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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之一
句子成分
一、句子成分的定义和种类
构成句子(Sentence)的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
二、主语(Subject)
（－）主语的定义
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首，但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
（二）主语的表现形式
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
1.名词
During the 1990s，American country music has become more and more popular． 20世纪 90年代，美国乡村音乐越来越流行。
Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.张教授是著名的科学家。
2.代词
We often speak English in class．我们经常在课堂上说英语。
Who is the man standing over there？站在那里的那个人是谁？
3.数词
One-third of the students in this class are girls．这个班 1／3的学生是女生。
Two times five is ten．2乘5等于10。
4.动词不定式
To swim in the Lijiang River is a great pleasure．在漓江里游泳是非常愉快的事。
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一门外语是必要的。
5.动名词
Smoking does harm to the health．吸烟对健康有害。
Playing football in the street is dangerous．在街上踢足球是危险的。
6.名词化的形容词
The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。
In new China the old are livings a happy life.在新中国老年人正过着幸福的生活。
7.从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.我们什么时候举行英语测验还没有决定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
8. it作形式主语
It is necessary to master a foreign language．掌握一门外语是有必要的。
It is dangerous playing with fire．玩火是危险的。
It is a pity that he cannot swim．他不会游泳真遗憾。
三、谓语(Predicate Verb)
（一）谓语的定义
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句子中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
（二）谓语的构成
1.简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached Harbin.昨天下午他到达哈尔滨。
She takes good care of her sick mother.她仔细照料她那生病的母亲。
He has got rid of his bad habit.他已经改掉了他的坏习惯。
2.复合谓语
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep the book for two weeks．这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading－room．你最好不要把这本杂志拿到阅览室。
He has caught a bad cold．He has to go to see a doctor．他患了重感冒。他必须去看医生。
She doesn’t seem to like dancing．她似乎不喜欢跳舞。
We are going to call on him tonight.我们打算今晚去拜访他。
（2）由系动词加表语构成
We are students．我们是学生。
He looked a bit excited．他看上去有点激动。
四、表语(Predicative)
（－）表语的定义
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem等）之后。
（二）表语的表现形式
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
1.名词
Our teacher of English is an American.我们的英语老师是美国人。
He is an astronaut．他是一位宇航员。
2.代词
Is it yours？这是你的吗？
That’s all I want to tell you．我要告诉你的就是这些。
3.形容词
The weather has turned cold．天气变冷了。
Dalian is beautiful．大连是美丽的。
4.分词
The speech is exciting．这演讲激动人心。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English．老师对我的英语口语很满意。
5.数词
Three times seven is twenty-one． 3乘 7等于 21。
He is always the first to enter the office．他总是第一个进办公室。
6.动词不定式
His job is to teach English.他的工作是教英语。
Their plan is to finish the experiment in a week.他们的计划是在一周内完成这项实验。
7.动名词
His hobby is playing football．他的爱好是踢足球。，
My wish is studying law in a university．我的愿望是在大学学习法律。
8.介词短语
The machine must be out of order．机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。
9.副词
Time is up．The class is over. 时间到了，下课。
My father isn’t in．He is out．我父亲不在家，他出去了。
10.表语从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad．实际情况是他从未出过国。
What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。
五、宾语(Object)
（－）宾语的定义
宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
（二）宾语的表现形式
1.名词
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。
He is going to buy a dictionary. 他打算买本字典。
2.代词
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time．那场大雨使我未能准时到校上学。
We should learn from him．我们应该向他学习。
3.数词
— How many dictionaries do you have？你有几本字典？
— I have five．我有5本。
4.名词化的形容词或分词
They helped the old with their housework yesterday．他们昨天帮助老年人做家务。
We should take the wounded to the hospital immediately．我们应该立刻把伤员送进医院。
5.动词不定式（短语）
He pretended not to see me．他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next．她不知道下一步做什么。
6.动名词（短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music．我喜欢听流行音乐。
He practices speaking English every day．他每天练习讲英语。
7.从句
I think（that） he is fit for his office．我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class．他问我班上谁的发音最好。
（三）宾语的种类
1.直接宾语
直接宾语(Direct Object)表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。如：
Lend me your dictionary，please．请把你的字典借给我。
Excuse me，please．Could you tell me the way to the railway station？对不起，请问到火车站怎么走？
2.间接宾语
间接宾语(Indirect Object)表示动作所向的或所为的人或物，通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，也可位于直接宾语之后，但此时在它的前面须加介词to。如：
The company sent us a few computers last year．公司去年给我们送了几台计算机。
He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday．昨天他送给我一份生日礼物。
3.复合宾语
有些动词除了跟有宾语外，还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态，以补充其意义的不足，这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。宾语与宾语补足语一起就叫做复合宾语(Complex Object)，它们在逻辑上有主谓关系。如果直接宾语是不定式、动名词或从句，常用it作形式宾语。如：
They elected him their monitor.他们选他当排长。（代词十名河）
I found the baby always happy．我发现这个婴儿总是很愉快的。（名词十形容词）
The next day he found himself in the hospital when he waked．当他第二天醒来时发现自己在医院里。（代词十介词短语）
I often ask him to help me with my English．我经常请他帮助我学英语。（代词十动词不定式）
I find it easy to answer this question.我发现回答这个问题是容易的。（it作形式宾语）
4.介词宾语
位于介词后面的宾语称作介词宾语。如：
In our school about three-fourths of the students are from the north．我们学校 3／4的学生来自北方。
六、宾语补足语
（－）宾语补足语的定义
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make（使），consider（认为），cause（引起）， see（看见）， find（发现）， call（称为，叫做），get（让，使得），have（让，使得），let(让)等。如：
Electricity can make a machine run．电能使机器运转。
We consider（或think） the answer（to be） correct.我们认为这个答案是对的。
What he said made me very angry.他的话使我很生气。
（二）宾语补足语的表现形式
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make等）十直接宾语（名词或代词）十宾语补足语。
宾语补足语在句中的9种表示法：
1.用名词（包括名词性物主代词）表示
His father named him Dongming．他父亲给他取名东明。
We consider Mr. Zhang an excellent teacher．我们认为张先生是位优秀的老师。
2.用形容词及其短语表示
They painted their boat white.他们把船漆成白色。
We believed the report untrue．我们确认这个报告不真实。
I saw him young and strong，and now he is old and worn．我看到他的时候，他年轻强壮，现在他已年老体弱。
3.用不定式及其短语表示
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you．你不应该强迫他借钱给你。
Nobody noticed him enter the room．没有人注意到他进了屋子。
注： see，have，let，make，watch，notice，hear，observe等动词去的宾语补足语用不定式表示时，不可加to。help后的不定式可带也可不带to。
4.用现在分词及其短语表示
We saw her entering the room．我们看见她正走进那个房间。
I heard her singing an English song．我听见她在唱英语歌曲。
5.用过去分词及其短语表示
They found Harbin greatly changed．他们发现哈尔滨变化很大。
At that time we were there and saw it done. 那时我们在那儿，并看见这事被做完。
注：过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语和它的关系是被动关系。
5.用as引出宾语补足语
We take English as a useful tool for research work.我们把英语当作研究工作的一种有用的工具。
I look upon him as my teacher．我把他看成我的老师。
6.用介词短语表示
We found everything in the laboratory in good order．我们发觉实验室内每件东西都放得井井有条。
Whenever you may go，you will find him at work．不论什么时候去，你都可以看见他在工作。
7.用副词表示
Let the fresh air in．让新鲜空气进来。
I saw him out with his father．我看见他和他父亲外出了。
8.用从句表示
We will soon make our city what your city is now. 我们不久就要把我们的城市发展成你们城市目前的那个样子。
The plant has its own name．You cannot call it what you will．这种植物有自己的名称。你不能随便称呼它什么。
注：能在复合宾语中先用形式宾语it，然后再用真正宾语的动词并不多，常见的有 think， find， consider， judge， feel， make， take等。
They thought it right to do this test．他们原先认为做这项试验是对的。（后面不定式为真正宾语）
We all think it our duty that we should support him．我们都认为支持他是我们的职责。（后面从句是真正宾语）
We find it necessary to master a foreign language．我们认为掌握一门外语是有必要的。（后面不定式短语为真正宾语）
七、定语(Attribute)
（－）定语的定义
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
（二）定语的表现形式
定语一般可由形容词、分词（短语）、名词、代词、数词、名词所有格、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词和从句等表示。
1.形容词
Harbin is a beautiful city．哈尔滨是一座美丽的城市。
A bright future shines before our eyes．光明的未来展现在我们眼前。
2.分词（短语）
China is a developing country；America is a developed country中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。
Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher 和我们老师握手的那个人是谁？
This is the bridge built last year．这是去年建的那座桥。
3.名词
There are thirty women teachers in our school．我们学校有 30名女教师。
They are going to put up a wall newspaper next week．他们打算下周出墙报。
4.代词
His rapid progress in English made us surprised．他在英语方面的快速进步使我们很吃惊。
Do you know the student whose English pronunciation is the best in your class？你知道你们班上英语发音最好的那个学生吗？
5.数词
More than thirty students in our class have read the book．我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
The teacher asked the students to copy the third paragraph of the text．老师让学生抄写课文的第3段。
6.名词所有格
You should follow the doctor’s advice and do more exercises．你应该听从医生的建议，多运动。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad．玛丽的父母出国了。
7.不定式
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.我们的班长总是第一个走进教室。
I can’t go with you．I till have a lot of work to do．我不能和你去。我仍有许多工作要做。
8.动名词
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out．下学期的教学计划已制定好。
You mustn’t take the magazine out of the reading room．你不要把杂志带出阅览室。
9.介词短语
He is reading an article about how to learn English．他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。
Who is the girl in red？穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁？
10.副词（多位于被修饰词之后）
A noise outside made him turn around．外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room downstairs is friendly．楼下房间的那人很友好。
11.从句
There is nothing (that) worries him．没有什么事使他烦恼。
I will remember the day when I first met her.我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。
注：如果作定语的是形容词、代词、名词等，通常位于所修饰的词之前，但如果作定语的是副词、介词短语或动词不定式，则位于所修饰词之后。如：
Her father is a famous doctor．她父亲是个著名的医生。（代词、形容词作定语）
I’ve got an important meeting to attend．我有一个重要会议要参加。（形容词、动词不定式作定语）
People in the park were enjoying the warm sunshine．公园的人正享受着暖和的阳光。（介词短语、形容词作定语）
八、状语(Adverbial)
（－）状语的定义
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
（二）状语的表现形式
l.副词及副词性词组
Light travels most quickly．光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there．到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2.介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years．他在那座城市住了 10年了。
In spite of the difficulties，we went on with our work．尽管有困难，但是我们仍继续工作。
3.不定式（短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.他因通过高考而感到自豪。
The box is too heavy for me to lift．这个箱子太重，我抬不起。
4.分词（短语）
He is in the room making a model plane．他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do，he decided to ask the teacher for advice．他不知道怎么办好，就去问老师。
Encouraged by the teacher, I made up my mind to learn English well．在老师的鼓励下，我决心把英语学好。
5.名词（短语）
Wait a minute.等一下。length
Would you please come this way？请这边走。
The road is fifty kilometers long and ten meters wide.这条马路50公里长，10米宽。
6.从句
Once you begin, you must continue．一旦开始，你就得继续下去。
It is very difficult to live where there is little water．在没有多少的地方，生活是十分艰难的。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。
（三）状语的种类
1.时间状语
How about meeting again at six？6:00见面怎样？
When it rains，I usually go to school by bus．下雨天，我通常乘公共汽车去上学。
2.原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.由于下雨，她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
Since you are very busy，I won’t trouble you．既然你很忙，我就不打扰你了。
3.条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain．如果不下雨，我将到那里去。
As (So) long as you work hard, you can make rapid progress.只要你努力，你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4.地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在 3楼。
Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方，就有生命。
5.方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care．她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means．他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6.伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand．她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.老师走了进来，后面跟着一群学生。
7.目的状语
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder．为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine．我去那里看我的一个朋友。
Bring it closer so that I may see it better.把它拿近些，以便我看得更清楚些。
8.结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately．他累极了，立刻就睡着了。
He is so good a teacher that the students love and respect him．他是一位很好的老师，学生们都敬爱他。
9.让步状语
She works very hard though she is old．虽然她年纪大了，但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come，you are warmly welcome．不管你什么时候来，都欢迎。
10.程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story．听了英雄的故事，他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you．我完全同意你的意见。
11.比较状语
I am taller than he is．我比他高。
The more I speak English，the better I’ll be．我越多讲英语，就讲得越好。
注：副词修饰动词时放在行为动词之后或动词的宾语之后，修饰形容词或副词时放在被修饰的词之前。如：
They study hard.他们学习努力。（修饰动词）
He was very sad.他非常伤心。（修饰形容词）
She speaks English quite well.她英语讲得很好。（修饰副词）
We go to school on foot.我们步行上学。（修饰短语，修饰动词）
巩固练习
一、指出下列句子画线部分是什么句子成分：
1. There is going to be an American film tonight.
2. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
3. His wish is to become a scientist.
4. He managed to finish the work in time.
5. Tom came to ask me for advice.
6. He found it important to learn English.
7. Do you have anything else to say
8. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.
9. Would you please tell me your address
10. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
11. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
12. He noticed a man enter the room.
13. The apples tasted sweet.
二、选择：
1. will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
2. The weather .
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold
3. The apple tasted .
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
4. He got up yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
5. The actor at the age of 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
6. were all very tired, but none of would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
7. He found the street much .
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
8. I think necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
9. The dog mad.
A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked
10. I will never forget the day I joined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
11. Paul doesn't have to be made . He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
12. You're your time trying to persuade him; he'll never join us.
A. spending B. wasting C. losing D. missing
13. — my glasses
— Yes. I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see B. Had you seen C. Would you see D. Have you seen
14. It is wise to have some money for old age.
A. put away B. kept up C. given away D. laid up
15. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a. .
A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice
16. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like read stories by writers from countries.
A. some, any B. other; some C. some; other D. other; other
17. Your performance in the driving test didn't reach the required standard, , you failed.
A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time
18. —Hey, look where you are going! —Oh, I'm terribly sorry. .
A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
19. I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some .
A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time
20. —Why don't we take a little break —Didn't we just have
A. one B. that C. what D. it
三、选择适当的词填空：
1. (How, What) fine weather it is today!
2. He is (so, such) good a teacher that all the students love him.
3. The man has been (died. dead) for ten years.
4. There are forty six students in our class. Some are boys. (The other, The others) are girls.
5. Although he is alone, he doesn't feel (alone, lonely).
6. On my way home I met an old friend of (a sister, my sister's).
7. I'm (interested, interesting) in English.
8. Harbin is (very, much) more beautiful than Nanjing.
9. I can't speak Japanese. (So, Nor) can he.
10. I noticed a man (enter, entered) the building.
11. I (quiet, quite) agree with you.
12. The (six-years-old, six-year-old) boy speaks English so well that everybody admires him.
13. (Hard, Hardly) had I got home than it began to rain.
14. The sad news made her (cry, to cry).
15. The pollution in Luzhou is more serious than (that, it) in Guilin.
四、改正以下各句的错误：
1. He said he yesterday went to see a doctor.
3. Master a foreign language is very important to us young people.
3. It was Tom asked him for advice.
4. He doesn't think a good idea to invite her to dinner.
5. I have an important meeting to be attended.
5. I wish to be understood that what he did has nothing to do with me.
7. He paid no attention to take doctor's advice he should stop smoking.
8. Isn't it strange he should have left us without saying good-bye
9. When you should do is to stay in bed.
10. Success or failing depends on how much effort you make to do it.
参考答案：
一、
1. 主语 2. 谓语 3. 表语 4. 宾语 5. 状语 6. 形式宾语，宾语 7. 定语 8. 插入语 9. 间接宾语，直接宾语 10. 状语 11. 宾语补足语12. 宾语补足语 13. 表语
二、
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. B
三、
1. What 2. so 3. dead 4. The others 5. lonely 6. my sister's 7. interested 8. much 9. Nor 10. enter 11. quite 12. six-year-old 13. Hardly 14. cry 15. that
四、
1. 将yesterday移至句尾 2. 在句首加to，t用大写， Master的m小写 3. 在 asked前加who 4. 在think后加it 5. 把be删掉,把attended 改成attend 6. 在 wish 后加it 7. 在 advice 之后加 that 8. 在he之前加 that 9. 把When 改成 What 10. 把failing 改成 failure
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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之二
主谓一致
一、主谓一致的定义
谓语动词必须在人称和数上与主语保持一致，这就叫做主谓一致。
二、主谓一致的原则
在英语中，主语的单复数形式决定着谓语动词应该采取的相应形式。这看起来似乎很简单，但使用起来却常遇到复杂的情况。
（－）语法一致原则
一般来说，语法形式是单数的主语，谓语动词用单数形式；语法形式是复数的主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
The number of errors was surprising．错误之多是惊人的。
We love our motherland．我们热爱我们的祖国。
The girl has found her mother．那个姑娘找到了她的妈妈。
（二）意义一致原则
主、谓语的一致不是根据其外部语法形态来决定，而是取决于主语所表达的内在含义。如：
The crowd were fighting for their lives．这些人正为生存而战斗。（主语形式虽为单数，但在意义上却为复数，谓语动词应采取复数形式。）
Three years in a strange land seem like a long time．在异国土地上生活三年，仿佛是很长的时间。（主语形式虽为复数，但在意义上视为单数，谓语动词应采取单数形式。）
（三）就近原则
谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的主语的名词或代词或其他词的数的形式，来决定其自身的数的形式。如：
Not only his children but also he himself wants to go there．不仅他的孩子想去，而且他本人也想去那里。
Either my wife or I am going to work there．不是我妻子就是我将去那里工作。
三、主谓一致的应用情况
由于汉语里没有主谓一致现象，因此，不少英语初学者不能正确掌握英语的主谓一致。一般来说，英语的谓语形式随主语的人称、单复数以及动作的时态、语态而变。以下结合中国人学英语的特点，列出英语的主语和谓语在下列13种非一般情况下是如何协调的。
1.两个作主语用的名词或代词由 either…or， neither…nor， not only…but also连接时，谓语动词应与后一个主语的人称和数一致
Either he or I am wrong．不是他错就是我错了。
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it．学生们和教师都不知道这件事。
Not only the students but（also） the teacher is active in sports and games．不但学生，就连老师都积极参加体育运动。
2.主语是单数而后面跟有 as well as， with， together with， like， but，except等短语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式
She as well as the other students has learned how to type. 她和其他学生一样，也学会了如何打字。
Our school，with some few schools，was built in the 1950s．我们学校和不少学校建于20世纪50年代。
A professor，together with some students，was moved into a new laboratory．一位教授和几个学生搬到新实验室里去了。
Nobody but the students is in the classroom．只有学生在教室里。
3.作主语用的集体名词作为一个整体看待时谓语动词可用单数，如就其中各个成员来考虑谓语动词则用复数
The committee was made up of ten members．委员会由 10人组成。
The committee were in the hall．委员们都在大厅内。
My family enjoy sports and games.我全家人都喜欢体育运动。
My family has moved into the new house.我家已搬进了新房子。
4.表示数目、时间、金额的名词复数作主语时谓语动词仍可用单数
Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment.这项实验，两个小时就够了。
Ten dollars is too cheap for this pair of shoes．这双鞋10元钱太便宜了。
5.两个或两个以上的并列主语由and连接时，如果表示不同概念谓语动词用复数，如果表示同一概念谓语动词要用单数
Wu Dong and Wu Xi are twin brothers．吴东和吴西是孪生兄弟。
The singer and dancer comes from Harbin．那位歌舞演员来自哈尔滨。（同一人）
6.each，either，neither或由some，any，no，every构成的合成代词(none除外)作主语时谓语动词用单数
Each of us has read the book．我们每个人都已经看过这本书。
Neither of them is interested in English．他们两人都对英语不感兴趣。
Either of the stories is interesting．这两个故事中的任何一个都有趣。
Somebody is waiting for you at the gate of the school．有人在学校大门口等你。
Nobody wants to go there．没有人愿意去那里。
7. none作主语时谓语动词可用单数或复数
None knows（或know） a great deal about this experiment．没有一个人对这项实验知道得很多。
None has（或have） been found.一个也没有找到。
8.代词what，who，which，any，all，most，more等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数主要由它们所代替的意义决定
What is wrong with you？你怎么了？
There are some books on the desk． What are the names of them？桌子上有一些书。书名是什么？
He who laughs the last laughs the best．谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。
All of the students have seen the film．所有的学生都看过这部电影。
All that glitters is not gold．闪光的不全是金子。
9.people，police，cattle等作主语时谓语动词用复数
The people in the city are very friendly．那个城市的人很友好。
The police are searching for the murderer.警察正在寻找杀人犯。
The cattle are eating grass near the river．牛在河边吃草。
10.用“ever／ each／no／many a／a great deal十单数名词”作主语时谓语动词用单数，而“a great man／或a great number of等十复数名词”作主语时谓语动词则用复数
Every man and woman attends the meeting.男的、女的都参加这个会。
Many a student and teacher is watching the football match．许多学生和老师正在观看足球比赛。
A great deal of our time was spent on this test．我们很多时间花费在这项试验上。
A great many people have moved into new houses．许多人搬进了新居。
11.有些名词只有复数形式可根据谓语单复数来判别其主语所表示的事物的实际上的单、复数
The steel works was built in the 1950s．这个钢厂是 20世纪 50年代建的。
The steel works in the country produce more steel than those in that country.这个国家的钢厂比那个国家的钢厂生产的钢要多。
12.“there be十并列主语”和“here be十并列主语”结构中的谓语形式一般应与并列主语中的第一个主语的数一致
There is a pen and two books on the desk．桌上有一只钢笔和两本书。（非正式英语中可用are）
There are some books and a pen on the desk.桌上有些书和一支钢笔。
At that time there was only a teacher and a student in the room．那时房间里只有一个教师和一个学生。（可用were）
Here is a letter and a book for you．这里有一封信和一本书是给你的。（可用are）
13.“the十形容词/-ed分词” 这一表示一类人的结构作主语时谓语动词用复数
The injured were sent to hospital.伤员已被送往医院。
The young are required to respect the old．年轻人应该尊敬老年人。
这种结构表示物时，谓语动词用单数。如：
The good in him outweighs the bad.他身上的优点多过缺点。
巩固练习
一、选择：
1. The number of pages in this dictionary about two thousand.
A. are B. has C. have D. is
2. Thirty dollars too expensive.
A. are B. is C. were D. be
3. Both bread and butter sold out in that grocery.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
4. In this hotel, the bread and butter served for breakfast.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
5. In our country every boy and every girl the right to receive education.
A. has B. is C. have D. had
6. On the wall famous paintings.
A .is B. was C. were D. have
7. My sister, together with Jane and James , gone the other day.
A .is B. was C. are D. were
8. The sick been cured and the lost been found.
A. have, have B. have, has C. has, has D. has, have
9. Not only the teacher but also the students attend the meeting tomorrow.
A .is going to B. are going to C. wants to D. hopes to
10. One third of the population here workers.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
11. A number of students to the countryside to help with the harvest.
A. has gone B. have gone C. goes D. has been
12. It is I who next.
A. am B. be C. is D. are
13. Either of the books mine.
A .is B. are C. were D. belong to
14. Was it at the school gate the girl picked up the purse
A. which B .in which C. where D. that
15. No sooner than it began to rain.
A. had I come home B. I had come home C. have I come home D. had I come to home
16. Hardly the airport when the plane took off.
A. I had arrived at B. had I arrived C .had I reached D. I had got to
17. he speaks very good English.
A. He is a child B.A child he is C.A child as he is D. Child as he is
18. Not until I began to work how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I realize B. did I realize C. I didn’t realize D. I realized
19. Gone when we used the foreign oil.
A. are the days B. the days are C. have the day D. the days here
20. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Should he leave B. Had he left C. If he leave D. Was he left
二、从括号中选择适当的动词（如有必要可选两个）：
1. Where (is, are) that five dollars I lent you
2. The number of the students in that school (has, have) greatly increased in recent years.
3. A number of students in our class (has, have) seen the film.
4. This kind of apples (tastes, taste) very good.
5. No news (are, is) good news.
6. Ten weeks (has, have) passed since the new term began.
7. One hundred kilometers (is, are) a long distance.
8. Five and eight (is, are) thirteen.
9. Few of his family really (understands, understand) him.
10. Many a student (enjoys, enjoy) pop music.
11. Every man and woman (was, were) invited to the party.
12. The rest of the lecture (was, were) not interesting.
13. After the exam there (is, are) a lot of time for us to relax.
14. You're the only one that (know, knows) the answer to the question.
15. Here (comes, come) the three naughty boys from next door.
16. Neither she nor I (is, am) wrong.
17. Each of us (has, have) seen the film.
18. None of this milk (is, are) sour.
19. None of the books (are, is) interesting.
20. Those who only (think, thinks) of themselves can never be happy.
2l. The police (has, have) been sent to search the murderer.
22. Not only my classmates but also my teacher (is, are) fond of sports.
23. Nobody but Wu Dong and Wei Fang (was, were) in the room.
24. He as well as I (am, is) active in singing.
25. Tom with his parents (is, are) watching TV.
三、下列句子中如果有错误请改正：
1.The whole family is against his plan.
2. The audience was moved to tears at the words.
3. Neither we nor he is right.
4. Every means have been tried out without much result.
5.The number of tickets is limited. I can't give you more.
6.The police is searching the building for the murderer.
7. Medical help and care are free of charge in that country.
8.Tom and Jack were playing basketball on the playground. The rest of us was at work within door.
9.The news are too good to be true.
10. Three hours is not enough.
11. Is your wife and children going with you
12. Half of them are newcomers. They each has little experience in studying English.
13. Every man and every woman there have met the famous scientist.
14. Great Expectations (远大前程) are a book by Charles Dickens.
15. He is one of the greatest presidents who has ever lived.
16. The old lives a very happy life in new China.
参考答案：
一、
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. A 20. A
二、
1. is 2. has 3. have 4. tastes 5. is 6. has 7. is 8. is/are 9. understand 10. enjoys 11. was 12. was 13. is 14. knows e 16. am 17. has 18. is 19. is/are 20. think 2l. have 22. is 23. was 24. is 25. is
三、
1. is 改成are 2. was 该成 were 3. 正确 4. have 改成 has 5. 正确 6. is改成 are 7. are 改成is 8. was 改成 were 9. are改成is 10. 正确 11. 改成: Are your wife… 12. has 改成 have 13. have 改成has 14. are改成is 15. has改成 have 16. lives 改成live
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