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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之三
冠词
一、冠词（Article）定义和种类
冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，放在名词之前帮助说明名词的含义。
冠词没有词义，没有人称、数和格的变化。
英语中的冠词分为不定冠词(Indefinite Article)和定冠词(Definite Article)两种。
二、冠词的用法（The Use of Article）
（一）不定冠词的用法：
不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用在以辅音音素开头的名词前，一般读作[ ]，若单读或在句中重读时，读作[ei]；an用在以元音音素开头的名词前，一般读作[ n]，若单读或在句中重读时，读作[ n]。
1. 首次提到某人或某物
当第一次提到某人或某物，并非特指，用不定冠词来起介绍作用。这时的不定冠词不必译出。如：
I am a student. 我是学生。
He is a doctor. 他是医生。
There is a table at the center of the room.房间中央有张桌子。
2.用在单数普通名词前
不定冠词在单数普通名词前指一类人或事物。这时的不定冠词也不必译出。如：
An ear is an organ for listening. 耳朵是听觉器官。
A fox is a cunning animal. 狐狸是狡猾的动物。
3.说明某一事物
不定冠词可以用来说明某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：
He studies in a middle school. 他在一所中学学习。
A boy is looking for you. 一个男孩在找你。
4.用在表示时间或度量单位的名词前
这时的不定冠词有“每一”或“一”的含义。如：
The train is running sixty miles an hour. 火车正以每小时60英里的速度行驶。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天一个苹果，包你不看病。
5.用在人名前
用不定冠词表示说话人对此人不认识,相当于“a certain”, 也可以指与某人有相类似性质的人或事物。如：
Our music teacher is a Miss White. 我们的音乐老师是一位姓怀特的小姐。
A Mr. Chen came to see you this morning. 一位陈先生今天上午来看你。
He wishes to become a Newton. 他希望成为像牛顿那样的人。
He is a Lei Feng in our class. 他是我们班的雷锋。
6.可以用在物质名词或抽象名词前
这时的不定冠词表示具体的意义、制成品或种类。如：
The little girl is eating an ice cream happily at the table. 小女孩正高兴的在桌子旁吃着冰淇淋。
It’s an honor for me to be given such a good chance to make a further study at university. 我很荣幸得到这么好的机会上大学深造。
Honesty is a virtue. 诚实是一种美德。
7.用在专有名词中的地名前
用不定冠词来表示某时期或某个样子的某地。如：
She is now a different China from what she was twenty years ago. 现在的中国和20年前的大不一样。
8.用在感叹句中的可数名名词前。如：
What a fine day! 多好的天气呀！
What a beautiful picture! 多美的画！
9.用在某些固定词组中。如：
a lot of 许多 a few 有几个 a little 有一点
a great of 大量的 a cup of 一杯 a piece of 一张
take a walk 散散步 take a rest 休息一会 for a long time 长时间的
take a bath 洗澡 turn a deaf ear to 不愿听 many a time 许多次
play a part in 起……作用 as a mater of fact 事实上
once upon a time 从前 an hour or two 一两个小时
have a look 看一眼 have a smoke 抽支烟
（二）定冠词的用法
定冠词the在以元音音素开头的词前读[δi]，在以辅音音素开头的词前读[δ ]。
1.使用冠词的场合
⑴在再次提及的人或事物的名词前
这时表示的是特指。如：
The teacher told us a story. The story is very interesting. 老师给我们讲了一个故事。这个故事很有趣。
I have a pen. The pen is blue. 我有支钢笔。这支钢笔是蓝色的。
⑵特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：
The book on the table is an English book. 书桌上的那本书是一本英语书。
Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。
⑶用在单数普通名词前
表示一类人或事物。这时的the 不必译出。如：
The horse is a useful animal. （=A horse is a useful animal, 或Horses are useful animals.) 马是有用的动物。
⑷用在谈话双方都知道、都熟悉的特定的人或事物的名词前。如：
Would you mind my opening the window 我把窗打开，好吗？
The teacher is coming. 老师来了。
⑸用在有限制性定语修饰的名词前。如：
She drinks milk every morning. The milk on the table is hers. 她每天早上喝牛奶。桌上的牛奶是她的。
⑹用在序数词前。如:
The first boy is his younger brother. 第一个男孩是他的弟弟。
Our classroom is on the second floor. 我们的教室在二楼。
⑺用在世界上的独一无二的事物前。
这类词如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙、气候、大气层等。如：
the world 世界 the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the sky 天空 the earth地球
⑻用在表示方位的名词前。如：
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 日出东方，日落西方。
The office faces the south. 办公室朝南。
⑼用在表示时间的词组或习惯用语前。如：
in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上 in the daytime 在白天
⑽用在形容词和副词的最高级前。如：
Winter is the coldest season of the year. 冬天是一年中最冷的季节。
Who sings (the ) best in your class 你们班谁唱得最好？
注：副词的最高级常省略the ；形容词的最高级作表语时，如果不与其他人或事物相比时，往往也不用the 。
⑾用在某些形容词或分词前
表示具有这个形容词特点的一类人或事物。如：
the young 年轻人 the grown-up 成年人 the blind 盲人
the wounded 伤员 the poor 穷人 the rich 富人
the progressive 进步人士 the oppressed 被压迫者
⑿用在姓氏的复数形式前
表示某某一家人。如：
The Greens are at table. 格林一家在吃饭。
The Chens will move to Nanjing. 陈的一家要搬到南京去。
⒀用在逢十的复数词前
表示某个年代。如：
When he went to America in the seventies, he was already in his forties. 当70年代他去美国时，他已经40多岁了。
In the 1870’s, Marx began to learn Russian. 在19世纪70年代，马克思开始学习俄语。
⒁用在乐器的名称前
The girl is playing the piano. 那个女孩正在弹钢琴。
He often plays the violin in the evening. 他经常在晚上拉小提琴。
⒂用在表示单位的名词前
I have hired the car by the hour. 我已按小时租车。
Eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋论打卖。
by the day /month. /yard/foot 按日/月/码/尺
⒃用在某些专有名词前
the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Swiss 瑞士人 the Philippines菲律宾群岛
the Koran 可兰经 the New York Times 《纽约时报》 the Red Sea 红海
巩固练习
一、选择：
1. There are sixty minutes in hour.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
2. We always have rice for lunch.
A. the, / B. /, / C. /, a D. the, the
3. Here is a blouse. blouse is hers.
A. The B. A C. An D. /
4. moon moves around earth.
A. The, the B. A, an C. The, an D. /, /
5. What interesting game it is! It must be great fun.
A. an, a B. a , the C. the, the D. an, /
6. rich should help poor.
A. The, a B. The , the C. A, the D. /, /
7. Greens will come to see you tomorrow.
A. A B. An C. / D. The
8. The boy is American. He comes from United States of American.
A. an, an, an B. an, the, an C. /, a, / D. an, the,/
9. There are few mistakes in your homework. Don’t make same mistakes again. A. a, a B. a, the C. the, the D. /, the
10. Changjiang River is longest in China and one of longest rivers in world.
A. The, the, /, /, the B. /, the, /, the, / C. The, the, /, the, the D. /, a, /, the, the
11. I’ll wait for you at the gate of school on Children’s Day.
A. a , the B. the , / C. the, a D. a, /
12. boys like playing football.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
13. Summer Place is one of most beautiful parks in world.
A. The, /, the B. /, the, the C. The , a, the D. The, the, the
14. Man can’t live without air or water.
A. the, the B. an, a C. /, / D. the, /
15. Maths is bit difficult for me to learn.
A. the B. the C. / D. a
16. Don’t give up. You can try for second time.
A. the B. an C. a D./
17. She took me by hand and led me into room.
A. my, my B. the , the C. her, her D. a ,a
rade Wu is ill. He is in hospital these days.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
19. There are millions of stars in universe.
A. a, / B. an, the C. the, / D. /, the
20. There is “s” in the word six and “s” is the last letter of the word.
A. a, the B. a , an C. an, the D. a, a
21. Let me have look at your photo.
A. the B. a C. an D./
22. “Is this your football sock ”
“Yes, it is . ”
“Where’s other one ”
A. an B. a C. / D. the
23. English is useful language.
A. a B. an C. much D. quiet
24. My brother is good at playing violin and I am good at playing basketball. A. the ,the B. /, the C. a, the D. the, /
25. is food. in this cup has gone bad.
A. Milk, Milk B. A milk, The milk C. The milk, The milk D. Milk, The milk
26. What did you have for breakfast today
A. the B. a C. an D. one
27. On Sundays, what time do you get up
A. the B. / C. some D. a
28. Jim comes from U.S.A..
A. the B. a C. an D. /
29. I usually go to bed at about 7:00.
A. the B. / C. a D. one
30. “How much is pen ”
“It’s 5 Yuan.”
A. the B. a C. an D. one
31. He’s driver. He drives bus.
A. a, a B. the , a C. an, an D. a, the
32. “How does your father go to work every day ”
“By bike.”
A. a B. the C. his D. /
33. Mike’s sweater is behind door.
A. an B. a C . the D. /
34. This bottle is full. That bottle is empty one.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
35. “Who is that girl over there ” “ Which one ” “ one in red hat.”
A. The , the B. /, the C. A, a D. An , the
36. There are some pictures on wall.
A . the B. a C. an D. some
37. Would you like something to drink What about glass of milk
A. a B. an C. the D. /
38. He can’t go with you. He’s .
A . at work B. work C. at a work D. works
39. The students aren’t . They are .
A . at the home, at the school B. at home , at school
C. at the home, at school D. at home , at the school
40. She is wearing green trousers.
A. a B. / C. an D. any
41. We are all .
A. a Chinese B. the Chinese C. Chinese D. some Chinese
42. It’s old shirt.
A . a B. an C. / D. the
43. A horse is useful animal.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
44. Do you want apples
A. a B. an C. many D. /
45. Do you like eating meet
A. a B. an C. many D. /
46. He is Englishman. He is from England.
A. an, the B. an, / C. the, the D. a, the
47. Do you have eraser, Tom
A. an B. a C. the D. /
48. “What can you see in picture on the wall ” “ I can see ship.”
A. a, a B. the, / C. the , a D. a, the
49. It’s still cold in January.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
50. The man looks strange. She is laughing all .
A. a time B. the time C. an time D. times
51. The nurse went to bed to see the babies.
A. / B. the C. a D. an
52. He likes playing basketball, so he bought basketball yesterday.
A. the ,/ B. /, the C. a , the D. /, a
53. He is older of the two brothers.
A. an B. / C. a D. the
54. What fine weather
A. the B. a C. / D. an
55. Autumn is best season of year in Beijing.
A. a, the B. the , the C. /, a D. the, /
56. Lucy often eats at home .
A. a chicken B. the chicken C. chicken D. chickens
57. Does Kate like Chinese food
A. the B. a C. an D. /
58. Is football easy game
A. a B. an C. one of D. /
59. My brother works in hospital.
A. a B. / C. an D. one
60. Making toys is interesting work.
A. a B. an C. one of the D. /
61. A lot of people go to visit Beijing in Autumn.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
62. What good time we had last night!
A. a B. an C. the D. /
63. Smiths going to move into a new house.
A. The , is B. The , are C. /, is D. /, are
64. Half hour later she woke up and begin to cry.
A. a B. / C. the D. an
65. What about going out for walk after supper
A. a , the B. the ,the C. a ,/ D. the , /
66. I like English very much for it's useful tool.
A. the , the B. /,a C . an , an D. /, an
67. What was he before He was medica1 worker before he turned writer.
A . an,the B. the ,a C .the,/ D. a,a
68. Please pay attention to your spelling. You've dropped " m" here .
A. an B. the C . / D. a
69. Mary is fond of playing piano while Tom is interested in listening to music.
A. /, the B. /, / C. the, / D. the , the
70. Where is Jack I think he's still in bed, but he might just be in bathroom.
A. /,/ B. the ,the C. the, / D. /, the
71. doctors and nurses should care for their parents.
A. The , the B. /, / C. The , / D. /, the
72. This is only example I can give you.
A. an B. one C . / D. the
73. The first day of October is National Day.
A. the B. a C ./ D. all
74. That evening Greens sat before a bright fire and had nice supper.
A. the , a B. /, / C. /, a D . the, /
75. In l860, Abraham Lincoln was elected Present of the United States.
A. the B. / C. a D. one
76 elephant is useful to human beings.
A. The B. This C. That D.A
77. Is he European or American
A. a , an B. an ,a C .an ,an D. a , a
78. The man was in hurry to catch train.
A. a , / B. a, the C. the, / D./, the
79. He was made of the workshop.
A. a head B .heads C. the head D .head
80. thief is a danger to .
A. The, society B. The, a society C. A, society D. A, the society
81. hero as he is, he is sometimes afraid.
A. / B. A C. An D. The
82. The policeman caught the thief by arm.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
83. What fine weather we are having here!
A. an B. the C ./ D. a
84. In time of danger, one’s mind works fast.
A. the , the B .a , a C. /, / D. the, /
85. We should take good care of .
A. young and old B. the young and old C. the young and the old D. young and the old
86. Wouldn't it be wonderful world if all nations lived in peace with one another
A. a, / B. the ; / C. a ; the D. the ; the
87. Many people agree that knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.
A. a ; / B. the ; an C. the ; the D. /; the
88. —Have you seen pen I left it here this morning.
— Is it black one I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a ; the B. the , the C. the , a D. a ; a
89. Mum was sitting on chair near door when I came back.
A. the , a B. a , a C. a, the D. the , the
90. March 8th is Women's Day.
A. / B. the C. a D. an
91. Xi'an was starting point of world-famous "Silk Road".
A. /, / B. a ; a C. the, / D. the ; the
92. She is ill and now in hospita1. I'm going to hospital to see her.
A. the , a B. a, the C. /, a D. /, the
93. What will you have for lunch
A. the B. an C. a D. /
94. We had good supper with them yesterday.
A. the B. a C. / D. an
95. There is "R” in this word.
A. / B. an C. a D. the
96. He has newsman.
A. turned a B. turned C. became a D. become
97. Lesson Three is most difficult 1esson, but it isn't most difficult lesson in Book Two.
A. a ; a B. a ; the C. the, the D. the , a
98. The doctor told her to take medicine three times day.
A. /, a B. the ; a C. a ; the D. the; /
99. What interesting work it is!
A. a B. an C. the D. /
100. They must be hidden in .
A. wood B. woods C. a wood D. the woods
101. came that he had come back.
A. The word B. A word C. Word D. Words
102. The gill with violin in her hand is good at playing violin.
A. a ,the B. the ,a C. /;the D. a ,a
103. Joe, best runner, ran fastest in last race.
A. /;/;the B. the , /, / C. the; /;the D. the ,the,/
104. was invented in l9l7.
A. Radio B. A radio C. Radios D. The radio
105. He is newcomer to physics but he has already made some important discoveries.
A. a , the B. a; / C. a , a D. the ; the
106. history is interesting subject for most of students.
A. The , an , the B. / , an ; the C. A ; an ; / D. /; the; the
107. In Guilin he was so struck by beauty of nature that he stayed for another two days.
A. /; / B. the , the C. the; / D. /; the
108. Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in public.
A. the : the B. the, / C. a; the D. /; the
109. Have second cup of tea , please.
A. the B. a C. / D. an
110. sun rises in east.
A. The; the B. /; / C. the; / D. The; a
111. Is this plane to Hong Kong
A. the; / B. a , the C. /, / D. the, the
112. We have begun to learn Japanese language.
A. a B. / C. the D. an
113. The boy was not hit in face, but on head.
A. his, his B. the, the C. his; the D. the; his
114. None but were respected.
A. brave B. a brave C. braves D. the brave
115. most children like sweet things.
A. A B. The C. / D. An
116 --I’d 1ike information about the management of your hotel, please.
--We1l, you could have word with the manager. He might be helpful.
A. some; a B. an; some C. some; some D. an, a
117. Many people agree that knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.
A. a; / B .the, an C. the; the D. /; the
118. — Have you seen pen I left it here this morning.
— Is it black one I think 1 saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the: a D. a, a
119. Paper money was in use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in
thirteenth century.
A. the; / B. the, the C. /, the D. /, /
120. Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.
A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D. /; the
二、在下面的空格处添入必要的冠词，不需要处添X:
1. What lovely weather we're having for time of year!
2. What's weather like today
3. sick and wounded needed oxygen (氧气).
4. Australia is Oceania country.
5. United Nations war founded in October 1949.
6. She is good at playing piano and volleybal1.
7. water is necessary to life.
8. Before I go to bed, I read newspaper.
9. It takes half hour to get to Manning from Shanghai by air.
10. Do you often go to cinema after school
11. She lives in southern part of city.
12. It's eight o'c1ock. It’s time for class.
13. My brother is interested in history. He is now studying history of the Party in
university.
14. You don't have any lessons on Saturday afternoon, do you
15. What encouraging speech this is! What exciting news this is!
16. In Scotland last day of year is most important holiday of winter, more important even than Christmas. On New Year's Eve
friends and neighbors go about from house to house drinking to each other's health and wishing good luck. On New Year's Day all shops and factories are closed and no work is done. Families’ meet together for big meal and family party. In England New Year's Day is not holiday people go to work as usual. But on New Year's Eve most people sit up till after
midnights "to see New Year in" or else they go to parties and dances. Most of big London hotels have New Year's Eve dance.
三、改正下列句子中冠词的错误用法：
1. The Shanghai people live on the rice.
2. December 25 is the Christmas Day.
3. My parents usually have the lunch in the factory.
4. I'l1 never forget dinner we had together.
5. The table tennis is a favorite sport in our country.
6. Yesterday he was chosen the manager of the company.
7. My younger brother goes to school by the bike.
8. My elder sister works hard at the Chinese literature in Beijing University.
9. Every morning we take part in the physical training.
10. My elder brother plays violin fairly well.
11. Guangdong Province is in south of China.
12. Jones sisters were two famous writers.
13. George Washington was first President of the United States.
14. Mary sits in front of the classroom.
15. Your suggestion is out of question.
16. He said he would graduate from next year.
17. She walked into the classroom in hurry.
18. Italy is an European country.
19. Do you know a number of the students in our school
20. Tom can draw pictures. It's not easy for the boy of five.
2l. The five of them have been to Beijing.
22. Please don't stand in the classroom door. You are in a way.
参考答案：
一、
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. C 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. B 40. B 41. C 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. D 46. B 47. A 48. C 49. D 50. B 51. B 52. C 53. D 54. C 55. D 56. C 57. D 58. B 59. A 60. D 61. D 62. A 63. B 64. D 65. C 66. B 67. D 68. A 69. C 70. D 71. B 72. D 73. C 74. A 75. B 76. A 77. A 78. B 79. D 80. C 81. A 82. C 83. C 84. C 85. C 86. A 87. A 88. D 89. D 90. A 91. D 92. D 93. D 94. B 95. B 96. B 97. B 98. A 99. D 100. D 101. C 102. A 103. C 104. D 105. B 106. B 107. C 108. B 109. B 110. A 111. A 112. C 113. B 114. D 115. C 116. A 117. A 118. D 119. C 120. B
二、1. X, the 2. the 3. The , X 4. X , an 5. The , X 6. the , X 7. X, X 8. X, a / the 9. an, X 10. the , X 11. the, the 12. X, X 13. X, the, a 14. X 15. an, X 16. 1) X 2) the 3) a / the 4) the 5) X 6) X 7) X 8) X 9) X 10) a 11) a 12) X 13) a 14) X 15) X 16) X 17) X 18) the 19) X 20) the 21) a
三、
1. the rice — rice 2. the Christmas — Christmas 3. the lunch — lunch 4. dinner — the dinner 5. The table — Table 6. the manager — manager 7. by the — by 8. the Chinese — Chinese 9. the physical — physical 10. violin — the violin 11. south — the south 12. Jones — The Jones 13. first — the first 14. front — the front 15. out of — out of the 16. next — the next 17. in hurry — in a hurry 18. an — a 19. a — the 20. the — a 21. The five — Five 22. in a way — in the way
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之二
代词
第一节 代词的概述
代词(Pronoun)是为了避免重复而用来代替名词的词。
英语代词可分为以下九类：人称代词(Personal Pronouns)、物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)、反身代词(Self Pronouns)、相互代词(Reciprocal Pronouns)、指示代词(Demonstrative Pronouns)、不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns)、疑问代词(Interrogative Pronouns)和关系代词(Relative Pronouns)。
大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。
第二节 人称代词
表示“我”、“你”、“他（她、它）”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词叫人称代词。
一、人称代词的概述
人称代词的人称、性、数和格。如下表所示：
数 单数 复数
人称 一 二 三 一 二 三
词义 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们
格 主格 I you he she it we you they
宾格 me you him her it us you them
二、人称代词的句法功能
1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语
They are playing football on the playground.他们正在足球场上踢足球。
I am from Canada．我是从加拿大来的。
注：当几个人称代词同时作主语时，其顺序一般是：单数：you，he and I；复数：we，you and they。
2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词或介词的宾语
We met him in the street yesterday．我们昨天在街上遇见他。
Our English teacher taught us an English song．我们的英语老师教我们唱了一首英语歌。
His parents are looking for him．他的父母正在找他。
3.人称代词作表语
—Who is it？是谁啊？
—It’s me（I）．是我。
注1：口语中作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，不用主格。
注2: 在 but，except，than和 as之后，人称代词可用主格或宾格，句子意义不变。如：
I am thinner than she（her）．我比她瘦。
Nobody but（except） he（him） knew it．除了他没有人知道这事。
4.说话人出于感情用he或she来代替国家、船只、动物等名词
China has risen．She is no longer what she used to be．中国站起来了。她不再是前那个中国了。
She is a fine old ship．它是一艘很好的旧船。
Be careful of that dog．He sometimes bites．当心那条狗，它有时会咬人。
5.英语口语中习惯上以人称代词的宾格作表语
— Who broke the glass？谁打碎了玻璃？
— It’s her．是她。（ “It’s she．”为正式用法 ）
— Who is it？谁呀？
— It’s me．是我。（“It’s I．”为正式用法）
6.两个或两个以上的人称代词并列使用时单数的顺序为 you， he（或she） and I 。
He and I are both college students．我和他都是大学生。
7. 两个或两个以上的人称代词并列使用时复数的顺序为we，you and they
We and you will play football．我们将和你们踢足球。
8.We，you和they有时用来代替一般的人
They say that Mr. Brown is very rich．据说布朗先生很有钱。
You／We should keep quiet in the library．在图书馆应该保持安静。
第三节 物主代词
一、物主代词的概述
表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。
物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
其人称和数的变化形式如下表所示：
数 单数 复数
人称 一 二 三 一 二 三
词义 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的
种类 形容词性 my your his her its our your their
物主代词
名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
物主代词
二、物主代词的句法功能
1.形容词性物主代词在句子中作定语
如：
He put my pen into his pocket.他把我的钢笔放进他的口袋里。
2.名词性物主代词常用来避免前面已提及的名词，在句子中作主语、表语、宾语（名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+所修饰的名词）
如：
This book is hers．Mine is missing．Please lend me yours．这本书是她的。我的书不见了。请把你的书借给我。（表语，主语，宾语）
注：名词性物主代词常用在of后作定语，相当于“of十名词所有格”，表示部分概念和感彩。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday．我的一位朋友昨天来看我。（表示部分概念）
Please look at this pretty child of his！请看一下他的这个可爱的孩子！（表示感彩）
第四节 反身代词
一、反身代词的概述
表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”、“他们自己”的代词叫反身代词。反身代词的形式如下表所示：
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 myself ourselves
第二人称 yourself yourselves
第三人称 himself herself itself themselves
二、反身代词的句法功能
1. 在句中作宾语
含有“自己”的意思，但在汉语中有时不一定要把“自己”译出来。如：
He can look after himself．他能照顾自己。
They enjoyed themselves at Disneyland．他们在迪斯尼乐园玩得很开心。
2. 反身代词可以在句子中作同位语
起强调作用，置于名词、代词的后面或句子末尾，表示“自己”、“亲自”的意思。如：
She opened the door herself．她亲自开门。
I myself did all the work．我亲自做了所有的工作。
You’d better ask your father himself．你最好问你父亲本人。
3. 反身代词还可以在句子中作表语
如：
I’m not quite myself today．我今天不太舒服。
He said the naughty boy was himself．他说那个调皮的孩子就是他自己。
4. 另外，反身代词还可构成某些惯用语
如：
（all） by oneself（独自地；一人地），of oneself（自动地）。
Did you do this by yourself？你是独自做的吗？
The ice disappeared of itself．冰块自动消失了。
第五节 相互代词
一、相互代词的概述
表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词。
相互代词有 each other，one another。
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别。
二、相互代词的句法功能
在句子中作宾语
其所有格分别为 each other’s， one another’s，作定语。
如：
We must help each other．我们应当互相帮助。（宾语）
They know one another’s shortcomings．他们知道彼此的缺点。（定语）
一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。如：
John and Mary like each other．约翰和玛丽互相爱慕。
The three men distrusted one another．这三个人互不信任。
第六节 指示代词
一、指示代词的概述
表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词叫指示代词。
指示代词有 this， that， these， those， such， same等。
二、指示代词的句法功能
指示代词可以在句子中作主语、表语、宾语或定语。
如：
That is a good idea．那是一个好主意。（主语）
What I want is this．我要的是这个。（表语）
He didn’t like that．他不喜欢那个。（宾语）
These pictures are very beautiful．这些画很漂亮。（定语）
注：this和that有时在句子中还可作状语，表示“到如此的程度”之义，此时它们均用作副词。如：
The snow was about this deep．雪大约有这么深。
I know only that much．我只知道那么多。
三、指示代词的特殊用法
1.this，that，these，those的用法
this（these）一般指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物，that（those）通常指在时间或空间较远的人或事物。
This is my desk and that is yours．这是我的书桌，那是你的。
They are busy preparing for the maths test these days．这些日子他们忙着为数学测验做准备。
In those days they could not go to school．在那个年代他们不能上学。
this常指在后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。
I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon．我要告诉你的是：英语晚会将在星期六下午举行。
He hurt his leg yesterday．That’s why he didn’t come．他昨天伤了腿。这就是他没来的原因。
为了避免重复，常用that或 those代替前面已提过的名词。
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Manning．北京的天气比南宁的冷。
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox．兔子的耳朵比狐狸的耳朵长。
2.such和same的用法
such指“这样的”人或事，在句中做主语和定语。
Such was the story.故事就是这样的。（主语）
Such were his words.他的话就是这样的。（主语）
We have never seen such a tall building．我们从没看见过这么高的楼房。（定语）
注：当such作定语时，如果所修饰的名词前有不定冠词，则将不定冠词放在such之后。
same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面要用定冠词the。
The same can be said of the other article．另一篇文章也是同样的情况。（主语）
Whether he can do it or not，it is all the same to me．他是否能做这事，对我来说都一样。（表语）
He dived, I did the same.他潜入水中，我也潜入水中。（宾语）
They got the same result.他们获得了同样的结果。（定语）
第七节 不定代词
一、不定代词的概述
不明确指代某个特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。
英语中常见的不定代词有： some（一些）， any（任何）， both（两者都）， none（没有人／物）， either（两者之一）， neither（两者都不）， all（全部）， one（某人或某物）， each（每个，各自）， many（许多）， much（许多），another（另一个），other（别的或其他），more（更多），most（大部分），few（极少数），little（极少量）等。另外还有由 some， any，no，every构成的复合不定代词。
不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等。下面将分组介绍不定代词的主要用法和区别。
二、不定代词的用法和区别
（一）some和any的用法
1.一般用法
some，any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。如：
He has some Chinese paintings.他有一些中国画。（定语）
Some like sports, others like music．一些人喜欢运动，另一些人喜欢喜乐。（主语）
Ask me if you have any questions．如果你有问题就问我。（定语）
I don’t know any of the students．这些学生我一个都不认识。（宾语）
2.特殊用法
①any用于肯定句中表示“任何”的意思
You may take any of them．你可以拿其中的任何一个。（宾语）
Any child can do that．任何孩子都会做那事。（定语）
②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”
Smith went to some place in England．史密斯到美国某地去了。（定语）
③ 在期望对方回答Yes时some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中
Would you like some bananas？吃些香蕉吗？（邀请）
Mum，could you give me some money？妈妈，能给我些钱吗？（请求）
④ some用于否定句中表示部分否定
I don’t know some of the students．这些学生中我有些不认识。（宾语）
注：some和any在句子中还可作状语，此时它们均为副词。some意为“大约”，相当于“about”，而any则表示程度，意为“稍”、“丝毫”。如：
There are some 3，000 workers on strike．大约有3000工人罢工。
Do you feel any better today？你今天觉得好些吗？
（二）one，both和all的用法
1. One用作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”的意思，其复数为 ones；指人时，其所有格是 one’s，反身代词是 oneself。
One should try one’s best to serve the people．一个人应该尽力为人民服务。（主语，定语）
This is not the one I want．这不是我要的那个。（表语）
— How many English dictionaries do you have？你有几本英语字典？
— I have only one．我只有一本。（宾语）
注：one，ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复。one，ones前面分别可以用this，that，these，those或the，which等词修饰。如：
These books are more interesting than those ones．这些书比那些书更有趣。
Here are three pens． Which one is yours，this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box？这里有 3支钢笔。哪一支是你的，这支、那支，还是铅笔盒里的那支？
2.both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或物，表示“两者都”的意思。
This maths problem can be worked out in both ways．这道数学题可用两种方法做。（定语）
Both of the boys are here. 两个男孩都在这。（主语）
We both are students．我们俩都是学生。（同位语）
both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。如：
Both of us are not teachers．我们俩并不都是教师。
Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。
both不能放在the，these，those，my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：
Both my parents like this film．我父母都喜欢这部电影。
Both the／these boys are tall．这两个男孩都很高。
3.all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指“全部的”、“整个的”，通常与不可数名词连用，除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用，与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。
He save me all the money．他把全部的钱给了我。（定语，修饰不可数名词）
The whole（不用 all）class was invited to the party. 全班同学被邀请参加聚会。
All the schools were flooded．所有的学校都被淹了。（定语，修饰复数可数名词）
I told him all about it．我把一切都告诉了他。（宾语）
All of us were surprised at the news．我们所有的人听到这个消息都很吃惊。（主语）
That’s all for today．今天就到这儿。（表语）
They have all been to Beijing.他们都去过北京。（同位语）
注：all用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如：
Not all the ants go out for food. (or：All the ants don’t go out for food.) 并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。
None of the students are here．没有一个学生在场。
None of the money is mine．这钱一个也不是我的。
（三）many和much的用法
many和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可做主语、宾语、定语。如：
Many of the students work hard at their lessons．许多学生学习很用功。（主语）
There is not much water here．这儿的水不多了。（定语）
He said he had much to do．他说他有许多事要做。（宾语）
— How many model planes do you have？你有多少模型飞机？（定语）
— I don’t have many．不多。（定语，宾语）
（四）little，a little，few，a few的用法
little，few表示“很少，很少几个”，含否定意义。
a little，a few表示“有些，有几个”，含肯定意义。
little，a little修饰或代替不可数名词，few，a few修饰或代替可数名词，它们可用在句子中作主语、宾语和定语。如：
Little (A little) has been done to prevent the air from being polluted. 没有采取什么措施（采取了一些措施）来防止空气污染。（主语）
We know little（a little） about that country．关于那个国家我们知道得很少（只知道一些）。（宾语）
There are few（a few） English magazines in the reading－room．阅览室里没有几本（有几本）英语杂志。（定语）
Few（A few）of them know German．他们中没几个（只有几个）会德语。（主语）
（五）no和none的用法
no = not any，表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语。
none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。
none还可以在句中作宾语。
如：
I have no（ = not any） sisters．我没有姐妹。（定语）
There is no（= not any） bread on the plate．盘子里没有面包。（定语）
None of the girls in our class like／likes football．我们班没有一个女同学喜欢足球。（主语）
— Is there any ink？有墨水吗？
— No，there is none．不，没有。（主语）
I know none of them．他们当中我一个都不认识。（宾语）
注：none既可以指人又可以指物，no one只能指人。如：
No one likes to make friends with her．没有人喜欢和她交朋友。
（六）each和every的用法
each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。
every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。
如：
Every student in our class has a Chinese dictionary．我们班每个学生都有一本汉语字典。（定语，强调班上“所有的人”）
Each student has a Chinese dictionary．每个学生都有一本汉语字典。（定语，强调个体）
Each of them has been there．他们每个人都去过那儿。（主语）
The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook．老师发给每位学生一本新课本。（宾语）
We each got a ticket．我们每人都得到一张票。（同位语）
（七）either和 neither的用法
either是“两者中任一”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词。
neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句子中作主语、宾语和定语。
如：
Here are two pens．You may take either of them．这里有两支铅笔，你可以随便拿一支。（宾语）
— Which do you prefer，tea or coffee？你要茶还是咖啡？
— Either will do．随便哪样都行。（主语）
There are trees on either side of the street．街道两旁都有树。（定语）
Neither of them knows it．他们俩没有一个人知道此事。（主语）
Neither boy knows French．两个男孩都不懂法语。（定语）
注1：either也作副词，其意为“也”，用于否定句，置于句末。如：
He doesn’t like tea，and I don’t，either．他不喜欢茶，我也不喜欢。（状语）
注2：either可与 or构成连词，意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。如：
He is either Japanese or Chinese．他不是日本人，就是中国人。
Either you or he is a student．要么你是学生，要么他是学生。
注 3：neither用作副词，意为“也不”，即“not…either”。如：
He can’t do it，neither can l．他做不了这事，我也做不了。
注4：neither可与nor构成连词，意为“既不……也不……”。如：
Neither he nor you are a student．他不是学生，你也不是学生。
（八）other和 another的用法
the other表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other十复数可数名词”表示“其余（他）的……”； the others表示“其他的人或物”。 others及“other十复数名词”泛指“其他的（别的）人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：
He got two books：one is a textbook，the other is a novel．他买了两本书，一本是教科书，另一本是小说。（主语）
Some of the pencils are red，the others（the other pens） are yellow．有些铅笔是红色的，其余的是黄色的。（主语，定语）
Some are singing，others are dancing．一些人唱歌，一些人跳舞。（主语）
another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。如：
This coat is too dark．Please show me another．这件外衣颜色太深，请另拿一件给我看看。（宾语）
Please give me another book．请另外给我一本书。（定语）
注1：another修饰复数可数名词时，意为“再，又”。如：
Please give me another ten minutes．请再给我 10分钟。
注 2：“one…another(a second)…a third…the other…” 意为“一个……一个……一个……一个……”用于三者或三者以上的排列。
There are four cars in the yard，one is red， another（a second） is yellow， a third is blue，and the other is black．院子里有四辆车，一辆是红色的，一辆是黄色的，一辆是蓝色的，一辆是黑色的。
注3：“some…others…others…”意为“一些……一些……一些”。如：
There are plenty of beautiful flowers in the garden． Some are red，others are yellow，and still others are white．花园里有很多美丽的花，一些是红色的，一些是黄色的，还有一些是白色的。
第八节 疑问代词
一、疑问代词的概述
疑问代词what，which，who，whom，whose用来构成特殊疑问句，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
二、疑问代词的句法功能
（一）what
1.一般用来指物
What are you doing？你在干什么？（宾语）
2.指人时通常询问职业或身份
— What is he？他是干什么的？
— He is a lawyer．他是律师。（表语）
注：“Who is he？”多用来询问姓名、血缘关系等，回答时可以是“He is Tom”、“He is my father”或“He is my teacher”等。 who在此疑问句中作表语。
（二）who，whom，whose
1.指人
who为主格形式作主语或表语， whom是宾格形式作宾语，whose是所有格形式一般作定语
Who is standings there？谁站在那儿？（主语）
Whom did you talk with yesterday？你昨天和谁谈话？（宾语，口语中可以用who代替whom）
— Whose chair is this？这是谁的椅子？（定语）
— It’s my chair．是我的椅子。
（三）which
可以用来指人或物
Which of your students is the most diligent？你的学生中哪一个最勤奋？
Which is cheaper，this one or that one？哪一个较便宜，这个还是那个？
巩固练习4
小提示：
在做练习时，最好不要往练习题中写答案（一般情况下本书中的习题部分也未留出答题位置），最好单独找一张纸答题，然后与参考答案对照，看自己掌握情况。
这样做是为了以后再复习时、回头再看练习题时被你以前的正、误所左右你的思路，形成一种思维定式，不利于学习。
这样做还可以提高习题的利用率，因为你的习题始终是新的。
一、选择：
1. That dictionary is not but .
A. hers, his B. her’s , he's C. her, his D. herself, himself
2. Hainan is smaller than province in China.
A. other B. another C. any D. any other
3. Everybody must have own choice.
A. their B. your C .one's D. our
4. She is of musician.
A. anybody B. anyone C. somebody D. something
5. Is necessary to master a foreign language
A. new B. man C. that D. it
6. The boy can dress when he gets up.
A. him B. himself C. he D. herself
7. He always helps others. is why we trust him.
A. It B. That C. This D. These
8. They were all very tired, but of them would stop to take a rest.
A. any B. some C. none D. neither
10. I'm quite hungry. Could you give me to eat
A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
11. I’d invited Tom and Ann to dinner, but of them came.
A. neither B. both C. either D. none
12. The weather in summer in Beijing is cooler than in Shanghai.
A. that B .it C. this D .one
13. Young peop1e may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in .
A. the other B. Some other C. others D. these other
14. Won' t you let help you
A. I and my friend B. my friend and I
C. my friend and me D. my friend and I to
15. I'll take wants to go.
A. anyone B. the person C. whoever D. during
16. The foolish boy knows but eating.
A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing
17. The Johns have a new baby. is lovely.
A. He B. It C. She D. Her
18. have known each other for ten years.
A. I you and he B. I, he and you C. He, you and I D. You, he and I
19. Are the two stories interesting No, is interesting.
A. no one B. nothing C. neither D. either
20. All of the students left except .
A. he and me B. he and I C .him and me D. him and I
21.They were all very tired, but of them would stop to take a rest.
A. any B. some C. none D. neither
22. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have .
A. it B. those C. them D. one
23. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
24. — When shall we meet again
— Make it day you like; it's all the same to me.
A. one B. any C. another D. some
25. Tom felt that he knew everybody's business better than they knew it .
A. themselves B. oneself C. itself D. himself
26. I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with .
A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing
27. — Is your camera like Bill's and Ann's — No, but it's almost the same as .
A. her B. yours C. them D. their
28. is family that the villagers all admire it.
A. It ; such an united B. His; Such a united C. Her's; so united a D. Theirs; so an united
29. The engine in your jeep works far better than .
A. his car B. his C. that of his D. his car's
30. — I feel a bit hungry. — Why not have bread
A. any B. little C. some D. a
3l. I want very much to buy a ten-speed bicycle, but I can't afford .
A. one B. it C. that D. this
32. of them knows the reason why the sports meet is put off.
A. Every one B. Everyone C. Someone D. All
33. He is a man of words.
A. little B. less C. few D. fewer
34. of the animals hibernate in winter.
A. No one B. No all C. Not all D. None
35. a new model plane.
A. The boys each have B. The boys each has C. Each of the boy has D. Each the boy has
36. The street is beautiful, for there are trees on .
A. neither side B. either side C. both side D. all sides
37. He asked the three men-Bob, Joe and to be ready.
A. I B. himself C. me D. herself
38. China will a1ways do what has promised to do.
A. that B. we C. she D. they
39. What I want to tell you is : the meeting will be put off till Saturday.
A. it B. this C. that D. its
40. He has broken his leg. is why he was absent from work.
A. This B. It C. That D. There
41. It's impossible for workers to do work in a single day.
A. so few, so much B. such few, such much C. so little, so many D. such many, so little
42. leaves the room last ought to lock the door.
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
43. — Wil1 he come tomorrow — We believe .
A. him B. it C. so D. that
44. A house built of stone lasts longer than built of wood.
A. it B. that C. the one D. one
45. Our food and service are better than used to be.
A. they B. it C. we D. them
46. He must have thrown away by mistake.
A. she B. hers C. her D. she's
47. John's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but didn't help.
A. he B. which C. she D. it
48. Kate is of a musician.
A. anybody B. anyone C. something D. somebody
49. were his words.
A. So B. That C. This D. Such
50. To some life is pleasure, to it is suffering.
A. ones B. others C. other ones D. those
51. If we continue to argue over minor points, we won’t get near a solution.
A. somewhere B. nowhere C. anywhere D. everywhere
52. He is one of those men who, I am sure, always do best even in the most trying circumstances.
A. his B. their C. your D. one’s
53. student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.
A. Each B. Either C. Any D . One
54. The settlers at Jamestown lived on wild berries and roots because they had to eat.
A. nothing else B. some thing else C. anything else D . nothing other
55. deeply moved by his speech.
A. Everyone of us were B. Every one of us were
C. Everyone of us was D . Every one of us was
56. Not having enough money, I had to to eat during the long journey.
A. cheaper some thing B. cheap thing C. something cheaper D. thing cheap
57. We may classify electronic computers into two groups: can measure and
can count.
A. those that, those that B. that that , that what
C. that what ,that what D . those what ,those what
58. Who is spoke last
A. what that B. that that C. it it D. what what
59. One should be careful to check the grease and oil in periodically.
A. their car B. our car C. one’s car D. your car
60. John is going to leave this week.
A. sometimes B. some time C. sometime D. somewhat
61. This novel will be of his best sellers.
A. the one B. another C. other D. the other
62. We woke up late morning.
A. the next B. next C. the D. a next
63. The class were divided in opinion.
A. her B. his C. its D. their
64. “ is Mr. Brown ”
“He’s an engineer.”
A. Which B. Who C. What D. Whom
65. Nobody in right senses would do such a thing.
A. one’s B. him C. his D. them
66. is blind, is deaf, and a third is lame.
A. One, the other B. One, another C. One, other D. Other, another
67. I have classes today; Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
A. every other B. each other C. other each D. other every
68. Ted recommended that they reward by taking the rest of the day off.
A. themselves B. themselves C. theirselves D. theirself
69. Everyone but accepted the player’s excuse for being late.
A. you and him B. you and he C. you and I D. I and he
70. She is proud of country and we are proud of .
A. her, ours B. hers, our C. hers, ours D. her, our
71. of them knew about the plan because it was secret.
A. Some B. No one C. Any D. None
72. They likes better than mine.
A. his and hers B. him and her C. him and hers D. him and she
73. are young people of New China.
A. We of all B. All we C. All among us D. All of us
74. Kim and Tony weren’t the only people in the garden. There .
A. was another B. were some others C. were some other ones D. was someone more
75. Did you make clear to them the result of the experiment is far from satisfactory and they should do again
A. that, it, it, that B. it, that, it , that C. it, that, that, it D. that, it, that, it
76. He left for Singapore by .
A. a ship B. the ship C. ships D. ship
77. At the moment there appeared in doorway man of middle height.
A. the, the, the B. the, a, the C. the, a, / D. /, the, the
78. That large pieced of land is the People’s Republic of China.
A. in possession B. possessed of C. possessing of D. in the possession of
79. The musician was an expert on .
A. piano B. the piano C. a piano D. pianos
80. He was elected for the third time.
A. President B. a President C. the President D. certain President
81. The policeman grasped the thief by .
A. a collar B. collar C. the collar D. collars
82. The case will be heard at next Monday.
A. the court B. a court C. court D. the courts
83. we are having these days!
A. What a lovely weather B. What lovely weathers
C. What lovely weather D. What lovely a weather
84. Mobsters are a danger to the peace of .
A. society B. a society C. the society D. societies
85. called just now, but he didn’t mention his full name.
A. The Mr. Wang B. Mr. Wang C. One Mr. Wang D. A Mr. Wang
86. Alice Brown, , won in the beauty contest.
A. the secretary B. a secretary C. secretary D. one secretary
二、用both 或all填空：
1.Disneyland opened in Japan and in France.
2. the Disney parks in the world are operated by the same company.
3.The gestures are accepted by Chinese and English speakers.
4.Not body language means the same thing in different countries.
三、用some或 any填空：
1. Do you know people who smoke
2. Would you please have tea
3. There is nicotine in cigarettes .
4 .The farmers do not want to kill of their cattle .
四、用a few, few或a little, little填空
1. The event is very important. Quite reporters are sent to cover it.
2. We all know Charlie Chaplin was a great actor, but of us remember when he was born.
3. He doesn’t like collecting stamps .He knows about it.
4. It’s very cold outside. You can see snow on the road .
五、用much或 many 填空
1. of Canada is covered by forests .
2. In Canada of the TV and radio programmers are in French.
3. The First Aid Center does for the people who are injured.
4. —Have you seen any traffic accident
—Yes, .
六、用each或 every填空
1.The minister shook hands with of the visitors.
2.The scientists took some photographs of the wildlife.
3.He is fond of football. He watches almost football match.
4.She washes the blouse other day.
七、用anything， something， everything， nothing， anybody， somebody， everybody 或nobody填空
1.There seems be wrong with the bike.
2.Goodness me! I've never seen like this before!
3.The hurricane struck the area suddenly. had a lucky escape.
4. is dong his best to repair the damage.
八、用another, the other, others或 the others填空：
1.There are two lions in the zoo. One is old and is young.
2.We have many problems to discuss. One is how many guests we should
invite, is whose house we should use and the third is....
3.There are three types of tiger living in China. Some live in America.
4.They saw ten suits in the window of the shop. Three of them were cheap.
were expensive.
九、用 either, neither, no或 none.填空
1.A: Are you going to wear this tie or that one
B: will do.
2. — City Lights nor Modern Times was a coloured film.
3. A: How many films acted by Charlie Chaplin have you seen
B: .
4.There is China Daily in their reading room.
十、用 one(s)或 the one(s)填空：
l. I don't like this necklace. Please give me another .
2. No photographers were sent to take pictures. So the editor had to use old
from the newspaper's own picture library.
3.This stamp is different from you bought yesterday.
4.The gold rings sold in this shop are cheaper than sold in that shop.
参考答案：
一、
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. C 22. D 23. D 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. C 31. A 32. A 33. C 34. C 35. A 36. B 37. C 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. A 42. C 43. C 44. D 45. A 46. B 47. D 48. C 49. D 50. B 51. C 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. D 56. C 57. A 58. B 59. C 60. C 61. B 62. A 63. D 64. C 65. C 66. B 67. A 68. A 69. A 70. A 71. D 72. A 73. D 74. B 75. C 76. D 77. C 78. D 79. B 80. A 81. C 82. C 83. C 84. A 85. D 86. B
二、1. both 2. All 3. both 4. all
三、1. any 2. some 3. some 4. any
四、1. a few 2. few 3. little 4. a little
五、1. Much 2. many 3. much 4. many
六、1. each 2. each 3. every 4. every
七、1. something 2. anything 3. Nobody 4. Everybody
八、1. the other 2. another 3. others 4. The others
九、1. Either 2. Neither 3. None 4. no
十、1. one 2. ones 3. the one 4. the ones
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之四
数词
第一节 数词的概述
一、数词的定义和种类
表示数目多少或顺序次第的词叫数词(Numeral)。
数词包括基数词(Cardinal Numerals)和序数词(Ordinal Numerals)。
二、基数词的定义和种类
表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词。
最基本的基数词如下表所示：
1~12 13~19 20~90 百，千，百万，十亿
1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100
2 two 14 fourteen 30 thirty a hundred
3 three 15 fifteen 40 forty 1,000
4 four 16 sixteen 50 fifty a thousand
5 five 17 seventeen 60 sixty 1,000,000
6 six 18 eighteen 70 seventy a million
7 seven 19 nineteen 80 eighty 1,000,000,000
8 eight 90 ninety a billion
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
基数词的词形的表示及特点如下：
（1）1 — 12 的基数词是独立的单词。
（2）13 — 19 的基数词均以后缀-teen结尾，并有两个重音。
注意: thirteen, fifteen, eighteen的拼写和读音。
（3）20—90 的整十位数均以-ty结尾。
注意: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty的拼写和读音。
（4）几十几的基数同是由十位数词和个位数词合成，中间加连字符“-”。如：
21：twenty-one 32：thirty-two
（5）三位数的数词须在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加 and。如：
148：one hundred and forty-eight 206：two hundred and six
414：four hundred and fourteen
（6）l,000以上的数字，从后往前数，每三位加一个逗号“，”，第一个逗号前为千 thousand，第二个逗号前为百万 million，第三个逗号前为十亿billion（美）或milliard或one thousand million（英）。在上述数词中，hundred，thousand，billion均用单数。英语中没有“万”这个词，以“几十个千（thousand）”表示“几万”，以“几百个千（thousand）”表示“几十万”。如：
2，510：two thousand five hundred and ten
84，296：eighty-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six
274，350：two hundred and seventy-four thousand three hundred and fifty
19，326，745：nineteen million three hundred and twenty-six thousand seven hundred and forty-five
注1：只有百位数和十位数之间才加and。Hundred, thousand, million用复数形式修饰名词时，要用“of十复数名词”这一格式、如：
hundreds of young people数以百计的年轻人 hundreds of thousands of books成千上万的书
hundreds of millions of ants成亿的蚂蚁
注2：基数词可以和名词构成合成形容词，但名词要用单数。如：
a five-year-old boy一个5岁的孩子 an 800-metre-long bridge一座800米长的桥
三、序数词的定义和种类
表示数目顺序的词叫序数词。
序数词的词形如下表所示：
第1至第12 第13至第19 第20至第90
1st first 13th thirteenth 20th twentieth
2nd second 14th fourteenth 21st twenty-first
3rd third 15th fifteenth 22nd twenty-second
4th fourth 16th sixteenth 以下类推
5th fifth 17th seventeenth 30th thirtieth
6th sixth 18th eighteenth 40th fortieth
7th seventh 19th nineteenth 50th fiftieth
8th eighth 60th sixtieth
9th ninth 70th seventieth
10th tenth 80th eightieth
11th eleventh 90th ninetieth
12th twelfth
序数词的词形的表示及特点如下：
(1)第1至第19，除第1（first）、第2（second）、第3（third）外，其余均在基数词的后面加-th构成，由读[θ]。在这些序数词中，fifth，eighth, ninth, twelfth的拼法与基数词有区别。
(2)第20至第90是将基数词词尾y变成i，再加-eth构成，－ieth读[iiθ]。
(3)hundred，thousand，million的序数词均在其后加-th构成，即hundredth，thousandth，millionth。
(4)几十几及以上的序数词，其中十位数或百位数、千位数等用基数词，只有个位数才用序数词。如：
第132：one hundred and thirty－second
(5)序数词指出人或事物的次序，所以前面常带有定冠词the。如：
The first chair is Li Ping’s．第一张椅子是李平的。
第二节 数词的用法
一、数词的句法功能
基数词和序数词的句法功能基本上相当于名词和形容词的句法功能。
它们在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和同位语等。
1.主语
Two were late yesterday．昨天有两个人迟到。
The second is bigger than the first．第2个比第1个大。
2.表语
I’m eighteen．我 18岁。
He was the first to arrive here．他是第一个到达这里的。
3.宾语
Give me four．给我 4个。
I like the fourth.我喜欢第四个。
4.定语
We have six subjects this term．这个学期我们有 6门功课。
The sixth blind man went forward to feel the elephant．第六个盲人走上前去模大象。
5.同位语
We two have been to Beijing．我们俩去过北京。
I want the big one，the first on the right．我要那个大的，右边第一个。
二、 数词的其它用法
1.表示钟点
（1）表示“几点钟”
用基数词加o’clock，但o’clock常可省略。“在”几点钟用介词at。
— What time is it？几点啦？ — It’s five(o’clock)．5：00。
We often get up at six (o’clock). 我们经常在 6：00起床。
（2）表示“几点过几分”
用 past，但分数必须在半小时以内（包括半小时）。
7：05 five past seven 7：15 fifteen（a quarter）past seven
7：30 half past seven
（3）表示“差几分几点”
用介词to，但分数必须在半小时以上（不包括半小时在内）。
7： 40 twenty to eight 7：45 fifteen（a quarter）to eight
7：55 five to eight
（4）简化读法
日常生活中的时间读法常常简化，直接照数字顺序读。
7：05读作 seven five（或 seven o five） 7：15读作 seven fifteen
7：45读作 seven forty－five
2.表示编号
基数词和序数词加名词可以表示事物的编号。如：
Lesson One = the first lesson 第一课
Chapter Two = the second chapter第二章
Bus No.3 = the No．3 bus 3路公共汽车
注1：表示房间住所时，不必用“No．”来表示编号，但常将名词大写。如：
Room 302 302房间（读作 room three o two）
注2：如果编号的数字比较长，一般用基数词，读法也尽量简化。如：
Page 457 第457页
telephone number 3855633 电话号码 3855633（读作three eight five five six three three ）
3.表示年月日
（1）年份
用基数词，先读前一位或两位数，再读后两位数。
公元前 358（358 B．C．）读作three fifty－eight B．C．或 three hundred and fifty eight B．C．
公元 573（573 A．D．或 A．D．573）读作 five seventy-three A．D．
1997年读作nineteen ninety-seven
1900年读作 nineteen hundred
1905年读作 nineteen hundred and five
2000年读作（year） two thousand
（2）年代、世纪
20世纪90年代写作 the 1990’s或 the 1990s 读作 the nineteen nineties
20世纪写作 the 20th century或 the twentieth century
70年代写作 the seventies
（3）月份名称
为专有名词，第一个字母须大写，书写时可用缩写形式。
1月 January（Jan．） 2月 February（Feb．） 3月 March（Mar．）
4月 April（Apr．） 5月 May 6月 June
7月 July 8月 August（Aug．） 9月 September（Sept．）
10月 October（Oct．） 11月 November（Nov．） 12月 December（Dec．）
（4）年、月、日
“年”用基数词，“日”用序数词。
1997年10月 1日写作Oct．l，1997 读作Oct．the first， nineteen ninety-seven
或the first of October nineteen ninety-seven
4.表示其他
（1）小数
0.5 zero （o）point five 3.26 three point two six
64.372 sixty-four point three seven two
（2）分数
分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。
1／3 one third 2／3 two-thirds
注 1：1/2可用 a（one） half表示，1/4可用 a（one） quarter表示，3／4可用three-quarters表示。
注 2：分数作定语修饰名词时，要与 of连用。如：
1／3的学生 应译成 one third of the students。
（3）百分数
百分数由基数词加 percent（或per cent）构成。
5％读作five percent 45％读作forty-five percent
注：百分数作定语修饰名词时，要与of连用。如：
30％的学生 应译成thirty percent of the students
（4）倍数
英语用twice表示两倍， 两倍以上用基数词加times 表示。
几种常见的表示倍数的句型有：
A. … times + as … as …
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间是那房间的两倍大。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲的大小是欧洲的4倍。
B. … times + 比较级+ than …
This book is four times thicker than that one.这本书比那本书厚4倍。
His age is three times older than that boy.他的年龄比那个男孩大3倍。
注：“……times + 比较级 + than” 表示倍数时，尚未有一致的观点。
如：
A is three times bigger than B. 有的说“A是B的3倍或A比B大两倍”；有的说“A比B大3倍，但前者的看法比较普遍。
本项的例句按前者译。
有的学者认为翻译时避免用这个句型，以免造成误解，最好用“A is three times as big as B. (A是B的3倍)”。
C. …times the size (height, length, weight) of …
The big ball is ten times the size of the small ball.大球是小球的10倍大。
The new building is three times the height of the small one．新楼是旧楼高度的3倍。
The pig is twice the weight of that one. 这头猪是那头猪的两倍。
D．…times that of …
In this area the grain output is five times that of before liberation.这个地区的粮食产量是解放前的5倍。
注：这个句型多用于粮食产量、生产指标等方面的比较。
（5）加、减、乘、除
2＋3 = 5 Two plus three is five．
Two plus three makes／equals five．
Two plus three is equal to five．
8－3 = 5 Eight minus three is five．
3*3 = 9 Three times three is nine．
8/2 = 4 Eight divided by two is four．
注：对加、减、乘、除提出疑问时用how much。如：
3 + 2 = How much is three plus two
8 － 3＝？ How much is eight minus three？
3 X 3 = ？ How much is three times three？
8 / 2 =？ How much is eight divided by two？
巩固练习
一、选择：
1. He is a student of .
A. Class Second B. the Class Two C. Class Two D. the Two Class
2. He wrote a composition.
A. two-thousand-words B. two-thousand-word
C. two-thousands-word D. two-thousands-words
3. About of the workers in that steel works are young people.
A. third-fifths B. three-fifths C. three-fives D. three-fifth
4. He began to write poems in his .
A. thirtieth B. thirty C. thirty's D. thirties
5. — When is your birthday
—It's on Saturday .
A. third March B. the third of March C. three March D. the three of March
6. He served in the army in when he was in .
A. l940's; his twenties B. 1940's; the twenties
C. the l940's; his twenties D. the l940's; the twenties
7. When he moved to England in , he was already in .
A. the fifties; his forty B. fifties, his forties C. the fifties, his forties D. fifty, forty
8. of the students in our class are from the south.
A. Two-nineth B. Two-ninth C. Two-ninths D. Two-nineths
9. I've told him .
A. a hundred time B. hundred times C. hundred of times D. hundreds of times
10. They have been in the reading room since .
A. a long time B. it had been open C. eight o'clock D. two hours
11. I'll never give up not even on try.
A. the 1,000 or 10, 000 B. the 1,000 and the 10,000
C. the 1,000th or 10,000th D. the 1,000 and 10,000
12. Do you know when broke out
A. Second World War B. the Second World War
C. World War Second D. the World War Two
13. The price was reduced .
A. by 20 percents B. by 20 percent C. by percent of 20 D. on 20 percent
14. This map is small as that one.
A. half as B. as half C. two-ninth as D. two as
15. Ask him to give me .
A. the two B. the tow C. the two one D. the second one
16. By 8: 00, people had arrived, after a while got there.
A. forty; forty-first B. eight; nineth C. eleven; a twelfth D. ninteen; a twentieth
17. There will be more than 3 students taking part in the sports meet.
A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of
18. of the magazines borrowed from the reading-room.
A. Two-five; is B. Two-fifth; is C. Two-fifths; are D. Two-fifths; is
19. A nucleus(原子核) is about of an atom(原子).
A. one million the size B. one millionth the size C. one million of D. a million of
20. 9 3 is three.
A. divides by B. divided by C. is divided by D. divided into
21. David picked up from the beach.
A. a hand sand B. a handful sand C. a handful of sand D. a hand of sand
22. He has bought from the shop.
A. a bar of soap B. a bar soap C. a bundle soap D. a bundle of soap
23. “How tall are you ” “ About .”
A. five feet 8 inch B. five foot 8 inch C. five foot 8 D. five feet 8
24. I’ll have a cup of tea and .
A. teo toasts B. two piece of toasts C. two pieces of toast D. two pieces of toasts
25. We only know that our grandmother was born in .
A. 1918s B. 1910s C. 1918’s D. 1910s’
26. was Mary’s birthday.
A. July, 11, 1991, 20th B. July 11, 1991, 20 C. July 11, 1991, 20th D. 1991, July 11, 20th
27. The ratio of boy students to girl students in Class Two is .
A. less than two to third B. less than two to three
C. about less than two over three D. about two third
28. “What of babies die of this disease every year ” “ .”
A. percent, Around three B. percentage, About three percentage
C. percent, About three percentage D. percentage, Around three
29. Last year, John earned his borther, who has a better condition.
A. theee times as much as B. twice as many as C. twice worse D. three times as more as
30. Soon he is inside the building where his company had offices.
A. sixty story B. sixty stories C. sixty-stories D. sixty-story
31. Its grain output was highter than in 1980.
A.10.6 percents B. 10.6 percents C. 10.6 pencentages D. 10.6 percentage
32. Over of China’s inhabitants belong to the Han nationality.
A. nine-tenths B. nine-tenth C. nine-ten D. nine-tens
33. He has and he doesn’t mind how costly the car is.
A. million of dollars B. millions of dollars C. dollars million of D. million dollars
二、用英语写出下列数字：
1. 267 2. 6,87l 3. 29,038 4. 2,746,629 5. 83% 6. l00% 7. 2/3 8. 2(1/5) 9. 0.65 10. 2.43
三、比较下列词组，并译成汉语：
1. millions of tons three mil1ion tons
2. thousands of kilometers four thousand kilometers
3. scores of times two score of times
4. one person in ten ten percent of people
5. be eight years old an eight-year-old boy
6. be six inches thick a six inch-thick book
7. two apples and a half two and a half apples
8. three weeks and a half three and a half weeks
9. one or two girls one girl or two
10. two or three miles two miles or three
11. at the age of twenty in his twenties
12. in 1998 in nineteen nineties/in 1990's
13. six fifteen/6: 15 fifteen past/after six
14. three forty--one/3: 41 nineteen to four
15. 8: 00 a. m. 8: 00 p. m.
参考答案：
一、
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. B
二、
1. two hundred and sixty-seven
2. six thousand eight hundred and seventy-one
3. twenty-nine thousand and thirty-eight
4. two million, seven hundred and forty-six thousand, six hundred and twenty-nine
5. eighty-three percent
6. one hundred percent
7. two-thirds
8. two and one-fifth
9. zero point six five
10. two point four three
三、
1. 数百万吨，三百万吨 2. 数千公里，四千公里 3. 几十次， 四十次 4. 十个人中有一个， 百分之十的人 5. 八岁大，一个八岁的男孩 6. 六英寸厚，一本六英寸厚的书 7. 两个半苹果，两个半苹果 8. 三个半星期，三个半星期 9. 一两个女孩，一两个女孩 10. 两三英里，两三英里 11. 在二十岁的时候， 在他二十来岁的时候 12. 在1998年， 在20世纪90年代 13. 6：15， 6：15 14. 3：41， 3：41 15. 上午8：00， 下午8：00 / 20：00
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之一
名词
第一节 名词（Nouns）的定义
名词是用来表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。如：
pupil 小学生 friendship 友谊 water 水 pencil 铅笔 China 中国
第二节 名词的种类（Noun Classes）
名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
普通名词又分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词四小类。其中个体名词和集体名词又被称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词又被称为不可数名词。
个体名词
集体名词
物质名词
抽象名词
一、专有名词（Proper Nouns）
专有名词是用来表示某一特定的人、团体、地方、机构等专有的名称。
专有名词中的第一个字母一定要大写。
如：
Smith 史密斯 Beijing 北京 the Yangtze River 长江
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部
the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国
二、普通名词（Common Nouns）
普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
如：
father 父亲 basketball 篮球 wood 木头
oil 油 honest 诚实 peace 和平
1. 普通名词的种类：
普通名词可分为以下四类：
（1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）
个体名词是用来表示人或某种东西的个体的名词。如：
a student 学生 a worker 工人 a bird 鸟
a river 河流 a table 桌子 a horse 马
a bed 床 a college 大学 a bus 公共汽车
（2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）
集体名词是用来表示几个个体组成的集合体的名词。如：
class 班级 people 人民 crowd 人群
youth 年轻人 family 家庭 nation 民族
team 小组 staff 全体职员 people 人
集体名词代表的是一个整体的概念，如果把它作为一个整体来理解，它则与单数动词的谓语连用；但有时它又可以看作是一个整体中的各个个体，这时它则和复数动词的谓语连用。看下面两个例句：
The football team was playing very well. 足球队踢得很好。（team 被看作是一个整体，谓语用的是was playing）
The football team are leaving tonight. 足球对今晚来。（team 被看作是秋队的队员们，所以谓语用的是are coming）
个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以又被称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）。可数名词有复数形式，而且可以与不定冠词a/an连用。
（3）物质名词（Material Nouns）
物质名词是用来表示物质或没有一定形状或大小的实物的名词。它所代表的东西，是我们可以看到或可以接触到的实体。如：
oil 油 ink 墨水 water 水 snow 雪
tea 茶 bread 面包 milk 牛奶 cotton 棉花
（4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）
抽象名词是用来表示动作、状态的品质、感情等抽象概念的名词。它所代表的东西，我们只能作为概念来体验而不能直接看到或接触到。如：
idea 想法 life 生活 advice 建议
knowledge 知识 progress 进步 doubt 怀疑
物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数的，所以也被称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。不可数名词没有复数形式，一般在其前面不能用不定冠词a/an。如果要表示“一个”的概念时，就要在其前面用数词和量词组成的短语来做定语表示。如：
a piece of bread 一块面包 a glass of water 一杯水
a cup of tea 一杯茶 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水
a piece of paper 一张纸 a piece of furniture 一件家具
第三节 名词的数
一、可数名词（Countable Nouns）
可数名词是用来表示可以计数的人、事物的名词。
可数名词一般有单数（Singular）和复数(Plural)两种形式，有些可数名词的单、复数形式是相同的。
1. 变化规则：
可数名词由单数变为复数形式有两种变化：即规则变化和不规则变化。
（1）规则变化
①绝大多数名词的复数形式是在单数形式后加-s。-s在轻辅音后读[s]，在浊辅音后和元音后读[z]。如：
map — maps [m ps] 地图 bag — bags [b gz]书包
teacher — teachers [ti:t :z]教师 book — books [buks] 书
②以字母s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词，在名词后加 –es。词尾的-es 读[iz]，但以ch结尾的名词，ch 读[k]时，其复数应加 -s 。如：
bus — buses [b siz] 公共汽车 box — boxes [b ksiz] 盒子
watch — watches [w t iz] 表 brush — brushes [br iz] 刷子
stomach — stomachs [st m ks] 胃
③以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，需把y变为i再加-es。 词尾的ies读 [iz]。如：
city — cities [sitiz] 城市 country — countries [k ntriz] 国家
但是，如果名词是以元音字母+y 结尾的或是以y结尾的专有名词，变为复数时，直接加-s，其读音为/z/。如：
boy — boys [b iz] 男孩 day — days [deiz] 天
the little Marys [m riz] 小玛丽们
④以f或 fe 结尾的名词，一般把结尾的f或 fe 变成v再加-es，结尾的ves 读[vz]。如：
knife — knives [naivz] 小刀 leaf — leaves [li:vz] 叶子
但下列以f或 fe结尾的名词变成复数时，却直接加-s ，其读音为[s]或[z]。如：
roof — roofs [rufs] 屋顶 gulf — gulfs [g lfs] 海湾
chief — chiefs [ i:fs] 首长 belief — beliefs [bili:fs] 信念
proof — proofs [pru:fz] 证据 serf — serfs [s :fs] 农奴
cliff — cliffs [klifs] 悬崖 brief — briefs [bri:fs] 摘要
safe — safes [seifs] 保险箱
handkerchief [h ηk if] — handkerchiefs / handkerchieves [h ηk i:vz] 手帕
小提示：
对于后缀-s/-es的发音情况我们可以这么记忆：
“清清浊浊，如果结尾是同类，发音之前要加[i]”
理解为：
在清辅音后发清音[s]；在元音和浊辅音后发浊音［z］；如果是以摩擦音或破擦音（属于[s]/[z]的同类音）结尾时发音之前便要加上[i]音，即发[iz]。
⑤以辅音字母+o结尾的名词，多数加-es，词尾的es 读[z]。如：
hero — heroes [hi r uz] 英雄 tomato — tomatoes [t ma:t uz] 番茄
potato — potatoes [p tit uz] 土豆
但是以元音字母+o结尾的名词，以及某些以o结尾的外来词，变为复数时却只加-s，如：
bamboo — bamboos竹子 zoo — zoos 动物园
radio — radios 收音机 photo— photos 相片
piano —- pianos 钢琴 kilo — kilos 千米
video — videos 录像 studio — studios 工作室
zero — zeros （zeroes）零
小提示：对于在o后加-s 还是加-es可以总结为：
在能吃的以o结尾的名词后加-es,在不能吃的以o结尾的名词后加-s。
或者：
在有生命的以o结尾的名词后加-es，在无生命的以o结尾的名词后加-s。
你认为这样能帮助记忆吗？
你能举出多少这类词语？
你能再总结出一些小巧门吗？
2.不规则变化
①改变元音，如：
man [m n] — men [men] 男人 woman [wum n] — women [wimin] 女人
foot [fut] — feet [fi:t] 脚 tooth [tu:Θ] — teeth [ti:Θ] 牙齿
mouse[maus] — mice [mais] 老鼠 goose [gu:s] — geese [gi:s] 鹅
louse[laus]— lice [lais] 寄生虫
②变词尾，如：
child [ aild] — children [ ildr n] 孩子 ox [ ks ] — oxen [ ks n] 牛
phenomenon [fi n min n] — phenomena [fin min ] 现象
③以is 结尾的外来词，变词尾的 is 为es 。如：
basis [beisis] — bases [beisi:z] 基础 crisis[kraisis] — crises [kraisi:z] 危机
thesis[ i:sis] — theses [ i:si:z] 论文
④单复数同形，如：
fish 鱼 deer 鹿 sheep 绵羊 means 手段 Swiss 瑞士人 Chinese 中国人
注： A. fishes 指不同种类的鱼。 People 是集体名词“人（民）”， peoples 指民族。
B. 以-ese结尾的国籍名词，单复数同形。如：
Chinese 中国人 Japanese 日本人 Lebanese黎巴嫩人
Portuguese 葡萄牙人 Vietnamese越南人
⑤有些名词常以复数形式出现，如：
clothes 衣服 trousers 裤子 glasses/spectacles 眼镜 goods 货物
thanks 感谢 shorts 短裤 scissors 剪刀 scales 天平
compasses 圆规 wages工资 riches 财富
注：
A. 这些词常与复数形式的动词谓语连用。如：
Where are my spectacles 我的眼镜在那里？
John Smith’s wages were not enough to keep his family. 约翰史密斯的工资不够维持他的家庭生活。
B. 这些名词要表示数需要加上相量时，应加相应的单位名词。如：
a pair of trousers 一条裤子 a suit of clothes一套衣服
two pairs of scissors 两把剪刀
C. hair（头发）， fruit（水果）通常用单数表示总称。但表示“若干根头发”、“若干种水果”时，则用复数。如：
She has a few white hairs.她有几根白发。
There are several juicy fruits. 那儿有几种多汁的水果。
⑥字母、数字、符号、单词和缩略词等仅当作个体名词看待时在其后加-s 或-’s，如：
three s’s 3个s five 3’s 5个3 two but’s / buts 2个but
all the +’s 所有的加号 many VIP’s 许多要人
注：有些只有一个字母的缩略，重复该字母即为复数。缩略词的复数多数是在单数形式后面加-s，如：
p.2 — page 2 pp.2~7 — pages 2 to 7
No. — number Nos. — numbers 号码
⑦复合名词的复数形式
A．有主体词的复合名词，将主体词变为复数形式。如：
brother-in-law — brothers-in-law姐夫、妹夫
looker-on — lookers-on 旁观者
editor-in-chief — editors-in-chief 总编辑
passer-by — passers-by 过路人
shoe-maker — shoe-makers 鞋匠
student-teacher — student-teachers 实习老师
B．没有连词符号的复合名词，-s或-es。如：
bookcase — bookcases 书橱 armchair — armchairs 扶手椅
C．没有主体词得复合名词，在词尾加-s。如：
go-between — go-betweens 中间人
grown-up — grown-ups 成年人
forget-me-not — forget-me-nots 勿忘草
good-for-nothing — good-for-nothings 饭桶，无用的人
D．由 man或 woman 构成的复合名词，两部分都要变为复数。如：
man teacher — men teachers 男老师
woman engineer — women engineers 女工程师
man-doctor — men–doctors 男医生
woman-nurse — women-nurses女护士
⑧有些名词形式上虽然是单数，可在意义上却是复数。如：
people 人民 cattle牛（总称） police 警察
public公众 youth 年轻人
There are many people in the room. 屋里有许多人。
There are more than fifty peoples in our country. 我们国家有五十多个民族。（peoples 在此表示各民族人民）
⑨有些名词以及一些学科名词，在形式上是复数但在意义上却是单数。如：
news消息 politics 政治 physics 物理 maths / mathematics 数学 phonetics 语音学 means 手段、方法
Mathematics is very useful. 数学很有用。
Here is the news.现在报告新闻。
Bicycle is used as a means of transportation in small towns. 在小城镇里，自行车被用作一种交通工具。
二、不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）
不可数名词是用来表示不可以计数的事物的名词。
不可数名词一般不分单数和复数，也不能与a ,an 直接连用。若要表示数量，则需要加适当的单位名词或单位名词词组。如用“of”词组来表示，其数的变化表现在单位名词上。
不可数名词主要包括物质名词和抽象名词，一般用原形表示，但有以下几点需要注意：
1.有些名词单复数形式分别表示不同的意义。如：
time 时间 — times 次数、时代、倍 wood 木头 — woods森林
sand 沙子 — sands 沙滩 paper 纸 — papers 试卷、论文、报纸
iron 铁 — irons 脚镣、手铐、电熨斗 cloth 布 — clothes 衣服
glass 玻璃 — glasses 玻璃杯、眼镜 water 水 — waters 大片的水、海水
work 工作 — works 工厂、著作、工事 force 力量 — forces 军队
good 益处 — goods 货物 manner 态度— manners 礼貌
spirit 精神 — spirits 心情、情绪 content 内容 — contents 目录
green 绿色 — greens蔬菜 arm 胳膊 — arms武器
2.有些物质名词要根据上下文来判断是可数名词还是不可数名词。如：
He ate a chicken. 他吃了一只鸡。
I don’t like chicken. 我不喜欢鸡肉。
A glass is made of glass. 玻璃杯是由玻璃制成的。
Iron is one of the metals. 铁是一种金属。
We have two electrical irons and both are broken.我们有两个电熨斗，但都坏了。
3.有些物质名词在表示不同类别时可用复数,如：
tea 茶 — teas 各种茶fruit 水果 — fruits 各种水果fish 鱼 — fishes 各种鱼
4.有些抽象名词表示“某种”或“一次”等意义时是可以和不定冠词连用，如：
His mother received a good education. 他母亲受过良好的教育。
The boy has a great admiration for Edison.哪个男孩很崇拜爱迪生。
5.有一些抽象名词可以用复数形式来表示具体的事物。如：
I have much difficulty in reading. 在阅读方面，我有许多困难。
I met with many difficulties. 我遇到了许多难做的事情。
6.专有名词一般只有单数形式，但有时也用复数形式。如：
the Smiths 史密斯一家，史密斯夫妇
There are five Wangs in our class. 我们班有五个姓王的。
7.不可数名词常用of词组来表示数量，也常可以用 little, a little, much, a great deal of，a large quantity of , a large amount of , a lot of , lots of, plenty of 等词来修饰。如：
a piece of paper 一张纸 two pieces of paper 两张纸
a little rice 一点米饭 plenty of bread 很多面包
第四节 名词的格
一、名词的所有格（the Possessive Case）的概述
名词在句子中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词的所有格。
二、有生命的东西的名词所有格构成
1.单数名词应加’s。如：
the student’s book 这个学生的书 the girl’s hat 这个女孩的帽子
my mother’s bag 我妈妈的包 the horse’s tail 马尾巴
2.不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s 。如：
the Children’s Palace 少年宫 Women’s Day 妇女节
the people’s rights 人民的权利 Children’s Day 儿童节
3.以s结尾的复数名词后加“’”。如：
the birds’ nests 鸟巢 the teachers’ desks 讲台
4.复合名词的所有格和短语的所有格在最后的名词后面加’s。如：
her brother-in-law’s bike 他姐夫的自行车
the Premier of France’s car 法国总理的汽车
a day or two’s stay 一两天的逗留
someone else’s keys 别人的钥匙
5.并列名词表示各自所属时在两个名词之后加’s。如：
Mary’s and Tom’s fathers 玛丽和汤姆的父亲
6.表示共同所属时在最后一个名词后加‘s。如：
Mary and Tom’s father 玛丽和汤姆的父亲
7.以s结尾的专有名词的所有格一般加 “’” 或 ’s 。 如：
Dickens’ / Dickens’s books 狄更斯的书
8.表示店铺、某人的家、私人开的诊所、餐馆等所有格后的名词可以省略。如：
at my uncle’s 在我叔叔家 at Bill’s 在比尔家
at the dentist’s 在牙医诊所 the hairdresser’s 美发店
9.名词后有同位语的所有格时，把 ’s加在同位语后。如：
my younger brother, John’s bike 我弟弟约翰的自行车
三、无生命的名词的所有格的构成’s
通常用“of+名词”的形式。如：
the roof of the house 屋顶 the questions of this text 这篇课文的问题
注：1.表示有生命的东西的名词，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长，也可以用“of+ 名词”来表示所有关系。如：
the books of Lu Xun, Lao She and Ba Jin 鲁迅、老舍和巴金的书
the name of the girl lying in bed 躺在床上的那个女孩的名字
2.表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些习惯用语中的名词，可以用 ’s表示所有关系。如：
today’s newspaper 今天的报纸 ten minutes’ walk 10分钟的路程
the Party’s call 党的号召 Shanghai’s industry 上海的工业
China’s population 中国的人口 the school’s history 学校的历史
at a stone’s throw 近在咫尺 at an arm’s length 在伸手可及的地方
四、双重所有格
1.双重所有格的定义
由名词后加 ’s和“of”结构所有格形式构成的“of +名词’s”的结构叫双重所有格。
双重所有格含有“全体中的一部分”的意思。如：
He is a friend of my father’s = He is one of my father’s friends.
双重所有格形式的使用主要是为了避免名词的重复，加强语气及表示某种感彩。
2.双重所有格的用法
（1） of之前名词的前面通常有一个限定词。 （ 如a， any , some, no, few, several, two, three等等）。如：
Have you read any works of Lu Xun’s 你读过鲁迅的著作吗？
Two classmates of my friend’s have come here. 我朋友的两个同学已经到这儿了。
（2） of 之前名词的前面通常可以用指示代词this， that来表示某种感彩。如：
That answer of Li Dong’s was not right. 李东的回答不正确。
Something is wrong with this hand of mine. 我的这只手有毛病。
（3）of后带有’s的名词通常是表示具体的人的名词或名词性物主代词。如：
That’s a play of Shakespeare’s. 这是莎士比亚的一个剧本。
This is a child of theirs. 这是他们的一个孩子。
3.双重所有格与“of + 名词”结构的区别
(1) 侧重点不同。如：
He is a friend of my father’s. (侧重说明父亲的朋友不只一个)
He is a friend of my father. (侧重说明“他”是父亲的朋友)
(2) 当of 之前的名词是picture等词时含义有所不同.如:
This is a picture of my friend’s. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画.
This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片.
第五节 名词的性
一、名词的性(Gender of Nouns)的概述
英语中有一部分名词随着词义的不同可以分阴和阳性.
表示男人或雄性动物的名词属阳性,表示女人或雌性动物的名词属阴性.如:
1.阳性名词
man 男人 gentleman 先生 boy 男孩 brother 兄弟 father 父亲 son 儿子
uncle 叔父 nephew 侄儿 cock公鸡 bull 公牛 tiger 老虎
2.阴性名词
woman女人 lady 女士 girl 女孩 sister 姐妹 mother 母亲 daughter 女儿
aunt 婶母 niece 侄女 hen 母鸡 cow 母牛 tigress 雌老虎
注：A 还有一些名词代表职业和身份，对男人和女人有不同的称呼.如:
king 国王 queen 王后(女王) emperor 皇帝 empress 女皇帝(皇后)
actor 演员 actress 女演员 host 男主人 hostess 女主人
waiter 侍者 waitress 女服务员 hero 英雄 heroine 女英雄
B 对于一些分不清是阳性名词还是阴性名词的词,如果需要表示所指的人的性别时,可在此名词前加上boy, girl 或man, woman。如:
a boy student 男学生 a girl student 女学生
a man teacher 男教师 a woman teacher女教师
第六节 名词的句法功能
一、名词的句法功能
名词在句子中可以用作:
1.主语
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量
2.表语
Mr. Li is a teacher of English. 李先生是英语老师.
3.宾语
(1)及物动词的宾语
I like music. 我喜欢音乐.
(2)介词的宾语
They are reading in the classroom. 他们在教室里看书.
4.定语
There is a colour TV on the table. 桌上有一台彩色电视机.
5.宾语补足语
They elected him their monitor. 他们选他作班长.
6.状语
The new film will last two hours. 那部新影片要放映两个小时.
7.同谓语
Mr. Smith, my first teacher, died yesterday. 我的启蒙老师史密斯先生昨天去世了.
8.称呼语
Boys and girls, please look at the blackboard. 同学们，请看黑板.
巩固练习3
小提示：
在做练习时，最好不要往练习题中写答案（一般情况下本书中的习题部分也未留出答题位置），最好单独找一张纸答题，然后与参考答案对照，看自己掌握情况。
这样做是为了以后再复习时、回头再看练习题时被你以前的正、误所左右你的思路，形成一种思维定式，不利于学习。
这样做还可以提高习题的利用率，因为你的习题始终是新的。
一、写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. piece 2. man 3. day 4. watch 5. thief 6. dress 7. city
8. Chinese 9. Japanese 10. child 11. German 12. foot 13. woman
14. half 15. mouse 16. play 17. address 18. hero 19. knife
20. stomach 21. spy 22. zoo 23. girlfriend 24. toothbrush 25. radio
26. man doctor 27. story 28. boxes 29. sheep 30. wife 31. tomato
32. key 33. bus 34. photo 35.match
二、用音标写出画线部分的读音：
1. gases 2. horses 3. roses 4. foxes 5. faces 6. brushes
7. watches 8. pages 9. bats l0. workmates
三、下面有可数名词和不可数名词，在可数名词前加a或an，在不可数名词前画“X”：
( ) 1. advice ( ) 2. earthquake ( ) 3. fruit ( ) 4. housework
( ) 5. job ( ) 6. lift ( ) 7. news ( ) 8. order ( ) 9. rice
( ) l0. space ( ) l1. weather ( ) l2. death( ) 13. end ( ) 14. gold
( ) 15. homework ( ) l6. kick ( ) 17. knowledge ( ) l8. newspaper
( ) l9. quarter ( ) 20. salt
四、 改正下列句子中用错的名词：
1.They are woman teachers.
2. They are man nurse.
3. Let me have look.
4.His clothes is new, mine is old.
5.It’s an interesting works.
五、 将下列句子变成复数：
1.The policeman caught the thief last night.
2.The sheep there is white
3.What a nice child he is!
4.That’s a key.
5.Is your brother a worker or a teacher
6.This is a pencil. It’s a blue pencil.
7.What’s that It’s a glass.
8.He has a dictionary.
9.Is there a duck in the river
10.The girl is a Japanese
六、选择正确答案:
1.I stayed at last Sunday.
A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncle’s D. my uncle’s family
2.Where are the bags
A. womens’ B. women’s C. women of D. of woman
3. made Mr. Green angry.
A. Tom’s comes late B. Tom’s come late C. Tom’s coming late D. Tom’s late
4.This is news.
A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good
5. Yesterday I wrote letter to my teacher
A. an eight-hundred-words B. a eight-hundred-words
C. an eight-hundred-word D. an eight hundred words
6.My aunt is .
A. my father’s brother B. my father’s sister
C. my sister’s father D. my brother’s father
7.You must get me two hearts.
A. monkey’s B. monkeys’ C. monkeies’ D. monkeies’s
8.After playing football for more than a half hour, we took rest.
A. a few minute’s B. a few minutes’
C. a little minute’s D. a little minutes
9.I’m glad to give you .
A. some help B. many help C. any help D.s ome help
10. is made of .
A. Glass, glasses B. A glass, glass
C. Glasses, glasses D. A glass, glasses
11.The second room is the office.
A. teacher B. teachers C. teachers’ D. teacher’s
12.The man with thick glassed is teacher.
A. Tom and Carl B. Tom and Carl’s
C. Tom’s and Carl’s D. Tom’s and Carl
13. eat grass.
A. Sheep B. Sheeps C. Sheep D. The sheeps
14.There are standing by the gate of the building .
A. two polices B. two police C. two policemans D. two policemen
15. is teaching you English.
A.I B. My job C. My parents D. My works
16.It seems that he has much .
A. book B. stamps C. money D .friends
17.A group of will come to visit our school next week.
A. foreign visitors B. foreign visitor
C. foreigners visitors D. foreigner
18.It won’t make much whether you leave today or tomorrow.
A. different B. differences C. difference D. differently
19.There are under the table .
A. four basket of apples B. four baskets of apples
C. four baskets apples D. four basket of apple
20.I stayed at .
A. Xiao Wang’s B. Xiao Wang’s family C. The Wangs D. Xiao Wangs
21.The teachers gave us a lot of to do today.
A. homeworks B. homework C. works D. job
22.My grandfather is a old man.
A. kind-heart B. kind-hearted C. kind heart D. kind-hearts
23.This is a river.
A.1000-metre-long B. 1000-metres-long C.1000-metres D.1000 metres long
24.I like .This is indeed.
A. teas ,good tea B. tea , good tea
C. tea ,a good tea D. teas , good tea
25.We had at the party yesterday.
A. wonderful time B. a wonderful time
C. wonderful time D. some wonderful times
26.There on the table.
A. is two bowls of rice B. is two bowl of rice
C. are two bowls of rices D. are two bowls of rice
27.You must clean every day
A. your tooth B. your tooths C. your teeth D. your toothes
28.Which do you prefer， or
A. potatoes, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes
C. potatos ,tomatoes D. potatoes, tomatoes
29.The of the house were covered with .
A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. roofes, leafs D. rooves, leaves
30.Mr Wang looks happy. He must have got .
A. a few good news B. a number of good news
C. little good news D. a little good news
31. speak English and speak German.
A. English, German B. English , Germans
C. An English , a German D. English , Germen
32. costs fifty dollars.
A. This trousers B. This pair of trousers
C. This pairs trousers D. This pair of trousers
33.That is a very happy one .
A. house B. home C. family D. room
34.At midnight the old man was waked by at the door.
A. a knock B. the knock C. knocks D. knock
35.The guests were entertained with .
A. all kinds of good foods B. all kind of good food
C. all kinds of good food D. all kind good foods
36.I went to my doctor for about my health.
A. an advice B. a piece of advice C. advices D. a piece advice
37. Are these
A. Roberts’ pens B. Robert’s pens
C. the Robert’s pens D. the pens of Robert’s
38. This is .
A. a picture of Jim’s family’s B. a picture of Jim’s family
C. a picture of Jim’s family’s D. Jim family’s picture’
39. Can I have
A. another bread B. one more bread C. another piece of bread D. a bread
40.Mr Smith is an .
A. English B. English man C. Englishman D. Englishmen
41.What’t ,please It’s about seven.
A. time B. the time C. times D. a time
42.How many of pears can each of us have
A. boxes B. a box C. boxes D. some boxes
43.How many can you see on the table
A. bottle of orange B. bottle of oranges
C. bottles of oranges D. bottles of orange
44.They are students. They are not .
A. baby B. babys C. babis D. babies
45.How many apples would you like .
A. a half kilo B. half kilo C. half a kilo D. a kilo half
46. is nice and clean.
A. Today’s air B. The air of today C. Today air D. The air today
47.Li Tao’s school bay is cheaper than .
A. Peter B. Peters C. Peter’s D. Peters’s
48.My brother lives in a tall building in the .
A. city of Shanghai B. Shanghai city
C. city Shanghai D. Shanghai’s city
49.The word “ ”is the right plural form.
A. radioes B. potatoes C. photoes D. zooes
50.How many and in your class
A. boy student, girl ones B. boys student , girl one
C. boy students , girl ones D. boys students, girls ones
51.I’ve got to do.
A. too much work B. too much works C. too many work D. so many works
52.Do you see some over there
A. banana trees B. bananas trees C. banana tree D. bananas tree
53.She often help her mother do .
A. many housework B. some housework C. much houseworks D. a lots of houseworks
54.I like eating .
A. a chicken B. the chicken C. chicken D. chickens
55.Would you like
A. many more milks B. some milks C. some more milk D. more some milk
56.Mrs Li often goes to the shop and buy .
A. many Engligh food B. some English foods
C. English food D. a lot of English foods
57.I have been to that island .
A. a hundred time B. hundred times C. hundreds of times D. hundred of times
58.She always wears beautiful .
A. clothes B. cloth C. dress D. clothing
59. is strength .
A.A knowledge B. Knowledge C. Knowledges D. The knowledge
60.This shop sells only.
A. men’s shoes B. men shoes C. men’s shoes D. the shoes of men’s
6l. The Chinese people .
A. is a great people B. are a great people
C. are great people D. are great peoples
62. Something was wrong with car, but luckily they knew how to fix it.
A. Jim's and Tom's B. Jim and Tom's C. Jim's and Tom D. Jim and Tom
63. He is a friend of .
A. Kate's father's B. Kate's father C. Father's of Kate D. Kate father's
64. turn green in spring.
A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves
65. I went to my yesterday and had a good time there.
A. aunts' B. aunts C. aunt's D. aunt
66. The news of victories got round quickly.
A. is B. are C. have been D. /
67. The rich not always happy.
A. are B. is C. have D. has
68. Your trousers dirty. you must have washed.
A. is, it B. are, it C. is. them D. are, them
69. He, including his parents, this novel.
A. like B. 1ikes C. are 1ike D. is like
70. There are three in our class.
A. Zhou's B. Zhous' C. Zhous D. Zhous's
7l. This bridge is long.
A. ten meters' B. ten meter C. ten meters D. ten meters
72. Mother made a new skirt with two yards of .
A. clothes B. cloth C. dress D. cloths
73. If these trousers are too big, buy a small .
A. one B. copy C. pair D. set
74. He dropped the and broke it.
A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup coffee D. coffee cup
75. Let's have a break.
A. ten minute's B. ten-minutes C. ten minutes' D. ten minute
76. should be strict with .
A. Teacher, a student B. The teachers, students
C. Teachers, students D. Teachers, a student
77. An ant has two in its body.
A. stomaches B. stomachs C. stomackes D stomacks
78. They played on the for an hour, and when they returned they found their goods stolen.
A. sand, were B. sand. was C. sands, were D. sands, was
79. It's bad to speak with your mouth full of food.
A. manner B. manners C. way D. thing
80. You should do more . Don't always sit at the desk busy doing your .
A. exercise, exercise B. cxercises, exercises
C. exercises, exercise D. exercise, exercises
81. Mother brought me .
A. a good new B. a piece of good news C. many good news D. two news
82. is made of .
A. Glass; the glass B. A glass, g1ass C. Glass; g1ass D. A glass; a glass
83. In Britain are all painted red.
A. letter boxes B. letters boxes C. letter box D. letters box
84. This is all old photo of my mother's when she had , and now she has .
A. short hair; grey hairs B. short hairs; grey hairs
C. short hair; grey hair D. short hairs; grey hair
85. There are four and two in the group.
A. Japanese; Germen B. Japaneses; Germen
C. Japanese; German D. Japanese; Germans
86. This is the first time in our that we have come to Beijing.
A. life B. live C. 1ives D. lifes
87. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him to leave a .
A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice
88. He gained his by printing of famous writers.
A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works
89. I'll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little .
A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest
90. You'll find this map of great in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
91. Before we move into the new house, we have to buy .
A. furnitures B. many furniture
C. some pieces of furniture D. pieces of furnitures
92.There are many in this hospital.
A. woman workers B. women workers C. women doctor D. women doctors
93 mother is preparing breakfast for them.
A. Mike and Tom’s B. Mike’s and Tom’s C. Mike and Tom D. Mike's and Tom
94. Father went to his doctor for about his heart troub1e.
A. an advice B. some advice C. advices D. the advices
95 I have to do.
A .a 1ot of work B .a 1ot of works C. many work D. much works
96. Where are rest rooms They are on the second floor.
A. women's B. womans C. women D. womens
97. She always wears beautiful .
A. clothes B. cloth C. dress D. clothings
98. The Chinese people brave and hard – working.
A .is B. was C .are D. has been
99. The police searching for a man with long hair.
A. is B. has been C. had been D. are
100. She is an experienced teacher. That is to say, she has .
A. many experiences B. much experiences
C. a lot of experience D. little experience
101. We’ll make for her in the bask of the car.
A .a room B. rooms C. the room D. room
102.After climbing for two hours, we were glad to take rest.
A. a few minute’s B. a few minutes C. few minute’s D. few minutes'
103. It’s to the police station.
A. twenty minutes’ walk B. twenty minutes walk
C. twenty minute’s walk D. twenty minute walk
104.If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller . .
A. set B. are C. piece D. pair
105. Here is my card, Let’s keep in .
A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship
106. are sold in that new store.
A. Man and chi1d’s shoes B. Men and children shoes
C. Men's and child’s shoes D. Men's and children's shoes
107. A wonder theory! Why don' t we put it into
A. fact B. practice C. deed D. reality
108. Who did you spend last weekend with
A. Palmer's B. The palmers' C. The Palmers D. The Palmer’s
109. Help! The house is !
A .on fire B. in fire C. of fire D. on the fire
110. The of the steam engine brought about a great change in human life.
A. discovery B. discoverer C. design D. invention
参考答案：
一、1. pieces 2. men 3. days 4. watches 5. thieves 6. dresses 7. cities 8. Chinese 9. Japanese 10. children 11. Germans 12. feet 13. women 14. halves 15. mice 16. plays 17. addresses 18. heroes 19. knives 20. stomachs 21. spies 22. zoos 23. girlfriends 24. toothbrushes 25. radios 26. men doctors 27. stories 28. boxes 29. sheep 30. wives 31. tomatoes 32. keys 33. buses 34. photos 35. matches
二、1. [iz] 2. [iz] 3. [iz] 4. [iz] 5. [iz] 6. [iz] 7. [iz] 8. [iz] 9. [ts] 10. [ts]
三、1. X 2. an 3. X 4. X 5. a 6. a 7. X 8. an 9. X 10. X 11. X 12. X 13. an 14. X 15. X 16. X 17. X 18. X 19. a 20. X
四、1. woman改为women 2. man nurse改为men nurses 3.look改为a look 4. is改为are；is改为are 5. works改为work
五、
1. The policemen caught the thieves last night.
2. The sheep there are white.
3. What nice children they are!
4. Those are keys.
5. Are your brothers workers or teachers
6. These are pencils. They are blue pencils.
7. What are those They’re glasses.
8. They have dictionaries.
9. Are there any ducks in the river
10. The girls are Japanese
六、
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. C 6 . B 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. A 21. B 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. B 33. C 34. B 35. C 36. B 37. B 38. B 39. C 40. C 41. B 42. C 43. D 44. D 45. C 46. A 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. D 51. A 52. A 53. B 54. C 55. C 56. C 57. C 58. A 59. B 60. C 61. B 62. B 63. A 64. D 65. C 66. D 67. A 68. D 69. B 70. C 71. D 72. B 73. C 74. D 75. C 76. C 77. B 78. C 79. B 80. D 81. B 82. B 83. A 84. A 85. D 86. C 87. A 88. D 89. C 90. C 91. C 92. D 93. A 94. B 95. A 96. A 97. A 98. C 99. D 100. C 101. D 102. B 103. A 104. D 105. A 106. D 107. B 708. C 109. A 110. D
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