写 小写 大写 小写
A a A a [ei] N n N n [en]
B b B b [bi:] O o O o [ u]
C c C c [si:] P p P p [pi:]
D d D d [di:] Q q Q q [kju:]
E e E e [i:] R r R r [a:]
F f F f [ef] S s S s [es]
G g G g [ i:] T t T t [ti:]
H h H h [eit ] U u U u [ju:]
I i I i [ai:] V v V v [vi:]
J j J j [ ei] W w W w [d blju:]
K k K k [kei] X x X x [eks]
L l L L [el] Y y Y y [wai:]
M m M M [em] Z Z Z Z [zed]/[zi:]
第二章 英语语音
语言有三个主要组成部分：语音、语法和词汇。
语音的最小单位是音素。英语有48个音素。音素分为元音和辅音。元音有20个，辅音有28个。
如表1所示：
元音 例词 辅音 例词
类别 音标 类别 音标
轻辅音 浊辅音
单元音 前元音 [i:] beat 爆破音 [p] [b] pen bag
[i] this [t] [d] wet desk
[e] desk [k] [g] cap get
[ ] back 摩擦音 [f] [v] face voice
后元音 [a:] card [θ] [δ] thin these
[s] [z] six zoo
[ ] clock [ ] [ ] shoe pleasure
[ :] draw [r] road
[u] put [h] hat
[u:] moon 破擦音 [ts] [dz] writes roads
中元音 [Λ] luck
[ ] ago [tr] [dr] tree drop
[ :] third [t ] [ ] teach jump
双元音 [ei] waste 鼻音 [m] map
[ai] bike [n] nose
[ i] soil [ ] sing
[ u] phone 舌边音 [l] late
[au] how 半元音 [j] yes
[i ] here
[ ] chair [w] we
[u ] shower
表1
第一节20个元音音素的发音
一、元音（Vowels）
发音时声带振动且气流在通路上不受阻碍的是元音；不论声带振动与否，凡是气流在通路上受到阻碍的都是辅音。
二、元音的分类及发音
元音依发音时舌面隆起部分的位置分为前元音、后元音和中元音。
依舌位的高低又分为高、中、低三种。
依双唇的形状又分为圆唇元音和不圆唇元音。
（一）前元音
前元音有四个：[i:] [i] [e] [ ]。
发前元音时必须注意：
（1）舌尖要抵住下齿。
（2）舌前部向硬腭抬起。
（3）双唇不要收圆，发[i:] [i] [e]时双唇平展，发[ ]时口要张大地，用扁唇。
四个前元音的发音要领见表2所示。
音标 例词 开口程度 舌的高低 唇形 口腔肌肉
[i:] he see 近于合 舌前的中部 扁 紧
[i] it city 近于半合 舌前稍后部分 扁 松
[e] let head 半合半开 舌前 扁 松
[ ] at fact 开与半开之间 舌前 扁 松
表2
（二）中元音
中元音有三个：[Λ] [ ] [ :]。
发中元音时必须注意：
（1）舌尖抵住下齿，但不很紧。
（2）舌面的最高点在舌中部和舌后部之间。
（3）不圆唇。
三个前元音的发音要领见表3所示。
音标 例词 开口程度 舌的高低 唇形 口腔肌肉
[Λ] does mud 半开 舌后的前部 不圆 松
[ ] ago paper 近于半开 舌前舌后之间 不扁 松
[ :] her bird 开合之间 舌前舌后之间 不扁 紧
表3
（三）后元音
后元音有五个：[a:] [ ] [ :] [u] [u:]。
发后元音时必须注意：
（1）舌尖不触下齿，舌身后缩，舌后部向软腭抬起。
（2）除[a:]外，都是圆唇音。
（3）注意[u:] [ :] [a:]三个音的长度，不要发得太短。
五个后元音的发音要领见表4所示。
音标 例词 开口程度 舌的高低 唇形 口腔肌肉
[u:] who group 近于合 舌后 圆（合圆） 紧
[u] good could 半合半开 舌后前部 圆（合圆） 松
[ :] or four 开与半开之间 舌后 圆（合圆） 紧
[ ] sorry cough 全开 舌后 圆（开圆） 松
[a:] car ask 全开 舌后中部 中（不圆） 松
表4
（四）双元音
元音音素除单元音外，还有双元音。即：[ei]、[ai]、[ i]、[au]、[ u]、[i ]、[ ] 和[u ]。
双元音按其发音特点和滑动的不同，又分为合口双元音和集口双元音。
[ei]、[ai]、[ i]、[au]和[ u]五个双元音发音时口形由较张开滑向较合拢的位置，故称为合口双元音。
[i ]、[ ]和[u ]三个双元前发音时由第一个元音分别滑向中元音[ ]的位置，故称为集口双元音。
发双元音时要注意：
（1）前后一气呵成。由第一个元音向第二个元音的部位滑动。
（2）前高后低。发第一个元音时音调高些，发第二个元音时低些。
（3）前重后轻。发第一个元音时重些，发第二个元音时轻些。
（4）前长后短。前响亮后含糊。
（5）双元音的总长度与单元音的长元音相等。
双元音的发音要领见表5所示。
音标 例词 发音过程
口 舌 唇形 特点
[ei] rain day 由开到合 舌位逐渐抬高 由第一个元音向[i]滑动中间不停顿，第一个元音发音清楚而长，[i]较短
[ai] I my 由开到合 舌位逐渐抬高
[ i] oil boy 由开到合 舌位逐渐抬高 由圆到渐扁
[au] out mouth 由开到合 舌位逐渐抬高 双唇逐渐收圆 由第一个元音向[u]滑动，中间不停顿。
[ u] no show 由开到合 舌位逐渐抬高 第一个元音发音清楚而长，[u]较短。
[i ] ear idea 由合到开 舌位逐渐降低 由扁平到不扁 由第一个元音向[]滑动，中间不停顿，第一个元音发音清楚而重，[]较模糊
[ ] air there 由开到略合 舌位逐渐抬高 双唇变化不大
[u ] poor sure 由略开更开些 舌位逐渐降低 双唇由圆到不圆
表5
第二节28个辅音音素的发音
一、辅音（Consonants）的分类
辅音可按发音部位、发音方法以及声带不振动（清音）、声带振动（浊音）三方面进行分类。现列表如表6所示：
辅音的分类
爆破音 摩擦音 破擦音 舌侧音 鼻音 半元音
双唇音 清 [p]
浊 [b] [m] [w]
唇齿音 清 [f]
浊 [v]
舌齿音 清 [θ]
浊 [δ]
齿龈音 清 [t] [s] [ts]
浊 [d] [z] [dz] [l] [n]
齿龈 清 [tr]
后部音 浊 [r] [t ]
硬腭 清 [ ] [d ]
齿龈音 浊 []
硬腭音 清
浊 [j]
软腭音 清 [k]
浊 [g] [(l)] [ ]
声门音 清 [h]
浊
表6
二、辅音的发音要领
如下表7所示：
辅音类别 发音要领
爆破音 清 浊
[p] [b] 双唇紧闭，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔。
[t] [d] 舌尖紧帖上齿龈，形成阻碍，然后突然下降，气流冲出口腔。
[k] [g] 舌后部隆起，紧贴软腭，形成阻碍，然后突然离开，气流冲出口腔。
摩擦音 [f] [v] 下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿之间的缝隙中通过引起摩擦。
[θ] [] 舌尖轻触上齿背，气流由舌齿之间的窄缝中泻出，摩擦成音。
[s] [z] 舌端靠近齿龈（不要帖住），气流由舌端齿龈之间冲出，摩擦成音。
[ ] [ ] 舌尖和舌端抬向上齿龈较后部分，整个舌身抬起靠近上颚，形成一条狭长的通道，气流由此通过，引起摩擦。双唇稍向前凸出略成方形。注意：不用扁唇，以免发成普通话中的“徐”、“稀”音。
[r] 舌尖向上齿龈后部卷起，舌前部下陷，略成凹形，舌身两侧收拢，双唇略凸出，气流由舌面与硬腭间流出。
[h] 气流不受阻碍，自由逸出口腔，只在通过声门时发出轻微的摩擦，口型不定，随后面的元音而变化，声带不振动。
破擦音 [ ] [ ] 舌端先贴住齿龈，堵住气流，然后略微下降，气流随之冲出口腔。
[tr] [dr] 舌身先按发[r]音的部位，但舌头上翘，贴住齿龈后部，气流冲破这个阻碍，发出短促的[t]、[d]音后，跟着立即发[r] 音。
[ ] [ ] 舌端先抬起帖住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍。气流冲破这个阻碍后，舌和齿龈间仍然保持一条狭缝，发出摩擦的声音。
舌侧音 [l] 两种发音方法，发清晰的[l]时，舌端紧抵上齿龈，气流从舌的一侧或两侧流出。发含糊的[l]时，舌前下陷，舌后上抬，舌面形成凹形。
([l])
鼻音 [m] 双唇闭拢，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔中流出。舌位和[k]、[g]相同，但软腭下垂堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔流出，发音时声带振动。
[n]
[ ]
半元音 [j] 舌前部尽量向硬腭抬起，双唇向两旁伸展成扁平形，声带振动。一经发出,立即向后面的元音滑动。
[w] 舌后部向软腭抬起，双唇收得很圆很小，并向前凸出，声带振动。一经发出，立即向后边的元音滑动。
表7
第三节 音节
一、音节的概述
英语单词由一个或几个音节组成。每个音节常由一个元音加一个或几个辅音组成。
由一个音节构成的词称为单音节词，如 big；由两个音节构成的词称为双音节词，如 begin；由三个或三个以上音节构成的词称为多音节词，如 interesting，composition。
但单独一个元音也可以构成一个音节。
二、音节的种类
英语的音节一般有以下四种：
1.开音节—分为两种：一种是元音字母加辅音字母（r除外）加不发音的元音字母e结尾的音节，称为相对开音节，如like［laik］，save［seiv］；另一种是以发音的元音字母结尾的音节，称为绝对开音节，如me[mi:]，ago[ g u]。
2.闭音节—只有一个元音字母，其后有一个或几个辅音字母(r、w和y除外)的音节叫闭音节。在重读闭音节中，元音字母读短元音，如a [ ]，e [e]，i [i]， o [ ]， u [ ]。
3.成音节—少数辅音如[l] [m] [n]，也能与前面一个辅音构成一个非重读音节，叫成音节。如pencil [pensl] lesson [lesn]。
4. R音节—元音字母之后加上辅音字母r，或者后面再加上另一个辅音字母构成的音节就称为r音节。
（1）重读r音节中，元音字母读长音
一般如表8所示：
字母 读音 例词
ar [a:] arm party march
[ :] war warm ward
or [ :] or form horse
[ :] work world worth
er [ :] her term person
ir [ :] bird girl first
ur [ :] turn nurse burn
表8
注：（1）er的发音有例外的情况。如：very [‘veri] clerk [kla:k] 或 [kl :k]。
（2）在双音节或多音节词中，辅音字母r双拼时，左边的重读音节按闭音节读音。如：
current [‘k r nt] hurry [‘h ri]
（3）但非重读的r音节则发[ ]音，如：
collar [ k l ] 领子 paper [ peip ] 纸 farmer [ fa:m ] 农民
doctor [ d kt ] 医生 forget [f get] 忘记 grammar [ gr m ] 语法
第四节 拼读规则
一、元音字母及字母组合的拼读规则
英语字母有26个，但音素有48个。英语单词的拼写与其读音有时不统一，同一个字母或字母组合可以发不同的音，不同的字母或字母组合也可以发相同的音。说明这种发音规则的叫“拼读规则”。
学习掌握拼读规则的知识，可以帮助我们记住英语单词的发音和拼法。但是，英语单词在长期的演变过程中，拼法和发音有了不少差距，相当数量的单词，并不按一般拼读规则发音，例如bass当“男低音”讲时就读作［beis］。因此，遇到新单词，应多查字典，以字典注明的读音为准。
现将元音字母和字母组合的一般拼读规则列表如下所示。
1.元音字母a或a+其他字母的拼读规则
如表9所示:
字母或字母组合 音节种类或在词中的位置 读音 例词
a 在重读开音节中 [ei] late fate face
在重读毕音节中 [ ] man hand sat
在f, n, sk, ss, sp, st, th前 [a:] after plant task bath
class grasp past
在w或wh后 [ ] want wash what
ai或ay 在重读音节中 [ei] rain laid paid pay
al 在大多数辅 [ :] talk walk chalk
音字母前 [ :l] also fall salt
在f,m之前 [a:] half calm palm
ar 在重读音音节中 [a:] harm start park
在w后 [ :] war warm
au或aw 在重读音节中 [ :] autumn cause draw paw
air或are 在重读音节中 [ ] hair pair care dare
表9
2.元音字母e或e+其他字母的拼读规则
如表10所示
字母或字母组合 音节种类或在词中的位置 读音 例词
e 在重读开音节中 [i:] she be these
在重读毕音节中 [e] set desk when
ea 在重读音节中 [i:] sea teach beast
在重读音节中 [e] weather bread head
ee 在重读音节中 [i:] keep deep see
ei 在重读音节中 [i:] ceiling receive
在重读音节中 [ei] neighbor eight
er 在重读音节中 [ :] her person serve
ew 在重读音节中 [ju:] few new
在l, r, j后 [u:] jewel blew threw
ear 在重读音节中 [i ] near hear ear
在重读音节中 [ ] wear bear pear
后接辅音 [ :] learn heard search
表10
3.元音字母i或i+其他字母的拼读规则
如表11所示
字母或字母组合 音节种类或在词中的位置 读音 例词
i或y 在重读开音节中 [ai] bike nine by
在重读闭音节中 [i] city pity did
ie 在重读音节中 [i:] field believe thief
辅音字母前
在重读音节中 [ai ] quiet science society
辅音字母前
在重读音节末尾 [ai] lie die tie
ie或igh 在重读音节中 [ai] sign design high bright
ire 在重读音节中 [ai ] tire require admire fire
表11
4.元音字母o或o+其他字母的拼读规则
如表12所示
字母或字母组合 音节种类或在词中的位置 读音 例词
o 在重读开音节中 [ u] so code close
在重读闭毕音节中 [ ] crop not rot
在m, n, v或th前 [ ] some none love mother
oa 在重读音节中 [ u] road coat boat
oi或oy 在重读音节中 [ i] voice point boy joy
oo 在多数情况下 [u:] moon cool too
在k前 [u] look cook book
or 在重读音节中 [ :] nor order forth
在w后 [ :] world worth work
ou 在多数情况下 [au] house shout round
在部分词中 [ ] touch trouble county
oug 在t前 [ :] ought thought bought
oul 在重读音节中 [u] could would should
ow 在重读或非重读音节中 [ u] grow yellow narrow
在重读音节中 [au] how town cow
oar 在重读音节中 [ :] board roar
oor door floor
ore more store
表12
小提示：对于oo在单词中发短音[u]的单词我们可以用一个小故事来帮助记忆一部分。
小故事为：一个小孩少年时代（childhood），站(stood)在小河(brook)边，脚(foot)踩木头(wood)，看(look)本好(good)书(book)。
也可以认为在字母t, d, k前的oo发响应的短音[u]。
另外：对于字母和字母组合的发音规律，我们还可以总结出很多， 同学们也可以试着自己编一些，毕竟是自己总结出来的东西记忆最永久。
5.元音字母u或u+其他字母的拼读规则
如表13所示
字母或字母组合 音节种类或在词中的位置 读音 例词
u 在重读开音节中 [(j)u:] huge pupil use
在重读毕音节中 [ ] sun cut trust
ur 在重读音节中 [ :] turn burn hurt
ure 在重读音节中 [ju :] pure cure
在重读音节中 [u ] sure
表13
6.元音字母在非重读音节中的拼读规则
如表14所示
字母 读音 例词
a [ ] about ago China breakfast
[i] palace comrade passage courage
e [i] decide pocket closet business
[ ] student hundred open silent
i或y [i] office active happy army
[ai] satisfy occupy beautify electrify
[ ] holiday possible beautiful
o [ ] polite complete today second
[ u] piano potato tomato photo
u [ ] support suggest autumn industry
[ju] communist occupy regular
(在t, r, j后) [u] instrument July
（在te, de前） [ju:] institute attitude
表14
二、辅音字母及字母组合的拼读规则
现列表如表15所示：
字母或字母组合 在音节中的位置 读音 例词
b 一般在开始或结尾 [b] bed baby club
在词尾前有字母m 无声 tomb comb climb
c 在e, i, y前 [s] nice city bicycle
在a, o, u和辅音字母前 [k] cost cut cap clean
和音节结尾时 cry fact music
后为ia, io, ie [ ] social sufficient precious
ch或tch [t ] church catch match
ch [k] school stomach chemistry
ck [k] sack ticket clock
d或dd [d] did dead add
dr [dr] drive dry drink
ds 在部分词尾 [dz] deeds beds crowds
dge 在部分词尾 [ ] judge bridge badge
f 一般情况下 [f] fifth fine off life
在个别词中 [v] of
g或gg [g] go big egg
g 在e前 [ ] large George general
gh 在词尾 [f] cough laugh enough
ght 在音节末尾 [t] eight night thought
gu或gue 在词首或词尾 [g] guest league dialogue
gn 在元音字母后 [n] sign foreign campaign
h [h] horse hot hold
在词首或词中 不发音 hour exhibition honor
j [ ] June joke subject
k [k] kill week kick
kn 在元音字母前 [n] know knife knowledge
l或ll [l] like will tall
m或mm [m] mummy my summer
n或nn [n] not nine funny
ng [ ] song bring during
[ g] finger English language
nk 在元音字母后 [ k] thank sink bank
p或pp [p] pen apple supply
ph [f] phone photo paragraph
qu 在元音字母前 [kw] quick queen square
s 在词尾的-sion中 [ ] television occasion
s或ss [s] same gas Swiss
[z] is visit closet
后为u, ia, io [ ] sure Russian oppression
sc 后为i, e, [s] scene science Scissors
后为a, o, u [sk] scarf scold
sh [ ] she show wash
t或tt [t] ten tilt letter
th [θ] three think youth
[δ] that with clothes
tr 在元音字母前 [tr] tree trade trial
t 后为ia, ie, io [ ] partial patient nation
在词尾的-tion中 [ n] revolution motion condition
在词尾的-tion中（接s后） [t n] question suggestion
ts 在词尾 [ts] sports sweets hats
the 在词尾 [δ] bathe lathe breathe
v或ve [v] voice victory love
w [w] wait win sweet
wh 在o前 [h] who whose whole
wh 在其它元音字母前 [w] white which what
x 后为辅音字母 [ks] excited extra expert
后为元音字母 [gz] exam exist example
y 在元音字母前 [j] year yes you
表15
三、字母不发音的情况
英语中往往有一些单词含有不发音的字母，它虽不发音，但非拼出不可。 这些字母原先大半也是发音的，后来由于语音不断地变化、发展，现在不发音了。现仅列举一些如下所示：
1. 无声b : 在词尾-mb中，b不发音。无声b 还见于字母t 前。如：climb [klaim]， debt [det]， subtle [＇sΛtl]。
2. 无声c : 字母c在字母qu之前不发音。如: acquire [a＇kwai ]。此外，常见的词还有muscle [‘mΛsl] 等。
3. 无声d : 词尾-dge中不发音，如：bridge [brid ]； 在n的前后， 如：handsome　[＇h ns m]，　Wednesday　[＇wenzdi]。
4. 无声e：在重读相对开音节词的词尾和其他某些词词尾，e不发音。如：face， blue， table，judge，palace等。
5. 无声g：见于n前，或在词首，或在词尾。如：gnat [n t]， sign [sain]， foreign [＇f rin]。
6. 无声gh: 见于“i, ei, au, ou”之后，它的后面或是无辅音，或是有字母t，如：high， weigh， plough， night，eight，daughter， brought等。
7. 无声h: 在词首，h有时不发音，如hour；在字母r，w后，H不发音，如：rhythm [＇riδm]，whale [weil]；在词的中间h有时也不发音，如：exhibition [eksi＇bi n]。
8. 无声k: k在n前不发音，如know。
9. 无声l：后元音和辅音之间l常常不发音，如 [a:] 音后: half [ha:f] ， calm [ka:m] ；[ :] 音后：talk [t :k] ； [ u] 音后：folk [f uk] ，Holmes [h umz]； [u] 音后：could [kud]。
10. 无声n: 常见于词末尾的m之后，如: autumn [＇ :t m]。
11. 无声p：当词首是ps- 和pn- 时，p往往不发音。如: psychology [sai＇k l d i]， pneumonia [nju(:) ＇m unj ]。此外，又见于Thompson [＇t msn]等。
12. 无声r：只见于iron [ai n] 中。
13. 无声s：s在某些单词中不发音。如island [＇ail nd]，isle [ail]。
14. 无声t：t在词尾-tch中不发音，如catch [k t ] ； 在辅音[s] ， [f] 后不发音， 如: listen，often。
15. 无声u：字母u在g后， u常不发音。如: guess [ges]，guest [gest]。
16. 无声w： 在词首， w在r之前不发音，如write；在词中间， 如: answer，sword [s :d] ； 在许多地名的词中， r或n之后w不发音，如: Greenwich [＇grinid ] ， Warwick [＇w rik]。
第五节 单词重音和语句重音
一、单词重音
英语的双音节和多音节词至少有一个重读音节，这称为单词重音。
二、双音节词重读的一般规律
1.一般在第一个音节重读。如：
letter [＇let ] many [＇meni] sorry [＇s ri]
happy [＇h pi] student [＇stju:d nt] manage [＇m ni ]
2. 不少复合词，尤其是名词，在第一音节重读。如：
classroom [＇kla:srum] blackboard [＇bl kb :d]
3. 加了前缀或后缀成为多音节词，这些同保持原来的重读音节。如：
careful［＇k ful］ definite［＇definit］
carefully［＇k fuli］ indefinite［in＇definit］
4. 词尾为-tion或-ic的词，在-tion或-ic前的一个音节上重读。如：
question [＇kwest n] music[＇mju:zik]
5. 带有un-，mis-，en-，per-，re-，tran-，con-，a-，be-，dis-，ar-等前缀的双音节词，一般在第二个音节重读。如：
unkind［ n＇kaind］ unknown [ n＇n un] mistake [mis＇teik]
misuse（v．）［mis＇ju:z］ enlarge [in＇la: ] enrich [in＇rit ]
permit [p ＇mit] perform [p ＇f :m] rewrite [ri＇rait]
renew [ri＇nju:] transfer [trns＇f :] transform [trns＇f :m]
condemn [k n＇dem] connect [k ＇nekt] again [ ＇gein]
aboard [ ＇b :d] beside [bi＇said] behalf [bi＇ha:f]
disclose [dis＇kl uz] disease [di＇zi:z] arrange［ ＇rein ］
arrive [ ＇raiv]
三、多音节词重读的一般规律
1.三个音节的同第一个音节重读。如：
difficult [＇difik lt] library［＇laibr ri］
2.三个音节以上的同，在倒数第三个音节重读。如：
economy [i＇k n mi] university [ ju:ni＇v :siti]
四、语句重音
在一个英语的短语或句子里，只有一部分单词是重读的，其余的不重读，语句重音仍用重音符号[＇]，标在该重读单词的重读音节左上方。
在英语的10种词类中，名词、动词（助动词和连系动词to be除外）、形容词、副词、数词和感叹词一般要重读，而代词（指示代词及疑问代词除外）、冠词和单音节介词、连词一般都不重读。
说话时，为了强调，把句子中的某个词读得特别响亮。如＇I saw it.(我看见了)。
第六节 基本语调
英语的基本语调有两种：降调（用↘表示）和升调（用↗表示）。
一、降调
降调一般用于陈述句、特殊疑问句、语气较强硬的祈使句（表示命令）、选择问句的后半部分和感叹句。语调在最后一个重读音节下降。如：
＇Everybody was↘ present.
＇ What do you ↘ want？
＇Close the↘ door.
＇Is he an ↗Englishman or an A ↘ merican？
＇What a fine↘ day!
二、升调
升调用于一般疑问句、选择问句的前半部分和列举事物而未到最后一项时。如：
＇Are they ↗ workers？
Do you go to school at seven in the ↗ morning？
＇Shall we go ↗ home， or stay↘ here？
There are ＇three ↗sheep，four ↗ cows and two horses on the ↘grass.
语气很客气婉转的祈使句（或表示请求），一般用升调。如：
Ex＇cuse me ＇one ↗moment。
＇Don＇t go back just↗ yet.
第七节 拼读单词要注意的问题
英语单词的拼读，一般按上述的拼读规则。但有部分单词是比较特殊的，不能机械地按拼读规则来读音。如 have，give，love这些词在结构上是开音节，如果按开音节的拼读规则来发音，它们本应读为have［heiv］，give [gaiv]，love [l uv]，但实际上这几个词的发音不按拼读规则，它们的实际发音为have［h v］，give [giv]，loved [l v]。因此，在拼读单词时要注意一些在发音上比较特别的词，避免读错。
为了帮助读者解决这个问题，现将一些常见的、容易拼读错误的单词选录于下表16：
汉语 英语 常见的错误读音 正确读音
布 cloth [kl uδ] [kl θ]
世纪 century ['sent ri] ['sent uri]
借入 borrow ['b :r u] ['b r u]
容易的 easy ['i:si] ['i:zi]
危险 danger ['d n ] ['dein ]
脚 foot [fu:t] [fut]
著名的 famous ['f m s] ['feim s]
属于…的 of [ f] [ v][ v]
是 is [is] [iz]
是 was [w s] [w z]
语言 language ['l ngwei ] ['l gwi ]
铁 iron ['air n] ['ai n]
岛 island ['aild] [ail nd]
联接 join [ n] [ in]
知识 knowledge ['n uli ] ['n li ]
方法 mean [mi:ns] [mi:nz]
吵闹的 noisy [n isi] ['n izi]
量度 measure ['mes ] ['me ]
运动员 Player ['pleij ] ['plei ]
观察 observe [ b's :v] [ b'z :v]
结果 result [ri's lt] [ri'z lt]
面积 area [ ri ] [ ri ]
真正的 real [ri:l] [ri l]
建议 suggest [s ' est] [s ' est]
问题 question ['kwes n] ['kwest n]
期间 Period ['pi r d] ['pi ri d]
毒药 Poison ['p is n] ['p izn]
阵雨 shower [' u ] [' au ]
与…一起 with [wiθ] [wiδ]
坟墓 tomb [t mb] [tu:m]
埋葬 bury ['b :ri] ['beri]
伟大的 great [gri:t] [greit]
妇女（复数） women ['wumen] ['wimin]
南方的 southern ['sauδ n] ['s δ n]
缝衣 sew [sju:] [s u]
温度 temperature ['temp rit ] ['temprit ]
歌唱家 singer ['si g ] ['si ]
撕 tear [ti ] [t ]
太平洋 pacific [p 'sifik] [p 'sifik]
裤子 trousers ['traus z] ['trauz z]
成功 succeed [s 'si:d] [s k'si:d]
玛丽 mary [m ri] ['m ri]
完善的(adj.) perfect [p 'fekt] ['p :fikt]
表16
巩固练习题
小提示：
在做练习时，最好不要往练习题中写答案（一般情况下本书中的习题部分也未留出答题位置），最好单独找一张纸答题，然后与参考答案对照，看自己掌握情况。
这样做是为了以后再复习时、回头再看练习题时被你以前的正、误所左右你的思路，形成一种思维定式，不利于学习。
这样做还可以提高习题的利用率，因为你的习题始终是新的。
一、从下列各组单词中，选出划线部分的发音与前面所给的单词中划线部分的读音相同的单词：
1. of A. off B. life C. phone D. drive
2. answer A. finger B. English C. anxious D. conductor
3. laugh A. alphabet B. daughter C. fight D. neighbor
4. arrival A. animal B. festival C. decline D. determine
5. communicate A. hungry B. computer C. ruler D. business
6. salt A. half B. almost C. alcoholic D. postal
7. receive A. resent B. rebuild C. recovery D. recitation
8. maps A. meals B. hands C. desks D. eyes
9.says A. say B. saying C. said D. pays
10. brought A. thought B. though C. through D. enough
11. worry A. operate B. ocean C. brother D. move
12. suggestion A. revolution B. celebration C. question D. liberation
13. field A. piece B. eight C. friend D. review
14. climb A. c1ub B. best C. baby D. comb
15. method A. breathe B. worth C. without D. though
16. music A. pleasure B. surely C. society D. season
17. hear A. wear B. heard C. heart D. dear
18. surgery A. surround B. surprise C. survive D. purpose
19. headache A. break B .bread C. team D. really
mand A. want B. thank C. dance D. p1ane
2l. medical A. locate B. medicine C. accept D. office
22. choice A. Christmas B. headache C. chopsticks D. chemica1
23. exhibition A. behind B. humor C. honest D. ahead
24. nationality A. favor B. danger C. place D. palace
25. foolish A. toothpaste B. blood C. football D. understood
26. feather A. leaning B. weather C. peace D. reasonable
27. blind A. morning B. million C. mind D. village
28. moving A. discovery B. consume C. telescope D. prove
29. official A. communist B. observe C. occupy D. object
30. choose A. school B. stool C. wood D. foot
3l. question A. election B. education C. pollution D. suggestion
32. chemist A. match B. catch C. character D. chat
33. plant A. grammar B. master C. translate D. rapid
34. learn A. turbine B. heart C. torn D. nearly
35. crew A. few B. new C. threw D. mew
36. library A. language B. material C. operate D. labor
37. lounger A. London B. prove C. lock D. lonely
38. advanced A. task B. fortunate C. entrance D. salute
39. motor A. opposite B. ocean C. oppress D. object
40. canal A. important B. liberation C. majority D. national
41. prove A. stone B. route C. stove D. hook
42. silver A. silent B. pretty C. tiny D. reject
43.bread A. break B. weak C. sweat D. least
44. shoulder A. louder B. pronounce C. lonely D. Europe
45. courage A. cousin B. count C. youth D. cough
46. admire A. quiet B. stare C. spear D. figure
47. theory A. diary B. pioneer C. therefore D. really
48. breathe A. health B. deaf C. increase D. pleasure
49. Christmas A. speech B. stomach C. charge D. church
50. third A. southern B. weather C. thus D. theory
5l. wood A. pool B. childhood C. smooth D. choose
52. stopped A. fi1led B. recognized C. worked D. robbed
53. tidy A. listen B. opinion C. political D. fine
54. climb A. cupboard B. between C. observe D. debt
55. trunk A. language B. answer C. thunder D. husband
56. examination A. experiment B. example C. expensive D. expression
57. through A. without B. clothing C. worth D. neither
58. plough A. enough B. enough C. group D. count
59. channel A. practice B. rather C. vacation D. lazy
60.area A. wheat B. idea C. please D. weather
6l. headache A. courage B. operate C. package D. orange
62. silence A. satisfy B. said C. living D. design
63.sugar A. pupil B. wolf C. loose D. gold
64. wild A. universe B. children C. satellite D. technique
65. solid A. Europe B. robot C. salt D. wander
66. depend A. envelope B. elect C. recent D. develop
67. month A. government B. common C. along D. monument
68. natural A. nature B. population C. practice D. native
69. dangerous A. Canadian B. January C. balance D. advanced
70. frgquent1y A. president B. fresh C. fever D. electric
7l. biology A. concert B. observe C. cover D. above
72. mathematics A. recycle B. respect C. message D. package
73. parent A. spear B. wear C. carry D. patient
74. organize A. modal B. modern C. motto D. ball
75. pound A. once B. aunt C. out D. diamond
76. rocket A. doctor B. social C. coal D. sort
77. church A. fortnight B. earn C. concert D. peasant
78. army A. Marry B. vinegar C. regards D. grammar
79. fair A. area B. appear C. beer D. theatre
80. ocean A. decision B. shooting C. service D. recently
8l. south A. though B. southern C. found D. should
82. breath A. bread B. breathe C. mean D. leave
83. book A. food B. tooth C. good D. loose
84. month A. cloth B. money C. monitor D. model
85. cloth A. clothes B. strength C. smooth D. northern
86. wonder A. comrade B. comfort C. column D. connect
87. though A. blow B. thought C. through D. cough
88. danger A. change B. hand C. bank D. gentleman
89. many A. gather B. meant C .candle D. island
90.examine A. exercise B. anxious C. exist D. extra
9l.smooth A. food B. foot C. good D. cook
92.rain A. mountain B. certain C. campaign D. captain
93. courage A. operate B. headache C. package D. page
94. diamond A. empire B.dec1are C. fair D. parent
95. north A. southern B. northern C. with D. cloth
96. deve1op A. recycle B. select C. secret D. decent
97. design A. closet B. waits C. sugar D . maths
98. truth A. busy B. produce C. publish D. revolution
99. wear A. spear B. bear C. dear D. hear
l00. research A. surface B. tear C. surround D. disappear
101. music A. sister B. beside C. noise D. promise
102. surround A. south B. youth C. could D. double
103. ready A. sweat B. leader C. idea D. season
104. forget A. apology B. change C. agriculture D. design
105. nothing A. both B. monitor C. control D. above
106. satisfy A. pretty B. reply C. physics D. country
107. cinema A. better B. complete C. satellite D. wallet
108. stomach A. march B. cheap C. chemistry D. child
109. basket A. travel B. calm C. always D. paper
1l0. period A. 1ion B. idiom C. radio D. biology
111. mit A. alike B. drive C. notice D. night
112. absorb A. doctor B. tailor C. comfort D. afford
113. calm A. include B . replace C. society D. sincere
114. public A. natural B. brush C. success D. supply
115.anxius A. conclusion B. branch C. tongue D. dangerous
116.school A. look B. cool C. cook D. wood
117.examine A. expert B. excellent C. express D. example
11 8. aloud A. touch B.. enough C. house D. courage
119. clear A. near B. learn C. heart D. wear
120. funny A. dry B. pity C. away D. buy
121. describe A. drip B. knife C. invent D. finish
122. money A. follow B. popular C. hole D. cover
123. garden A. farm B. warm C. arrive D. carry
124. exiting A. bring B. change C. revenge D. dangerous
125. least A. heavy B. instead C. mean D. dead
126. candy A. pale B. place C. band D. signal
127. student A. push B. thrust C. must D. music
128. region A. hungry B. figure C. engine D. glad
129. burst A. hurry B. return C. Saturday D. survivor
130. curtain A. price B. fence C. declare D. recent
131. base A. blanket B. damage C. habit D. fate
132. ceremony A. creature B. discourage C. century D.include
133. horrify A. system B. reply C. plenty D. lihrary
134. hear A. earth B. clear D. learn D. early
135. Christmas A. watch B. beach C. branch D. stomach
136. although A. think B. both C. gather D. everything
137. furniture A. pure B. sure C. surface D. assure
138. surround A. proud B. enough C. cousin D. touch
139. similar A. garden B. smart C. harmful D. dollar
140. window A. tower B. town C. hol1ow D. down
141.ask A. cancer B. cash C. candy D. master
142. long A. love B. knock C. local D. money
143. good A. zoo B. cool C. food D. 1ook
144. trouble A. throughout B. thousand C. country D. although
145. theatre A. breathe B. together C. other D. truth
146. realize A. read B. speak C. steal D. idea
147. honest A. honor B. hospital C. humor D. horrible
148. believe A. lie B. relieve C. die D. science
149. base A. blanket B. damage C. habit D. fate
150. window A. tower B. town C. hollow D. down
15l. pale A. candy B. bank C. fate D. athlete
152. creature A. price B. declare C. century D. ceremony
153. survivor A. Saturday B. burst C. return D. surface
154. smart A. dollar B. war C. grammar D. harmfu1
155. proud A. enough B. double C. cousin D. surround
156. system A. pretty B. reply C. horrify D. fly
157. branch A. stomach B. chemistry C. cheap D. Christmas
158. minute A. sure B. busy C. popular D. value
159. divide A. disappear B. design C. article D. condition
160. learn A. clear B. hear C. earth D. tear
161. sweat A. break B. least C. breath D. deal
162. bank A. strange B. dangerous C. anxious D. autumn
163. moment A. modern B. comb C. promise D. company
164. breathe A. northern B. mouth C. thread D. c1oth
165. famous A. family B. natural C. nature D. apple
166. supply A. sorry B. apology C. p1enty D. spy
167. shoulder A. louder B. pronounce C. lonely D. Europe
168. silence A. satisfy B. holiday C. living D. design
169. explain A. exact1y B. express C. example D .examine
170. question A. population B. pollution C. graduation D. suggestion
17l. natural. A. nature B. population C .practice D. native
172. salt A. chalk B. calm C. almost D. half
173. dangerous A. Canadian B. January C. alliance D. advanced
174. library A. language B. material C. operate D. 1abour
175. advanced A. task B .fortunate C. entrance D. salute
176. biology A. concert: B. observe C. cover D. above
177. month A. government B. common C. along D. monument
178. longer A. London B. prove C. lock D. lone1y
179. shou1der A. louder B. pronounce C. lone1y D. Europe
180. courage A. cousin B. count C. youth D. cough
181. practice A. candy B. change C. demand D. palace
182. edge A. refuse B. careless C. belt D. remove
183. pear A. dear B. care C. hear D. near
184. research A. chemist B. machine C. technique D. achieve
185. announce A. cousin B. sound C. southern D. double
186. future A. bury B. supply C. music D .flu
187. civil A. cousin B. consider C. certain D. company
188. nervously A. prefer B. offer C. leader D. daughter
189. reply A. hungry B. fly C .slavery D. library
190. breathe A. health B. measure C. increase D. pleasure
191 .breath A. mother B. though C .clothing D. healthy
192. wild A. universe B .children C .satellite D. technical
193. news A. research B. newspaper C. Christmas D. Thursday
194. parent A. glare B. measure C .failure D. capital
195. trunk A .language B. strange C. thunder D. twentieth
196. courage A .cousin B .count C. youth D. cough
197. library A .language B. material C. operate D. labor
198. long A. London B. prove C .lock D .lonely
199. advanced A. task B. fortunate C. entrance D. salute
200. character A .chain B .church C. stomach D. machine
参考答案
1.D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. D 19. B 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. B 37. C 38. A 39. B 40. D 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. C 45. A 46. A 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. D 51. B 52. C 53. D 54. D 55. A 56. B 57. C 58. D 59. A 60. B 61. B 62. D 63. B 64. C 65. D 66. B 67. A 68. C 69. A 70. C 71. A 72. C 73. B 74. D 75. C 76. A 77. B 78. C 79. A 80. B 81. C 82. A 83. C 84. B 85. B 86. B 87. A 88. A 89. B 90. C 91. A 92. C 93. C 94. A 95. D 96. B 97. A 98. D 99. B 100. A 101. C 102. A 103. A 104. C 105. D 106. B 107. D 108. C 109. B 110. B 111. C 112. D 113. A 114. B 115. C 116. B 117. D 118. C 119. A 120. B 121. B 122. D 123. A 124. A 125. C 126. C 127. D 128. C 129. B 130. C 131. D 132. C 133. B 134. B 135. D 136. C 137. C 138. A 139. D 140. C 141. D 142. B 143. D 144. C 145. D 146. D 147. A 148. B 149. D 150. C 151. C 152. B 153. A 154. D 155. D 156. A 157. C 158. B 159. B 160. C 161. C 162. C 163. B 164. A 165. C 166. D 167. C 168. D 169. B 170. D 171. C 172. C 173. A 174. B 175. A 176. A 177. A 178. C 179. C 180. A 181. A 182. C 183. B 184. D 185. B 186. C 187. C 188. A 189. B 190. C 191. D 192. C 193. D 194. A 195. A 196. A 197. B 198. C 199. A 200. C
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