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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之六
介词
第一节 概述
一、介词的定义
用来表明名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句）与其他句子成分的关系的词叫介词(Preposition)。
介词也叫前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独作句子成分，只能用在一个名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词语）前面，介词后的词或词语叫介词短语，介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。
常用的介词可分为简单介词(Simple Prepositions)、复合介词(Compound Prepositions)、短语介词(Phrasal Prepositions)、分词介词（Participle Prepositions）和二重介词（Double Prepositions）这五种。
二、介词的种类
按构成分为五种：
1. 简单介词（由一个单词组成的介词）
between在……（的）中间 like像，踉—……一样 after在……后，跟在……后面
2. 复合介词（由两个单词组成的介词）
inside在……的里面 into进入…… throughout遍及，贯穿
3. 分词介词（由分词通过转化而构成的介词）
including包括 considering就……来说 concerning关于 following在……以后
这类介词数量有限。
4. 短语介词（由一个词组构成的介词）
in the middle of在……中间 according to根据 in front of在……前面
because of 因为 in spite of 尽管
5. 二重介词
from above 从……的上面 from under 从……的下面
from behind 从……的后面 until after直至……之后
按词义分为十五种：
1. 表示地点：above across along among
2. 表示时间：during in into past since
3. 表示“除……以外”：besides but except except for
4. 表示比较： as like
5. 表示反对与否：against with
6. 表示原因、目的：for with from
7. 表示结果：to with without
8. 表示方法、手段：by in with
9. 表示所属关系：of with
10. 表示条件：on considering
11. 表示让步：despite in spite of
12. 表示关系：about as for as to regarding
13. 表示位置：to for over at with
14. 表示根据：on according to
15. 其它类：for without
第二节 介词的用法
一、介词短语的句法功能
“介词十介词宾语”构成介词短语。大多数介词短语在句子中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。
1.状语
Can you write in English？你能用英语写吗？
They are playing basketball on the playground. 他们在运动场上打篮球。
2.定语
通常放在被修饰的词的后面。
The people on the bus are singing．公共汽车上的人正在唱歌。
The boy in front of the desk is Bill.书桌前那个男孩是比尔。
3. 表语
The machine is out of date．这机器过时了。
They are at table．他们在进餐。
4. 宾语补足语
We consider education of great importance. 我们认为教育很重要。
They must keep these machines in good condition. 他们必须维护好这些机器。
5. 主语补足语
These machine must be kept in good condition. 这些机器一定要维护好。
This book is considered of great use．人们认为这本书很有用。
二、常用介词的主要用法举例
（一）about
1. 关于， 有关
This is a book about how to improve reading skills．这是一本关于提高阅读技能的书。
2. 到处，在……附近，在……周围
We walked about the town.我们在城里到处游逛。
Papers were lying about the room．房间里到处放着报纸。
3. 在身边，在附近，前后，左右
I have no money about me．我身边没钱。
They live somewhere about here．他们住在这附近。
Please come about three p.m.. 请下午 3；00左右来。
4. 固定搭配
（1）be about to do… 即将（正要）做
（2）What（How）about…？……怎么样？
The bus is about to start.公共汽车就要开了。
（二）above
1. 高于，在……之上（表示位置）
The plane is flying in the sunlight above the cloud.飞机正在云层上的晴空中飞行。
2.（表示数目、价钱、重量等）大于，超过
The lady is above ninety．那位老太太已超过 90岁了。
There are above forty girl students in this class. 这个班的女生有40多名。
The huge stone weights above four ton. 这块巨石有 4吨多重。
The chair cost above twenty dollars. 这张椅子花了20多美元。
3.（引申意义）非……能力所及，不致（做出……），超过
This book is above me. 这本书太难，我看不懂。
He’s above doing such things．他还不至于干出这等事来。
The girl is above any other student in English in her class．在英语方面那女孩超过全班其它的同学。
4.习惯用语
above all 首先，最重要的是
Above all，we must be healthy．首先，我们必须健康。
（三）across
1.（方向）横过，穿过，从这边到那边
He swam across the river．他游过河。
The policeman helped the old man across the street．警察扶着那位老人过街。
2.（位置）在对面，在那一边
He lives across the street．他住在街对面。
France lies across the Channel．法国在英吉利海峡的那一边。
3.习惯用语
across from：在……对面
My home is across from the factory. 我家在工厂对面。
（四）after
1.（时间、顺序）在……之后
He came after nine a．m．他是上午 9时后来的。
Shut the door after you, please. 请随手关门。
After you，please. 您先请（您先走）
2. 由于，鉴于；尽管，虽然
After falling in the last two English tests，he made up his mind to spend more time on English study. 由于上两次英语不及格，他下决心在英语学习方面多花些时间。
After all his efforts， he has failed. 尽管尽了一切努力，他还是失败了。
3.追赶，追求，追寻
The police are after the thief. 警察在追小偷。
4. 仿照，依照
Read after me．跟我读。
They named the building after the scientist．他们以那位科学家的名字给那栋楼命名。
5.习惯用语
after all：毕竟，终究
one after another：一个接一个地，相继
He is a child after all．他毕竟是个孩子。
They fell ill one after another. 他们相继病倒了。
（五）against
1. 撞到，紧靠，倚
I have hit my head against a wall and hurt myself. 我的头撞到墙上受了伤。
She stood with her back against the tree．她背靠着树站着。
2. 反对，逆
Are you for or against this plan？你是赞成还是反对这个计划？
He is swimming against at the stream．他正在小溪中逆流游泳。
3. 以备，以防
They saved money against old age．他们存钱以养老。
4. 违背
They did it against their own will. 他们违背自己的意愿做了这件事。
5.习惯用语
over against；正对着，在……对面
He lived over against the school．他住在学校对面。
（六）along
1.沿着，顺着
We walked along the street．我们沿着街道步行。
He walked along the river bank．他沿着河堤走。
（七）among
1. 在……中间，在……之中（通常用于3个或3个以上之中）
I found him among the crowd. 我在人群中发现了他。
Please divide the cake among you four. 请你们 4人把蛋糕分了。
2.（与形容词最高级连用） ……之一
Einstein is among the greatest scientists．爱因斯坦是最伟大的科学家之一。
（八）as
1. 作为，当作
Don’t treat me as a child。别把我当小孩看待。
I speak now as a friend， not as a teacher．现在我以朋友而不是以老师的身份来讲话。
2. 习惯用语
as for（as to）：至于，关于
As for me, I don’t mind going there by train．至于我，坐火车去也不在乎。
（九）at
1. (表示地点)在……
They met me at the station．他们在车站接我。
at home在家 at my aunt’s在我姑姑家
at the door在门口 at the barber’s在理发店
2.（表示时间）在……时（刻），在……岁（时）
He left school at the age of 16. 他 16岁时离开学校。
The meeting began at 9 o’clock．会议在 9时开始。
at dawn在黎明 at midnight在半夜 at Christmas在圣诞节
at the moment在那时 at the beginning of在……之初 at noon（night）在正午（夜晚）
3.（表示状态或从事于）在……, 正在……, 在……中
They are at meeting．他们在开会。
at table在进餐 at war正在交战 at work在工作 at school在上学
at play在玩 at rest在休息 at peace在和平中
4.（表示速度、价格等）以，按
The truck ran at（the speed of） 40 miles an hour．卡车以每小时40英里的速度行驶。
I bought it at a low price．我以低价买进。
The pen was sold at three dollars．这支钢笔卖 3美元。
5.（表示动作方向）朝，向
Don’t laugh at her．不要嘲笑她。
look at看着 aim at向……瞄准 smile at向……微笑
rush at向……冲去 shoot at向……射击 throw…at向……扔
6.（表示原因）因为，由于
I was surprised at the news. 听到那消息，我很吃惊。
He was discouraged at his failure．他因失败而感到很泄气。
7. (表示能力)增长于
He is good at drawing（football）．他擅长于绘画（踢足球）。
He is an expert at chess．他是象棋大师。
be bad at不善于…… be expert at精于……
（十）before
1.（时间）在……以前
We finished the work before noon．中午以前我们完成了工作。
2.（位置）在……前面，当着……的面
He made a speech before a large audience．他在许多听众面前发表演说。
3.（顺序）在……之前，先于
Think it over before you act．行动前你得仔细考虑一下。
4.（选择）宁可，宁愿
I would die before surrendering to them．我宁愿死也不向他们投降。
（十一）behind
1.（时间）较晚，迟于，晚于
He arrived ten minutes behind time．他迟到 10分钟。
Your ideas are behind the times．你的思想落后于时代了。
2.（位置）在……刊后面
Look out！There is someone behind you．当心！你后面有人。
He hid himself behind the tree. 他躲在树后。
3.（力量、能力）不如，落后于，低于
I am far behind you in English.我的英语远不如你好。
（十二）below
1.（位置）在……之下
Her skirt came below the knees．她的裙子长到膝盖以下。
2.（数量、程度、价值、位次、能力、年龄等）低于，在……以下
He cannot be much below fifty．他不可能是 50岁以下。
He is below me in the class．在班上他比我差。
The mercury stands at 10℃ below zero．水银柱在-10℃。
be below a person in rank（intelligence）在级别（智力）上比某人低
below the average income低于平均收入
（十三）beside
1.（地点）在……旁边，在……附近
Come and sit beside me．过来坐在我旁边。
2. 和……相比
Beside his，my trouble is nothing．与他相比，我的苦恼算不了什么。
My work looks poor beside hers．同她的工作相比，我的工作显然差些。
3. 与 …… 无关
That is beside the question．那离题了。
4.习惯用语
be beside oneself（with sb.）：因 …… 而忘形，发狂
I was beside myself with joy．我因高兴而得意忘形了。
（十四）between
1. （时间、位置、数量）在 …… 之间
The lunch hour is between 11：00 and 13：00 o’clock. 午餐时间在11：00-13：00之间。
Liuzhou is between Guilin and Nanning．柳州位于桂林和南宁之间。
It weighs between five and six pounds．它重五六磅。
2.（比较、分配、关系）在……之间
The relations between teachers and students are excellent．师生关系很好。
What’s the difference between A and B？A 和 B之间有什么不同？
They shared the chocolate between the two of them. 他们两人分吃了巧克力。
It is something between chair and a sofa．这东西又像椅子又像沙发。
（十五）beyond
1.（时间）过了，比……晚，迟于
He came home beyond the usual time. 他比平时晚回家。
They arrived beyond nine o’clock. 他们过了9：00才到。
2.（位置）在……的那边，在……以外
The airport is 20 miles beyond the town. 机场在离城 20英里以外的地方。
You’ll find the house beyond the trees. 在树林那边你会找到那间房屋。
3.（范围）超过，为……所不及，超出……的范围
This book is beyond me。这本书我看不懂。
He is living beyond his income.他的生活入不敷出。
Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths. 汤姆的数学比他哥哥好多了。
4. 除……外（用于否定或疑问句）
I know nothing beyond this．除此以外，我什么都不知道。
（十六）by
1.（时间）不迟于，到……时（为止）
He ought to be here by now．他现在应该到了。
He is sure to come by three o’clock. 他到9:00肯定会来。
By the end of last term， we had learned 3，000 words．到上学期末，我们已经学了 3 000个单词。
It will be dark by the time I get there.我到那里时，天要黑了。
2.（位置）靠近，在……旁，在……身边
They live in a house by the church．他们住在教堂旁的一所屋子里。
Come and sit by me.过来坐在我身边。
3.（方法、手段）靠，用，以，通过，乘
Did you come by train or by air？你是乘火车还是乘飞机来的？
He makes a living by selling newspapers．他以卖报为生。
by ship／sea乘船 by plan/air乘飞机 by land由陆路 by car坐车
by telephone用电话 by letter用信 by chance碰巧 by hand用手
know sb. by name 知道某人的名字
know sb. by sight 见过某人
learn sth．by heart默记某事
4.（运动方向）沿着，经过，经由
They came through the fields，not by the hill road．他们是穿过田野而不是沿着山路来的。
I go by the store on my way to work．我上班经过那家商店。
He traveled to Suzhou by Shanghai．他经上海到苏州旅行。
5.（标准、度量、数量）根据，按……,以……
Don’t judge a man by his clothes（looks）．勿以衣（貌）取人。
In America many workers are paid by the week．在美国很多工人按周付薪。
We hired the boat by the hour．我们按钟点租船。
They sold eggs by the dozen．他们论打卖蛋。
6. (程度)相差
She missed the train by five minutes．她差 5分钟而没赶上火车。
He is taller than his father by two centimeters（a head）．他高出他父亲两厘米（一个头）。
The output increased by 20％．产量增长 20％。
（十七）down
1.沿着，沿……向下
He walked down the street．他沿着街道走。
Tears ran down her cheeks．泪水从她脸颊流下。
The boy went down the stairs.男孩走下楼梯。
The ship sailed down the Yellow River．轮船沿黄河而下。
（＋八）during
1. 在……期间，在……的时候
He often came to see me during my stay here．我待在这里时，他常来看我。
He came during your absence．你不在时，他来过。
They played during the morning.整个上午他们都在玩。
（十九）except
1.除……之外（在整体中去除一部分）
We all succeeded except him．除了他，我们都成功了。
We go to school everyday except Sunday.除了星期天，我们每天都上学。
There was little I could do except wait．除了等待，我没有什么事可做。
2.习惯用语
except for：除了……以外，只有（说明基本情况后，在细节上加以修正）
The composition is excellent except for some spelling mistakes．这篇作文很好，只有几处拼写错误。
（二十）for
1.（表示目的、目标、用途）为 …… , 替（代）……, 对于……, 给……
He came here for a meeting．他来这里开会。
They prepared for the entrance examination．他们为人学考试做准备。
That will be good for your health. 那将有益于你的健康。
Here are some books for children. 这里有些儿童读物。
2.（表示方向、倾向、能力）向，往
The ship started for London．这艘轮船向伦敦驶去。
They went out for lunch．他们出去吃午饭。
The young manager hungered for knowledge of management. 那位年轻的经理渴求管理方面的知识。
She has a gift for foreign languages. 她有学习外语的天赋。
3.（表示时间、距离、数量）历经，计，达
The weather has been cold for an entire week. 整整一个星期，天气一直很冷。
We walked for miles. 我们走了好几里路。
He has lived there for five years．他在这住了 5年。
4.（表示交换，补偿）与……交换，用
He exchanged his cow for a horse．他用牛换了一匹马。
Henry bought the car for＄800. 享利花 800美元买了这辆车。
5.支持，赞成
Are your for this plan？你赞成这个计划吗？
Joan was for having the TV set repaired．琼主张把那台电视机修好。
6.（表示原因）因为，由于
The place is famous for its hot springs.这个地方以温泉著名。
He was punished for stealing．他因偷窃受罚。
7. 当作，作为
What did you have for lunch？你午饭吃什么？
He was mistaken for a Japanese．他被误认为是日本人。
8. 至于，关于，就……而言
He is young for his age.就他的年龄而论，他是年轻的。
It’s too hot for April. 就4月份而言，这天气是太热了。
（二十一）from
1.（时间和地点的起点）从, 自……
They flew from Shanghai to Beijing．他们从上海飞到北京。
His mother worked from morning till night. 他母亲从早到晚干活。
2.（表示距离、间隔）离
How far is your school from here？你的学校离这里多远？
He was absent from school．他缺课。
3.（表示来源，出处）从……, 由……
Where are you from？你是哪里人？
She got a letter from her mother. 她收到妈妈的一封来信。
4.（表示原因、动机、理由）出于，由于，因为
He acted from a sense of duty．他出于责任心而为之。
He is tired from overwork．他由于工作过度而感到疲倦。
5.（表示区别）……和……
Can you tell a wolf from a dog？你能辨别狼和狗吗？
He knows right from wrong. 他能辨别是非。
6.（表示原料、材料）用……制成
They make wine from grapes．他们用葡萄酿酒。
Cheese is made from milk．奶酪是用牛奶制成的。
（二十二）in
1.（表示场所、地点）在……里，在……中，在……上
They are playing in the park．他们在公园里玩。
I learned it in the newspaper．我是从报纸上知道此事的。
in class在课堂上 in bed在床上 in the street在街上 in the train在火车上
2.（表示时间）在……, 在……后，在……期间
The war broke out in 1941. 战争于 1941年爆发。
He will come back in a week．他一星期以后回来。
3.（表示状态、情况、服饰）在……之中，处于……
He was in black他穿着黑衣服。
They are all in good health.他们的健康情况都很好。
His life was in danger．他的生命有危险。
4.（表才方式、方法）用，以
He wrote the composition in English．他用英语写作文。
It’s written in ink．这是用墨水写的。
He always talks in a low voice.他总是小声说话。
5.（表示范围、领域、关系）在……上，在……方面
That country is rich in natural resources．那个国家的自然资源丰富。
He is lame in one leg．他的一条腿跛了。
He is strong (week) in English．他的英语好（差）。
6.（表示运动或动作的方向）进，人，朝
He put his paper in his bag．他把文件放进包里。
The children walked in the direction of the school．孩子们朝学校的方向走去。
（二十三）inside
1.在……内，在……里
I finished the work inside two days．我在两天内完成了工作。
They played inside the yard．他们在院子里玩。
2.习惯用语
inside out：里面朝外，彻底地，完全地
The wind blew umbrella inside out．风把我的伞吹翻了。
（二十四）like
1. 像，似，如，和……一样
He is a bit like his father．他有点像他父亲。
The moon looks like a silver plate. 月亮看起来像只银盘子。
I wish I could swim like a fish．要是我能像鱼那样游泳就好了。
2.好像
It looks like rain today．今天好像要下雨。
They look like winning. 他们好像要赢了。
（二十五）near
1.（表示时间、空间）接近，靠近，在……近旁，快要
Come and sit near me．过来坐在我旁边。
It is near five o’clock. 快 5：00了。
He came near being killed in the accident. 他差点死于意外事故。
（二十六）off
1. 从，离开，离……
Keep off the grass．勿踏草地。
He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上掉了下来。
The cover has come off my English textbook．我的英语课本的封面脱了。
2.在临近……的海面上
The ship sank five miles off the coast of France．船在离法国海岸5英里的地方沉没。
（二十七）on
1.（表示位置）在……上；靠近，沿着，在……旁边
There are a lot of books on the shelf．书架上有许多书。
The hotel is on the lake．那旅馆坐落在湖边。
London is on the Thames．伦敦位于泰晤士河畔。
There are trees on both sides of the street．街道两边有树。
2.（表示时间）在……（星期几，某日，某日的早、中、晚等）的时候
He came on the morning of May1．他是 5月 1日上午来的。
We have no lessons on Sunday.星期天我们不上课。
3. (表示状态)处于……状态，在……中
Who is on duty today？今天谁值日？
The building is on fire. 楼房着火了。
My uncle went to Nanjing on business. 我叔叔到南京出差。
4.（表示关系）关于，有关，论及
He has written an article on the importance of birth control．他写了一篇论及计划生育重要性的文章。
I bought a book on gardening. 我买了本有关园艺方面的书。
5.（表示动作的方向）对……, 朝着
I called on her the other day．几天前我去看望过她。
The baby smiled on me．那个婴儿向我微笑。
6. —……就……
On hearing the news he called me．一听到那消息他就给我打了电话。
（二十八）past
1.（时间）过
It’s half past ten. 现在是10：30.
2.超过
He is past sixty. 他年过 60。
He goes past the post office on his way to work every day. 他每天上班经过邮局。
（二十九）round（round和around意义基本相同）
l．（表示运动趋向）环绕，到……的各处，向……四周，绕行
The earth goes round the sun．地球绕着太阳转。
They walked round the corner．他们拐弯。
He took his mother round the university．他带他妈妈在学校各处看看。
He looked round the room．他看了看房间的四周。
2.（表示地点）在……周围，在……附近
The children sat round their teacher．孩子们围着老师坐着。
3.大约
The pen cost round＄5. 这支钢笔花了约 5美元。
It’s round 5 o’clock. 现在大约5：00。
（三十）since
1. 自……以来，自从
He known him since 1990. 从 1990年起我就认识他了。
She worked hard since leaving school．她自从离开学校以来一直努力工作。
（三十一）through
1. （表示时间）从……开始到结束，也………之中
He works hard all through the year．他一年到头都在努力工作。
Shops are open（from） Sunday through the Saturday．商店从星期天到星期六部营业。
2.（表示空间）穿过，通过，贯穿
Light comes in through the window.光线从窗户进来。
The river flows through the city from north to south.这条河由北向南流经这个城市。
3.（表示方法、手段、原因）通过，经由，以……因为
I heard of it through Mr. Wang. 我是从王先生那里听说此事的。
We can observe the sky through this telescope. 我们能通过望远镜观察太空。
He succeeded through hard work．他由于努力工作而成功了。
4. 结束．完成
Are you through asking questions？你的问题问完了吗？
（三十二）till
1. 直到……为止
I will stay here till next Sunday．我一直要逗留到下星期天。
He worked from morning till night．他从早到晚都工作。
2. (用在否定式后)直到……才
He didn’t come till nine o’clock．他直到9：00才来。
(三十三) to
1.（表示方向）到……去，向，往
He went to Canada last year．他去年去了加拿大。
Japan lies to the east of China．日本位于中国的东面。
2.（表示时间、程度、结果）至，在……（时刻）以前
He worked from morning to／till night．他从早到晚地工作。
It is ten to six. 现在是 5：50。
He drank himself to death．他饮酒过度而死。
He got wet to the skin. 他全身湿透。
3.（表示目的）为了
We sat down to dinner．我们坐下来吃饭。
4.（表示比较计）比较，对
They won the game by 5 to 4. 他们以5：4赢了那场比赛。
I prefer oranges to apples. 我比较喜欢橘子，而不喜欢苹果。
5.（表示对象关系）属于，对，给
This pen belongs to my father．这支钢笔是我爸爸的。
She is very kind to me．她对我很好。
Did he send a book to you？他送书给你了吗？
（三十四）toward（s）
1.（表示运动、方向）向，朝
The sunflower turns toward the sun．葵花向太阳。
They walked toward the lake．他们朝那湖走去。
2.（表示关系）对于
She changed her attitude toward me. 她改变了对我的态度。
He is friendly toward me. 他对我友好。
3.（表示时间）将近，接近，左右
I went to bed toward 12 o’clock. 我将近12：00才睡觉。
He is toward seventy years old．他快 70岁了。
4.（表示自的）为了
We will do all we can toward getting things ready．我们将尽我们所能做好准备。
（三十五）under
1.（表示位置）在……下面，在……之下，在……之内
The boat sailed under the bridge.船在桥下行驶。
He wore a shirt under his jacket.他在夹克衫内穿了一件衬衣。
2.（表示年龄、数量、重量、程度、地位等）未满，低于，少于，在……之下
He is under ten years old．他未满 10岁9。
Under fifteen students were there．那儿不足15个学生。
3.（表示过程）在……中，在……过程中，在接受……中
The road is under repair. 道路正在维修中。
The bridge is under construction．桥在建造之中。
He is under medical treatment．他正在接受治疗。
4.（表示关系）在……领导下，在……统治下，在……指导下
The team plays well under their new captain．球队在新队长的指导下打得很好。
We work hard under the leadership of the Party．我们在党的领导下努力工作。
England was under Charles Ⅱ at that time．那时英国在查理二世的统治之下。
（三十六）up
1.（表示运动方向）向上……, 沿着
He ran up the hill．他跑到山上去了。
We walked up the street. 我们沿街而行。
The boat sailed up the river.那条船向上游行驶。
2. (表示位置)在……上头，在（河流的）上游，在……的内地
They traveled up country．他们到内地旅行。
The house stand up the river. 房子在河的上游。
He lives up the street. 他就住在这条街的上头。
（三十七）upon
upon常可以和on互换使用，意为“在……上面”。
Please put the book upon (on) the table. 请把书放在桌子上。
There is not a chair to sit upon (on). 没有一张椅子可坐的。
（三十八）with
1.（表示同伴、同道）和……一起，偕同
Come with me跟我一起来、
2. (表示附有、携带)具有，有，带在……身边
The girl with glasses is Rosa. 戴眼镜的那个女孩是罗莎。
China is a country with a long history．中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
I have no money with（about） me．我身上没带钱。
3.（表示工具、手段）用，以
Don’t write with a pencil．别用铅笔写。
4. (表示原因)由于，因为
His face turned red with anger. 他的脸气得变红了。
With such knowledge and experience, he is sure to succeed. 有了这样的知识和经验，他一定会成功。
5. (表示时间) 与……同时，随着
With these words he went out．说完这些话，他就出去了。
With the development of modern agriculture and Industry， more and more waste is produced.随着现代工农业的发展，越来越多的废物产生出来了。
6.（表示对立或协调关系）与……对
He quarreled with his little brother．他和弟弟争吵。
He gets on well with his classmates．他与同学相处得很好。
I am pleased with what you have done．我对你所做的感到满意。
7.（表示让步）虽然，尽管
With all his money，that man has very few friends. 那人虽然有钱，但却没有什么朋友。
（三十九）without
1. 没有（带），不，无
He went out without his hat．他没戴帽子就出去了。
He left without locking the door. 他没锁门就走了。
2.（表示条件）如果没有
Without air，we couldn’t live.没有空气，我们就不能生存。
三、部分介词的用法比较
（－）表示时间的介词
1. in，at，on表示时间
（1）in用于表示较长的一段时间。如:
They entered school in September. 他们9月开学。
Swimming is the best sport in summer. 游泳是夏天最好的运动。
They arrived in Shanghai in 1995. 他们在1995年到达上海。
（2）at用于表示短暂的一段时间。如：
We often go to bed at ten．我们常常10点钟睡觉。
They started at sunrise. 他们在黎明时出发。
（3）on用于表示特定的日子。例如:
It happened on Monday.这发生在星期一。
We had a meeting on the morning of July 1. 我们在 7月1日上午开了一个会。
2. after与 in
（1）after指某个时间以后。如“6点钟以后”、“星期一以后”等。
I will be free after next Monday. 下星期一以后我就有空了。
They went out for a walk after six o’clock. 6点钟以后他们出去散步了。
（2）in指从现在起的某一段时间以后。如“两个小时以后”、“一星期以后”等。
I will finish the work in two hours. 两个小时后我就会完成这工作。
You will be all right again in a week. 一个星期以后，你就会好的。
3. ago与before
表示“在……之前”用ago或before，用法分别与in，after对应相似。
ago的计时起点在现在，与表示一段时间的词语连用，用作 “… ago”, in的结构为 “in…” 。
before的计时起点可以在过去某一时刻，与表示一点或一段时间的词语连用，也可以在将来某一时刻，与表示一点时间的词语连用。例如：
Li Ming did his homework half an hour ago. 李明在半小时前做回家作业。
Li Ming did his homework before five o’clock．李明在5点钟之前做回家作业的。
He told me he had done his homework two hours before. 他告诉我他在两小时前做完回家作业了。
4. for与 since表示一段时间
（1） for后接表示一段时间的词语；since后接表示一点时间的词语；时间的词语来表达一段时间。例如：
They have learned English for about two years. 他们学英语已有两年了。
They have lived in Beijing since 1986. 他们自1986年以来一直住在北京。
（2）for短语所表示的一段时间可以和一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在进行时、一般现在时及一般将来时等连用。例如：
He once lived in Beijing for two years. 他曾在北京住了两年。
Mr. Brown has traveled by train for about a week. 布朗先生乘火车旅行快有一月了。
Mr. Brown will be on business for a week. 布朗先生将要出差一周。
When Mr. Brown came，they had been waiting for an our．当布朗先生来时, 他们已等了一小时。
（3）而since短语所表示的时间只能指过去某一特定时间到现在，意为“自从……， ……以来”，一般与现在完成时、现在进行时、过去完成时或过去进行时连用。例如：
I haven’t seen him since Monday. 自星期一以来我没有看见过他。
Alice has collected quite a few wonderful stamps since she went to Australia. 自从艾丽斯去澳大利亚，她已收集了相当多的精美邮票。
（4）在“It is…since…”句型中，since从句也可以和一般过去时连用。例如：
It is three years since he joined the army．他参军已有3年了。
5.during与in
（1）during与in都可用来表示在一段时间以内，两词意义相近，在可以用in的地方, during一般也可以用。例如：
During the summer holidays，I visited Henry，a friend of mine. 暑假里我拜访了我的朋友亨利。
（2）during与 in相比较，during更强调时间的延续性。若与表示状态或经常性动作的动词连用，一般需要用during。例如：
She took good care of me during my illness．我生病期间她精心照顾我。
His parents were killed during the Second World War．他的父母亲是在第二次世界大战期间被杀害的。
（3）表示事态延续一段时间的名词前，一般要用during。例如：
during his stay in the sea在他在海里期间 during the meal在吃饭的时候
6.till与 until
till和until一般可以通用。两词都表示“直到……的时候”，强调动作或状态的持续性，句中的词语动词必须是持续性动词。例如：
Please don’t leave until I come back.请到我回来了再离开。
Please wait here until I come back.请在这儿等到我回来。
当主句中的谓语动词表示的是一个瞬间可完成而不能持续的动作时，使用 till／until引导的状语从句，主句要用否定式。含有till／until的否定句中，根据汉语习惯一般要译成“直到……才／再”的意思。例如：
He didn’t go home until he had finished his work．他把工作干完才回家。（句中go home是一瞬间动词，所以用否定式。）
当主句中的谓语是一个延续性的动词时，使用 till／until引导的状语从句，主句要用肯定式，即状语从句中谓语动词表示的动作一发生，主句中谓语动词表示的动作就终止。例如：
I will stay here a couple of days till Mary comes back．我要在这儿住上两天，直到玛丽回来。
（二）表示地点的介词
1. in，at，on表示地点
（1）表示在某一地方，in的意义比较明确，强调“在……里面”，而at的意义没有in那么明确，它可以是“在……里面”，也可以是“在……附近”。例如：
Some students are reading in the reading room．一些学生在阅览室看书。
I’m going to meet my uncle at the station.我要去车站接我的叔叔。
（2） at引起的短语可以表示在某一机构里，而 in引起的短语只表示在某一建筑物／群中。例如：
His father works at Fudan University．他父亲在复旦大学工作。
The Wangs live in Fudan University．王家住在复旦大学内。
（3）at通常指小地方，in一般指大地方。因此在国家名称前可用 arrive in，在 station，port, 等前可用 arrive at。例如：
When did you arrive at the station？你们什么时候到车站的？
但地点名词的大小是相对的。另外如果该城市是行程的中转之地,则不论大小均可用at。例如：
It was dark when we arrived at Nanjing, ten minutes later, the train moved on again，and arrived in Shanghai at 11：00 in the evening. 我们到达南京天已黑了，10分钟后，火车又开了，晚上11点到达上海。
（4）in指“在……内部”，on指“在……表面”。例如：
There is a small window in the wall．墙上有一扇小窗。
此例中译的“墙上”，并非指在墙的表面，而是指在墙“里”有扇窗。因此介词用in。如果说“墙上有一幅画”，应该说：
There is a picture on the wall．
因为这幅画是在墙的上面。又如：
There is a report in today’s newspaper．
I put my key on the newspaper．
（三）表示方位的介词
1. in，to，on表示方位
in，to， on可与表示方向的词结合起来表示方位，但意义各不相同。
in the south of指“在某地的南部”，仍处于某地内。例如：
Songjiang is in the south of Shanghai．松江在上海的南部 (松江属于上海市)。
to the south of指“在某地以南”，指在某地以外的南边。例如：
Guangzhou lies to the south of Shanghai. 广州位于上海南面。(广州与上海不交界。)
on the south of 指与某地南部接界。例如：
Shanghai lies on the south of Jiangsu．上海位于江苏的南面。(上海与江苏接壤。)
2. to，for与 toward（s）表示动作的方向
（1）to用在go，come，return等动词之后，表示“至……, 向……”之意。例如:
They went to Beijing yesterday．他们昨天去北京了。
（2） for用在start, leave等动词之后，表示离开、出发去某地之意。例如：
He’ll start for Shanghai tomorrow．他明天出发到上海去。
He has left for New York．他动身去纽约了。
（3）toward（s）比较明确地表示“向……”。例如：
He sat with his back towards the window. 他背靠窗户坐。
3. below与under/above与over表示在下面／上面
below与above，under与over分别互为反义词。
（l） below表示“在……之下”。说明位置处于下方，不一定为正下方。
above表示“在……之上”，说明位置较高、不一定是正上方。例如：
The sun has sunk below the horizon. 太阳落在地平线下。
There is a red flag above the blackboard. 黑板上方有一面红旗。
It is better to put the picture above the fireplace. 把那幅画挂在壁炉上方比较好。
（2）under表示“在……下面”，说明某东西位于某东西的正下方。
over表示“在……上面”，说明垂直在上。例如：
He sat down under a tree．他坐在一棵树下。
There is a bridge over the river．河上有一座桥。
4. around与 round表示在周围
（1）在英国英语中，around表示静的周围，即“围着转动”的意思，所以around要和表示“不动”的动词连用。例如：
we sat around the table．我们围着桌子坐。
（2）在英国英语中，round表示动的周围，即“环绕着运动”的意思，所以round要和表示“动”的动词连用。例如:
The earth moves round the sun．地球绕太阳转。
（3）在美国英语中，常用 around代替round。
(四) 其它情况
1. with, by表示用
（1）with用于表示用某一工具来完成某一件事情。例如：
The man shot the bird with a gun．这个人用枪射中了那只鸟。
Don’t write with a pencil．Write with a pen.不要用铅笔写，用钢笔写。
注意：如果表示用墨水写该用in，不能用with。例如：
Please write in ink.请用钢笔写。
（2）by用来表示用某种方法完成某件事情。例如；
They go to school by bike every day．他们每天骑车上学。
2. 介词to与不定式符号to的区别
介词to和不定式符号to形式相同，但两者差别很大，介词to后可接名词、代词或动名词，而不定式符号to后只可接原形动词。有些动词词组中的介词to很容易被误认为是不定式的符号,要特别注意。如:
be used to 习惯于 devoted to献身于 look forward to盼望 object to反对
巩固练习
一、选择：
1. I hope he isn't angry me.
A. with B. at C. on D. for
2. He was angry my not coming to help him.
A. with B. at C. on D. for
3. It's not right him to give up the game.
A. fox B. about C. of D. from
4. It's not right the South to break away from the Union.
A. for B. about C. of D. from
5. What's wrong your car
A. of B. to C. with D. about
6. Shanghai has changed a great deal the past five yeas.
A. since B. in C. from D. for
7. He was robbed all his money.
A. of B. off C. from D. away
8. I live 123 Shanghai Street.
A. on B. to C. at D. of
9. He suddenly returned a rainy night.
A. during B. in C. at D. on
10. They offered me their congratulations my passing the college entrance examinations.
A. at B. on C. for D. of
11. Do you know any other foreign language English
A. except B. but C. besides D. beside
12. He left all the windows open.
A. while B. when C. with D. because of
13. The boy ought to have gone to school , but he slept noon.
A. in that morning; at B. that morning; at C. on the morning; until D. that morning; till
14. The doctor will be free .
A. 10 minutes later B. after 10 minutes C. in 10 minutes D. 10 minutes after
15. My father has worked in this school l956.
A. after B. before C. till D. since
16. Don't sign your name pencil the paper.
A. with; at B. by; in C. in；on D. through; on
17. I recognized the handwriting .
A. as my father B. like my father C. as that of my father's D. like that of my father
18. I got up trying to wipe the dust my coat.
A. from B. of C. off D. out off
19. These treasures are now show in the science museum.
A. for B. at C. to D. on
20. Please write ink, and don’t forget to write every other line.
A. with , at B. by; from C. in; in D. in; on
2l. The other day Li. Ming dropped in me.
A. at B. on C. by D. /
22. We saw a seagull flying the sea.
A. above B. on C. through D. over
23. The river runs the city.
A. to B. across C. through D. into
24. It was not eleven o'clock that I went to bed.
A. since B. at C. on D. until
25.The key lies the science and education.
A. to our modernization; in B. to the four modernization; in
C. of our modernization; in D. of four modernization’s ; in
26. I can't buy it such a price.
A. of B. for C. at D. on
27. He has gone home Christmas.
A. on B. at C. for D. in
28. Red flags stand out brightly the blue sky.
A. against B. under C. by D. above
29. The work was divided five comrades.
A. between B. among C. into D. by
30. There are a lot of news today's newspaper.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
3l. There war nothing one dollar in my wallet.
A. without B. beside C. but D. besides
32. the development of science and technology, our country has become richer and stronger.
A. In B. By C. At D. With
33. There is no excuse coming late.
A. for B. on C. of D. from
34. What time is it It's six my watch.
A. in B. on C. at D. by
35.It's quilt warm today January.
A. for B. in C. at D. on
36. I bought this book six yuan.
A. at B. about C. of D. for
37. Mary was disappointed when she found out they had gone to the ball her.
A. except B. besides C. for D. without
38. Please retell the story your own words.
A. by B. with C. in D. at
39. The train leaves at 6: 00 p.m. So I have to be at the station 5:40 at the latest.
A. until B. after C. by D. around
40. production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
4l. There will be an English film the evening of September the first.
A. in B. at C. on D. /
42. The reading room won' t open half past nine.
A. at B. until C. for D. during
43. I’ll write to you as soon as I get Hangzhou.
A. in B. at C. to D. on
44. China lies the east of Asia.
A. in B. to C. on D. at
45. Our life is full sunshine.
A. with B. in C. on D .of
46. Birds have wings instead arms.
A. in B. with C. on D. of
47. You' d better take a bus it is rather late now.
A. because B. though C. while D. after
48 . Mr. smith came here I was playing volleyball.
A .After B. As C. White D. When
49. He is a scientist, a singer as well.
A. but B. nor C. or D. and
50. Some are reading newspapers others are playing chess.
A. or B. for C. so D. while
二、改正下列句子中有关介词使用的错误：
l. John entered into the room and found it empty.
2. Later, he wrote to me several letters, but I didn't reply him.
3. It is foolish for me to think like that.
4. I don't think these pictures are worth looking.
5. The sunshine went though the windows and made the room bright.
6. Now the food was enough for Robinson to live for a while.
7. After you finish the test, go it over again to look for mistakes.
8. Tom asked his granny to make a big kit to him.
9. How much do you pay to the taxi driver
10. Mr. Green called during I was out yesterday afternoon.
三、 在动词或形容词后面添入必要的介词（不需添介词的划×）:
1. Don't laugh the classmates who fall behind you.
2. They look down us and do not treat us friends.
3. Will you join our Let's take part planting trees together.
4. What do you think the work of the training center
Not very good. I'm thinking a new plan for them.
5. Are you busy the project How many months will you spend it
6. You are good art. I hope you will do better the subject this year.
7. The boss was angry the salesgirl and decided to give a lesson her.
8. We arc proud China. We'll build it a rich and powerful country.
9. Betty is different her sister. She is her brother, too.
10. What are you quarrelling the nurse
1l. Some people die cancer and some die pollution.
12. The paper is made wood. The furniture is also made wood. They are both made
China.
13. Every day he gets and the bus on his way to work. He gets on well the passengers.
14. He has a clinic his own. Now he works his own.
参考答案：
一、
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. C 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. A 36. D 37. D 38. C 39. C 40. C 41. C 42. B 43. C 44. A 45. D 46. D 47. A 48. D 49. D 50. D
二、
1. entered the room 2. reply to him 3. foolish of me 4. looking at 5. The sunshine went through 6. to live on for a while 7. go over it 8. a big kite for him 9. pay the taxi — driver 10. Mr. Green called when I
三、
1. at 2. upon, as 3. X, in 4. of , about 5. with, on 6. at , in 7. with, to 8. of, into 9. from, unlike 10. About/For, with 11. of, from 12. from, of, in 13. on, off, with 14. of ,on
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之五
形容词和副词
第一节 概述
一、形容词（Adjective）的定义
形容词是用来修饰名词或代词的词，表示人或事物的性质、特征、状态或属性。
二、副词（Adverb）的定义
副词用以说明动作或状态的特征、时间、地点、程度、方式等。
它可以修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。
三、形容词的构成
1. 形容词+形容词
dark-blue 深蓝的 red-hot 炙热的
2. 形容词+现在分词
funny-looking 相貌可笑的 ordinary-looking 长相一般的
3. 形容词+过去分词
new-born 新生的 ready-made 现成的
4. 形容词+名词+ -ed
warm-hearted 热心肠的 middle-aged 中年的
5. 序数词+名词
first-class 一流的 second-hand 二手的
6. 名词+形容词
ice-cold 冰凉的 clour-blind 色盲的
7. 名词+现在分词
peace-loving 热爱和平的 mouth-watered 另人垂涎的
8. 名词+过去分词
man-made 人造的 water-covered 被水覆盖的
9. 名词+名词+ -ed
iron-willed钢铁意志的
10. 副词+现在分词
hard-working 勤劳的 well-meaning 善意的
11. 副词+过去分词
well-known 著名的 newly-built 新建的
12. 副词+形容词
ever-green 常青的 ever-victorious 常胜的
13. 数词+名词+ -ed
four-storied 四层楼的 three-legged 三条腿的
14. 数词+单数名词
five-year 5年的 two-man 两人
四、副词的构成
1.简单副词
简单副词有： fast（快）， soon（不久）， here（这儿）， there（那儿），now（现在），then（那时）等等。
2派生副词
派生词由形容词加-ly或名词加-ly构成。如：
slow—slowly（慢），immediate—immediately（立即），week—weekly（每周），
day—daily（每日），name—namely（即，也就是）等等。
3. 和形容词的形式相同
如：early—early（早的，早），quick—quick（快的，快），hard—hard（艰难的，艰难地）， high—high（高的，高高地），long—long（长的，长久地）等等。
4. 复合副词
如：sometime（有时），somewhere（在某处），somewhat（稍微，有点），nowhere（任何地方不）等等。
5. 兼有两种形式的副词
有些副词有两种形式，一是与形容词同形，二是由该形容词加-ly构成。这两种不同的形式，有些含义相同，有些略有不同，有些完全不同。现将一些兼有两种形式的副词就其主要用法的异同点说明如下。
1） 关于clean / cleanly
副词clean作“径直地，完全地”解。如：
The bullet went clean through （整个儿地穿过）his arm.
I clean forgot（完全忘掉） about it.
副词 cleanly常作“干净利落地”解。如：
This knife doesn’t cut cleanly.（切起来不利落）
作“清洁地”解，读作[‘kli:nli]，较少使用。
cleanly 也能用作形容词，作“爱清洁的”解，读作［’klenli］。例如：
Cats are among the cleanliest animals there are.
2）关于clear / clearly
副词clear作“完全地、径直地”解。如：
You can see clear（一直望到）to the mountains today.
The prisoner got clear away（逃得无影无踪）.
clear这一用法与clean相同；有时可以交替使用。
clear还能作“隔开，不接触”解。例如：
Stand clear of the gates（离开门）!
You should keep clear of that fellow（不要与那家伙来往）.
作其他解释时则用clearly，不用clear。例如：
Can you see clearly （清楚地）from here
He is clearly （显然）wrong.
但在下列结构中用clear或clearly均可：
The moon shone clear(ly)（明亮地）.
He spoke loud(ly) and clear(ly)（清晰地）.
3）关于close / closely
副词close 作“近”解。如：
He lives close to the school.
He was following close behind.
close to 用于数字前作almost解。如：
clost to 90 years ago.
作其他解释时用closely。如：
Watch what I do closely(细心地).
The prisoners were closely （严密地）guarded.
4）关于dead / deadly
副词dead作“突然地，完全地”解。如：
She stopped dead.
在非正式语体中作“完全地，直接地”解。如：
He was dead tired.
The wind was dead against us.
Deadly作“死一般地”或“非常”解，例如：
Deadly pale （死人似的苍白），deadly serious （极端严重），deadly dull（极为枯燥无味）等。
deadly也能作形容词，作“死一般的，极度的，致命的，不共戴天的”等解，例如：
deadly paleness, deadly seriousness, a deadly disease / weapon / enemy / conversation等。
5）关于direct / directly
副词direct作“直线地，不绕圈子地”解。如：
The train goes there direct.
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome（不直飞罗马）; it goes by way of Paris（绕道巴黎）.
He came direct to London.
Send them direct to me.
作“直接地”（即“间接地”的反义词）解时用directly：
He was looking directly at me.
She answered me very directly and openly.
directly也可以作“立即”或“马上”解。例如：
Answer me directly.
Let’s meet directly after lunch.
I’ll be there directly.
He should be there directly if you don’t mind waiting.
6）关于easy / easily
easy只在某些固定搭配中作副词：
Take it easy.（慢慢来，别急。）
Go easy.（别急。）
Easy come, easy go.（来得容易花得快。）
Easier said than done.（说起容易做起难。）
Stand easy!（稍息！）
除此以外，用easily。例如：
I can easily finish it today.
He is not easily（容易）satisfied.
That may easily be the case.（情况很可能就是那样。）
It is easily（无疑）the best hotel.
7）关于fair / fairly
在下列搭配中用作副词：
You must play fair（光明磊落）.
I hit him fair on the nose（不偏不歪／正打在鼻子上）.
He’s dealt fair and square（公平地）with me.
在其他搭配中用fairly：
He told the facts fairly.
He doesn’t play the game fairly.
He was fairly beside himself with joy（欣喜若狂）.
也可以作quite, rather moderately（适度地，不过分地）等解释，修饰其它形容词或副词，例如fairly well, fairly soon, fairly good, fairly certain等。
fair / fairly有时也能交替使用。例如：
Being a sportsman can mean playing fair / fairly.
8） 关于firm / firmly
firm在以下搭配中用作副词：
Stand firm.（站稳。）
Always hold firm （固守）to your beliefs.
其它场合用firmly。例如：
I firmly believe（坚信） that.
Fix the post firmly （牢固地）in the ground.
9）关于high / highly
high用作副词见于下列搭配：
aim high（力争上游）, hold one’s head high（骄傲）, play high（大赌）, search high and low（到处搜索）, run high（浪大，激动）, fly high（有雄心）等。
highly通常指抽象的“高”。例如：
He spoke highly of （赞扬）her.
highly（很，极，高价地）也用于修饰形容词。例如：
highly pleased, highly skilled, highly interesting, highly enjoyable, highly paid等。
10） 关于loud / loudly
副词loud与loudly均作“大声地”解，用哪一种形式与音韵有关，并无绝对规定。如：
Don’t talk so loud / loudly.
She complained loudly of having been kept waiting.
但用比较形式时通常用louder与loudest:
Speak louder, I can’t hear you.
Who laughed loudest
11） 关于pretty / prettily
副词pretty作“相当地，适当地，非常”等解，修饰形容词或副词。如：
She’s pretty good.
She dances pretty well.
This work of your is a pretty poor effort.
也用于pretty much ( = very nearly, very much), pretty ready ( = almost ready ), pretty well ( = very nearly, almost )等搭配中。如：
A: How’s the sick man today
B: Pretty much （差不多）as he was yesterday.
It’s pretty well （几乎）impossible to travel over these mountains in winter.
美国口语中相应于 pretty这类强势用法的还有terrible, dreadful, real, awful等，如：
terrible bad, dreadful sorry, real happy, awful sleepy。
prettily作“有一种漂亮或悦人的态度”解。例如：
Mary dresses prettily.
She speaks prettily.
12） 关于right / rightly
副词right能作多种解释，可以修饰副词、介词，或在句子中作状语。例如：
He’s right here（就在这里）.
Go right home （直接回家）at once!
I haven’t read the book right through（完全地）.
There’s the house, right in front of you（就在你面前）.
It serves you right.（你活该。）
Nothing seems to go right with me.（一切对我都不顺利。）
也用于诸如all right, right and left, Eyes right（向右看齐）, Right you are ( = Yes, I will; I agree)等结构。
Rightly通常置于动词之前。试比较：
He rightly guessed that …
He guessed right（猜得对）.
If I remember right （如果我没有记错的话）…
If I’m rightly informed …
13） 关于sharp / sharply
副词sharp 常用于钟点后表示“准时”。例如：
We arrived at ten o’clock sharp.
也用于诸如turn sharp right / left（向右/左急转）, look sharp（赶快，留神，注意）, sing sharp（用升半音唱）等结构。sharp与sharply均能作“急剧地，突然地”解。例如：
At the crossroads（十字路口）, we turned sharp to the left.
The road turns very sharply.
14） 关于slow /slowly
slow作副词仅用于go slow ( = work slowly)这样的搭配中。例如：
The workers decided to go slow（怠工）.
其它场合通常用slowly 。例如：
Speak slowly, please.
Drive slowly onto the ferry（渡口）.
How slowly / slow the time passes!
Go slow(ly), we’re coming to a crossroads.
15） 关于sure /surely
sure作副词多见于非正式语体，特别是美国英语中。例如：
He said he would come, and sure enough（果然）he came.
He sure is tall.
Can you dance I sure can.（英国英语用I certainly can.）
sure和surely除去sure enough, slowly but surely（慢而稳，稳步地）等少数固定搭配之外，用法无绝对规定。
上述这类与形容词同形并有-ly形式的副词，常见的还有wide, tight, soft, sound, mighty, large等。这些副词与他们的-ly形式在词义上或多或少有所关联，甚至雷同。但还有若干与形容词同形的副词与他们的-ly形式在语义上毫不相干。例如：
hard和hardly:
He works hard.
He hardly does anything nowadays.
hardly作“几乎不”解与hard 风马牛不相及。
hardly earned money 能作hard-earned money（辛辛苦苦挣得的钱，血汗钱）解，但人们认为用后者为妥。
又例如just / justly, late / lately, most / mostly等都有各自的含义和用法，hardly（几乎不），highly（非常），nearly(差不多，几乎)，1ately（最近，近来）等等。不可混淆。
五、副词的种类
（一）、根据词义，副词可分为以下几类：
l．时间副词（Adverbs of Time）
表示时间的副词，常见的有：now（现在），then（那时），just now（刚才），yesterday（昨天）， today（今天）， tonight（今晚），before（在…之前），ago（在…之前），since（从…以来），already（已经），lately（最近）， so far（到此为止）等等。
2. 地点副词（Adverbs of Place）
表示地点和位置关系的副词，常见的有： here（这儿），there（那儿），home（家），upstairs（楼上），downstairs（楼下），nowhere（无处），everywhere（到处），abroad（在国外），in（向内），back（回来），off离开, inside(在里面)，outside(在外面)等等。
3.方式副词(Adverbs of Manner)
表示方式的副词，常见的有：fast（快），slowly（慢慢地），well（好），badly（坏），bravely（勇敢地），warmly（热情地），carefully（小心地）等等。
4. 程度副词（Adverbs of Degree）
表示程度的副词，常见的有：much（许多），very（非常），a little（一点儿）， a bit(一点儿)， too（太）， enough（足够），partly（部分地）等等。
（二）、根据副词的句法功能，可分为：
1. 疑问副词（Interrogative Adverbs）
疑问副词是用来引起一个特殊疑问句的词，常见的有：when（什么时候），where（什么地方），why（为什么），how（如何）等等。
2. 连接副词（Conjunctive Adverbs）
连接副词的形式与疑问副词一样，也是when，where，why和how，但它们不是用来构成特殊疑问句，而是用来引导主语从句，表语从句和宾语从句的。
3.关系副词（Relative Adverbs）
关系副词是用来引起一个定语从句的，常见的有：When，where，why等等。
第二节 形容词和副词的用法
一、句法功能
（一）形容词的用法（The Use of Adjectives）
1.定语
He is a lovely boy. 他是个可爱的男孩。
I have something important to tell you. 我有一些重要的事情告诉你。
2.表语
He became ill again. 他有病了。
The film was very interesting. 那部影片非常有趣。
3.宾语补足语
I found the film very humorous. 我发现这部电影很幽默。
All the facts proved him right. 全部的事实证明他是正确的。
4.状语
至于句首或句末。如：
At last he got home, tired and hungry. 最后他终于到家了，又累又饿。
Ripe, these oranges are very sweet. 熟了后，这些橘子很甜。
5.主语或宾语
“the +形容词”可转化为名词，表示一类人或事物。指人时，表示复数；指物时表示抽象的概念，单数意义。如：
We should respect the old and take care of the young. 我们应该尊老爱幼。
The new is sure to replace the old. 新事物一定会取代旧事物。
The nurse felt her duty to help the sick. 那位护士认为帮助病人是她的职责。
注1：某些表示健康的形容词作表语，作定语时，意思不同。如：
well 健康的 ill 有病的 faint 头晕的
ill luck 不幸 ill news 坏消息 a faint hope 一线希望
但“病的”即可作表语也可作定语。如：
He was sick. (表语)
There was a sick man in the room. (定语)
注2：某些以a-开头的形容词，如afraid, alike, alone, awake等只能作表语，不能作定语，但alive, asleep可以放在名词后作定语。如：
the man asleep 睡着的那个人 the man alive 活着的人
（二）副词的用法（The Use of Adverbs）
副词在句中的作用主要是用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，还可以作表语。
1.作状语（副词的位置可以在句中、句末或句首）
①修饰动词
Nick often come to see his uncle. 尼克经常来看他的叔父。（副词often修饰动词comes，副词的位置在动词之前）
He speaks English fluently. 他英语说得流利。（副词fluently修饰动词speaks，副词的位置在宾语之后）
②修饰形容词
It is a very important problem.这是个很重要的问题。（副词very修饰形容词important,副词的位置在形容词之前）
Your handwriting is fairly good．你的书法相当好。（副词fairly修饰形容词good）
③修饰其他副词
Everyone of us studies quite hard.我们每个人学习都相当努力。（副词quite修饰副词hard，它的位置在另一个副词前）
Don’t speak so fast．别说得那么快。（副词so修饰副词fast）
注意：
副词修饰形容词或其他副词时，它的位置一般在形容词或其他副词之前，但enough（足够地，充分地）修饰形容词或其他副词时，它的位置在它所修饰的词之后。如：
It is hot enough today．今天够热的。（副词enough修饰形容词hot）
He runs fast enough．他跑得够快的。（副词enough修饰副词fast）
④修饰整个句子
Frankly， I enjoy my work．坦率地说，我喜欢我的工作。（副词Frankly修饰全句）
Obviously， he agreed to our proposal. 显然，他同意了我们的提议。（副词Obviously修饰全句）
2. 作表语（副词的位置在系动词之后）
Class is over.下课了。
He was downstairs．他在楼下。
3. 作定语（副词的位置在它所修饰的名词之后）
The students here are all active in class．这儿的学生在课堂上都很活跃。
On my way home I met a group of children singing happily．在回家的路上我遇到了一群小孩愉快地唱着歌。
二、位置
（一）形容词的位置（Position of Adjectives）
形容词作定语大多数至于被修饰的名词之前，但需注意以下几种情况：
1.多层定语的顺序
多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时，这些形容词的词序不能随意排列，需要遵循一定的规则：
限定词{包括冠词、代词（包括物主代词、人称代词、指示代词、不定代词）、数词（包括序数词、基数词）}→描绘性形容词（特征、性质，如brave, beautiful, high, nice, strong, valuable等。其中短的词汇在前，长的词汇在后。）→表示特征的形容词（如大、小、长、短、高、矮、形状，如big, small, round, sharp等）→表示新旧或年龄的形容词（如young, old等）→表示颜色的形容词（如red, pink, blue, black等）→表示类属关系的形容词{如表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词（如French, Shanghai等）、表示材料、物质的形容词（如stone, steel, gold等）、表示用途或类别的形容词（如dinner, reading等）}→名词性定语（包括动名词）→被修饰的名词。如：
the first two paragraphs 前两段
my nice small brown leather bag 我漂亮的棕色小皮包
those large round black wooden tables 那些大的黑色的木圆桌
a high red stone wall 一堵高大的红色的石头墙
that valuable gold watch 那只名贵的金表
注：多个形容词修饰一个名词时，其顺序简单记忆方法有一个顺口溜：
“县（官）行令杀国材”
其具体解释为：
县 →指限定性成分。如指示代词、物主代词和数量词等等。
（官）→指冠词。其之所以用括号括上是因为它不能和“县”共同存在。
行 →指形状、大小。
令 →指“年龄”，长幼。其中“令”是“龄”的同音字。
杀 →是“颜色”的“色”的谐音。
国 →指的是国籍。
材 →指的是材料、质地。
2. 多个同类的形容词作定语时的顺序
同属一类的形容词作定语时，其次序通常是音节少的词在前，音节多的词在后，或用逗号隔开，或用and 连接。 如：
a tall, good-looking man 一个高个英俊的男人
a black and white TV set 一部黑白电视机
3.形容词置于被修饰的词之后
①有些作定语的形容，其位置在它所修饰的名词之后，这类形容词有present （出席的，在场的）；available（有效的）等。如：
The students present are promising young men. 在座的学生都是有出息的年轻人。
I have got two tickets available. 我买到了两张有效的电影票。
②当被修饰的词是-thing, -one, -body等结尾的不定代词（如something, anything, nothing, somebody ,anybody, nobody, someone, anyone）时，形容词放在它们的后面。如：
Do you have anything new to tell us 你有什么新的东西告诉我们吗？
Have you ever met anyone famous 你曾经见过有名的人物吗？
③当形容词后面有不定式短语或介词短语时，形容词短语放在它们所修饰的名词的后面。如：
He is a student worthy of praise. 他是一个值得表扬的学生。
They are the students easy to teach.他们是很容易教的学生。
④用and或or连接的两个形容词作定语时，放在它们所修饰的名词的后面。如：
Many people, young or old, do morning exercises in the park every morning.许多人，无论是年轻人还是老人，每天早晨在公园里锻炼。
Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country.在全国各地建立了大大小小的发电站。
⑤当形容词是一个表示数量的词组时，形容词短语放在它们所修饰的名词的后面。如：
I live in a building six stories high. 我住在一栋六层高的楼房里。
The boy, some over seven years old, led us to the office. 那个约7岁的男孩领我们到办公室。
（二）副词在句中的位置（Position of Adverbs）
副词有三个正常的位置：句中、句末和句首，但不是所有的副词都可以用于这三个位置。某几种副词可以用于句首，大多数副词既可用于句中，也可用于句末，也有些副词只用于句中，或只用于句末。
1.用于句首的副词
用于句首的副词有：时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词和一些修饰整个句子的副词，如；probably（可能）， certainly（当然），fortunately（幸应地），suddenly（突然地），really（真地）。
Yesterday we cleaned our classroom．昨天我们打扫教室了。（时间）
Here comes the bus．公共汽车来了。（地点）
Slowly he raised his hand．慢慢地他举起手来。（方式）
When shall we have an examination？我们什么时候考试？（疑问副词）
Would you please tell me where the library is？你能告诉我图书馆在哪儿吗？（连接副词）
That’s the reason why he dido’t come．那就是他（为什么）没来的理由。（关系副词）
Suddenly she went out of the room．突然她走出房间。（修饰全句）
2. 用于句中的副词
用于句中的副词有：时间副词、方式副词、程度副词。它们的位置在动词之前或系动词be之后。
They usually come on time.他们通常准时来。（时间副词在动词前）
I am usually at home after supper. 晚饭后我通常在家里。（时间副词在系动词之后）
You are warmly welcome .热烈欢迎你（方式副词）
I am awfully sorry。我很抱歉。（程度副词修饰形容词放在形容词之后）
3. 用于句末的副词
用于句末的副词有：时间副词、地点副词和方式副词。如：
They are going to watch TV tonight. 他们今晚准备看电视。（时间）
He is singing outside. 他在外面唱歌。（地点）
They accepted the invitation gladly. 他们愉快的接受了邀请。（方式副词在直接宾语之后）
4. 几个副词同时作状语时的顺序
几个副词同时做状语时的顺序一般是：方式副词→地点副词→最后的时间状语短语。如：She read silently in the room last night. 她昨天晚上在房里静静地看书。
5. 有些副词在句中的位置很灵活，常放在与它关系最密切的词前。如：
Only he speaks English. We all speak Chinese.只有他讲英语，我们都讲汉语。
He can only speak English. He can’t write.他只会讲英语，不会写。
He speaks only English． He does not Speak Chinese．他只会说英语，不会说汉语
三、形容词和副词的比较等级（Degrees of Comparison）
级表示被比较的人或物在程度上的差异，因此只有表示性质的形容词才有级的变化。
级分为原级（positive degree）、比较级(comparative degree)和最高级(superlative degree)。
形容词和副词的原来形式称为原级；表示“较……”或“更……”的意义的形式称为比较级；表示“最……”的意义的形式称为最高级。
（一）形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成
1.规则变化
（1）在单音节形容词后以及-er, -ow, -ure, -le结尾的双音节形容词后加-er, -est或-r, -st。如：
tall taller tallest able abler ablest
clever cleverer cleverest gentle gentler gentlest
narrow narrower narrowest
(2) 在以-e结尾的单音节形容词后加–r，–st。如：
brave braver bravest large larger largest nice nicer nicest
(3) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词改y为i，再加–er， –est。如：
early earlier earliest heavy heavier heaviest easy easier easiest
(4)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节形容词，先双写这个辅音字母再加–er， –est。如：
big bigger biggest thin thinner thinnest
（5）在双音节和多音节形容词的前面加more，most。如：
careful more careful most careful interesting more interesting most interesting
注1：某些单音节形容词，如tired，pleased，right，real，glad等，加more，most构成比较级和最高级。如：
tired more tired most tired
注2：复合形容词一般用more，most形式。 但如果合成词中第一个词是单音节词，也可以加–er，–est。如：
narrow-minded more narrow-minded most narrow-minded
kind-hearted kinder-hearted kindest-hearted
well-dressed better-dressed best-dressed
注3：形容词和副词加-er, -est后的发音变化。
A：一般情况下-er, -est发[ ]，[ist]。如：
great [greit] greater [greit ] greatest [greitist]
B：以-r, -re结尾的形容词，加-er,-est后，发音要增加音素[r]。如：
near [ ni ] nearer [ni r ] nearest [ni ris]
pure [pju ] purer [pju r ] purest [pju rist]
C：以ng结尾的形容词，加–er，–est后，在[η]后增加音素[g]。如：
long [l η] longer[l ηg ] longes [l ηgist]
2.不规则变化
有少数形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式变化是没有规则的，对这些词需要逐个记忆。如：
good bad
better best badly worse worst
well ill
many
more most little less least
much
farther farthest older oldest
far old
further furthest elder eldest
注1：elder, eldest虽然是old的一种比较级和最高级形式，单一般只用作定语，表示兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，elder不能与than连用表示比较。如：
My elder sister is three years older than I. 我姐姐比我大3岁。
注2：far的比较级和最高级farther，farther表示距离和时间上的“更远，最远”。 further，furthest常用于引申意义上的“进一步，最大程度地”。
（二）形容词和副词的比较级的一般用法
1.比较等级常用于两者（人或物）的比较
表示不同程度的比较，用“比较级+than+……”的结构，作“比 …… 更 …… 一些”解。
比较级前也可用much，far，by far，still，even，a little等词来修饰，使原来的比较级在程度上更加明确。如：
This classroom is larger than that one.这个教室比那个教室大。
This classroom is much larger than that one. 这个教室比那个教室大得多。
This lesson is more difficult than that one. 这一课比那一课难些。
This lesson is a little more difficult than that one. 这一课比那一课稍微难一点。
2.同等程度的比较
表示同等程度的比较，用“as十原级十as…”来表示A与B某方面程度相同，用“not so/as十副词原级十as…”来表示A不如B。如：
Girls are as bright as boys. 女孩和男孩一样聪明。
Tom is not so strong as Jack.汤母不如杰克强壮。
Girls study as hard as boys．女孩和男孩学习一样努力。
He runs not so fast as his brother．他不如他的兄弟跑得快。
3. 用于表示“倍数”
用“倍数+as+形容词原级+as+…”来表示。如：
Classroom 102 is twice as large as Classroom 101. 102教室比101教室大一倍.( 或102教室是101教室的两倍)
A is four times as long as B. A比B长3倍 (A的长度是B的四倍)。
(三)形容词和副词的最高级的用法
形容词和副词的最高级用于两者以上的比较，表示最高程度。
使用时，句中一般有一个说明比较范围的介词短语或句子。
1. 在作定语用的形容词最高级前需加定冠词the 。其结构一般是“the +形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的介词短语或从句”。如：
The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最有意思的电影。
2. 在作表语的形容词最高级前，如果没有一个比较范围，则最高级前不加定冠词the。如：
He is busiest in the morning every day.他每天上午最忙。
3. 最高级有时不表示比较，它只是表示“非常”或“在很大程度上”。这时最高级前可以不加定冠词the。如：
This lesson is most difficult to understand.这一课很难懂。
4. 副词最高级前可以不加定冠词the。如：
He studies hardest in his class． 在班上他学习最努力。
Of all the compositions, Xiao Wang wrote best.在所有的作文中，小王写得最好。
（四）比较级的一些特殊用法
1.两种不同形式和意义的比较级
有几个形容词和副词的比较级和最高级具有两种不同形式，而且意义也不同。如：
older较老、较旧 elder 较年长
old
oldest最老、最旧（指人或物） eldest最年长（指人）
farther较远 further较远，进一步
far
farthest最远（指距离和时间） furthest最远（指程度上的）
later[leit ] 较迟，后来 latter [l t ]后者（和“前者”相比）
late
latest[leitist]最近（指时间） last最后（指顺序）
如：
My elder sister is two yeas older than I．我的姐姐比我大两岁。
I’ll give you further explanation later．以后我将给你作进一步的解释。
2. 表示持续不断的变化
表示持续不断的变化用“比较级十and十比较级（越来越 ……）”句型。如：
It is getting warmer and warmer．天气越来越暖和了。
He is becoming more and more interested in music．他对音乐越来越感兴趣了。
注：在使用“ more and more”这一结构时，如果形容词或副词是单音节，用“比较级十and十比较级”；如果形容词或副词是双音节或多音节词，则用“ more and more十形容词或副词的原级”形式。如：
better and better越来越好 longer and longer越来越长
more and more difficult越来越困难
不能说 more difficult and more difficult。
3.表示两个变化同时发生
表示两个变化同时发生，用“the＋more … the +more …(越……就越……)”句型。如：
The sooner，the better．越早越好。
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.你工作越努力，取得的进步就越大。
4. not more than和no more than的用法
not more than有“至多”、“不多于”的意思。而 no more than有否定的含义，表示“与……一样少”、“仅仅”、“只有”的意思。如：
He has not more than ＄100 in his pocket．他口袋里最多不超过一百元。（可能更少）
He has no more than ＄100 in his pocket．他口袋里只有一百元。（钱不算多）
5. not less than和 no less than的用法
not less than有“不少于”、“至少”的意思。而no less than有肯定的含义，表示“不亚于”、“同…一样多”、“多达”的意思。如：
He has not less than ＄100 in his pocket．他口袋里至少有一百元。（也许不止100元）
He has no less than ＄100 in his pocket．他口袋里竟有一百元。（可算是相当多的）
巩固练习
一、选择：
1.Which subject do you like , Chinese, math or physics
A. well B. better C. best D. good
2.Many visitors say the Beijing is becoming and .
A. more, the most beautiful B. more, more beautiful
C. more beautiful, more beautiful D. beautiful, beautiful
3. As a result, costs will be reduced 60%.
A .as much as B .as many as C. as more as D.1ess as
4. It is of you to do so.
A. necessary B. important C. silly D. pleasant
5. Mary is of two.
A. the older, they B. older, / C. the older, the D. the older, /
6. This is the book I .
A. most excited ,that, have read B. more excited, /, saw
C. most excited, which, see D. more excited, /, have read
7. Which is country, China or Australia I think China is larger than Australia.
A. a large B. larger C. the larger D. the largest
8. He didn’t pass the final exam because he didn’t study .
A. enough hard B. enough hardly C. hard enough D. hardly enough
9. It’s interesting to shop in the supermarket.
A. much B. many C. little D. less
10. The Yellow River is river in China.
A. a second longest B. the second longer C. a two longer D. the second longest
11. Are you satisfied with his answer Not at all, it could not have been .
A. worse B. so bad C. better D. the worst
12. China has a population than country.
A. large, any B. larger, all other C. larger, any other D. larger, other
13. Mary is than her younger sister.
A. a head shorter B. taller a head C. shorter a head D. a head tall
14. This question is of the importance of all.
A. less B. least C. fewer D. fewest
15. I'll help you as as I can.
A. possible B. many C. much D. more
16. The twins are so that it is difficult to tell one from the other.
A. similar B. some C. like D. alike
17. The park looks very beautiful.
A. new built B. built new C. newly built D. newly building
18. Listen, I have to tell you.
A. something importance B. something important
C. important something D. nothing important
19. A laser beam can be turned into a weapon.
A. dead B. dying C. deadly D. death
20. The students are young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty.
A. most B. almost C. mostly D. at most
21.If there were no examinations, we should have at school.
A. much happiest time B. a happier time C. a much happier time D. the happiest time
22. Can you believe that in a rich country there should be many poor people
A. such, such B. such, so C. so, so D. so, such
23. Have you finished your report yet No, I'll finish in ten minutes.
A. another B. other C. more D. less
24. — How was your recent visit to Qingdao
— It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
25. I’d like information about the management of your hotel, please.
Well, you could have word with the manager. He might be helpful.
A. some; a B. any; some C. some; some D. an; a
26. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard .
A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D. a better voice
27. Wait till you are more . It's better to be sure than sorry.
A. inspired B. satisfied C. calm D. certain
28. Would you be to help me
A. too kind B. so kind C. so kind as D. as kind as
29. Which is country, Canada or America
A. a large B. larger C. a larger D. the larger
30. the temperature, water turns into steam.
A. The high the fast B. Higher , faster
C. The more; higher the faster D. The higher; the faster
31. — Would you like to join us
— Sorry, I am not as any of you.
A. so a good player B. so good a player C. a player so good D. a so good player
32. He was seen to sit at a table yesterday.
A. three-legs B. three legs C. three-legged D. three legged
33. He was so sleepy that he couldn't keep his eyes .
A. opened B. opening C. open D. to be opened
34. What he said sounds .
A. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully
35. Canada is larger than country in Asia.
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
36. I did what I should do, nothing was the praise.
A. worthy B. worth being C. worthy of D. worth of
37. That was a story.
A. afraid B. frightened C. feared D. frightfu1
38. These apples taste and sell .
A. well , well B. good; good C. good, well D. well, good
39. She is very with her study, and seldom makes mistakes.
A. care B. careful C. hopeless D. carefully
40. I am interested in English. I often work at it until into the night.
A. deep, deep B. deeply ,deep C. deep, deeply D. deeply, deeply
41. Tom is to answer the question correctly.
A. too clever B. so clever C. clever enough D. cleverer enough
42. the boy is to learn to talk!
A. How slow B. How slowly C. What a slow D. What a slow way
43. The Yellow River is the second river in China.
A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest
44. He looked dead but the faint pulse proved that he was still .
A. live B. life C. alive D. lively
45. Wuhan is larger than in Guangxi.
A. any other city B. all city C. any cities D. all the cities
46. He sent me a bag.
A. black small French leather B. small black French leather
C. French leather black small D. small black leather French
47. He made the mistakes in the dictation.
A. less B. least C. fewer D. fewest
48. The piano in the other shop will be , but .
A. cheaper, not as better B. more cheap, not as better
C. cheaper, not as good D. more cheap, not as good
49. This house is than that one.
A. larger two-thirds B. larger two-thirds C. two-third larger D. two-thirds larger
50. It takes a long time to go there by boat, it's by train.
A. quick B. the quicker C. much quick D. quicker
51. — How was your recent visit to Qingdao
— It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
52. How beautiful she sings! I have never heard .
A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D. a better voice
53. Wait till you are more . It's better to be sure than sorry.
A. inspired B. satisfied C. calm D. certain
54. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is known for his plays.
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
55. — Are the new rules working
— Yes. books are stolen.
A. Few B. More C. Some D. None
56. to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
57. John plays football , if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
58. We all write , even when there's not much to say.
A. step by step B. by and by C. more or 1ess D. now and then
59. She is older than she looks.
A. a 1ot of B. very C. quite D. far
60. A frog can't dive into the water and a bee can't fly into sky.
A. deep; high B. deep; highly C. deeply highly D. deeply; high
61. — Excuse me, is this Mr. Black's house
— I'm sorry, but Mr. Black lives here. He left a month ago.
A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer
62. He drives much than he did five years ago.
A. careful B. carefully C. more careful D. more carefully
63. They are old workers between the ages of 50 and 60.
A. most B. almost C. mostly D. at most
64. The man is getting old and cannot run he did.
A. as faster as B. so fast than C. so faster as D. as fast as
65. His progress was encouraging as he could get out of bed without help.
A. hardly B. badly C. nearly D. only
66. , their sports team is made up of 50 people.
A. Entirely B. Completely C. Altogether D. Wholly
67. How will you be able to finish the work
A. often B. soon C. long D. rapid
68. The fire broke at night.
A. in B. off C. out D. down
69. How was he driving when the policeman stopped his cart 100 miles an hour.
A. rapid B. quick C. far D. fast
70. She was so frightened that she could know what to say.
A. really B. hardly C. mostly D. almost
71. He was excited speak.
A. very, to B. too, to C. enough, to D. so, that
72. They are little boys that they could not do it by themselves.
A. so B. such C. much D. less
73. He knows little English that he can't make himself understood
A. so B. such C. much D. less
74. She is a warm-hearted person, she is willing to help others in her class.
A. so B. much C. too D. even
75. She got up miss the train.
A. so early as to B. so early to C. so early as not to D. so early not as to
76. Her daughter is afraid of being left alone.
A. very B. much C. more D. such
77. It was raining when we were on our way home.
A. heavy B. heavily C. hardly D. most
78. The plane landed at the airport.
A. safe B. safely C. safety D. save
79. They all looked at the teacher and felt very .
A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sadly, sadly D. sadly; sad
80. after he got home, it began to rain.
A. Short B. Shortly C . Shorter D. Shortest
81. We work for the same school after 20 years.
A. already B. still C. yet D. ever
82. I haven't heard from him .
A. late B. lately C. recent D. now
83. He was moved by the man's words.
A. very B. much C. quick D. quite
84. I saw your bag .
A. everywhere B. anywhere C. somewhere D. where
85. The flood is a bit the safety level.
A. below B. under C. down D. over
86. Let's go downstairs.
A. to B. below C. up D. /
87. Can you believe that in a rich country there should be many poor people
A. such, such B. such: so C. so , so D. so; such
88. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining .
A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily
89. , Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However late he is D. However is he late
90. If I had , I'd visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting places.
A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday
C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough
91. We'll have to finish the job, .
A. long it takes however B. however long it takes
C. long however it takes D. it takes however long
92. It's always difficult having in a foreign country. if you don't speak the language.
A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially
93. My grandfather lived to the age of 90 years.
A. advance B. advanced C. advantage D. advancing
94. The conference opened on August 24. Many guests of honour attended the opening ceremony.
A. formally B. formerly C. formal D. former
95. Fix the post in the ground.
A. firmed B. firmly C. firmingly D. firm
96. The actor was so nervous on the stage that he lost his hair and caused a burst of laughter.
A. faulty, this B. false, this C. faulty, it D. false, it
97. A bosom firend afar brings a distance land .
A. nearby B. nearly C. near D. nearerly
98. The table was in the center of the room.
A. direct B. directed C. directing D. directly
99. If you wish to win the competition, you have to practise .
A. more often B. most often C. more frequent D. fewer frequent
100. Most animals have an instinct to protect .
A. their young B. one’s young C. younger D. youngest
101. Two or three days after the operation, Andrews was beginning to feel better.
A. some B. somewhat C. more D. any
102. While I was doing the experiment, I found a phenomean.
A. puzzler B. puzzled C. puzzlest D. more puzzling
103. He’s always helping than himself.
A. the poor B. poor C. poorer D. the poorer
104. This watch is all the other watches on the market.
A. superior B. advantageous than C. super to D. beneficial to
105. Mother bought her lovely daughter apples.
A. some eating sour green B. some green eating sour
C. some sour green eating D. some eating green sour
106. The higher the standard of living and the greater the national wealth, the .
A. greater is the amount of paper is used B. greater amount of paper is used
C. amount of paper is used is greater D. greater the amount of paper used
107. of gift-giving, barter, buying, and selling goes on among the Navajos.
A. A great deal B. A great many C. Much greater D. Many
108. John and Tony are both very learned, but Harry is the one.
A. more cleverer B. cleverer C. cleverest D. most cleverer
109. In computer programming, this model is to any of we have in the department.
A. obvious superior, others B. superior obviously, the others
C. obviously superior, the others D. superior obvious, the others
110. Do you know the name of that
A. funny, little, red, mosquito-like insect B. little, funny, mosquito-like, red insect
C. red, little, funny, mosquito-like insect D. red, mosquito-like, funny, little insect
111. A laser beam can be turned into a weapon.
A. dead B. dying C. death D. deadly
112. The cost is much for me.
A. too much B. very much C. much too D. so such
113. My command of English is as yours.
A. half not so good B. not half so good C. not so good half D. not so half good
114. The moon is about in diameter as the earth.
A. one-third as large B. as one-third large C. as large one-third D. one-third large as
115. All his suggestions were opposed.
A. flat B. flatly C. against D. flattedly
116. Have you read recently
A. anything interesting B. things interesting C. interesting anything D. things interestingly
117. He was always a man and the dirt of his new surroundings made him feel uneasy.
A. clean B. cleaned C. cleanly D. cleaning
118. to take the course deserve to succeed.
A. Enough brave students B. students enough brave
C. Students brave enough D. Brave enough students
119. A. G. Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf of the telephone.
A. than inventing B. than as the inventor C. the invention D. as the inventor
120. It is that I’d like to go on a picnic.
A. a lovely day such B. too lovely a day C. so lovely day D. such a love day
121. Towards the top of the mountain the cliff was to climb, though steeper,
A. easy, hardly B. easier, fairly C. easy, pretty too D. easier, rather
122. Malaysia is ordinary country to visit.
A. not B. never C. no D. nor
123 My sister Betty married officer whom she knew in college.
A. a young tall intelligent Chinese B. a tall intelligent young Chinese
C. a Chinese tall young D. an intelligent Chinese tall young
124. I never imagined that I could walk far.
A. as B. much C. that D. such
125. It is better to die on one’s feet than .
A.living on one’s knees B. live on one’s knees C. on one’s knee D. to live on one’s knees
munism can never be taken as the equivalent of eating and riding .
A. free, free B. freely, freely C. free, freely D. freely, free
127. I’m interested in this book because it’s about students’ life.
A. very B. very much C. rather D. little
128. The talk proceeded in friendly atmosphere.
A. a most B. most C. more D. the most
二、写出下列形容词的比较级、最高级：
strong short wide early busy beautiful bright dry useful many big thin hot
old careful far red slow large dirty fat wet nice happy late good heavy
exciting important ill little bad much clever
三、用括号内形容词的适当形式填空：
1. Spring is (good) of the four seasons.
2. China is (large) country in Asia.
3. He is (clever) than any other boy in his class.
4. We get in (much) wheat this year than we did before.
5. Of all the parks in the city, this one is (beautiful).
6. Mil1ions of other stars are even (big) and (bright) than the sun. They look small only because they are much (far) away.
7. — Is Mary as (careful) as Betty
— No, Mary , isn't so (careful) as Betty.
8. Do you think English is one of (interesting) subjects
9. Geography isn't as (difficult) as history, but it's as (important) as history.
10. It's (hot) today than yesterday.
11. When a piece of ice is taken into a warm room, it becomes (small) and (small).
12. Which is (easy), English, physics or biology
13. This piano is (expensive) than the other two. It is (expensive) of the three.
14. Mr. Brown is (fat) man I have ever seen.
15. Joan is now much (happy) than she was two days ago.
16. This park looks much (good) than that one.
17. Mr. Li spends a lot (much) time on English now than before.
18. — Are they (busy) than before
— No, they are not as (busy) as before.
19. Tom studies (hard) than you.
20. He sang (badly) than any other boy in the group. His elder sister sang (well) of all.
21. She speaks English quite (well), but she doesn't speak as (well) as Mary.
22. I cannot run as (fast) as you. You run (fast) than I.
23. He writes (carefully) than she. He doesn't write as (carefully) as she.
24. B1ack swims (well) than I do, but he doesn't swim as (well) as my brother.
25. They all finished the work two hours (early) than usual.
26. I walk (slowly) than my sister.
四、改正下列句子中副词用法的错误：
1. This cigar is very longer than that one.
2. Beethoven's music is enough great to encourage people.
3. We always are moved when we hear good folk music.
4. His special subject the beginning of space is hardly to understand.
5. In the past the telephone was used most in big cities.
6. Now the telephone is too popular that almost every family has one.
7. He was so excited to speak.
8. I haven't heard from her.
参考答案：
一、
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. D 31. B 32. C 33. C 34. C 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. B 41. C 42. A 43. C 44. C 45. D 46. B 47. D 48. C 49. D 50. D 51. B 52. D 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. B 58. D 59. D 60. A 61. D 62. D 63. C 64. D 65. C 66. C 67. B 68. C 69. D 70. B 71. B 72. B 73. A 74. C 75. C 76. B 77. B 78. B 79. D 80. B 81. B 82. B 83. B 84. C 85. A 86. D 87. B 88. D 89. C 90. A 91. B 92. D 93. B 94. A 95. D 96. B 97. C 98. D 99. A 100. A 101. B 102. D 103. D 104. A 105. C 106. D 107. A 108. C 109. C 110. A 111. D 112. C 113. B 114. A 115. B 116. A 117. C 118. C 119. B 120. D 121. D 122. C 123. B 124. C 125. D 126. A 127. B 128. A
二、
stronger, strongest; shorter, shortest wider, widest earlier, earliest busier, busiest more beautiful, most beautiful brighter, brightest driver, driest more useful, most useful more, most bigger, biggest thinner, thinnest hotter, hottest older, oldest more careful, most careful farther/further, farthest/furthest redder, reddest slower, slowest larger, largest dirtier, dirtiest fatter, fattest wetter, wettest nicer, nicest happier, happiest later, latest better, best heavier, heaviest more exciting, most exciting more important, most important worse, worst
less, least worse, worst more, most clever, cleverest
三、1. the best 2. the largest 3. cleverer 4. more 5. the most beautiful 6. bigger, brighter, farther 7. careful, careful 8. the most interesting 9. difficult, important 10. hotter 11. smaller, smaller 12. the easiest 13. more expensive, the most expensive 14. the fattest 15. happier 16. better 17. more 18. busier, busy 19. harder 20. more badly, best 21. well, well 22. fast, faster 23. more carefully, carefully 24. better, well 25. earlier 26. more slowly
四、1. very — much 2. enough 和great 对调 3. always 和are对调 4. hardly — hard 5. most — mostly 6. too — to 7. so— too 8. late — lately
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之七
连词
一、连词的定义
用来连接词、短语、从句与句子的词叫连词(Conjunction)。
连词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，不能独立担任句子成分。
二、连词的种类
根据在句子中所起的作用，连词可分为并列连词(Coordinative Conjunction)和从属连词(Subordinate Conjunction)两类。
（一）并列连词
连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词叫并列连词。
根据其意义，并列连词又可分为表示联合、转折、选择和因果等四种关系的连词。
1. 表示联合关系的并列连词
表示联合关系的并列连词有：and（和），both and（既……又……），neither…nor…（既不……也不……），not only…but also，（不但……而且……），as well as （除…… 外……也……）
例如：
I am a teacher and he is a doctor．我是老师，他是医生。
He has experience as well as knowledge.（= He has knowledge but also experience.）他既有知识，又有经验。
Neither I nor he has seen the film．我没看过那部电影，他也没看过。
2. 表示转折关系的并列连词
表示转折关系的并列连词有：but（可是，但是），while （ 而 ；然而 ），still（但是，然而），yet（可是），however（然而，但是），whereas（而）,nevertheless（然而，不过）。
例如：
I am willing，yet unable．我心有余而力不足。
He is short，while his brother is tall．他个子矮而他兄弟个子高。
He worked hard， however， he failed.他很努力，然而还是失败了。（however可置于句首、句中或句末）
The pain was bad，still he did not complain. 痛得厉害，可是他并不呻吟。
3. 表示选择关系的并列连词
表示选择关系的并列连词有: or（或）， or else（否则）， otherwise（要不然），either…or…（或……或……，不是……就是……），rather than（而不，也不）。
例如：
John or I am to blame。不是约翰，就是我该受责备。
Seize the chance， otherwise（or else） you’ll regret it．抓住机会，否则你会后悔的。（otherwise，or else常接在祈使句后面）
You can either stay at home or go fishing. 你可以呆在家里，或是去钓鱼。
He went rather than stay as an unwelcome guest．他走了，不愿呆着做个不受欢迎的客人。
4. 表示因果关系的并列连词
表示因果关系的并列连词有：so（所以），for（因为）。
例如：
It is morning，for the birds are singing．是早晨了，因为鸟叫了。
It was late，so I went home，天已晚了，因此我就回家了。
注：then（那么．因而），thus（因而），hence（因此），therefore（因此，所以）等副词常可放句首表示因果关系。如：
He was busy，therefore he could not come.他忙，所以不能来。
He studied hard, thus he got a full mark.他很用功，因而得了满分。
His car broke down，thus he was late for work．他的车坏了，因此他上班迟到。
It is winter now, hence the days will be shorter.现在是冬天，因此白天会短些。
（二）从属连词
用来连接主句和从句的连词叫从属连词。
从属连词可分为两类：引导名同性从句的从属连词和引导状语从句的从属连词。
1.引导名词性从句的从属连词
引导名词性从句的从属连词有连接词that，whether和if，这些连接词在句子中不充当任何句子成分；连接代词主要有who , whose，which，what等，它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等；连接副词主要有when，where, how why等，它们在句子中可作状语（祥见名词性从句）。如：
We know (that) the earth goes round the sun. 我们知道地球围绕太阳运转。（宾语从句）
What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。（主语从句）
That’s what I want. 那就是我想要的。（表语从句）
The news that our team had won was very exciting. 我们队赢了，这消息令人十分振奋。（同位语从句）
2.引导状语从句的从属连词
a.引导时间状语从句的从属连词
when（当……时），while（在……期间），as（当……时，一边……一边），after（在……之后），before(在……之前)，since(自从……以来)， till／until（直到，直到……才），once，（一旦……），a。 soon as(一……就……)， the moment／instant（一……就……）， no sooner (一 …… 就 ……)，hardly…when（刚一 …… 就 …… ）等。
例如：
Once you begin, you must go on.你一开了头，就应当继续下去。
When it rains, I go to school by bus.下雨时，我坐公共汽车上学。
b.引导原因状语从句的从属连词
as（由于）, because（因为）, since（既然）等。
He didn’t go to school because he was ill. 他因为生病没去上学。
Since everybody is here, let’s begin．既然大家都在这里，我们开始吧。
c.引导地点状语从句的从属连词
where（在……地方），wherever（无论在……哪里）等。
Wherever she may be，she will be happy．她无论在什么地方都快乐。
Where there is a will，there is a way有志者，事竟成。
d.引导条件状语从句的从属连词
if （如果），unless（除非），so／as long as（只要）等。
例如：
He will not come unless he is invited．除非被邀请，否则他是不会来的。
You’ll be late for the class if you don’t hurry．如果你不快点，你就会上课迟到。
e.引导目的状语从句的从属连词
that（以便）， so that（为了）， in order that（为了）， less（以防，免得），in case（以防，免得）等。
例如：
She took medicine on time in order that she might get well soon．为了快点病好，她按时吃药。
I came here that I might take a good look at the new bridge．我来这儿，为的是好好看看新大桥。
f.引导结果状语从句的从属连词
so（结果）， so that（结果）， so … that／such…that（如此……以致），that（以致）等。
例如：
It was very cold，so that the water in the bowl froze．天气很冷，碗里的水都结冰了。
He is such a good student that we all like him．他是个好学生，我们都喜欢他。
g.引导让步状语从句的从属连词
though／although（虽然），as（虽然），even if／even though（即使），however（无论怎样），whatever(无论什么)，whoever(无论谁)，no matter how/what/which/…（无论多么／什么／哪一个／……）等。
例如：
Even if you were here yesterday, you couldn’t help him. 即使昨天你在这，你也帮不了他。
Though he is old，he still works hard．虽然他老了，可是他还是努力工作。
h.引导方式状语从句的从属连词
as（正如），as if／as though（好像，似乎）等。
例如：
He speaks English as if he were an Englishman、他讲起英语来就。像是英国人似的。
Use a book as a bee does a flower.像蜜蜂利用花一样去利用书籍把。
i.引导比较状语从句的从属连词
as（如……），as…as…（像……一样），not so…as．．、（与……不一样），than（比）等。
例如：
He works harder than before．他比以前更努力工作。
His elder sister is as tall as his mother．他姐姐和他母亲一样高。
三、部分连词的用法比较
（－）when和while
两个词都可以表示“当……时”，引导时间状语从句。when引导时间状语从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的；while引导时间状语从句的谓语动词只能是延续性的。
例如：
He was doing his homework when I came in.（当）我进来时，他正在做家庭作业。
I came in when／while he was doing his homework．当他在做家庭作业时，我走了进来。
While／When I was in the town，I saw him twice.（当）我在城里时，见过他两次。
Strike while the iron is hot．趁热打铁。
when还可译作“这时”，while可译作“而”。
He was playing football outside when it began to rain．他在外面踢足球，这时开始下起雨来。
He is tall while his elder brother is short.他个子高，而他哥哥个子矮。
（二）though和 as
两个词都可表示“虽然”，引导让步状语从句。though引导的从句用正常语序；as引导的从句要用倒装语序，即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as之前。
比较下列几个句子：
1. 尽管天气冷，可他仍继续工作。
Cold as it was，he went on working．
Though it was cold，he went on working.
2. 虽然他还是个孩子，可懂很多事情。
Child as he is，he knows a lot．
Though he is a child，he knows a lot．
3. 尽管你读得快，你也不能在三天内读完这本书。
Fast as you read，you can’t finish the book in three days.
Though you read fast，you can’t finish the book in three days．
4. 不管怎样努力，他还是摆脱不了困难。
Try as he might，he couldn’t get rid of the diff1culty
Though he might try，he couldn’t get rid of the difficulty。
（三）because，as，since和for
四个词都可以表示“因为”的意思。
for是并列连词，语气最弱，对前面分句加以解释或表示推断的原因。引导的分句一般置于句末，从句前要用逗号。
because表示产生某结果的必有原因，语气最强，引导的从句可以置于句首或句末，放在句前时通常用逗号。
as表示原因时，语气不如because那么强，可译为“因为，由于”，引导的从句常置于句首。
since可译为“既然”，往往表示一些显而易见的原因，语气不如because强，引导的从句常置于句首。
例如：
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚一定下了雨，地面是湿的。
As she was in a bad mood，we left her alone．由于她心情不好，我们不去打扰她了。
He is absent from school because he is ill．因为生病，他没来上课。
Because/As it was wet, we went there by bus. 因为下雨，我们乘车去那儿。
Since everybody is here，let’s begin．既然大家都到了，我们开始吧。
Since a lot of people make mistakes in life，Mr. Smith wanted to give John a chance. 既然很多人在生活中都会犯错误，史密斯先生想给约翰一个（改过的）机会。
（四）if和whether
1. 表示“是否”时两个词都能引导宾语从句
I wonder if／whether you can examine him now．不知你现在是否可以给他检查一下。
注1：如果主句的谓语是短语动词，用whether，而不用if.
Everything depends on whether we have enough money．一切都取决于我们是否有足够的钱。
注2：某些动词（如discuss）后的宾语从句，用whether，而不用if.
They discussed whether they should help her.他们商议他们该不该帮助她。
注3：宾语从句移置于句首时，用whether，不用if
Whether it is true or not，I can’t say．这是不是真的，我不敢说。
注 4：宾语从句为否定形式时，通常用 if，而不用 whether。
I asked her if he wouldn’t come．我问她他是不是会来。
2. if可译为“如果”引导条件状语从句
If I were you，I would not go．如果我是你，我就不去。
3. whether可译为“不管，无论”，引导让步状语从句。
Whether he agrees or not，I shall do that．不管他同意与否我都要做这事。
4. whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，接不定式，或接or not等（if则不能）
Whether he will come or not is unknown. 他来不来还不知道。（主语从句）
The question is whether it is worth doing．问题是这事是否值得做。（表语从句）
I have no idea whether he is there. 我不知道他是否在那。（同位语从句）
I don’t know whether he will do it or not．我不知道他是否会做这事。（接 or not）
She hasn’t decided whether to go or not．她还没有决定去还是不去。（接不定式）
巩固练习
一、选择：
1. his speech was a long one, nobody lost interest.
A. As B. Because C. Even D. Though
2. De you remember he came Yes, I do. He came by car.
A. when B. how C. that D. if
3. Would you like to come to dinner tonight I'd like to I'm too busy.
A. and B. but C. as D. so
4. She thought I was talking about her daughter, , in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
5. If we work with a strung will. we can overcome any difficulty, great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
6. Would you like a cup of coffee shall we get down to business right away
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
7. we'll go fishing tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
8. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
9. After the war, a new school building was put up there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
10. It was about 600 years ago the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
11. The reason for his absence is he was ill.
A. that B. why C. because D. for
12. Speak slowly everybody can hear you clearly.
A. since B. so that C. for D. because
13. It will not be long he comes back.
A. before B. after C. when D. until
14. Be careful, you'll make spelling mistakes.
A. if B. and C. but D. or
I5. When you read the text., you'd better make a mark you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where
16. Study hard. you'll make great progress.
A. or B. and C. while D. but
17. I don't like running climbing. I don't like running, I like climbing very much.
A. and; and B. and；but C. or; but D. or; and
18. The day broke, birds began to sing.
A. since B. as C. because D. for
19.We had better hurry it is getting dark.
A. and B. but C. as D. unless
20. He has no idea far the airport is from here.
A. what B. how C. it's D. that
2l. You'll pass the exam you study with a strong will.
A. unless B. until C. as long as D. as well as
22. What he said is strange. it is true.
A. but and B. and but C. yet and D. and yet
23. Time passed quickly and three weeks went by we knew it.
A. before B. after C. when D. till
24. We won't give up we should fail ten times.
A. even if B. since C. whether D. until
25. far away you are, you are always in our thoughts.
A. Even though B. Not with standing C. No matter how D. In spite of
26. The roof fell he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.
A. after B. as C. before D. until
27. Young he is, he knows how to use a computer.
A. though B. if C. as D. even if
28. Everything depends on we can help him.
A. if B. whether C. so that D. so
29. Jack was very tired he played tennis all afternoon.
A. if B. as soon as C. because D. before
30. I often visited the British Museum I was staying in London.
A. until B. while C. during D. throughout
3l. Would you like a cup of coffee shall we get down to business right away
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
32. we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
34. It was only when I reread his poems recently I began to appreciate their beauty.
A. until B. that C. then D. so
35. I'm going to the post office. you're there, can you get me some stamps
A. While B. As C. Because D. lf
36. you've got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
A. Although B. after C. Now that D. As soon as
37. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up I could answer the phone.
A. as B. since C. until D. before
38. I have read one of his novels a few of his plays.
A. or B. as well as C. but D. for
39. does he write well, he speaks well.
A. Not only, but also B. either, or C. Neither, nor D. Both, and
40.I must be off now, my sister is expecting me.
A. or B. so C. for D. and
41. Be carefu1, you’ll fall into the river.
A. or B. but C. for D. of
42. I was very thirsty, I asked for water to drink.
A. than B. for C. so D. as
43. you are right, am.
A. Either, or B. Both, and C. So, that D. Although, yet
44. you work hard, you will certainly succeed.
A. Though B. If C. Because D. For
45. The museum is for it will take us half an hour to get there by bus.
A. such, that B. as, as C. so, that D. so, as
46. We shall go you are ready.
A. while B. as soon as C .as D. since
47. You will find friendly people you go in China.
A. where B. and C. wherever D. so
二、用所给的并列连词填空，每个连词只能使用一次：
Either, or but and for neither, nor or yet so
1. British English American English are more or less the same.
2. It rained hard, she came on time.
3. You can choose this one that one, but not both.
4. My glasses had been broken, I could not see it clearly.
5. There are many trees in the village, the villagers still plant some more every year.
6. The cars produced by this factory will be supplied to people all over the world sooner later.
7. We should build a house on sand along the lines where two of the earth's plates join together.
8. It's faster to buy airplane tickets, the CAAC has bought a new computer.
三、用所给的从属连词填空，每个连词只能使用一次：
by the time every time where since while when
1. BBC English broadcasts programs for China 4 it has explanations in Chinese.
2.The country singers sang they were playing the guitar.
3. Quite a few American presidents have been shot the USA was founded.
4. she got up, a morning newspaper had been delivered to her house.
5. I see a film acted by Charlie Chaplain, I can't help laughing.
6. Put the coins they were just a moment ago.
四、用所给的从属连词填空，每个连词只能使用一次：
whether since though no matter what unless
l. We'll hold the sports meet next Friday it rains.
2. He will not give up happens.
3. He will go to study abroad his parents agree or not.
4. you've changed the suit of wrong size, I needn't return the money to you.
5. He came back on time the bridge was washed away by the floods.
五、用所给的从属连词填空，每个连词只能使用一次：
as if in order that so, that so that that
whether as so, as as … as than
1. A hurricane which happens during the day time has more deaths one which happens at night.
2. She threw the leg of pork to the lion far she could.
3. It is not safe to remain in the house to go into a field.
4. People are told not to eat so many hamburgers westerners do.
5. Many people in the street watched the fire they were watching an exciting play.
6. The boy jumped onto a big table he could see everything clearly.
7. The necklace cost Pierre and Mathilde much money they had to work hard for ten years to pay back the money.
8. The doctor asked Mr. King to remove his trousers he could examine his legs.
9. It is known the Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
10. Marx was not too sure the English grammar and some idioms were used correctly in his articles.
六、选择正确的连词填空，每个连词只能使用一次：
than, that, if, because, while, until, so that, or, since, when
1.The train had left Alice hurried to the railway station.
2.Jack has leaned a lot he entered school.
3.Mr. Green didn’t begin his class all the students arrived.
4.Some people waste food others haven’t enough.
5.John had to walk home the last bus had gone.
6.Be careful you will break your neck.
7.He worked very hard he could catch up with the other classmates.
8.You may go you finish it early.
9.Do you know Abraham Lincoln had been a lawyer before he was elected president of the United States
10. It’s much better it was yesterday.
参考答案：
一、
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. B 21. C 22. D 23. A 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. C 32. B 33. B 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. A 40. C 41. A 42. C 43. A 44. B 45. C 46. B 47. C
二、
1. and 2. but 3. either… or 4. so 5. yet 6. yet 7. neither… nor 8. for
三、
1. When 2. while 3. since 4. By the time 5. Every time 6. where
四、
1. unless 2. no matter what 3. whether 4. Since 5. though
五、
1. than 2. as … as 3. so … as 4. as 5. as if 6. in order that 7. so … that 8. so that 9. that 10. whether
六、
1. when 2. since 3. until 4. while 5. because 6. or 7. so that 8. if 9. that 10. than
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