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中学英语语法系列之六 章法部分 之三
书面表达技巧
第一节 概述
一、书面表达的概述
书面表达是一种训练学生运用英语进行连贯表达的题型，它综合考查学生所学的一些重点知识。
书面表达题属于控制性写作，该题的提示就是写作的控制因素。它规定了书面表达题的体裁、题材、字数、时间乃至所用的人称和时态等。这种提示既是对考生的限制，也是对考生的帮助，不必自己立意选材。同时在提示限制的范围内，也给考生留有一定的想象、布局、造句的自由空间，考生可以适度的运用自己的想象力和语言表达力。
第二节 书面表达的评价标准
书面表达主要从思想内容、组织结构和语言文字三个方面进行综合评价。
一、思想内容
1. 主题要明确，必须切中题意；
2. 内容要无遗漏；
3. 对题目要有正确的理解，能进行有针对性的写作，并且.语言准确、得当、简练、格式（如书信、日记等）正确，条理清楚，语法正确，意思连贯；
4. 无政治思想错误。
二、组织结构
1. 文章以段为结构单元，每一段应该有一个中心思想、表现为主题句。
1）中心思想（one central idea）每段文章可以有几个，十几个或更多的句子组成，但是通常每一段只表达一个主题观点。它是整篇文章发展的一部分。这就是段落的中心思想。
2）主题句（topic sentence）
每一段有一个中心思想，而中心思想通常是由主题句来表达的。
什么是段落的主题句？
主题句表达段落的中心思想，它概括地提供中心思想展开的线索，并界定段落展开的范围。因此它具有概括性、指向性以及限定性。
主题句常常出现在每一个段落的开头或结尾部分，有时也出现在段落的中间，在说明文和议论文中，作者往往直接阐明主题句，而在描写文和记叙文中的主题句则比较含蓄。
例如：
1
I had a terrible morning today. I got up so late that I did not have time to have any breakfast. I lost my notebook on my way to chemistry class, in the middle of class, I discovered that I had left my physics assignment at home. At the end of class, Professor Smith kept me back. I could not go to lunch on time. I had not turned in my assignment, and he wanted to talk over this problem with me.
主题句是：I had a terrible morning today.
Bob strolled in the park, feeling his clothes stirred gently by the soft, sweet summer air. He already felt warm, though it was only eight o’clock. Bob noticed that the sky was very blue and completely cloudless. The bright early sunlight was making the lush grass look especially green. It was a beautiful morning for a walk.
主题句是：It was a beautiful morning for a walk.
Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what’s wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refused to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.
主题句是：Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun.
3）主题句和题目（topic）的区别
题目可一指话题，也可以指文章或段落的题目。
主题句不仅交待段落的题目，而且明确限定题目所设计的内容，说明本段的要点。
4） 主题句和段落标题（title）的区别
（1）主题是段落句的诸句子之一，位于段落之中，标题则写在段落的上方。
（2）主题句是一个有正规的语法结构并表达一定意思的句子。标题则可以不是完整的句子，而是句子的片断。
（3）主题句和其他句子一样，只有开头第一个词的第一个字母要大写，而标题中的若干词或所有字母都需要大写。
（4）主题句仅限定在段落展开的内容， 而标题则表达更广的含义。它超出了主题句所表示的内容。
2. 整体性（unity）
每段文章都有一个中心思想，其它句子都与中心思想有关，都用以说明，解释这个中心思想，这就是整体性，也就是我们平时说的“不跑题”。
3. 连贯性（coherence）
连贯性指中心思想的叙述合乎逻辑地、一句接一句地、前后连贯地展开。它包括以下三个方面：
1）每段文章中意思相关的句子应按自然顺序或逻辑顺序排列，并用过渡性词语（transitional words）连接。否则这些句子就不能构成篇章，就不具有篇章所需要的连贯性。
2）文章的连贯性还表现在段于段之间的连接上。
3）还要注意文章首尾的遥相呼应，结论应当紧扣一段提出的或预示的结论。
过渡性词语：
过渡性词语常用于句首，以便和前面的句子相连接，但也可以用于句中，尤其是用于较长的复杂句的中间某处。过渡性词语能以多种方式沟通或建立前后句子间意义上的联系，下面是九类常用的过渡性词语：
（1）表示进一步说明或强调的过渡性词语
and and then again further to repeat also furthermore in particular
besides moreover indeed too in addition in fact in other words
to put it in another way
（2）表示比较的过渡性词语
like alike similarly in contrast on the other hand in the some way at the some time
（3）表示相反的过渡性词语
but still yet although though however nevertheless nonetheless even though on the contrary even so in contrast in spite of on the other hand meanwhile instead
（4）表示时间和顺序的过渡性词语
before now next later following earlier at first at last after that then just then in time until until now soon still ever since at the beginning at the end first second (secondly) lastly
（5）表示空间关系的过渡性词语
beside between beyond across over at from to into outside inside here to the left (right) in the middle nearby next to opposite to on the opposite side
（6）表示限定意义或由此引出例子的过渡性词语
that is for one thing namely for example for instance to illustrate such as
（7）表示因果关系的过渡性词语
because thus since so so that therefore for this (that )reason
（8）表示肯定情况属实的过渡性词语
no doubt of course in fact doubtless naturally undoubtedly surely without a doubt certainly
（9）表示结论和概括意义的过渡性词语
to conclude in summary to sum up in conclusion in short in brief on the whole
4. 充分展开（adequate development）
每段或每篇文章要包含足够的信息，并应该能准确、清楚、透彻地表达中心思想。
三、语言文字
1. 要求语言准确，不应有语法、用词、拼写、标点、大小写等错误。
2. 要注意避免句子中含有下列各种错误：
1）片断句子（sentence fragment）
片断句子是指未完成的句子。片断句子常常表现为把一个从句或短语当作一个完整句使用，有时同位语或复合谓语也可能形成片断句子。
例如：
(1) The sports meet was canceled yesterday. Because it rained heavily.
Because it rained heavily 是一个句子片断，它只是一个状语从句，不能单独构成句子，应该改为：
The sports meet was canceled yesterday because it rained heavily.
(2) William Sydney Porter wrote many famous short stories. And published them under the pen name of O’Henry.
这个句子的后半部分只是一个片断，它只是一个片断复合谓语，应该改为：
William Sydney Porter wrote many famous short stories and published them under the pen name of O’Henry.
2）连写句（run-on sentence）
连写句子或称作冗长不断的句子，它于片断句正相反。前者是一个不完整的句子，而后者则是一个过于冗长而导致意思含糊的句子。
例如：
He decide to stop smoking, he was afraid of cancer.
这是两个各自完整的句子，但相互关系含糊不清，应该改为：
He decided to stop smoking for ( as ) he was afraid of cancer.或
He decided to stop smoking. He was afraid of cancer.
3）垂悬修饰语（垂悬分词或垂悬不定式dangling modifiers）
例如：
（1）Driving across the river, a beautiful park was seen.应该改为：
Driving across the river, we saw a beautiful park.
这一句中的现在分词Driving应该与句子的主语一致。
（2）To improve one’s spoken English, a lot of practice must be done.应该改为：
To improve one’s spoken English, one must do a lot of practice.
不定式在句子中作状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也应该是全句的主语。
4）错误的平行（illogical or faulty parallelism）
例如：He stopped to ask the way and to the Zoo and for some food.
这是一个不定式和一个介词短语的错误平行。应该改为：
He stopped to ask the way to buy some food.
5)不恰当地改变观点（unnecessary shifts in point of view）
例如：
If one’s mouth is dry, drink some water or have an ice cream.
前半句的主语是one’s mouth而后面是一个祈使句，主语是you（省略）。应该改为：
If one’s mouth is dry, one should drink some water or have an ice cream.
3. 语句要连贯流畅， 用词应当贴切， 并符合习惯用法。
4. 语言要灵活多变。
每一段中要避免重复使用同一个词或同一个句型。此外，还可以采用以下方法使语句多变。
1）增加修饰语，或用短语、从句或独立成分来充当句子的某一个成分。
例如：
One pleasant summer day, we went to have a picnic in a beautiful park not far from Beijing.
2）把两个或两个以上的句子连接起来，扩展成一个句子。
例如：
He is still young. He is very clever.可以改为：
（1）He is still young, but he is very clever.
（2）Although he is still young, he is very clever.
（3）The boy, who is still young, is very clever.
（4）Young as he is, the boy is very clever.
（5）While he is still young, he is very clever.
3）根据思想的展开方式，句子可以分属五种之一：松散句、掉尾句、混合句、对称句和简练句。
（1）松散句（loose sentence）：主要信息在句首出现。一般的情况是，松散句的前半部就已在语法上是完整的。
例如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday evening. When I was watching TV with my family.
（2）尾重句（periodic sentence）：主要信息放在句末。掉尾句可以用同位语开头，也可用单词、短语或从句开头。一般的情况时，要到句子结束语法上才完整。
例如：
Yesterday evening, when I was watching TV with my family, a friend of mine came to see me.
（3）混合句（mixed sentence）：结合松散句和尾重句的特点，主要信息在句子中间。
例如：
As he needed the money. Tom worked fourteen hours a day when he was young.
（4）对称句（balanced sentence）：句子前后两部分占同等重要地位。对称句比较正式，是书面语，很少用于口语中。在说明文或议论文中，尤其是将两种观点进行比较时，经常用到对称句。
例如：
As an industry, TV is very successful; as an art, it should be improved.
（5）简洁句（terse sentence）：简洁句常与长句交替出现，尤其在叙事的高潮部分或表示迅捷的连贯动作时，往往多用简洁句。
以上五种句子应该交替使用。
4）强调句子的某一成分并从而改变句子的语序。所强调的成分可由句末放到句首，或由句首放到句末。有时也可由句子中间放到句首或句末。
例如：
Our English teacher’s name is Jack Last.可以变为：
Jack Last is the name of our English teacher.
第三节 几种主要文体的写作方法
一、书面表达的几种文体形式简介
文体又叫文章体裁，是指按照不同的表达方式划分的文章类型。在英语中，常用的文体有五种：分为记叙文、描写文、说明文、议论文和应用文。
这五种文体在实际写作过程中经常交替使用，而且又有许多共同的特点。但是， 每种文体又有其自身的特色和要求。
二、几种文体的写作方法
一）记叙文(Narration)
记叙文是以写人、叙事为主要内容，以记叙为主要表达方式的一种文体。记叙文的内容既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主；既可以是实写，又可以是虚构的。它包括的范围很广，如新闻通讯、游记、参观记、访问记、会议录等，都属于记叙文的范畴。它是一种最常见，最常用的一种文体，又是其它文体写作的基础。
（一）记叙文写作的基本要求
1. 要有明确的中心思想
文章要有一个中心思想。文中的一切内容均应该自始至终地以此位中心来展开。
2. 选择要详略得当
在中心思想即主题明确后，就应该围绕主题选择材料。材料的详略取决于表达主题的需要。与主题关系密切的材料要详写，与主题关系一般的要略写，与主题无关的材料要删除不用。只有这样，才能突出文章的重点，更好地表现主题。
3. 要使用合理的方法
常用的方法是以事件发生的先后为线索，间或也可以采取“倒叙”或“插叙”的手法。在时态的使用上，以“以一般过去时”为主，但是在“插叙”或“倒叙”时就常要用到“过去完成时”。
4. 叙事宜简繁得当
主要情节要详细描写，次要情节要从略甚至一笔带过。
5. 记叙要清楚明白
记叙文要向读者交待清楚事件发生的时间、地点、人物、事件以及事件的起因和结果。只有这样才能使读者掌握事件的全貌，进而正确地理解其思想意义。时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果是构成记叙文的“六要素”。一般说来，在一篇文章中它们是不可缺少的。当然，在不言自明的情况下，也可以省略某一要素。但交待必须清楚明白。
6. 要有恰当的叙事角度
叙事角度又叫做叙事角（point of view）。它指故事是由谁讲的，反映在文章中就是作者通过什么人来叙事。叙事角一般分为两种：第一人称叙事角和第三人称叙事角。以第一人称的口吻叙述时可以使文章更亲切、更真实；以第三人称口吻叙述时可以使叙述更加客观。
（二）记叙文的结构
1. 文章的开头
文章开头时，一般要把时间、地点、人物交待清楚。
2. 文章的展开
在记叙事件展开时，要从某一角度去观察发生了什么？怎样发生的？对情节的描写就是对人物的行动或事件的叙述，叙事时线索要清晰。
3. 文章的结尾
文章的结尾要与文章的开头以及展开有机地成为一体，才能成为一篇完整的文章。
（三）巩固练习：
1. 以An Unforgettable Accident为题写一篇记事文。
2. 以The Funniest Thing为题写一篇记事文。
3. 以A Brief Account of our Trip to the South为题写一篇游记。
4. 以The Fox And the Crow为题写一篇故事。
（四）范文：
1. An Unforgettable Accident
It was a rainy and windy morning. The street was quiet. I was on my way to school. A little boy came out of a house and slammed the door.
He walked hurriedly along. When he passed me, I heard hem reciting something. Too preoccupied in his study, he din not look before he crossed the street. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner. I was terrified. I shouted at him to stop. But it was too late. The car ran straight towards him. Bang! He was knocked down.
I ran towards the boy, crying help. But the driver continued his journey, and drove away, without looking at the unconscious boy.
The boy was still bleeding when the police who had been informed by a passerby, arrived with their ambulance. The police began to investigate. I had witnessed the accident, but did not have a look at the licensed number of the car. So I was of no help, and they let me go to school.
When I picked up the evening newspaper, my eyes were caught by one of the headlines: Schoolboy Killed in Car Accident. These words sent me into a sorrowful mood. They have remained in my memory after all these years.
2. The Funniest Thing
The funniest thing that happened to me was losing a shoe in the city. Last winter, my friends and I visited New York City. As we were going to do a lot of walking, we all decided to wear our most comfortable shoes. Unfortunately, mine were much too large. Every time I lifted my feet, they came out of the shoes. Well, just as we were crossing a street, I happened to trip over something. As a result, one of my shoes fell off and landed in a sewer opening along the curb. As there was no way that we could retrieve my shoe, I had to hop along on one foot until we found a shoe store. There I purchased another pair of shoes. Fortunately for me, it wasn’t too cold that day.
3. A Brief Account of our Trip to the South
Last summer, I went to the Three Gorges with my husband and my son. We had a lot of fun there. It was really exciting.
First, we went to Chongqing by air and stayed there for only one day. We visited White Palace Museum and the Jail, which left us with a deep impression. In the evening, we tried the Chongqing hot pot at a restaurant, even though it was very hot that day. The next morning we got up very early and found it was raining outside. We had some difficulty in getting a taxi, and managed to get on the boat just in time. We spent four days on the boat. During our trip, we saw the Three Gorges. A tourist guide on the ship told us a lot, and we appreciated the beauty of our country even more. We got off the ship and visited some cities along the Yangtze River, which will be covered, by water after the completion of the dam. On the last evening of our trip, there was a farewell party on the boat. Both the passengers and the crew presented performances. We had already become good friends within those four days.
Although the trip was fairly short, it was quite an experience for us. We not only enjoyed the beautiful scenery and different kinds of food, but also learned a lot. I’ll come back again one day to see what things will be like when the project is completed.
4. The Fox And the Crow
A crow was sitting on the branch of a tree with a piece of meat in her mouth when a hungry fox saw her and started to think how he could get the meat for himself.
The fox came and sat under the tree, looking up at the crow, he said, “What a beautiful bird I see above me. She has the blackest and brightest feathers in the world and the sharpest and shiniest bill I have ever seen. If her voice as sweet as her looks, she must be the Queen of all the birds.”
The crow was very vain, and wanted to show the fox how well she could sing. She forgot about the meat and opened her mouth to sing the only note she knew.
It was an ugly, harsh caw! Down came the meat and, of course, the fox caught it before it touched the ground and ran off, saying, “ I see you have a voice, madam. It’s a pity you don’t have brains as well”.
二）描写文 (Description)
描写文是以描写为主要表达方式的文体。所谓描写就是以生动、形象的语言对人物、和环境作具体、形象的描写和刻画，使它们的形象得以再现，让读者如见其人，如闻其声，如临其境，并从文章中获得真实、具体、清晰而且深刻的印象。
（一）描写文写作的基本要求
1. 描写要为文章的主题服务
文章的中心思想，又叫做文章的主题。一篇作为独立文章的描写文应该有本身的中心思想。一切表达方式要为文章的中心思想服务，为主题服务，而不能偏离主题，陷入为描写而描写。为此，作者对所描写的对象的态度，希望激起读者何种感情，都应该体现在描写文的字里行间。
2. 要选择合适的描写角度
写描写文时，首先应该选好角度，并对描写的层次、顺序和布局做出合理的安排。应当避免写的东一句西一句、杂乱无章。在写作过程中，作者可以按空间布置文章，按由远及近，由上及下，由外到内，由前到后等顺序组织材料；可以按动作发生的事件顺序组织材料；也可以按作者视线转移的顺序组织材料，即先看到的先写，后看到的后写。不论采取何种顺序，目的都是为了使描写清楚、真实、具体、生动。
3. 描写文应该力求形象逼真
描写文的目的在于生动地再现生活，因此应该力求形象逼真、避免概念化、判断性的语言。描写文应通过具体的事例反映人或事物的特征，也可以通过运用恰当的比喻有效地增强语言的表现力和感染力。
（二）描写的基本方法
描写是描写文的基本手段。描写的方法有许多种，如人物描写、景物描写、环境描写等。如果按描写的性质分类，还可以分为主观描写和客观描写两种。
1. 主观描写
主观描写就是在描写过程中掺入作者自己的感受，寄托自己的主观感情，塑造自己理想的形象。
2. 客观描写
客观描写就是在描写过程中，作者不带或者少带主观的感彩，而只对人物或事物的特征客观地、就事论事地进行描绘。
（三） 描写的结构
1. 开头
这是作者说出自己的主要印象， 对客观人、事给以概括的描绘。
2. 中间细节
作者进一步作更具体、直观的描写，语言要求生动、简洁。
3.结尾
作者应该在这部分进行一下总结性的描写。
（四）巩固练习
1. 以An Unforgettable Teacher为题写一篇描写人的短文。
2. 以The Bird Park为题写一篇描写景的短文。
3. 写一篇描写物的短文。
(五)范文：
1. An Unforgettable Teacher
Professor Zhang is a tall, thin man in his mid-fifties. He has a long face that sometimes looks rather serious, but he is always kind and gentle. Curiously enough, he has a birthmark below his left ear in the shape of a small butterfly.
He is a dynamic man with enormous energy. When he lectures he gets progressively worked up over his subject, pacing rapidly around the room and making eye contact with his students. Through his sense of humor, he makes learning more enjoyable and lasting for the students. Because his lecture are always well prepared and clearly delivered, other students swarm into his classroom. In addition to having a comprehensive knowledge of English, he had considerable understanding of literature, art, music and history.
He is said to get along well with students. Sometimes he would challenge a student to a game of class. At other times, he would join groups to discuss subjects ranging from astronomy to underwater swimming. Many students find it easy and comfortable to visit him in his office for academic advice; others come to his home for social evenings.
However, he is very strict with his students. For example, he does not tolerate students who arrive late for class and will stop his lecture to wait until they are seated. As a result, no one arrives late more than once. Although it has been eight years since I saw him last, his appearance, teaching style and fine character will remain fresh in my memory.
2. The Bird Park
One of the most interesting places to visit in Singapore is the bird park. It’s located in the industrial area of Singapore, called Jargon. The bird park is about twelve kilometers from the center of the city, and it’s easy to get by bus or taxi.
It’s one of the largest bird parks in the world. The birds are kept in large cages, and there are hundreds of beautiful birds from many different parts of the world, including penguins, parrots, eagles, and ostriches. There’s a large lake in the park, with a restaurant beside it. There’s also a very large cage. You can walk into it to get a closer look at the birds.
It takes about two hours to see all the birds. You can walk around the park, or ride on the bus. The best time to visit the park is in the early morning or late afternoon, when it is cooler.
3.
The bag is quite large and made of plastic. It is green and has a picture of fruit and vegetables printed on it. In the bag there are two pairs of wool trousers and a white cotton shirt wrapped in paper. They were all bought in Marks and Spencer’s. One pair of trousers is gray and the other pair is green.
三）说明文 (Exposition)
说明文是以说明为表达方式或主要表达方式来解释说明事物或简明事例的文体。说明文的作用在于阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理等，所说明的对象可以是具体的，如自然环境、仪表等，也可以是抽象的，如概念、定律等。这类文章对事物进行客观的、就事论事的论述，因此也有人称之为技术性的描写文。教材、科技文献、历史资料、说明书等大多属于这种文体。
（一）说明文的基本要求
说明文作为一种特定的文体，除了要体现各种文体共有的要求，如中心明确、重点突出、详略得当、层次分明外，还有自己的基本要求。说明文主要需要体现如下几个特点：
1. 客观性
说明文解说事物、阐明事物是为了传递信息，所以不论说明的对象是实体事物，还是抽象的事理，都该是对说明的内容进行就事论事的客观描述和解释，作者系写作的态度是客观的、冷静的，尽可能不掺入作者自己的情趣与倾向。
2. 解说性
说明文要求对事物的性质、形状、特征等做出直接的解说，把事物或事理提供给读者。因此写作要深入浅出、条例分明、力争充分、语言简洁、合乎逻辑。
3. 信息性
说明文的语言应该属于信息语体，而不是艺术语体。写作是进行信息交流的重要途径。虽然各种文体都传递信息，但是说明文使用的范围却比其它任何一种文体都广泛。说明文是直接传递为人所需要的信息的。
（二）说明的基本方法和顺序
说明是说明文的表达方式。要把说明文写得条理分明，必须掌握说明的顺序。常用的说明顺序是：空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序、认识顺序。
空间顺序是指从整体到局部，从上倒下，从外到内，从前到后的顺序。
时间顺序是指从先到后的顺序。
逻辑顺序是指从先因后果，或先果后因，先主后次的顺序。
认识顺序是指由此及彼、由浅入深，由局部到整体，由现象到本质，又具体到抽象的顺序。
写好说明文，必须掌握基本的说明方法。说明的方法有举例说明、介绍说明、分类说明、定义说明、比较说明、过程说明、因果说明、图表说明和数字说明等。在一篇说明文中很少有只用一种说明方法的，往往是几种方法结合使用。
1. 分类说明法
对于复杂的事物，往往可以根据它们的性质、形状、成因、关系、功用等等，将它们分成若干组，然后依照一定顺序，对他们逐一进行说明。这种方法叫做分类说明法。
2. 定义说明法
在解释、说明事物的过程中，运用简洁明确的语言把要说明的事物本质属性揭示出来，给以解说使人得到清晰的概念。然后再解释定义，阐述事物的特征，揭示事物的本质。这种先下定义在说明的方法就叫做定义说明法。
3. 比较说明法
比较说明就是将被说明事物与其前后左右的情况进行比较，或者将读者熟知的对象与被说明的事物作比较以突出被说明事物的特征。这样使读者更容易明白事物的本质。
4. 举例说明法
举例说明法就是通过举出具有典型意义的实际例子，来说明比较抽象、复杂的事物、事理或概念。
5. 图表说明法
为了达到科学、精确的目的，并是信息得到集中表达，一目了然，说明文中常常借助插图、表格、图画、照片、地图等来解释说明事物或失利。这种方法称之为图表说明法。
（三）巩固练习
1. 以The White House为题写一篇说明文。
2. 以How to Make Water Dumplings为题写一篇说明文。
3. 以Which is more popular 为题写一篇说明文。
（四）范文：
1. The White House
No. 1600, Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. The White House has been the official residence of every American president except George Washington, who selected the site for the mansion. The original design was drawn by James Hogan, an Irish-born architect. Burned by the British in 1814, the President’s House was restored and painted white, thus its current name. The house contains furnishings collected by its occupants throughout its history. Open for tours 10 a.m. to noon Tuesday through Saturday; 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Memorial Day to Labor Day; ticket system in effect in summer; closed for official functions. Handicapped persons may use the North Entrance on Pennsylvania Avenue.
2. How to Make Water Dumplings
To make water dumplings, we need the following ingredients: flour, minced pork or beef, vegetables, an assortment of spices, culinary wine, soy sauce, salt, gourmet power and some cooking oil. First, minced meat and finely chopped vegetables are mixed and spices and other ingredients are added. Water is added to the flour, and the mixture is kneaded into dough. Small disks of dough are rolled out with a rolling pin. Make sure that the center of the wrappers is thicker than the hem. Then a half spoonful of the filling is placed in the center of a wrapper. Press the wrapper tightly into half moon shape with the thumb and index finger. When enough dumplings have been made, they are ready to be boiled.
3. Which is more popular
The most important difference between windsurfing and sailing is that in the former a board is used instead of a boat. The board is about 3m long and has a mast and sail, like a sailing boat. The windsurfer stands on the board and hangs on to the sail. He controls the board by shifting his weight as necessary, depending on the wind hitting the sail. Windsurfing is always an individual sport whereas sailing can be either an individual or a team sport depending upon the size of the boat. Windsurfing can be practiced close to the shore and is relatively cheap while sailing is usually done further form the shore and is more expensive.
四）议论文(Argumentation)
议论文是以议论方式，通过摆事实，讲道理来阐述自己观点的一种文体。
议论文的主要表达方式是议论，但是有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。这些手法常常和议论交织在一起，直接或间接地为说理服务。在英语写作种，议论文应用范围也非常广泛。除了学术论文以外，报刊杂志上的社论、评论、短评、杂文和随笔， 法庭上的律师辩护词、某些批评性信件都属于这种文体。
（一）议论文的基本要求
1. 论点要正确、明确
论点就是文章中加以说明和阐述的基本观点。有的议论文只有一个论点，叫做中心论点； 有的议论文除了中心论点外，还有几个从属的分论点。论点除了应该要正确以外，赞成什么，反对什么，也必须十分明确， 而且文章的论点要前后一致，不能自相矛盾。
2. 论据要真实、充分和具有典型性
论据就是用来证明论点的根据，是议论的基础，它可以是事例，也可以是理论，也可以是数据。论据要真实，所引用的事例、理论都必须可靠和准确； 论据并充分具有典型意义。
3. 论证要透彻、有力
（二）议论文的种类和方法
议论是议论文的主要表达方式，它一般分为立论与驳论两种。
作者先提出自己的观点，然后运用充分有利的论据来证实自己论点的正确性，称之为“立论”。
作者首先要摆出自己欲批驳的对立面及其观点，然后针对其观点的谬误、或论据的虚假、或论证的逻辑错误来批驳，叫做“驳论”。理论和驳论两种议论方法在写作过程中应该视论题的具体情况或作者本人的观点而灵活采用。一片议论文， 可以主要是立论，也可以是具体立论和驳论的结合。
议论或论证的方法由三种：
1. 归纳法
归纳法是举出一些个别事例，归纳它们的共同属性，综合它们的共同本质，得出一个带有普遍性的结论的方法。它遵循的是“由个别到一般”的思维模式。
2. 演绎法
演绎法是引用一些经典著作的原话，或引用工人的、众所周知的科学原理和道理用于一个新的领域或事例，从而推断出一个新论点的方法。它遵循的是“由一般到个别”的思维模式。
3. 类比法
类比法是把两种相似或相同的事物放在一起加以比较，从而得出与之有关的结论的方法。
以上三种论证方法是相辅相成的，在一篇议论文中，可以只用其中的一种方法，也可以两种或三种方法兼用。
（三）议论文的结构
议论文是由论点、论据和论证组成。文章一般可能分为三部分：
1. 提出论点
2. 提出论据
1）每个论据可以自成一段
2）可以从反面来论证。
在有一系列的论证时，可用first, second, third, lastly排列写。如果只有两点时，第二点可以用furthermore。
3）正面论证后，可以在用反面论证。两者衔接处可用However等词来连接。
3．结论
结论部分进一步证明论点，从而得出结论，可用Thus … , In my opinion …, It is my view that 等语开头。结尾是还可以简单补充一、两条论据，使自己的论述更有说服力。
（四）巩固练习：
1. 以The Problem of Keeping Pets为题目写一篇议论文。
2. 以Students Are Overburdened with Their Studies为题目写一篇议论文。
3. 以The Bad Effects of TV on Viewers为题目写一篇议论文。
(五)范文：
1. The Problem of Keeping Pets
People nowadays keep pets and become so crazy about them that they feed them as if they were their children. I think people should be discouraged from keeping pets.
First and foremost, the growing number of pets has caused serious hygiene problems, which threaten people’s health. People may be infected with rabies by dogs, and this often causes painful death. Pets produce a lot of noise. They are often involved in environmental pollution. The barking is really a nuisance. Pets are often taken by their hosts into streets, and shops, and may even board trains and buses. Public places already crowded with people thus become even more congested. As a matter of fact since pets are animals, they should be in their natural habitat just like other animals.
If we don’t take measures to stop the increase of pets, our world will be crowded with animals. To maintain a good environment for humans, a campaign should be launched against the “overpopulation” of pets.
2. Students Are Overburdened with Their Studies
More and more students and schoolchildren are complaining about their studies. They feel overburdened. They have little leisure. They don’t get enough rest or sleep. The same complaint also comes from their parents, who have to share the tension with their children.
Indeed, it had become a routine for the young to leave home very early in the morning, come home quite late in the evening and do their homework at night because they are overburdened with class work and homework, most students’ health suffers and many become nearsighted. In addition, as students are kept indoors all the time digging into a lot of reading assignments, they seldom have a chance to think creatively and have no access to society. He overload of book-learning tasks has restrained the young people’s creativity and development.
China’s modernization relies on the young people of today. We should free them from their heavy academic work. It is our duty to create a good environment to enable them to achieve full growth both physically and intellectually.
3. The Bad Effects of TV on Viewers
Television undoubtedly offers us much entertainment, but it has some bad effects on heavy viewers.
Firstly, television encourages passive enjoyment. As the viewers spend hour watching TV. They become receptive and unquestioning about the things shown on TV. The very danger of watching television lies in the fact that the viewers make no choice and exercise no judgment, as everything is presented to them ready-made, without demanding any intellectual effort on their viewers receive from television dramas is nothing but fictitious events, persons, objects and places. As the viewers have grown addicted to television, they often ignore the necessary and important things in reality. As a result, they would be completely cut off from the real world.
Clearly, television is to blame for the passivity and inaction it has brought to the heavy viewers. Therefore, watching TV should be done sparingly and selectively.
五）应用文（Practical Writing）
在英语写作中，还有一些服务与特殊目的的写作形式，它们都属于应用文体。我们在此仅介绍三种：书信 、日记和文章缩写。
（一） 书信
1. 书信的组成部分
英文书信可分为正式合非正式两种。不管是哪一类信，都要多到清楚、简洁、准确、易读，一封书信应该包括以下三个部分：
1）写信的理由
2）支持理由的事实
3）要求收信人做的事情
写信与写大块文章不一样，不应该出现大的段落，一般来说，打字每段不超过十行，手写最好不超过五六行。另外，书信中的句子一定要简洁，用词要尽量简单、平易、收信人容易看下去。不至产生反感。
2. 英文书信结构
英文书信的结构大约有以下几个部分：
1）发信人的地址和日期
2）收信人的姓名
3）对收信人的称呼
4）正文
5）结束语、签名
6）附言
3. 书写格式要求
1）义务信件行文比较正式，一般用电脑或打字机打印。信纸只能用一面。
2）如果是长信，行间的距离空一行，段落之间空两行。如果是短信，行间距离空两行，段落之间空三行。信文右上方的日期与左上方收信人的地址之间空四行。信纸的边沿空面必须匀称，左边、右边、顶部、底部都要空大约三厘米。
3）私人信件是朋友之间往来的书信。私人信件的信封、信纸形状大小可以自由选择。信文多用手写，当然也可以用电脑或打字机打印。
4. 范文：
1. 英文书信结构
(Heading) 6 Xizhimen Street
Xicheng District
Beijing, China
June 15th, 2003
Dr. D. K Howell, (Inside Address)
10 Richmond Street, London
Dear Sir, (Salutation)
I wish to inform you that …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(Body of the letter)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Sincerely yours,
(Signature) (Complimentary Closure)
C.K.Chang
2. Formal Letter
2 Wenxing Street
Xizhimenwai
Beijing Institute of Education
Beijing, China
July 2, 2003
Institute of Languages
University of NSW
PO Box 1.
Kensington new 2033
Australian
Dear Sir or Madam:
I saw your advertisement in a booklet entitled Australian Study Opportunities in the library of Beijing Institute of Education where I am currently studying. I noticed that amongst other courses you offer a course leading to a Certificate in Computer Programming.
I should be most grateful if you could send me information regarding this course, including the duration, costs and standard of the Certificate. I should also like to know if you have any student accommodations.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
Gao Yanxu
3. Personal Letter
36 Coventry Street,
London
NW6
August 12th, 2003
Dear Mark,
I’m writing to apologize about Friday evening. I feel so bad about everything.
First of all, I’m sorry that I arrived late at the theatre. It really wasn’t my fault. My father wanted to give me a lift in the car, but it broke down. Anyway, by the time I arrived, you were not there. I waited for about twenty minutes, and then I started to walk to the Central Café. I met Joe on the way. Well, there you were-at the Central Café. I’m really sorry because you had the wrong idea about Joe and me. We were in the same class at school, and he lives in my street. You know, you did get a bit angry at the café and I didn’t have a chance to explain. But I’m really sorry about your best suit. I didn’t mean to spill coffee on it. Someone pushed me when the cup was in my hand. Then you walked out before I could say anything. I felt terrible. I really do apologize because I didn’t telephone you, but it wasn’t my fault. Our phone isn’t working at the moment.
Anyway, how about next Friday
Love, Sue
(二)日记
1. 格式
日记的格式比较简单，通常在第一行写上星期、日期和天气。下面写所要记的事。
2. 内容
日记一般以第一人称写，内容常是记下当天发生的一件或者几件有意义的事；也可以抒发自己的感情、读后感等。
3. 写作特点
1）日记通常是写给自己看的，由于这个特点，日记可以采用非正式文体。
2）语气可以轻松幽默
4. 描写天气的词汇
Fine 晴 Very fine晴朗 Rainy 雨 Cloudy 阴 Snowy雪
Windy风 Very hot很热 Pretty warm相当暖和 Showery有阵雨
Thundering有雷 Dense fog浓雾 Hailey有冰雹
A little rain, later cloudy小雨转多云
5. 范文：
July 19th, Sunday
Today some friends invited me to a picnic on the beach at Fine Beidaihe. There were about twenty of us altogether. We were all classmates at Fine our former middle school.
We arrived at the beach at around ten o’clock in the morning. It was a nice warm day, and the see was beautifully blue. The gentleman immediately went swimming while the ladies went collecting stones and see plants. One hour later we came back and started to play card games.
At half past twelve, we had lunch. Although the food was very simple, everybody enjoyed it very much. Perhaps the exercise had made us hungry.
After lunch we fell into a few groups. One group was discussing a recent film. Another group was talking about a new novel. In my group we exchanged some teaching methods.
At six o’clock we started back for the city. We enjoyed ourselves so much that we did not feel like leaving. We all agreed to arrange another outing soon. Next time, we plan to make a trip into the mountains or go camping in a forest.
(三)文章缩写
所谓文章缩写就是把长的文章压缩成短文章，而又保持文章意思不变并且不遗漏任何重要信息的一种写作形式。
1. 基本要求：
1）要忠于原文，不能遗漏原文中主要情节或论点。应使读者读了概要，就能基本知道文章的意思。特别应强调的是，缩写者不能加进自己的观点，或改变文章的情节。
2）要高度概括、简明扼要。一般文章缩写的长度不得超过原文的三分之一。如果可能，越短越好。
3）要尽量地运用自己的语言。
在写作过程中，不能过多地摘录原文，要在消化、吸收和记忆原文观点或情节的基础上，摆脱原文语言的束缚。
2. 文章缩写的方法：
1）认真阅读原文，把握文章的中心论点或主要情节。同时要把握原文的主要结构和作者的思路。
2）分清主次。在写作的过程中，把一些次要的事例和重复的内容略掉，把一些具体的事实归纳成一般的概念，并且力求用简单的词汇表达与原文一样的意思。
3）要将原文中的直接引语改为间接引语，同时注意选用合适的转述动词。
4）按照原文结构进行概括。一般在进行文章缩写时，应该先概述原文的中心意思，然后选择重要的事例来说明、解释这个中心意思。
3. 范文：
Why Do We Study Geography
Why do we study geography and what is its value to us Geography is interesting and may be studied and enjoyed on this account alone, but it has many practical and utilitarian values. Firstly, it helps us to understand and appreciate the forms and features of the landscape and the human imprint on the physical environment. Through this understanding man can learn how best to make use of the land and its resources for his own benefit. In the past he has brought calamity and misery upon himself simply because he has failed to understand the environment in which he lives. A knowledge of geography will help him to avoid making tragic mistakes similar to those of the past.
Secondly, we are living in a world of increasingly rapid transport and ever-new means of communication. Distances are becoming shorten in the sense that the traveling time is being constantly reduced, Jules Verne’s hero, using every device possible, managed, a hundred years ago, to get round the word in eighty days; today we can get round it in as many hours. As a result of speed in transport and communication, the world is getting smaller and the peoples living in different parts of the world are becoming more closely linked together. It is important, therefore, that we should know as much as possible about peoples in other parts of the world and the places they live in.
Thirdly, we must remember that anything that happens anywhere in the world, such as a war in South-east Asia, a revolution in South America, a famine in China, a flood in India, a new oil field found in North Africa, or an economic recession in the United States may have, and often does have, repercussions throughout the world. In other words, few countries can live these days in complete isolation and shut their eyes to what is going ton in the world around them. The world has become a global village.
Fourthly, geography is of even more direct importance, for many countries, of which Britain is a typical example, live by what they can make in factories and export; simply and brutally put, they must “export or die”. They cannot produce their manufactured goods without the raw materials they import; and these, as well as much of their food, have to be paid for by exports. It is important, then, to know how other peoples lives, what their needs are, what kinds of markets they offer, what raw materials they have for sale, what language they speak, and how mutual exchange can best be undertaken. Thus, from a purely selfish point of view, we should study geography.
Summary
The study of geography has many useful values. Firstly, it provides a good understanding of the features of the landscape and the effect of human activities on the land with rapid modern transport and new means of communication, it is important to know more about other countries and their people. Thirdly, we must know what is going on in the world because it may have repercussions throughout the world. Fourthly, for the benefit of one’s own country, it’s necessary to know the world’s people, their life, needs, markets and languages.
(四)口头通知
一般开头说Attention, please，或May I draw your attention, please.。结尾常用That’s all或Thank you。
（五）书面通知
标题是Notice，右上角写日期，结尾在右下角写上通知人或通知单位。
（六）介绍和欢迎词
一般开头是：Ladies and gentlemen, it’s my honor to…
巩固练习
1
假定你叫杨凡，你给美国密西根州立大学（Michigan state University）的老师丹尼斯 （Dennis）写信，介绍你的好友钱程的情况：钱程刚从清华附中毕业，他一直是该班最好的学生，他数学和物理尤其学得好，曾获北京市中学生数学竞赛第一名和物理竞赛第二名。他的英语说得也很流利。他很聪明，学东西很快，还是一名相当不错的足球运动员，是校足球队队长。他刚刚通过托福考试，老师对他的英语成绩很满意。他对数学感兴趣，愿意去密西根大学学习。
2
说明：北京第五制药厂研制了一种新药，药品已被外商定购。请你为该厂产品写一份使用说明，请根据提示完成。
提示：1.本品为中药，对心脏病疗效显著。
2.常量：每天三次，一次2粒（pill）；心脏不舒服时可以加服1－2粒。
3.服药后身体不适可停服，小孩和老人禁服。
4.本药品应放在阴凉干燥处。
5.使用本药品还应严格听从医生的指导。
注意：1.字数80－100个词；
2.说明书须包括所有要点，但不要逐条译成英语。
3
学校组织学生到农村去搞社会调查，同学们听取了村团支书关于去年夏天抗洪事迹的介绍，请以村团支书的口气用英语写一篇简单介绍。内容包括：
l.去年夏天雨水很多，大水袭击了村庄的田地、道路，并危及到房屋和人生的安全。
2.要是没有解放军战士的帮助，村民们是不可能克服（overcome）困难、战胜洪水、并且在秋天夺得较好收成的。
3.尤其是村民王先国，为保卫农田，让大水流进了他的鱼塘（fish-pond），他的奉献精神受到大家的赞扬。
注意：
1.介绍要包括所有内容要点，但不要逐条翻译。
2.介绍长度为110－140个词。
3.介绍的开头已写在下面，不计入总词数。
Dear boy and girls，
You’re welcome to our village．I’d like to tell you how we fought against the flood last year…
4
以“The City of Cheng De”为题，根据以下提示写一篇描述性的简介。
①承德位于河北省东北部，距北京约250公里，是全国24个历史文化名城之一，也是全国44个风景名胜之一。
②群山环抱，泉涌溪流，风景秀丽，气候宜人。
③有避暑山庄、外八庙及奇山异石，使之成为驰名中外的游览胜地。
全篇词数：80－100。
New words：
province省
scenic spots风景点
Mountain Resort避暑山庄
the Eight Outer Temples外八届
the strange hills and crags奇山异石
a tourist attraction游览胜地
5
我的两个好朋友
Tom和Jack虽然完全不同，但他们都是我的好朋友。Tom很矮、很胖。他喜欢好的装束。每月在父母给他钱之前，他都把钱花光。他愿意和别人呆在一块，他总是很快乐，喜欢说笑话。他特别喜欢参加聚会。他的周围老是围着一群人。他喜欢跳舞、听喧闹的音乐。每次宴会他都要唱着他喜爱的歌。Tom是一个特别外向的人。
Jack在外表、人品和生活习惯上和Tom完全不同。他瘦瘦、高高的。他喜欢穿普通的衣服。生活节俭，他每月都能省一些钱。
Jack喜欢安静、独处，他很少笑，他是一个很严肃的人。他喜欢读书、画画，做独自旅游。他是个特别内向的人。
全篇词数：180－200。
New words:
A typical extrovert特别外向的人
personality人品
plain clothes普通的衣服
a typical introvert特别内向的人
6
刻舟求剑
根据下列提示，用英语把《刻舟求剑》的故事表达出来。词数：100－120。
很久以前，楚国有一个人过江，把剑掉在水里。他就在剑落水的船上刻上记号。等船到达的地停下，按船上刻了记号的地方下水去找剑，结果自然找不到。
7
守株待兔
请用英语简要地写出《守株待兔》的故事，以刊登在我国对外发行的某英文刊物上。
词数：
不得少于70，不得多于140。
故事大意：宋人有耕者，田中有株（stump），兔走触株，折颈而死。捡之甚喜，随后弃农而守株。一年后，田地荒芜，终不再获，而身为来国笑。
8
以“水”为题用英语写一篇短文，内容包括：
l.植物和动物需要水，人类生产生活更离不开水。
2.随着工农业的发展，越来越需要更多的水。现在许多地方已经升始缺水。
3.许多工厂排出来的污水开始污染河流和湖泊，更不能生存，人们身体健康也受到危害。
4.必须采取措施，防止水污染，保护水利资源。
注意：短文要包括以上要求，词数在100左右。
9
钱教授应邀来我校作关于《现代物理学在中国的发展》的演讲。 钱教授早年就读于美国，获得物理学博士学位。新中国成立后，他排除万难，回归祖国，为我国科学技术的发展作出了很大的贡献。他十分关心青年的成长。假如你是演讲会的主持人，在钱教授演讲之前向听众介绍上述基本情况，感谢他对我校师生的关心，并欢迎他演讲。
字数：80—120 字。
10
请根据你的了解，用英语写一段短文，对美国的基本情况进行简要介绍。但内容至少应该包括以下几点：
1. 美国的地理位置。
2. 美国的面积（百三十六万三千平方公里）。
3. 美国是由五十个州构成（阿拉斯加 Alaska州是最大的州）。
4. 美国首都所在地。
5. 美国最大的城市。
字数要求：100 — 150。
参考答案：
1
June 15th, 1991
Michigan State University
U.S.A.
Dear Mr. Dennis,
Please allow me to introduce my friend Qian Cheng to you. my friend Qian Cheng has just graduated from Qinghua High School. He has been the best student in his class. He is especially good at maths and physics. He won the first prize in Beijing High School Maths Competition and the second in physics competition. He can speak English quite fluently. Of course he is very clever and quick in learning things. Besides, he is very good football player. He has just passed the TOFEL and the teacher is very pleased with his English. He is interested in maths and would like to study in your university. I’m sure he will be a good student.
Best wishes,
Yours truly,
Yang Fan
2
Beijing No. 5 Medical plant has invented a new kind of Chinese medicine. It is very good for heart disease (trouble). It is very good for heart disease (trouble). It should be taken three times a day, two pills once. It can also be taken one or two more pills if needed. The children and the old mustn’t take this medicine. If you are not feeling well after taking the medicine, you should stop taking it. This medicine should be kept in a cool, dry place. It’s better to follow the doctor’s advice before taking it.
3
Dear boys and girls,
You’re welcome to our village, I’d like to tell you how we fought against the flood last year. Last summer there was too much rain and a great flood hit our village, the fields and roads, bringing danger to the house and even to the people’s safety. Without the help of the PLA men , we could not have been able to overcome the difficulties, win the battle against the terrible flood, and get a fairly good harvest last autumn. What moved us most is that our villager, Wang Xianguo, let the water flow into the fish-pond of his own, preventing it from going into the fields. We all thought highly of his devoted spirit to the interests of the whole village. We should learn from him.
4
INTRODUCTION OF THE CITY OF CHENGDE
Located in northeast He Bei Province. 250kilometres from Beijing, Cheng De City is one of the 24 well-known historical and cultural cities and one of the 44 major scenic spots in China. Surrounded by mountains and with brooks and streams running through the city, Cheng De has a beautiful scenery and a pleasant climate. There are the Cheng De Mountain Resort, the grand “Eight Outer Temples” and the strange hills and crags there. They make Cheng De a tourist attraction famous both at home and abroad.
5
My Good Friends
Tom and Jack are all my good friends although they are completely different from each other. Tom is very short and rather fat. He likes to be well dressed. Every month Tom spends all his money before his parents give him some more.
Tom enjoys being with people. He’s extremely cheerful all the time and likes to tell jokes. He loves to go to parties, and is always surrounded by people. He likes to dance and to listen to loud music. At every party he sings all his favorite songs at the top of his voice. Tom is a typical extrovert.
Jack is completely different from Tom in looks, personality, and habits. Jack is tall and thin. He likes to wear plain clothes and live frugally. Every month he is able to save some money.
Jack likes quietness and to stay alone. He seldom laughs; he is very solemn. He loves reading, painting and traveling alone. He is a typical introvert.
6
Long, long ago, there lived a man in the state named Chu. One day, the man wanted to cross a river by boat. As the boat was crossing the river, his sword suddenly fell into the water. He hurriedly took out a small knife and made a mark in the side of the boat, saying, “It is from this spot that my sword fell into the water.” After the boat stopped, he jumped into the water to look for his sword in the direction the mark showed, but he failed to find it.
How could he find his sword The boat moved a long distance, but the sword remained in the place where it sank. It was very silly to look for the sword in the way the man did.
7
One day a farmer of the kingdom of Song was ploughing the field. Suddenly he saw a rabbit dash into s stump. The rabbit broke its neck and died soon. The farmer was very glad that he got a rabbit without any effort. From that day on, he left his ploughing and kept watching by the big tree all day long in hopes of getting another rabbit this way. But a whole year passed and he got none. Looking back, he saw the field lie waste, overran with weeds. He becomes a laughing stock of Song people.
8
Water
All living things, including plants, animals and man need water. People can’t live and develop without water.
With the development of industry and agriculture, more and more water is needed. Now many place are short of water. The dirty water sent from many factories begins to pollute the rivers and lakes. Fish can’t live and people’s health has been done great harm.
Something must be done to prevent water from being polluted. Everybody should do his or her best to save water anytime.
9
Comrades:
This afternoon we are lucky to have a chance to listen to Prof. Qian’s speech on the Development of Modern Physics in Chin. Prof. Qian made a deep study in physics in America in his early age and received a doctor’s degree of physics. After the founding of New China he smoothed away all kinds of difficulties and returned to our motherland. He has contributed a lot to the development of science and technology in our country and gained great achievements. He always shows deep concern for the growth of us. Please allow me, here, on behalf of all present here, to express our sincere thanks to Prof. Qian. Now let’s welcome Prof. Qian to speak to us.
10
The United States of America is one of the most developed countries in the world. It lies between two oceans — the Atlantic to the east and the Pacific to the west. North of it is Canada, south of it is Mexico.
The U.S.A. has an area of nine million three hundred and sixty-three thousand spare kilometers. It is made up of fifty states, and Alaska is the biggest one among them. The capital of the U.S.A. is Washington. It’s a clean and beautiful city, which lies in the east coast, facing the Atlantic. New York is the largest city in America. There are many tall building in it.
The U.S.A. is a powerful country, but it has only short history. The U.S.A. was founded more than 200 years ago.
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中学英语语法系列之六 章法部分 之一
完 形 填 空
一、完形填空的简介
完形填空（Cloze Test）又叫做补漏测验法。这是目前国内外常用来考察学生语言水平的一种综合性测试题,主要测试学生的英语知识和技能的综合能力。
随着改革开放和交际英语的发展和应用， 英语教学也越来越重视培养学生的阅读理解能力。所以，近几年来完形填空主要集中在词汇、语法、句法、惯用法、词义的判断检测能力和对文章上下文及全文的理解上，文章多半是故事、寓言、说明文、科普文章等， 内容短小精悍，但涉及面广，灵活性强。一篇文章，一般开头一两句不动，以后各句子中有若干词语删去、留下空缺，要求应试者从四个答案中选择一个正确的或最佳的填入。
二、完形填空的解体思路
（1）通读语篇，从字里行间弄懂大意。因为需填写得空格虽只是一个词，但词的正确使用离不开句子，而句子又离不开整篇短文的意境。熟悉语篇内容有助于把握解题的思路。
（2）应从学过的语法、词汇、习惯用法以及文化科学（常识性）知识等几方面考虑选词，有时甚至需要把这几方面一起综合考虑，才能做出正确的判断。
（3）填空一般应按语篇空格先后顺序填词，但如遇到难填的空格，可暂时放一下，先做后面的空格，待填完其他的空格后，再回头来做前面的难题，很可能由于弄清楚了后面的文字的意思，前面剩下的难题也就迎刃而解了。
（4）当完成所填的空格以后，应该在从头至尾默读几遍，要把每个空格的答案放到整篇短文中，检验答案是否符合语篇背景、主题、大意、语法结构、词的搭配、上下文的关系，以及逻辑关系，不能拘泥于一个句子、一个空白处孤立地去考虑。这样做往往可以发现是否有填得不妥的词。
三、完形填空解题的七个技巧
1．如果空格后面紧跟的是名词，特别是单数名词，而空格之前又没有冠词或形容词，则该空格处很可能要填定冠词the，或不定冠词a / an，或者可以从上下文关系推敲，选择填入物主代词（my, your, his, her等）、指示代词（this, these, that, those）和不定代词（one, none, few, little, many, much, all, each, every, both, either, neither, other, another, some, any, no等）。
2．从动词的语法角度考虑，如果空格后面是原形动词，则空格处可能是动词不定式号to，或助动词（will, would）、情态动词（can, may, must, need, might）。如果空格后面是过去分词，往往可以视具体情况（是完成时态还是被动语态）考虑填入have或be的各种时态形式。如果空格后面是现在分词，则可以考虑填入be的各种时态形式。但也要考虑有一些现在分词和过去分词实际上起着形容词的作用，如：
She has borrowed an interesting picture-book.
I was interested to hear your remark.
第一句中的interesting修饰picture-book，是定语，它的前面与be就无必然联系。第二句中的interested是表语，它的前面有可能是be，但不可能是have。
3．完形填空中填介词，是命题者常用的项目。要特别注意的是介词出现的位置：
（1） 介词出现在名词之前。
表示时间、方位、原因、方式等名词的前面，填写特定的介词，如in the evening, at noon, to the south。
（2）介词出现在形容词之后。
有些形容词后面要接介词，再接介词宾语（整个词组的作用就像一个及物动词）。
（3）有一些动词后面要接一个介词，才能接宾语。
因此，填介词时必须熟练掌握常用的介词词组、动词词组、常用介词的用法。
4．如果空格介于两个并列句之间，可以根据上下文的意思选用适当的并列连词，如and, or, but, while, so, for等。
5．如果空格处于引导一个宾语从句的位置，可以根据上下文的意思填入连词（whether, if, that）、连接代词（which, what, who, whose, whom）、连接副词或短语 ( how, how many, how much, when, why, where)。
6．如果空格处于引导一个状语从句的位置，可以根据上下文的意思，确定是何种状语从句（时间、条件、原因、地点、结果、目的、让步、行为方式、比较等），并从when, before, after, as, as soon as, if, because, than, as … as, not as / so … as, since, until, now that, unless, so that, so … that, such … that, though, where, while等词中选择适当的词语填空。
7． 有的空格处是要求填上名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、代词或数词等实词。
此种情况是，所要求的填空的词往往在文中别处出现过，或根据上下文和常识比较容易猜出来的。解题的思路是先根据上下文的语法，确定空格中应当填的词的词性，再根据上下文的内容确定这个词的意思，最后可以从已经学过的相同的或者相似的意思的词（同义词或近义词）中选一个在文体上比较合适的词填上。
四、完形填空的解题时的注意事项
要做好这种题，必须注意如下几个问题：
（一）应通读全文，了解文章大意
完形填空的特点是，应试者在一定的语境中运用所学到的语言知识来填空。一篇文章有其中心思想，各个段落之间有承上启下，前后呼应的关系，各个句子之间也要紧密连贯。所以， 正确的方法是在做题之前，跳过空格，阅读了解文章所要讲的内容，尽快把文章看上一至两遍，通读宜粗而且快，掌握大意，并找出文中的关键词。通读全文有利于掌握作者的思路，顺着思路，就易于选择正确的答案。另外，通读时应重视文章的第一句和最后一句，他们通常是整个文章的提示和总结。
（二）先易后难，仔细推敲
在了解文章大意后开始做题，先联系上下文展开逻辑思维，边读文章边想答案，先做最简单的，然后再读一遍。这样，随着理解的深入，一些答案就会自然而然地出现于脑海中。如果不能直接想出答案，就应考虑文章的整体结构，并综合运用所学知识对选项逐一分析比较和筛选。还可以跳过空格往下看，往往由于下面的思路受到启发而使上面选项恍然大悟而确定上面的空格的答案。
（三）复读全文，验证答案
全文填好后，还应再复读全文，逐题检查验证，检查的过程中，应考虑短文是否前后贯通一致，情节发展是否合理，议论是否合乎逻辑；还应考虑短文语法结构是否完整，应从句法、词法、惯用法等方面综合考虑进行修改。
巩固练习
1
The lecture on smoking was over at last. As we boys were rushing towards the playground, Jim slipped by the table. The watch, which Mrs. Smith had 1 on the table as she started her lecture, disappeared.
We were 2 to go back for class again when the headmaster called us 3 and said, "I've got a little4 for you boys.” Mrs. Smith has just lost her watch on the playground. This kind of thing had happened 5, she says…it just 6 her wrist (手腕). So, look around for it, will you 7 if you' re clever enough to find it. Let’s 8 it clear the boy who does 9 will get a useful reward.
At once we started looking for the watch. Everybody wished to be the 10 one. Suddenly, Jim stopped and bent down as if to 11 something. And 12 moment he was in front of Mrs. Smith, all smiles, 13 the watch to her.
Mrs. Smith, however, didn't seem at all 14. In fact, she looked angry. She took the watch without 15 a "Thank you".
Jim got 16—a large piece of paper from the headmaster, who 17 him to write a composition 18 the dangers of smoking. What could19 Jim write about We hadn’t listened to the lecture and had noting to say on the 20.
1. A. seen B. dropped C. found D. laid
2. A. about B. ab1e C. sorry D. sure
3. A. forward B. together C. straight D. out
4. A. fun B. trick C. job D. prize
5. A. before B. now C. here D. there
6. A. goes B. throws C. slips D. falls
7. A. Say B. See C. Guess D. Check
8. A. get B. put C. make D. keep
9. A. this B. such C. that D. so
10. A. lucky B. quick C. early D. worthy
11. A. put down B. give away C. find out D. pick up
12. A. the fol1owing B. the next C. for a D. just a
13. A. handing out B. turning in C. giving up D. sending back
14. A. pleased B. hurt C. interested D. worried
15. A. just B. ever C. even D. almost
16. A. her punishment B. her prize C. his job D. his reward
17. A. had B. made C. told D. helped
18. A. of B. on C. in D. at
19. A. poor B. nervous C. quick D. good
20. A. lecture B. point C. matter D. subject
参考答案：
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. D
2
The angry woman stood outside the ticket office of the station when she had returned from her round 1. “The 2 owes (欠) me ￥l2，”she said to Harry Jenks， the young man working at the office. "You sold me a ticket 3 May 22nd, but there was no ship coming from Jersey that night. So my daughter and I had to stay in a hotel. It 4 ￥l2."
Harry was worried. He remembered 5 the woman a return ticket. "Come into the office, Madam," he said6. "I'll 7 the Jersey time table for that day." The woman and her little girl followed him 8. She was quite right, 9 Harry soon discovered. There was no 10 on May 22nd. How could he have made such a careless mistake He 11 sold her a ticket for that day. Wondering what to do, he smiled at the child. “You 12 sun burnt." He said to her. "Did you have a nice holiday in Jersey."
"Yes," she answered shyly. “The beach was 13. And I can swim, too!"
“That’s 14,” said Harry. “My little girl can' t swim 15yet. Of course, she is only three…”
“I'm four,” the child said16. “I'll be four and a half.”'
Harry turned to the mother. "I remember your ticket, Madam," he said. "But you didn’t get one for your daughter, did you ”
“Er, well…” the woman looked at the child. ''I mean…she hasn't 17 school yet. She is only four.”
“A four-year-old child must have a ticket, 18. A child’s return ticket to Jersey costs …let me see…￥13.5. So if the railway 19your hotel, you will owe ￥1.50. The law is law, but 20 the fault was mine…”
The woman stood up, took the child’s hand and left the office.
1. A. holidays B. visit C. walk D. trip
2. A. railway B. office C. ship D. shop
3. A. on B. for C. of D. with
4. A. wasted B. asked for C. cost D. used
5. A. paying B. giving C. offering D. selling
6. A. impatiently B. politely C. curiously D. angrily
7. A. check B. examine C. find out D. look up
8. A. in B. into C. inside D. after
9. A. for B. when C. which D. as
10. A. sailing B. traffic C. trip D. sailor
1l. A. couldn't have B. hadn't C. shouldn't have D. might not have
12. A. are B. look C. seem D. become
13. A. lovely B. greatly C. green D. terrible
14. A. right B. all right C. O. K. D. fine
15. A. much B. little C. a bit D. bit
16. A. friendly B. nervously C. proudly D. worriedly
17. A. gone to B. started C. appeared at D. been toll
18. A. Mother B. Lady C. Mrs. D. Madam
19. A. pays B. gives C. owes D. offers
20. A. though B. then C. for D. since
参考答案：
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. D
3
It must have been after two o' clock in the morning when the last guests took their leave, and 1 we had enjoyed their company, my wife and I 2 quite thankful to shut the door 3 them. We left all the dirty dishes and glasses 4, and after opening a few windows to let some fresh air in and the smell of stale 5 out, we climbed into bed and fell asleep.
I 6 asleep for more than hour when I awoke with a strong smell of smoke in7 . Still half asleep, I 8 into the lounge, and there, through 9 clouds of smoke, I saw that one of the curtains was10 fire. I should have closed the windows then without delay, but 11 I tried to beat out the flames with a folded newspaper. 12 this failed I rushed into the kitchen to 13 a bucket and filled it with water. At the same time I shouted to Barbara, who 14 dialed ll9 to call the fire brigade 15 coming to my aid. We had to work at top speed carrying buckets of water from the kitchen to prevent the flames, 16 by the breeze from the windows, from spreading. We 17 to put out the fire but we managed to keep it 18 in control until the arrival of the fireman. Fortunately, they arrived promptly and they had little difficulty 19 out the flames.
For most of the 20 of the day we worked hard.
1. A. asked B. took C. made D. waited
2 A. gathering B. companion C. company D. friendship
3. A. for B. on C. behind D. before
4. A. as they were B. here and there C. with us D. lying about
5. A. smoking B. tobacco C. food D. wine
6. A. mustn't have been B. must fall C. couldn't have been D. might fall
7. A. my nostrils B. the lounge C. our kitchen D. the sitting room
8. A. looked B. staggered C. opened D. searched
9. A. dense B. heavy C. tiny D. large amounts
10. A. in B. at C. near D. on
1l. A. once more B. once again C. this time D. instead
12. A. Unfortunately B. For C. When D. Still
13. A. catch B. lift C. get D. grasp
14. A. hurriedly B. s1owly C. purposely D. unwillingly
15. A. without B. before C. while D. after
16. A. brought B. fired C. lighted D. fanned
17. A. were unable B. knew how C. ought D. had
18. A. specially B. partial1y C. up D. back
19. A. to put B. of putting C. at putting D. in putting
20. A. trouble B. half C. rest D. fire
参考答案：
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. D 20. C
4
A hobby can he almost 1 a person likes to do in his spare time. As an activity people 2 to for pleasure, it takes in everything form 3 model ships to collecting stamps There are 4 a large number of hobbies that anyone can follow a satisfying hobby, 5 his age, position or income.
At one time, most people were too busy 6 a living to have many hobbies. 7. Things have been changed today since machines have greatly 8 the amount of time they must spend on their jobs. In the meantime, more people are retiring than 9 before, and also at all 10 ages. Those 11 are absorbed in hobbies never need to worry about 12 to do with their newly-found free time, and people who have 13 hobbies can benefit a lot. 14 the enjoyment these activities can 15, they can also help people relax 16 periods of hard work and, at the same time, provide them 17 certain knowledge. Sometimes hobbies can even 18 the friendship among those who 19 the same interest with each other. A famous doctor once expressed the values of hobbies by 20 "No man is really happy or safe without a hobby."
l. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing
2. A. turn B. go C. lead D. come
3. A. doing B. starting C. building D. raising
4. A. more B. so C. much D. such
5. A. in place of B. in front of C. in case of D. in spite of
6. A. working B. making C. finding D. having
7. A. However B. Therefore C. Still D. So
8. A. increased B. reduced C. doubled D. prevented
9. A. far B. just C. ever D. never
10. A. earlier B. shorter C. longer D. older
1l. A. they B. ones C. whom D. who
12. A. when B. how C. where D. what
13. A. taken up B. taken away C. taken down D. taken out
14. A. Instead of B. As a resu1t of C. Except for D. In addition to
15. A. support B. perform C. offer D. supply
16. A. before B. after C. in D. during
17. A. to B. for C. with D. by
18. A. improve B. continue C. damage D. insist
19. A. connect B. share C. demand D. bring
20. A. telling B. saying C. speaking D. talking
参考答案：
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. B
5
Henry's job was to examine cars which crossed the frontier to make sure that they were not smuggling anything into the country. Every evening except at weekends, he 1 see a factory worker coming up the hill towards the frontier, 2 a bicycle with a big load of straw on it. When the bicycle 3the frontier, Henry used to stop the man and 4 him take the straw off and 5 it. Then he would examine the straw very carefully to see 6 she could find anything, after which he would look in all man’s pockets 7 he let him tie the straw again. The man would then put it on his bicycle and go off down the hill with it. Although Henry was always 8 to find gold or jewelry or other valuable things 9 in the straw, he never found 10, even though he examined it very care fully. He was sure that the man was 11 something, but he was not 12 imagine what it could be.
Then one evening, after he looked 13 the straw and emptied the factory worker's pockets l4 usual, he l5 to him, “Listen. I know that you are smuggling things 16 this frontier. Won’t tell me what it is that day on the 17 . Tomorrow I' m going to 18. I promise that I shall not tell 19 if you tell me what you've been smuggling.” The factory worker did not say anything for 20. Then he smiled, turned to Henry and said quietly, "Bicycles."
1. A. should B. would C. might D. must
2. A. pushing B. pulling C. filling D. carrying
3. A. arrived B. appeared C. came D. reached
4. A. force B. order C. make D .call
5. A. show B. load C. untie D. loose
6. A. that B. where C. how D. whether
7. A. before B. thus C. first D. so
8. A. lucky B. expecting C. suspecting D. insisting
9. A. had been hidden B. hiding C. have been hidden D. hidden
10. A. nothing B. something C. stealing D. pushing
11. A. cheating B. possible C. able D. clever
12. A. capable B. possible C. able D. clever
13. A. through B. thoroughly C. upon D. up
14. A. then B. more C. as D. like
15. A. cried B. said C. ordered D. told
16. A. cross B. past C. across D. into
17. A. job B. work C. case D. duty
18. A. return B. retreat C. retire D. rest
19. A. everyone B. someone C. no one D. anyone
20. A. long time B. period C. moment D. some time
参考答案：
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. D
6
The world is divided into two main parts. The difference is 1one part is rich and the other is poor. In the poor part, a lot of people 2 get enough to eat. In the rich part, a lot of people eat 3 much. In one part, children starve and in the 4, a lot of people get fatter and have to go on diets, or do some special exercise in 5 to lose weight.
The poor countries are called the 6 countries. They have 7 problems. Sometimes the land is too poor to grow anything 8. The land can be 9 but a lot of things must be done first. New 10 methods must be introduced. The people must be educated. Water must be found.
Many of these problems are too big for one country to solve 11. Help should be given by richer countries, but it must be the right 12 of help. Money is not enough. The developing countries must be hoped to 13 themselves.
But rich countries have problems too. They are not always very pleasant places to live in. Usually, it is the thing that make them rich 14 also make them unpleasant.
Sometimes the air is too dirty to 15 and the rivers are too dirty to swim in 16 to take water from.
Perhaps almost 17 has a car, but the roads are too crowed to drive 18. And sometimes, even in these countries, large numbers of people do hot have nice houses to live in. 19 will be done about these two problems too. The air and rivers have cleaned and more 20 will have to be built.
1. A. between B. that C. only D. not
2. A. always B. can C. may D. never
3. A. so B. very C .too D. less
4. A. else B. other C. another D. others
5. A. body B. order C. life D. time
6. A. rich B. third C. developed D. developing
7. A. no B.specia1 C. few D. much
8. A. on B. up C. over D. above
9. A. interested B. measured C. improved D. done
10. A. teaching B. farming C. learning D. marking
11. A. alone B. along C. away D. by
12. A. time B. sort C. now D. then
13. A. solve B. prove C. produce D. help
14. A. this B. these C. that D. those
15. A. breathe B. have C. hold D. get
16. A. unless B. if C. but D. or
17. A. each B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody
18. A. along B. up C. down D. by
19. A. Anything B. Something C. Nothing D. Everything
20. A. houses B. factories C. hospitals D. schools
参考答案：
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. A
7
Some people have very good memories, and can easily learn quite long poem 1. There are 2 people, who can only remember things when they have said them over and over.
Charles Dickens, the famous 3 author, said that he could walk down 4 long street in London and then 5 you the name of every shop he had 6 . Many 7 men of the world have had wonderful memories.
A good memory is a great 8 in learning a language. Everybody learns 9 language by remembering 10 he hears when he is a small child. Some children—like boys and girls 11are abroad with their parents—seem to learn two languages almost 12.
The human mind is rather like a camera， but it 13 photograph not only of what we see but 14 what we feel, hear, smell and taste. When we take a real photograph 15a camera, there is much to do 16 the photograph is finished and ready to show our friends. 17 there is much work is be done before we can make a picture remain forever in the 18.
Memory is the 19 that we all carry about with20.
1. A. by heart B. from heart C. in heart D. at heart
2. A. others B. the other C. other D. another
3. A. French B. Eng1ish C. American D. German
4. A .a B. the other C. some D. any
5. A. tell B .say C. talk D. speak
6. A. passed B. traveled C. past D. gone
7. A. big B. great C. large D. good
8. A. development B. improvement C. advance D. help
9. A .its own B. their own C. his own D. own
10. A. what B. that C. which D. from which
11. A. whom B. who C. which D. what
12. A. so easy B. as easily as C. as easily as one D. so easily as one
13. A. produces B. develops C. makes D. takes
14. A. like B. of C. as D. through
15. A. with B. by C. of D. in
16. A. although B. since C. before D. after
17. A. In the same way B. Almost the way C. As the same as D. The same as
18. A. brain B. heart C. head D. mind
19. A. thing B. diary C. life D. book
20. A. it B. them C. us D. ours
参考答案：
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. C
8
A library is a place to find out about almost anything. In it there are mostly 1 ,but there are 2 pictures, papers, magazines, maps, and records. Special science and art shows, story hours, films, plays and contests may also be 3 in a library.
Long ago, a library only had books, and these were 4 to get. There were 5 books that no one was 6to take them out of the library. After the printing machine was 7, books could be made 8 and libraries got more books.
To borrow a book to be taken 9 today, a person just needs a library card. The person goes to the main desk to have a library helper 10 the book out. The helper prints the card with the 11 by which the book must be returned to the library. If the book is returned 12 , the person must usually pay money for having 13 the rule.
Books in a library are put into a certain 14 to help people find 15 they want. In some libraries, all books16 animals might be placed together. In other libraries, all books written by the 17 person may be placed together, Cabinets (柜). Of cards list each book and tell 18 it can be found.
People who lived 19 may have trouble getting to a library building. For those people, there’re libraries on wheels that 20 from place to place.
1. A. books B. letters C. articles D. maps
2. A. too B. either C. also D. mostly
3. A. asked B. heard C. brought D. held
4. A. nice B. simple C. easy D. difficult
5. A. little B. few C. much D. many
6. A. helped B. seen C. allowed D. moved
7. A. invented B. discovered C. found D. noticed
8. A. thicker B. slower C. faster D. thinner
9. A. home B. there C. to the library D. to the contest
10. A. put B. bring C. take D. check
11. A. date B. place C. person D. helper
12. A. on time B. in time C. early D. late
13. A. kept B. broken C. had D. obeyed
14. A. mark B. letter C. order D. word
15. A. it B. what C. which D. that
16. A. about B. in C. for D. among
17. A. Chinese B. different C. same D. foreign
18. A. what B. where C. here D. there
19. A. in the city B. in the library C. in the countryside D. in the school
20. A. pull B. drive C. travel D. wander
参考答案：
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C
9
Football is, I suppose, the most popular game in England. One of the most 1 things about football in England to a stranger is the great2 of the game which even the smallest boy seems to have. He can tell you the names of the 3 in most of the important teams. He has photographs of them and 4 the results of large numbers of matches. He will tell you, with a great air of authority (权威), who he expects will 5 such a match, and his6 is usually as valuable as 7 of men three or four times his age.
Most schools in England take football much more 8 than nearly all European schools, where lessons are all important, and games left for private arrangements. In England, it is believed that 9 is not only a matter of 10 a boy's mind with facts in the classroom education but also 11 character training and one of the best 12 of training character is by means of games, 13 teams, where the boy has to learn to work with others for his team, 14 working selfishly for himself alone. 15 the school arranges games and matches for 16 pupils. Football is a good team game, and also a good17 for the boy. It needs skills 18 quick brain. Besides, it is popular and 19. As a result, it become a favorite game 20 in winter.
1. A. disappointing B. surprising C. frightening D. exciting
2. A. order B. name C. knowledge D. arrangement
3. A. players B. games C. farts D. teams
4. A. guesses B. checks C. puzzles D. knows
5. A. win B. beat C. play D. have
6. A. story B. opinion C. lesson D. brain
7. A. it B. them C. this D. that
8. A. carelessly B. seriously C. hardly D. quickly
9. A. education B. sport C. character D. skill
10. A. helping B. filling C. making D. putting
11. A. makes B. brings C. tells D. means
12. A. ways B. matches C. matter D. schools
13. A. luckily B. immediately C. regularly D. especially
14. A. in spite of B. in front of C. instead of D. in the course of
15. A. And B. But C. Or D. So
16. A. it B. its C. them D. their
17. A. exercise B. skill C. job D. way
18. A. now and then B. because of C .as well as D. side by side
19. A. cheaper B. smarter C. poorer D. richer
20. A. in hospital B. in school C. at sea D. at whom
参考答案:
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. B
10
Before the 20th century the horse provided day to day transportation in the United States. Trains were used only for long - distance transportation.
Today the car is the most popular 1 of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 2 the horse as a means of everyday transportation. Americans use their car for 3 90 percent of all personal 4 .
Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was $ 2,050 in l950, $2,740 in 1960 and up to $4,750 7 l975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the9 family increased from l950 to l975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes smaller 12 of a family's total earnings today.
In 1951 proportionally 13 took 8.1 months of an average family's 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family's annual earnings. By l975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the l975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years.
The influence of the automobile extends throughout the economy 18 the car is so important 19 Americans. Americans spend more money to 20 their cars running than on any other item.
1. A. kinds B. sort C. mean D. types
2. A. avoided B. reproduced C. replaced D. chosen
3. A. hardly B. nearly C. certainly D. somehow
4. A. trip B. works C. business D. voyage
5. A. buy B. sell C. race D. see
6. A. quickly B. regularly C. rapidly D. recently
7. A. on B. in C. behind D. about
8. A. raising B. making C. reducing D. improving
9. A. unusual B. interested C. average D. biggest
10. A. slowest B. equal C. faster D. horrible
11. A. bringing B. obtain C. bought D. purchasing
12. A. part B. half C. number D. side
13. A. thus B. it C. which D. those
14. A. income B. work C. plans D. debts
15. A. used B. spent C. cost D. needed
16. A. month’s B. dollar’s C. family D. year
17. A. famous B. dollar’s C. family D. buying
18. A. then B. as C. so D. which
19. A. to B. in C. of D. about
20. A. start B. leave C. keep D. repair
参考答案：
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. C
11
Mr. Thomas and his wife had taken their nine-year-old granddaughter to Paris for a short holiday. One morning they set off 1 a ride on one of the Metro lines where the trains run on rubber wheels. In changing from one line to 2 the child was 3 behind on the platform (站台) in the rush to 4 on the train. 5 that Mr. and Mrs. Thomas 6 do was to get out at the next station and ask a station official to phone back to 7 the child taken care of . They caught the very 8 train back and were delighted to see the little girl 9 patiently on a bench10 the opposite platform.
By the 11 they had crossed over, the child had vanished (消失). An official told 12 that he had 13 to her (in French, of course) and she had immediate1y run away. There followed an hour of searching (搜索) 14 passage (通道) in the station until finally Mr. Thomas went to the police， who agreed 15 continue the research. One police16 had the clever idea of telephoning the hotel 17 they were staying. 18 a relief to hear that the child had been rescued by a kind young lady and 19 back to the hotel. The child, who spoke no French, had 20the name of the Metro station near the hotel.
1. A. or B. for C. in D. By
2. A. another B. the other C. others. D. an other
3. A. 1eaving B. to leave C. left D. Being left
4. A. get B. go C. come D. take
5. A. Since B. Now C. So D. All
6. A. wanted B. liked C. could D. have to
7. A. have B. who C. where D. ask
8. A. good B. first C. fast D. quickly
9. A. set B. sitting C. to sit D. Be set
10. A. on B. in C. down D. off
1l. A. way B. means B.. time D. day
12. A. him' B. child C. father D. them
13. A. said B. told C. talked D. spoke
14. A. a B. several C. all D. every
15. A. with B. to C. in D. on
16. A. who B. that C. officer D. men
17. A. which B. where C. in that D. whenever
18. A. What B. How C. However D. Whoever
19. A. A. come B. taken C. gone D. returned
20. A. known B. liked C. just talked D. got
参考答案：
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. A
12
From the earliest time it was well 1 to the Peruvians(秘鲁人) that when a cut 2 made in the thick skin of a 3 tree, a white liquid like milk came 4. From this fluid (流体) a stick 5 of rubber might be made. This rubber is 6 and wax-like when warm so that it is 7 to give any form.
The Peruvians 8 the discovery that it is very good for 9 out water. Then in the early 10 of the century they made overshoes to 11 their feet dry.
Then a certain Mr. Mackintosh 12 selling coats of cloth, which were13 with, rubber Today Mackintosh raincoats are still 14 after him.
But these first rubber shoes 15 raincoats were unpleasantly soft and sticky in 16 . The were also stiff (硬的) and very 17 in winter. They were 1ike wax a1though they 18 a stronger.
But the rubber 19 use today has been improved. It is 20 sticky but soft and elastic（弹性的） and strong enough for any season.
l. A. seen B. known C. talked D. heard
2. A. was B. has C. will D. may
3. A. orange B. apple C. rubber D. peach
4. A. from B. out C. up D. through
5. A. border B. mass C. knife D. raincoat
6. A. soft B. hard C. fast D. stubborn
7. A. possible B. important C. competing D. uncertain
8. A. found B. wrote C. returned D. made
9. A. sinking B. finding C. keeping D. raining
10. A. halves B. sort C. part D. kind
11. A. clean B. keep C. form D. run
12. A. disappeared B. disturbed C. developed D. appeared
13. A. appointed B. rich C. full D. lined
14. A. seemed B. named C. touched D. made
15. A. or B. but C. and D. so
16. A. summer B. March C. l9l8 D. winter
17. A. snowy B. cold C. expensive D. beautiful
18. A. produced B. decided C. felt D. guessed
19. A. she B. he C. we D. I
20. A. always B. some C. neither D. not
参考答案：
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. D
13
A man was driving from surrey to Washington. 1 a strange noise from the back of the car, he 2 got out to take a look. He 3 the whee1s carefully, but 4 he found nothing wrong, he continued 5 his way. The noise began almost 6 and now it was louder than7. Quickly turning his head to look back, the man saw 8 appeared to be a great black cloud following the car. When he 9 at a gas station farther on, he was told that a queen bee 10 somewhere in his car be
cause his car was covered 11 bees.
The poor driver telephoned the police and 12 what had happened. The police decided that the best way 13 the situation would be to call a local beekeeper. 14 the beekeeper arrived. He found tbe unwelcome passenger 15 near the rear axle (后轴) of the car. Very grateful 16 the river for this unexpected gift, the beekeeper took the17 and her thousands of followers home in a large box.18 grateful, the driver drove away 19 free from the" black cloud" which20 over his car.
l. A. Seeing B. Watching C. Hearing D. Looking
2. A. regularly B. readily C. naturally D. with difficulty
3. A. saw through B. examined C. repaired D. checked in
4. A. while B. since C. in that D. unti1
5. A. on B. by C. through D. towards
6. A. rapid B. immediately C. horrible D. fairly quick
7. A. ago B. ever C. elsewhere D. just then
8. A. that B. which C. what D. where
9. A. removed B. speeded up C. wandered D. stopped
10. A. were hidden B. must be hidden C. will be hidden D. must hide
11. A. by. B. from C. with D. out of
12. A. told B. talked C. expressed D. explained
13. A. to deal with B. to look through C. to lead to D. to get ho1d of
14. A. In no time B. In any event C. In a short time D. In other words
15. A. hidden B. to be bidden C. to be hiding D. be hidden
16. A. of B. for C. to D. about
17. A. working bee B. queen C. beekeeper D. driver
18. A. Typically B. Unexpectedly C. Frequent D. Equally
19. A. at length B. at last C. instead of D. at present
20. A. had hanged B. was hanged C. had hung D. have been hanging
参考答案：
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. C
14
People in general hate mice, but one mouse has won the hearts of the people all over the world —the1 Mickey Mouse.
Fifty years 2 most movies were 3. A man named Walt Disney 4 a cartoon mouse that could 5 in his movies. He named his mouse Mickey Mouse. People 6 the talking mouse. Soon Mickey became a great success with 7 young and old people. Children loved to see their lovely 8 ,because he brought joy and laughter to them.
Mickey was a 9 mouse right from the beginning. Perhaps this is one reason 10 people who 11real mice love Mickey Mouse. In his early life Mickey made some mistakes. People were very 12 . They13 Disney and said that they did not want Mickey to do 14 things.15 there were certain things that Mickey could not do, Disney made a 16 animal named Donald Duck. He also made a17 called Pluto. This dog does stupid things and makes mistakes 18 he goes. Now our Mickey Mouse is not only clean, but 19important, he appears 20a star of beauty and wisdom. He has his friends in almost every country.
1. A. wins B. is winning C. won D. has won
2. A. big B. small C. famous D. beautiful
3. A. black B. white C. noise D. silent
4. A. made B. did C. drew D. found
5. A. run B. fly C. talk D. walk
6. A. were very excited at B. were very excited in C. was very excited at D. was very excited in
7. A. all B. both C. every D. all of
8. A. dog B. movies C. cartoon D. friend
9. A. dirty B. clean C. green D. yellow
10. A. why B. when C. which D. that
11. A. love B. don't love C. hate D. don't hate
12. A. glad B. angry C. busy D. worried
13. A. wrote to B. asked C. told D. helped
14. A. good B. easy C. silly D. bright
15. A. When B. As C. Where D. While
16. A. little B. pretty C. new D. young
17. A. hen B. dog C. sheep D. cat
18. A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. what ever
19. A. much B. more C. most D. the most
20. A. like B. look like C. as D. so as
参考答案：
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. B 20. C
15
In a small town far away, a man1some money 2 a house. The police began to3 the thief, and found him4two days. They brought him to the police station and asked a 5 policeman to take him to the city by train.
The policeman and the thief set out 6 the road to the station. On their way they came to a7 8 bread was sold.
“We have no food and we must eat something in the train.” said the thief. "It is a long 9 to the city. I'll go into this shop and buy some bread 10 we can eat it in the train. Wait here for me.”
The policeman 11, and he waited in the street for a long time. At last he went into shop.
"Where's that man 12 came in here to buy some bread " asked the policeman.
“Oh, he went out of the13door.” said the shopkeeper.
The policeman 14 out of the back door, but he could not 15 the thief. So he had to go back to the police station and everybody was very 16 with him.
All the police 17 the town began to look for the thief again, and they soon caught him. Then they called 18 policeman to take him to the city.
19 the same shop, the thief asked to go in and buy some bread again.
"Oh, no," said the policeman. “This time, I' ll go into the shop and buy the bread, and you 20 wait here for me. !”
1. A. took B. stole C. fetched D. carried
2. A. in B. at C. from D. of
3. A. look B. 1ook for C. find D. find for
4. A. in B. for C. before D. at
5. A. fat B. thin C. tal1 D. new
6. A. along B. by C. at D. in
7. A. house B. school C. shop D. building
8. A. when B. where C. which D. that
9. A. road B. street C. way D. walk
10. A. so as B. so as to C. so that D. as for
11. A. agreed B. agreed with C. agreed to D. agree in
12. A. he B. who C. whom D. which
13. A. front B. back C. big D. small
14. A. went B. jumped C. ran D. walked
15. A. find B. see C. look D. watch
16. A. surprised B. angry C. satisfied D. happy
17. A. in B. at C. of D. outside
18. A. same B. the same C. different D. the different
19. A. By pass B. By passing C. On pass D. On passing
20. A. can B. may C. must D. have to
参考答案：
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. C
16
Mary likes the cinema very much. She has1 lessons and no 2 on Saturdays,3 she always goes to the cinema that afternoon. She prefers funny films 4 other 5 of films. She usually goes with some of her school friends, and they all sit together and eat nuts and ice-cream and laugh 6 something happens. They are always very happy 7.
Last Saturday Mary 8 a film about a funny man. His name was Percy. Percy was fat and had a big, black 9 on his upper lip. He went out one night to 10 with his friends when his wife was 11. When he was going home 12, a dog 13 him and tore his 14 pocket, so Percy lost his key. He tried 15 up a ladder to get 16 his house17 a window, but he slipped down the ladder and made 18 terrible noise. His wife woke up and cried, “Help!Thieves!” Someone telephoned the police and a truck 19 policemen arrived. Percy ran away, but he slipped and fell into 20 at the side of the river.
l. A. not B. not a C. no D. no a
2. A. homework B. homeworks C. a homework D. houseworks
3. A. but B. for C. yet D. so
4. A. with B. for C. to D. on
5. A. kind B. kinds C. kind D. any
6. A. when B. while C. since D. where
7. A. at the cinema B. at cinema C. in cinema D. in cinemas
8. A. watched B. looked C. saw D. noticed.
9. A. whiskers B. whisker C. moustache D. beard
10. A. play card B. play a card C. play the cards D. play cards
11. A. sleep B. asleep C. sleepy D. slept
12. A. at the midnight B. at midnight C. in the midnight D. on the midnight
13. A. ran after B. ran into C. ran against D. ran away
14. A. trouser B. trousers C. a trouser's D. trousers
15. A. climb B. to climb C. climbing D. limbed
16. A. on B. in C. onto D. into
17. A. over B. on C. through D. from
18. A. an B. the C. a D. /
19. A. was full of B. full of C. is full of D. full with
20. A. the mud B. mud C. a mud D. muds
参考答案：
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. A
17
Once you have reached London, you can go1 in taxis, buses, or by 2. I myself like the 3, as it is rapid, easy and cheap. There are so many cars and buses in London that one 4drive along the roads quickly 5 many stops. The underground is therefore usually quicker than taxis or buses. If you do not know London 6, it is very difficult to find the bus you 7. You can take a taxi, but it is much more expensive 8 the underground or a bus. 9 underground you find good maps 10 tell you the names of the stations and 11 you how to get to them, so that it is easy to find your 12.
Let us 13 that I have just arrived 14 London from France. My train stops at Cambridge. I, therefore, have to get from Victoria Station to Liverpool Street Station. If I have a lot of things to carry, I have to take a taxi, 15, as I have already said, is much more expensive than a bus or the underground. If I have not many things to 16, I can go 17 some stairs from Victoria Station to the underground station, 18 an electric train there and go 19 under the ground to Liverpool Street Station, where I will again come out 20 the 1ight of day to continue my trip.
l. A. forward B. on C. ahead D. about
2. A. underground B. a underground C. an underground D. the underground
3. A. former B. earlier C. later D. latter
4. A. can B. cannot C. doesn't enable to D. is able to
5. A. have B. haven't C. with D. without
6. A. very good B. very well C. very little D. very many
7. A. take B. get C. want D. like
8. A. rather than B. to C. then D. than
9. A. On B. At C. Onto D. Into
10. A. which B. on which they C. in which they D. from which they
1l. A. answer B. show C. teach D. explain to
12. A. street B. road C. way D. address
13. A. think B. suggest C. propose D. suppose
14. A. for B. to C. on D. in
15. A. what B. which C. that D. where
16. A. carry B. carrying C. be carrying D. carried
17. A. down B. downward C. down in D. down on
18. A. enter B. enter in C. enter on D. enter onto
19. A. to B. at C. along D. from
20. A. for B. onto C. at D. into
参考答案：
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. C
18
During the l9l4--l9l8 World War, an American named Gordon joined the British army and was sent to France 1 a sergeant. He worked in a hospital 2 had a small lab. Sergeant Gordon 3 many experiments in the lab. After a few months he said that he had 4 a "death ray" machine, "When I 5 my machine." he said , "I can 6 anybody if I point the7 at him." He showed his officers a dead rabbit 8 said that he had killed it with his machine.
Most of the officers thought that the machine was a 9 invention and their army would be able to 10 it. They wanted to use it to kill 11 soldiers. One of the officers felt 12 it, so he asked an inspector to watch Sergeant Gordon careful1y. The inspector's name was Wilson. He 13 that he was an uneducated soldier and was given a job sweeping the floor of the lab. While Sergeant Gordon was14 lab, Inspector Wilson looked 15 the "death ray" machine and saw that it was 16. Then one day he saw Sergeant Gordon with a bottle of poison. He saw the sergeant give 17 to a rabbit. A few minutes later the rabbit died.
Inspector Wilson told the army officers 18 he had seen. Sergeant Gordon was taken to an army court. He lost his 19 of 8ergeant and was sent to 20 as an ordinary soldier. A few months later he was killed in a battle against the Germans.
1. A. with B. for C. form D. as
2. A. which B. where C. it D. he
3. A. watched B. did C. tested D. worked
4. A. done B. discovered C. invented D. found
5. A. call on B. ring up C. switch on D. ask for
6. A. kill B. see C. save D. find
7. A. gun B. machine C. stick D. lab
8. A. and B. but C. or D. then
9. A. useless B. very small C. very important D. benefit from
10. A. but B. learn form C. deal with D. benefit from
11. A. American B. German C. British D. French
12. A. doubt about B. interested in C. afraid of D. satisfied with
13. A. expected B. was told C. pretended D. hoped
14. A. in B. cleaning C. near D. out of
15. A. inside B. after C. for D. at
16. A. very good B. cheap C. no good D. all right
17. A. a little B. little C. much D. few
18. A. that B. what C. all which D. how
19. A. honour B. name C. rank D. pay
20. A. study B. fight C. sweep D. prison
参考答案：
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. B
19
Traditionally, the American farmer has always been independent and hard-working. In the eighteenth century farmers 1 quite self sufficient. The farm family grew and made almost everything it needed. The surplus (剩余) crop 2 sold to buy a few items in the local general store.
In l860, although some of the farm population 3 moved to the city, eighty percent .of the American population .4 still rural. In the late nineteenth century, farm work and life 5 not much changed from what they 6 in older days. The farmer 7 at dawn or before and had many chores (家庭杂事) to 8, with his own muscles as his chief source of power. He 9 axes, spades, scythes, pitchforks and other simple tools. In his house cooking 10 done in wood-burning stoves, and the kerosene lamp (煤油灯) was the only improvement on the candle. The family's recreation (娱乐) and social life 11 chiefly 11a drive in the wagon to the nearby small town or village to transact (处理) some business as well as to 12 gossip 12neighbors who 13 also 13 to town.
The children 14 a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they 15to walk every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term 16 short so that the children17 on the farm.
Although the whole family 18 worked, and life 19 not easy, farmers as a class20 self reliant (自力更生) and independent.
1. A. was B. were C. has been D. are
2. A. would be B. had C. had been D. would
3. A. had been B. /. C. had D. has
4. A. were B. was C. has been D. had been
5. A. were B. are C. was D. has been
6. A. has been B. were C. had been D. been
7. A. arise B. rise C. raise D. arose
8. A. be done B. do C. have done D. doing
9. A. use B. used C. were used D. was used
10. A. has been B. had been C. was D. were
11. A. consist…of B. consisted…of C. be consisted…of D. be consist…of
12. A. exchanged…to B. exchange…of C. exchange…with D. exchanged…with
13. A. had…come B. had been… come C. have…come D. have been …come
14. A. take part in B. attended C. join D. attend
15. A. had B. have C. were D. was
16. A. had been B. was C. were D. is
17. A. can help B. can have helped C. could help D. could have helped
18. A. have B. had C. had been D. /
19. A. was B. were C. is D. easy
20. A. was B. were C. has been D. had been
参考答案：
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. B
20
It was an early morning in summer. In the streets, sleepy-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their 1. This was the beginning of another 2 day in New York City. 3 this day was to be different.
Waiting 4 the crowded streets, on top of a 5 110 stories high, was Philippe Petit. This daring Frenchman was about to 6 a tightrope (绷索) between the two towers of the World Trade Center.
Philippe took his first 7 with great care. The wire held. Now he was 8 he could do it 9 only a balancing pole, Philippe walked his way across, a 10 of l3l feet.
Soon the rush-hour 11 began to notice. What a 12! There, 1350 feet above the street, a 13 figure was walking on air.
Philippe made seven 14, back and forth. He wasn’t satisfied with just 15. At times, he would turn, sit down, and 16 go on his knees. Once, he had the astonishing 17 to lie down on the thin thread. And thousands of 18 watchers stared with their hearts.
After the forty-five-minute 19, Philippe was taken to the police station. He was asked 20 he did it. Philippe shrugged (耸肩) and said, "When I see two tall buildings, I walk."
1. A. jobs B. homes C. buses D. officers
2. A. working B. hot C. same D. ordinary
3. A. And B. So C. But D. Thus
4. A. for B. in C. by D. above
5. A. roof B. position C. wall D. building
6. A. throw B. walk C. climb D. fix
7. A. act B. landing C. step D. trip
8. A. sure B. uncertain C. glad D. nervous
9. A. Through B. Against C. With D. On
10. A. distance B. height C. space D. rope
11. A. streets B. crowds C. passengers D. city
12. A. height B. pleasure C. wonder D. danger
13. A. great B. strange C. public D. tiny
14. A. experiments B. circles C. trips D. movements
15. A. wa1king B. staying C. acting D. showing
16. A. almost B. even C. often D. rather
17. A. spirit B. result C. strength D. courage
18. A. patient B. terrified C. pleased D. enjoyable
19. A. show B. trick C. try D. program
20. A. how B. why C. whether D. when
参考答案：
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. B 19. A 20. B
21
Waves are beautiful to look at, but they can destroy ships at sea, 1 houses and buildings near the shore. What 2 waves Most waves are caused by winds 3 over the surface of the water. The sun heats the earth, 4 the air to rise and the winds 5 . The winds blow across the sea, pushing little waves into 6 ones. The size of a wave 7 how strong the wind is and how long it blows, and how 8 the body of water is. 9 a small bay big waves will never 10. But at sea the wind can build up giant, 11 waves. A rule says that the 12 of a wave ( in meters ) will usually be 13 one-tenth of the wind’s speed (in kilometers). 14 , when the wind is blowing at 120 kilometers per hour, most waves 15 twelve meters. Of course, some waves 16 combine to form giant waves 17 are much higher. In 1993 the United States Navy 18 the largest measured wave in history. It 19 in the Pacific Ocean to a 20 of thirty-four meters.
1. A. at B. as well as C. as D. and
2. A. causes B. happens C. finds D. takes
3. A. blew B. to below C. is blowing D. blowing
4. A. causing B. which cause C. caused D. causes
5. A. blowing B. to rise C. to blow D. rise
6. A. larger B. small C. long D. bigger and bigger
7. A. depends on B. depend on C. is D. determine
8. A. big B. large C. strong D. many
9. A. At B. On C. In D. To
10. A. blow B. call up C. build up D. to
11. A. small B. light C. beautiful D. powerful
12. A. height B. length C. width D. depth
13. A. only B. no more than C. just D. as
14. A. In other words B. In other word C. In another words D. In another word
15. A. are at B. is about C. will be about D. are around
16. A. must B. need C. should D. may
17. A. that B. what C. if D. whether
18. A. asked B. found out C. reported D. looked at
19. A. rose B. rise C. would rise D. have risen
20. A. high B. height C. till D. long
参考答案:
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. B
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中学英语语法系列之六 章法部分 之二
阅 读 理 解
一、阅读理解的简介
阅读理解是外语测试的一个重要手段，用以考查学生综合运用所学英语知识的能力。在考试中，阅读理解占有较大的比重。它是必考的题型之一。
阅读理解题型是针对整篇文章及其不同层次的意思来命题的，着重考内容。在阅读理解题中，假定学生对于词汇、语法或惯用法已有把握，不把这些作为考试的目标。
二、阅读理解的解题十法
一）意群的阅读
阅读时，把句子划分为若干意群，通过眼球的转动，扩大视野的幅度，扫视整个意群，整体体会意思。这就是意群的阅读。
在阅读每个意群时，要注意实词，如名词、动词、动词词组、形容词、副词、数词等，不必过多注意语法结构方面的虚词，如冠词、介词等。
下面是一个按照意群划分的一个段落示例：
In the winter / it is still dark / when he gets up, but during the rest of the year / it is light. Billy must deliver the newspapers / to the houses of people / on his route / in all kinds of weather. He tried to put each paper / at the door / where it will be protected / from wind and rain or snow. His customers think / he does a gooks job. Sometimes they give him tips.
二）阅读速度的分类
（1）最快的浏览速度
当要求找出语篇中某一特定的事实时，如时间、地点、日期、人名、电话号码、条目等，可以用此速度阅读。
（2）快速
当语篇比较容易，内容又较熟悉，阅读目的只在于掌握它的主要思想时，可以用此速度阅读。
（3）中速，也称正常速度
当要注意语篇中的细节和重要情节时，可以用此速度阅读。
（4）慢速，也称精读速度
当语篇较难，而且要求理解透彻，记忆牢固，注意每一个细节时，可以用此速度阅读。
阅读示例：
根据下面问题的要求浏览短文，找出答案。
（1）When do the boys and girls in America start school
（2）What is the other name for secondary school
（3）Why don’t the parents of public school pupils have to pay directly for their children’s education
（4）What do some of the college students do while they are studying
（5）What does a student do when he is not rich and wants to go to a college
I the United States, boys and girls start school when they are five years old. In some states they must stay in school until they are sixteen. Most students are seventeen or eighteen years old when they graduate from secondary school. Another name for secondary school is high school.
Most children go to public elementary schools and secondary schools. The parents of public school pupils do not have to pay directly for their children’s education because tax money supports the public schools. If a child attends a private school, his parents pay the school for the child’s education.
Today about half of the high school graduates go on to colleges and universities. Some colleges and universities receive tax money from the government. A student at a state university doesn’t have to pay very much if his parents live in that state. Private colleges and universities are expensive, however. Almost half of the college students in the United States work while they are studying. When a student’s family is not rich, he has to earn money for part of his college expenses.
三）说明文、议论文的主题句、发展句、结论句
一个完整的段落总是要表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括，这个句子就是主题句。
说明文、议论文的每一段落一般都有主题句，而且多数情况在没一段的开头。
发展句一般放在主题句之后，是对中心思想作进一步描述和说明，它是段落的主体。
结论句是对发展句中的内容做小结，从而深化主题句。
阅读文章，首先略看文章标题、文章长短等，对文章内容作简要的推测，作到“心中有数”后，再读文章，就容易抓主题句，弄清文章的中心论点。
阅读示例：
Sleep
It’s clear that sleep is necessary to everyone. Most people rarely think about how or why they sleep, however. We know that if we sleep well, we feel rested. If we don’t sleep enough, we often feel tired and irritable. It seems there are two purposes of sleep: physical rest and psychological rest. We need to rest our bodies and our minds. Both are important to our health.
Each night we have two kinds of sleep: active sleep and passive sleep. The passive sleep gives our body the rest that it needs, and prepares us for active sleep, in which dreaming appears. And we are beginning to understand the importance of the dream stage in our cycles.
Let’s look at the two different kinds of sleep. They are quite different. In passive sleep, the body is at rest. The heart slows down. We move very little. And the brain becomes inactive. The stage of sleep is known as slow-wave sleep because the brain waves move in a very slow, regular rhythm.
If a person continues to sleep, he or she enters a new stage, a more active stage. The body goes through several changes: the brain temperature rises, the amount of blood in the brain increases, the body becomes a very, very still, and the brain goes from being very inactive to being active. And as the brain becomes active, the eyes begin to move rapidly. When the eyes begin to move, this is a sing of another change ---- the change is that the person is dreaming.
Throughout the night, people have both a passive and an active sleep. The brain rests, then it becomes active, then dreaming occurs. The cycle is repeated; the brain rests, then it becomes active, then dreaming occurs. This cycle is repeated several times through the night. During eight hours of sleep, people dream for a total of one and a half hours on the average.
All people experience these dream cycles. Many people say they don’t dream, or that they rarely dream. Doctors have studied the sleep cycle and have found that everyone dreams ---- in fact, that everyone deeds to dream in order to stay health. It appears we need both kinds of sleep. We need passive sleep in order to rest our bodies. We need active sleep in order to dream. And dreaming helps us to rest our minds.
这篇文章一开始就说明“每个人都需要睡眠”。这一句就是主题句。
抓住了主题句，就抓住了文章的中心论点，就能掌握文章的内容发展。 文章中讲到“似乎睡眠有两个目的”，“这两种睡眠都需要”，这就是文章的发展句。
然后文章对两种睡眠进行了阐述，最后得出结论：两种睡眠都需要。积极睡眠便做梦，做梦有助于我们的大脑休息；消极睡眠，使我们的身体得到休息。两者对我们的健康都重要。
The main idea of this article is .
A. Sleep is important B. All people dream
C. Dreams are interesting D. Everybody dreams
答案应该选择A。 因为文章主要说明睡眠的重要性。
四）记叙文文体的主要情节和次要情节
记叙文体的主要情节是文章的主线，主要是指人物（who）、时间（when）、地点（where）、因果（why）、事件（what）等要点。
次要情节主要指文章中的细节描写，如景物、外貌特征、人物对话以及动作等描绘。
阅读示例：
阅读下列段落并分析主要情节。
One day, Uncle Li, a cap-maker, was on his way to the market to sell the caps. The day was hot and he came up to a big tree to have a rest. Then he sat down and went to sleep. When he woke up, he couldn’t find his caps.
“Where are my caps ” he cried and looked for them everywhere. When he looked up, he saw many monkeys in the tree. And each had a cap n its head. The man was very angry. He took off his own cap and threw it to the ground. To his surprise, all the monkeys did the same. At last he got back all his caps.
这篇文章一开始阐述了Uncle Li, a cap-maker 去市场卖帽子的事。这是文章的主要情节。 然后文章通过描写天气炎热、Uncle Li睡着后找不到帽子等一系列经过，引出了从猴子那儿要回帽子的有趣经过。这是次要情节。
五）归纳中心思想和论点的方法
对记叙文文体，可根据主要情节和重要段落归纳中心思想。
对说明文、议论文体，可以根据主题句和结论句来确定中心论点。
阅读示例：
阅读下列段文，归纳第一段的主要意思。
No one knows how men learned to make words. Perhaps he began by making sounds like those made by animals. Perhaps he made sounds like those he heard all round him. As the centuries went by, he made more and more new words. This is what we mean by language.
The first paragraph tells us .
A. how animals use sounds B. how men made words
C. men hear different sounds around him D. men made more and more words
六） 如何确定词义
语篇中经常会出现还未学过的单词或词组，或常用词在语篇中产生了新义，以及专业性较强的词语。阅读过程中，除了利用构词法此、语篇中的信息词以及历史文化知识等对这些词语作猜测外，还必须通过仔细阅读全文， 利用上下文所提供的情景和线索来确定词义。
阅读示例：
阅读下段文章，判断词义并指出划线词的意思。
The thrown-away spirit or the spirit of wastefulness has become part of American life and consumption only keeps rising. Besides, according to the economists, we depend so much on this wasting and buying that people will be probably be encouraged to consume even more in the years to come if the U.S. economy is to prosper.
要理解wastefulness，可以根据单词的构词法，waste是动词，意思是“浪费”，就可以推出 waste + -ful + -ness是其名词形式。知道 consume 是动词， 意思是“消费”，那么consumption就是其名词形式。
例如：
Children under 10 are forbidden to ride bikes in the streets.
假如不认识forbidden，只要分析整个句子，就可以知道此单词可能是“被同意”、“不允许/禁止”等意思。但根据句子种的under 10 来推敲，就很可能是“禁止”的意思， 而不大可能是“允许”或别的什么意思了。
联系上下文， 运用逻辑推理， 可以判断生词词义， 这是阅读中理解单词的好办法。一个好的阅读者，就是一个好的猜测。（A good reader is a good guesser.）
七）解答推断题的方法
推断题要求练习者对语篇中作者用含蓄方法表达的，或者没有直接明确说出的意思进行分析判断。 需要练习者在阅读理解整个语篇的基础上，注意把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，从字里行间捕捉能用来进行逻辑推断的提示和线索，并对之进行概括归纳、综合分析，而不是简单地停留在理解表层意义上。
阅读示例：
根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案。
Water is the “life blood” of our earth. It is in every living thing. It is in the air. It runs through mountains and valleys. It forms lakes and seas. Water is everywhere.
Nature has great water system. Rainwater finds its way to rivers and lades. River water runs into the sea. At the mouths of the rivers, fresh water joins the salt water of the sea.
Here at the mouth of a river there is much important plant and animal life. But pollution destroys this life. We have to clean our rivers. Man has to work with nature ---- not against it.
1. Water is like .
A. clouds B. blood C. rain D. life
2. is in every living thing.
A. Blood B. Water C. Salt D. Air
3. The mouth of a river is near .
A. the sea. B. a lake C. a mountain D. a valley
4. There is much plant and animal live at the of the river.
A. head B. top C. mouth D. foot
5. The water in lakes and rivers comes from .
A. rain B. mountains C. valleys D. the sea
6. We have to our river.
A. find B. use C. clean D. work with
1. 仔细阅读第一段，继而分析 Water is the “life blood” of our earth 这句，它的中心意思是： 水像人身上的血液一样，它是地球生命的血液。所以答案是B。D是迷惑选项。不能说水像生命，但是若不理解第一段意思，仅从字面life blood猜测，必然走入歧途。
2. 第二题所给的四个选项中，B是最确切的答案。
3. 地吴题从主观推断，A, B, C都可能是答案。可能认为河水、湖水是从山上流下来的，而且第一段有it runs through mountains and valleys 这句，从而得出错误结论。解答这题必须抓住短文的关键句：Rainwater finds its way to rivers and lakes. River water runs into the sea.自然界水的体系是：雨水通过各种渠道流入河流、湖泊，河水汇入大海。所以答案是A。
答案是B, B, A, C, A, C。
八）辨认特定细节的方法、
辨认特定细节题较确认情节题难度大，而且较浪费时间。根据所提供的选项，练习者要分清哪些是真实的，哪些是不真实的，必须将被选项中提供的线索逐一对照语篇中的特定细节部分，从而正确判断每个选项是否符合题目的要求。
阅读示例：
阅读短文，判断下列聚句子是否符合文章要求.
I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the center of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.
Which one of these statements is true
1. A. The writer has been in Australia for six months.
B. Tim is a mechanic and he’s working in Australia.
C. Tim is working for an Austrian firm.
D. Tim is working for a big firm as an engineer.
2. A. Tim has been in Darwin for six months.
B. It’s the first time Tim has ever been to another country.
C. Perth is in the center of Australia.
D. Tim’s brother has never been abroad before.
答案是D，B。
九）确认事实和情节的方法
对记叙文文体，要弄清并准确把握主要事实与情节，理顺他们跟其他细节之间的关系，捕捉跟事实或情节发展密切有关的词语。一般来说应该注意who, when, where, what, why 5个方面， 有时还要注意how。
对说明文、议论文文体，要注意主题局、展开或阐明主题或中心思想的例证、数据或有关信息。
阅读示例：
阅读下列短文， 判断是非。
You are a scientist from China and you are at an international meeting in London. You want to communicate with scientists from Japan, America, France and some other countries. What language do you speak with them The answer is probably English.
Today, nearly 600million people around the world use the English language. Only half of these people speak English as their first language.
Why is English useful for international communication One of the reasons is that many science books and papers are written in English. Scientists from different countries often learn English so that they can use their English for international communication. English is truly a world language.
( ) 1. You are a Chinese scientist.
( ) 2. The meeting is in England.
( ) 3. English is the first language of nearly 600 million people.
( ) 4. All science books and papers are in English.
( ) 5. Scientists learn English in order to use it for international communication.
1.a Chinese scientist 与原文a scientist from China属不同词组，但表达了同一个意思。
2. You are at an international meeting in London. 伦敦就在英国，答案是对的。
3. English is the first language of … 与原文… people speak English as their first language形式略异，意思相同。但在审题时，不能只看短文中有600这个数字，就写下答案，文章中指世界上6亿用英语的人只有一半人把英语用作母语，所以答案是F。
4. 题目中all与原文many不相符，所以答案是F。
5. 不定式短语 in order to…替代了原文中的目的状语从句so that …，表示同一个意思。因此答案是对的。
答案是T, T, F, F, T。
十）如何选定语偏篇名和标题
语篇偏名或标题通常表达语篇的中心思想，必须是简明扼要地突出语篇中的主要观点或情节，不能过于空洞，不着边际，也不能过于具体，或断章取义。解答此类题目，必须避开过于空洞或过于具体的备选选项，尤其对于那些直接引自语篇的措辞，更需仔细推敲，因为它们往往带有一定的迷惑性。若语篇没有主题句，或难以在语篇中找到有关的线索或信息，那就必须反复阅读语篇，从事实或现象中进行归纳总结。
阅读示例：
My parents both like walking and swimming. They are both interested in reading and music. But my father prefers history books while my mother likes detective stories and women’s magazines. In music, they have the same tastes. Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children. They both give their children love and responsibility, and neither one believes in punishing a child physically. At times, their personalities are very much alike, but at other times, they seem very different. Perhaps that is why none of their four children knows which parent he takes after.
The topic of the passage may be .
A. My Father B. My Mother C. Parents and Children D. My Parents
这篇文章篇名应该选D。因为文章主要阐述父母的爱好、性格的相似，他们在培养教育孩子方面观点一致。文章中虽讲到了孩子，但主要还是说明父母亲对孩子的爱与责任。如果不仔细推敲，很容易受到迷惑，而去选C，认为文章的标题是父母亲与孩子们。
三、阅读理解的解题注意事项
了解了阅读理解题的要求之后，在具体做起来时还要注意下面几点：
1.一定要通读全文。在通读时不要计较一两个单词，应以掌握全文大意为目标。由于阅读理解是速度测验（Speed Test），最好看全文一遍就能基本上看懂。如果一遍不够可再看一遍。在阅读的时候特别要注意文章的第一段和各段的第一句，在这里不妨多花点时间，多下点功夫。这样做，全文和各段读起来就容易理解一些了。
2.要利用学习汉语的经验，抓住全文的中心思想，也要注意各段的大意，不要抓枝节或个别现象。
3.要抓文章的关键词语，特别是各段第一个句子中的关键词语。
4.如果个别词看不懂或忘记了，既不要着急，也不要放弃，可以从上下文慢慢推测出其意思。
5.要根据文章作者的思路来回答问题，注意作者的态度、语气与风格，理解作者本人的意向。在回答关于中心思想的问题时，要仔细就全文想一想，不要被个别词句所迷惑。
另外，在解答时；如果材料内容熟悉或早已感兴趣，可先看问题后看文章，以便在阅读时心里有寻找答案的意念，这样可以节省阅读时间。对于内容不熟悉或词句很深的材料，可先看文章后看问题。少数问题答不上可暂时跳过，待做完全卷后再来补做。如仍无把握，可根据文章大意去提出可能正确的答案。
巩固练习
1
"Equal pay for equal work" is a phrase used by the American women who feel that they are un-fairly treated by society. They say it is not right for women to be paid less than men for the same work.
People who hold the opposite view (mainly men) have an answer to this. They say that men have more responsibilities than women; a married man is expected to earn money to support his family and to make the important decisions, and therefore it is right for men to be paid more. There’re some people who hold even strong views than this and are against married women working at all. When wives go out to work, they say, the home and children are given no attention to. If women are encouraged by equal pay to full-time jobs, they will be unable to do the things they are best at doing: making a comfortable home and bringing up children. They will have to give up their present position society.
This is exactly what they want to give up, the women who disagree say. They want to escape the limited place which society expects them to fill, and to have freedom to choose between a career and home life, or a mixture of the two. Women have the right not only to equal pay but also to equal opportunities.
These women have expressed their view forcefully by using the famous statement: “All men are created equal.” They pointed out that the meaning of this sentence was “all human beings are created equal.”
1. The women use the phrase "equal pay for equal work" to demand that .
A. men should be paid 'less than women
B. women, s work should not be harder than men's
C. men and women should be paid the same amount of money for the same work
D. people doing harder work should earn more
2. People who disagree with the women's view believe that .
A. women cannot make important decisions
B. men have to work much harder than women
C. men can earn money more easily than women
D. Men’s responsibilities are different from women's
3. What exactly do the women who disagree want to give up
A. Their home life. B. Their present position in society.
C. Their career. D. Their right to equal pay.
4. The women who disagree say that .
A. women need opportunities to go out of the house more often
B. women want more freedom in deciding the kind of life they live
C. women are no longer interested in taking care of their homes
D. if women are given equal pay, their opportunities will be greater
5. The women use the statement "all men are created equal" to show that .
A. in American society men and women should be equal
B. the position of women has changed a little in modern times
C. men and women had equal power in early American society
D. all men enjoy equal rights in American society
2
This morning, Bob Lee left home very early, against the wishes of his father, to see the ships at Port Richards. He saw a small fire at one end of the S. S. PANAMA (船名). There was no body else around, and in no time, the fire grew dangerously big.
Young Bob stood at the foot of the stairway up to the ship and shouted at the top of his voice. He woke up the port workers living near by, who were enjoying a Sunday morning in bed.
The S. S. PANAMA was one of six big ships in port at the time, all of which were within twenty-five meters of old buildings, shops and houses, of wood. What is more, the S. S. PANAMA was carrying oil, as well as paint, and paper from ports in the Far East.
The fire burned a lot of boxes of paper, which is why it spread very quickly. That end of the ship was now black with smoke, but thanks to (由于) Bob Lee, the fire did not reach the paint or the oil.
Bob was also lucky because his father was pleased rather than angry with him.
6. When Bob Lee saw the fire, he .
A. was at home very early on a Saturday morning
B. was standing at the foot of the stairway up to the ship
C. was at one end of the S. S. PANAMA
D. was on the ships at Port Richards
7. It was a small fire, .
A. and it grew bigger very slowly B. and luckily it stayed small;
C. but it grew big very quickly D. and so it was not dangerous
8. The six ships were .
A. not much more than twenty-five meters from the shops
B. not with the S. S. PANAMA at the time
C. less than twenty-five meters from the building
D. more than twenty-five meters from the building
9. The fire .
A. burned boxes of paper and made part of the ship black
B. Burned the paper and a little of the oil
C. Burned the paint but not the oil
D. reached the paint but did not burn it
10. Which of the following is true
A. Bob's father was angry with him at first because he set fire to the ship. But he became pleased when he learned that it was Bob who reported the fire.
B. Bob's father was pleased because his son could go to the port by himself and found the fire.
C. Bob’s father was pleased to have taken Bob to the port and have found the fire.
D. Bob’s father didn't like him to go to the port at first.
3
The elephant is the biggest four-legged animal in the world. It is also, perhaps, the gentlest but not always!
Elephants are like us in some ways. They live for a long time-fifty or sixty years. They can remember things very well. They never forget great sadness or great happiness. If a female elephantine her daughters and her granddaughters are sad for many months. They never forget a dear friend
Elephants are like us, but they are also different. They live in families, families of females. There’ll be a few young males-a few " baby boys". But the females will soon send them away. An elephant family keeps only its daughters, mothers and grandmothers.
The females stay together for fifty, sixty — a hundred years. The older animals look after the younger ones. The mothers teach their daughters and set a good example.
And what happens to male elephants Well, the young males stay with their mothers for a time. Then they must leave the family. A bull elephant (公象) does not often have a friend. He lives apart away from the family, and often away from other bulls.
Sometimes the females call a bul1. He can visit them then, and stay for a time. But soon his "wives" and sisters send him away again. The females have a very happy family life. What do the bulls think a bout it We don' t know.
11. Why does the writer say" The elephant is not always the gentlest “
A. Because it is not like human beings in every way.
B. Because it is not kind to all the males.
C. Because female elephants take care of the young.
D. Because an elephant family only keeps females.
12. A male elephant lives away from his family .
A. when he is too old to take care of the females B. to meet other bull elephants
C. to look for its own father D. some time after he is born
13. It can be learned from the passage that .
A. elephants, like human beings, have a good memory
B. only female elephants will feel sad a bout the death of others
C. a dear friend is most important to an elephant family
D. what an e1ephant can remember is only sadness or happiness
14. The reason that a bull elephant does not often have a friend is that .
A. he never forgets the family he used to have B. he does not think it is necessary
C. he hopes to be back to the family later D. he 1ives alone most of his lifetime
15. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A. Female elephants can usually live longer than males.
B. No elephant can stay in its family till death.
C. A male elephant never cares for the family life.
D. Females play a major role in an elephant family.
4
Mrs. Baker’s sister was ill. She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday, but not at the weekend. So every Friday evening Mrs. Baker used to go off to spend the weekend with her at her home in a neighboring town. But as Mr. Baker could not cook, she had arranged for his sister to come over and spend the weekend looking after him at their home.
This meant that Mr. Baker had quite a busy time when he came home from work on Friday evenings. First he had to take his train and then drove home from the railway station. Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her train. And then he had to wait until his sister's train arrived, so as to take her to his house.
Of course, on Sunday evening he had to drive his sister to the station to catch her train back home, and then wait for his wife's train, so as to bring her home.
One Sunday evening he had seen his sister off on her train and was waiting for his wife's arrival when a porter, who had often seen him at the station, came over and spoke to him. "You are having a lot of fun," the porter said. " But one day one of those women is going to catch you with the other, and then you will be in real trouble!"
16. Who looked after the sick person on weekdays
A. Mr. Baker’s sister. B. Mrs. Baker. C. Mrs. Baker’s sister D. Someone acting as a nurse.
17. How did Mr. Baker get to work
A. By bus and train. B. By train. C. By car and train. D. By car.
18. Mr. Baker did not have to go to the railway station .
A. on weekdays B. on weekends C. on Sundays D. on Saturdays
19. On weekdays .
A. Mr. Baker himself did the cooking B. Mrs. Baker cooked for Mr. Baker
C. a sister of Mr. Baker’s cooked for him D. he ate in a restaurant
20. Which of the following is true
A. Mr. Baker would be in real trouble because he was having a lot of fun.
B. Some day one of the two women would get angry with Mr. Baker.
C. Those two women did not know each other.
D. The porter did not understand what Mr. Baker was doing.
5
Telephone, television, and radio all help people communicate with each other. Because of this, ideas and news of events spread (传播) quickly all over the world. For example, within a seconds, people can know the results of an election (选举) in another country. News of a natural disaster such as an earthquake can bring help from distant countries. Within hours, help is on the way. Because of modern technology, information travels faster.
How has this speed of communication changed the world To many people, the world has become smaller. Of course this does not mean that the world is actually smaller than before. It means that the world seems smaller. Two hundred years ago, communication between the continents took a long time. All news was carried on ships that took weeks or even months to cross the oceans. In the seventeenth century, it took six weeks for news from Europe to reach America. This time difference affected people's actions. For example, one battle in the War of l812 between England and the United States could have been avoid. A peace agreement had already been signed . Peace was made in England, but the news of peace took six weeks to reach America. During this six weeks, the large and serious Battle of New Orleans was fought. Many people lost their lives. They would not have died if news had come in time. In the past, communication took much more time than it does now. There was a good reason why the world seemed so much larger than it does today.
21. News spreads faster now because of .
A. modern transportation B. new technology
C. the changes of the world D. a peace agreement
22. According to this passage, is very important to people in a disaster area.
A. fast communication B. modern technology C. latest news D. new ideas
23. Which of the following is true
A. The world now seems smaller because of faster communication.
B. The world is actually smaller today.
C. The world is changing in size.
D. The distance between England and America has changed since the War.
24. Two hundred years ago, news between the continents was carried .
A. By telephone and telegraph B. By land C. By air D. By sea
25. The New Orleans Battle could have been avoided if the peace agreement had been signed .
A. By both sides B. in time C. in America D. in England
6
Mr. and Mrs. Brown were going abroad for their holiday. They had a dog called Blockier which they were very fond of, but they could not take him abroad with them, so they looked for a good place, to leave him while they were away, and at last found a place which looked after dogs very well while their owners were away. They took Blockier there just before they left for their holiday, and sadly said good-bye to him.
At the end of their ho1iday，they got back to England very late at night, and as they thought that the place where Blockier was staying might be closed at that late hour, they decided to wait until the next morning before going to get him. So the next morning Mr. Brown got into his car and drove off happily to collect Blockier.
When he reached home with the dog, he said to his wife, "Do you know, dear,
I don' t think Blockier enjoyed his stay at that place very much. He barked all the way home in the car as if he wanted to tell me something.
"Mrs. Brown looked at the dog carefully and then answered, “ You are quite right, dear, he was certainly trying to tell you something. But he was trying to tell you that he hadn't enjoyed his stay that place; he was only trying to tell you that you were bringing home the wrong dog.
26. Mr. and Mrs. Brown were and they were going to .
A. English; America B. American; England C. English; another country D. German; abroad
27. Blockier was .
A. sent to his home B. sent to a hotel
C. sent to a care-taking place D. sent abroad to spend his holiday
28. After their holiday, Mr. and Mrs. Brown didn’t get Blockier back immediately because .
A. they no longer liked him B. the place where Blockier stayed was surely closed
C. it was too late to take a taxi or a bus D. they were afraid of failing to get Blockier at that hour
29. When Mr. Brown came back with a dog, what he said to his wife meant .
A. Blockier was badly treated B. Blockier enjoyed his stay at the place
C. Barkier began to hate Mr. Brown D. Blockier seemed very hungry
30. After Mrs. Brown looked carefully at the dog, she knew .
A. what her husband said was right B. her husband took the other one instead
C. it was exactly their own dog D. her husband was too careless
7
To us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. Its first use was as a shade against the sun!
Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, way back in the eleventh century B. C.
We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol(象征) of honor（荣誉） and authority（权威）. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella]a was allowed to be used only by royalty (王族，王室) or by those in high office.
In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans.
During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically (实际上) disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And again it was considered a symbol of power and authority. By l680, the umbrella appeared in France, and later on in England.
By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight, it wasn't until the twentieth century that women's umbrellas began to be made, in a whole variety of colors.
31. According to this passage, the umbrella was probably first invented .
A. in ancient China B. in ancient Egypt C. in ancient Greece D. in ancient Rome
32. Which of the following statements is not true about the umbrella
A. No one exactly knows who was the inventor of the umbrella.
B. The umbrella was first invented to be used as protection against the sun.
C. The umbrella changed much in style in the eighteenth century.
D. In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella.
33. A strange feature of the umbrella's use is that it was used as .
A. protection against rain B. a shade against the sun
C. a symbol of honor and power D. women's decoration
34. In Europe, the umbrella was first used against the rain .
A. during the Middle Ages B. by the eighteenth century C. in Rome D. in Greece
35. This passage talks mainly about .
A. when and how the umbrella was invented B. why the umbrella was so popular in Europe
C. the development of the umbrella D. the history and use of the umbrella
8
The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americans from being discovered by the people of Europe.
Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. 0ne idée was that it reached out to "the edge of the world". Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator (赤道)the ocean would be boiling hot.
The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it is still very large. It is more than 4, 000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest ，it is about 2,000 miles wide.
Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world’s saltiest ocean.
There is so much water in the Atlantic Ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers, it would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up.
Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it. A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Planes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four.
36. In fact, "the edge of the world" .
A. is a long distance from the Atlantic B. is right off the earth
C. separates the Old World from the New D. does not exist because the earth is round like a ball
37. For hundreds of years, the Atlantic Ocean
A. made the people of Europe discover the Americans
B. made the Americans discover the people of Europe
C. kept the Americans unknown to the people of Europe
D. kept the Americans under cover
38. The Pacific is .
A. as large as the Atlantic Ocean B. twice as large as the Atlantic Ocean
C. only half as 1arge as the Atlantic Ocean D. twice as wide as the Atlantic Ocean
39. The Atlantic ocean appears different than other ones with .
A. lots of water in it B. very few islands in it
C. a 1arge amount of salt in its water D. both B and C
40. The Atlantic Ocean seems to have grown smaller because .
A. it is a great highway
B. Co1umbus sailed across it
C. ways of traveling become faster and faster
D. it takes more time to make a trip by ship than by plane
9
A man from the city had a new automobile of which he was very proud. He wanted to try it out, so he drove into the country one afternoon. He drove along admiring the good points of the car, without paying any attention to the road. When he finally looked around, he realized that he didn't know where he was, but he kept on driving, hoping to find a town or at least a house.
At last, when it was getting dark, he saw a small wooden cottage just off the road. A young boy was chopping (劈柴) wood nearby. The man stopped the car and ca1led out to the boy, “ Where does the road go " "It doesn't go anywhere. It just stays where it is,” the boy replied as he went on with his work.
"How far is it to the next town "
"I don’ t know. I’ve never measured it," he said.
In a very angry voice the man said, "You don' t know anything. You are the biggest fool I have ever seen."
The boy stopped his chopping, looked at the man a long time, and then said, "I know I don' t know anything, but I' m not grown-up."
41. The man got lost because .
A .he was in a strange country B. he wasn't thinking about where he was driving
C. someone gave him wrong directions D. there were no towns
42. The man thought his new car .
A. might cause accidents B. was the latest mode
C. was pretty good D. might get damaged
43. The man met the boy .
A. in the city B. in the late afternoon C .at midday D. when he was nearly mad
44. After asking a couple of questions, the man .
A. became angry B. thought the boy was funny C．laughed at the boy D. drove on
45. The young boy was .
A. quite healthy B. very informative C. quite helpful D. not at all informative
10
Today anyone will accept money in exchange for goods and services. Peop1e use money to buy food, furniture, books, bicycles and hundreds of other things they need or want. When they work, they usually get paid in money.
Most of the money today is made of metal or paper. But peop1e used to use all kinds of things as money. One of the first kinds of money was shells. Shells were not the only things used as money. In China, cloth and knives were used. In the Philippine islands, rice was used as money for a long time. Elephant tusks (象牙), monkey tai1s, and salt were used as money in parts of Africa. Catt1e were one of the earliest kinds of money. Other anima1s were used as money, too.
The first metal coins were made in China. They were round and had a square hole in the center. People strung them together and carried them from place to place. Different countries have used different metals and designs for their money. The first coins in England were made of tin (锡). Sweden, Russia used copper (铜) to make their money. Later, countries began to make coins of gold and sliver.
But even gold and silver were inconvenient (不方便) if you had to buy something expensive. Again the Chinese thought of a way to improve money. They began to use paper money. The first paper money looked more like a note from one person to another then the paper money used today.
Money has had an interesting history from the days of shell money until today.
46. Rice was used as money for a long time .
A. in an European country B. in parts of Africa
C. in ancient China D. in the Philippine islands
47. The word "strung" in this article probably means .
A. tied B. came C. carried D. selected
48. People began to use paper money because they .
A. wanted to buy expensive goods B. wanted to save gold
C. found it more valuable D. found it more convenient
49. Coins in different countries are made of
A. different metals but of the same design B. the same metals but of different design
C. different metals and of different design D. the same metals and of the same design
50. The best topic of the article is .
A. How Many Kinds of Money Are There in the World B. Why People Began to Use Paper Money
C. Money in Different Countries D. The History of Money
11
One of the tallest and most interesting animals is the giraffe (长颈鹿). Girths are usually about 16 meters tall. Half of the giraffe's height (高度 ) comes from its neck, which is longer than its legs.
A giraffe has big brown eyes which are protected by very thick lashes (睫毛). Since it lives in parts of Africa which are usually dry with a great deal of dust, the ashes are an important source of protection (保护). The giraffe can also cover its nostrils (鼻孔) in order to protect its nose. It has brown spots on yellowish brown skin and this coloring helps protect the giraffe. The giraffe also has two short horns on its head.
Like the camel, the giraffe can go a long way without drinking water. One source of water is the leaves, which the giraffe eats from trees. Since it is so tall, the giraffe can reach the leaves at the top of a tree.
Giraffes usually live in small herds and often feed with other animals. A baby giraffe is 2 meters all at birth. It can stand up by itself within a few seconds and can run well in about two days.
Giraffes have 2 ways of self-protection. If something frightens a fully-grown giraffe, it can gallop away at about fifty kilometers per hour or stay to fight with its strong legs.
5l. A good title for this passage might be .
A. Africa and the Giraffes B. Giraffes and Camels
C. Self protection of the Giraffes D. The interesting Giraffes
52. A giraffe's neck is about .
A. two meters long B. three meters long C. four meters long D. six meters 1ong
53. It's very common to see a giraffe .
A. struggle alone B. with other giraffes C. in all parts of Africa D. fight with its neck
54. From this story, we know that .
A. camels need less water than giraffes
B. girths sometimes eat tree leaves for water
C. camels need more water than giraffes.
D. giraffes can go for a long time without drinking and eating
55. The word "gallop" in the last paragraph probably means .
A. run B. fight C. walk D. struggle
12
Many, perhaps, more American students have part-time jobs. This is necessary because higher education in the United States in not free, but costs a large amount of money. It is difficult for parents who are not very rich to provide (提供) children with all the money they need at school, so students themselves have to try to earn (挣得) money.
It is possible for them to work on campus. Their school may hire them as teaching assistants, secretaries, workers in offices and libraries, waiters or waitresses in restaurants. They can work as long as 24 hours a week and are paid by the hour. It is also possible for them to work outside their school in factories, stores and supermarkets, or help families to clean rooms, do repair or babysitting.
At many colleges, the summer holidays are as long as three to four months. This is a very good chance for students to work full-time somewhere and get more money than they can from part-time jobs.
American students are usually active in class. They like to ask questions and enjoy discussions. A professor's lecture may be interrupted from time to time by questions. This does not annoy him because questions show that students are listening to him attentively and are using their heads.
Some students like to work independently (独立地) on the subjects they have chosen. To these students the library is most important, for they rely more on books in the library than on lectures that are given by their teachers.
In short, many American students like to be independent.
56. Many American students have part-time jobs because .
A. higher education in the United States is free of charge
B. the cost of higher education there is very great
C. some parents don' t have enough money to keep their children at school
D. both B and C
57. They can get part-time jobs .
A. either on campus or outside their school
B. only in the summer holidays
C. as waiters or waitresses in offices and libraries
D. as repairmen or baby-sitters in stores and supermarkets
58. Students like their summer holidays because .
A. they are almost half a year long B. they can have a happy time
C. they can work full-time and get more money D. they are prevented from part-time jobs
59. Professors are not annoyed at students' questions, thinking that
A. students dislike discussions B. students get them into trouble
C. students don' t have to go to the lectures D. students work hard and think deeply
60. The library is most important to .
A. those who rely more on books than on lectures B. those who like to read all sorts of books
C. professors who can borrow many books D. the students who rely on books in the library only
13
Joe Bogs always had a cigarette (香烟) on his lips. He smoked while he read, while he looked at the television, and while he drank a cup of coffee. He smokes forty cigarettes a day, but he was happy.
Joe's friend, Fred Brown, said to him，"It is very bad to smoke."
When Joe heard this, he started to worry and became thin. So he did not buy any more cigarettes. He became so thin that he went to Fred for help.
Fred said, "You must eat more." So Joe did not smoke but he ate Chocolate, and he became very fat. Again he went to Fred for help.
Fred said, "You must not eat chocolate." So, Joe stopped eating chocolate, but he went back to smoke cigarettes. He became thin again but he was not happy, because he still smoked. Sometimes Joe Bogs wished Fred Brown were not his friend!
61 When Joe became thin the first time it was because
A. he smoked too much B. he worried too much C. he stopped smoking D. he ate too little
62. The following sentences ten what happened to Joe. Which is the right order of the events.
A. He did not smoke; he ate chocolate; he was fat; he was unhappy
B. He smoked; he did not eat chocolate; he was thin; he was unhappy
C. He smoked; he did not eat chocolate; he was not fat; he was happy
D.ABC B.CBA C.BAC D.CAB
63. In the end Joe was unhappy about his friendship with Fred because
A. Fred's advice had brought him no good
B. he never liked being told what to do
C. he in fact had never really trusted Fred
D. Fred had given him the wrong advice on purpose
64. What kind of person would you say Joe was
A. He was not the kind of person who used his head much
B. He had to will power to carry out a decision
C. He was not happy to let others make decisions for him
D. He was always changing his mind and was never satisfied
65. What is the writer trying to tell us with this story
A. One should think and decide for oneself B. One should ask friends for help and advice
C. Smoking is bad for one's health D. Chocolate is bad for one's health
14
The room was dark and still. Only one boy was still awake. He sat on the edge of his bed at a far corner of the room. Slowly and carefully, he made small holes across a piece of paper with a sharp stylus（铁笔）. Every two or three minutes he stopped and ran his fingers across the raised dots on the opposite（反） side of the paper. A whisper came from the next bed, "Louis, are you still making dots You' d better stop and get some rest. The teacher will be angry if you fall asleep in class." The reply came slowly. '' I know. I'm almost finished now. Go back to sleep, Gauthier." Louis Braille， inventor of the Braille reading system (盲文) for the blind, put his pepper and stylus on a table behind his bed He stood up and walked across the room to an open window. He hardly noticed the cool April wind brush his face. He knew his system wou1d work despite (不管) what others thought.
66. This text is mainly about .
A .a blind boy's life B. two boys' talk at night
C. how hard Braille studied in his youth D .how the Braille method was invented
67. Why did Braille stop making dots and run his fingers across the paper from time to time
A. To learn to read B. To check his work
C. Because he was tired D. Because it was too dark to see
68. The main reason the other boy asked Braille to stop was .
A. the teacher would be angry if he knew Braille did not sleep
B. he cou1d not go to sleep with Braille working
C. other boys in the room would be waken up by the noise he made
D. he thought Braille needed some sleep
69. From the text we know .
A. Braille was an orphan living at school
B. Braille was studying at a school for blind children
C. people did not believe Braille would succeed in his work
D. the teacher didn’t think Braille was a good student
70. The story tells us Louis and Gauthier were .
A. orphans living and studying in the same school
B. friends working together on the Braille system
C. classmates
D. brother
15
The world's population today is about 5000 million. The important thing is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase. It works out to be about 1.6 percent every year after the number of deaths has been taken away. This means something like seventy-two million more people every year.
I’m not talking about birth rate. This is clear increase. To give you some idea of birth rate, look at the second hand of your watch. Every second three babies are born somewhere in the world. Another baby! another baby! Another baby! You can' t speak quickly enough to keep up with the birth rate.
Another reason why the population is going up rapidly is due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of what is coming to be called Death Control. You may have heard of Birth Control. Death Control is something rather different. Bad conditions, which we have made better by an improved standard of living, caused a lot of diseases. But now medical care helps to keep people alive longer. We used to think seventy was a good age; now eighty, ninety, it may be, are coming to be regarded as a normal age for human beings.
By A. D. 2000, there will be as many as seven thousand million people on the surface of this earth. So the control of the population is one of the greatest world problems, which face us at the present time.
7l. The world's population is increasing because .
A. the number of babies born every year is about l.6 percent of the total population.
B .the birth rate is much higher than the death rate.
C. the birth rate is going up by about l.6 percent every year.
D. the death rate is going down by about l.6 percent every year.
72. Seventy - two million .
A. is equal to about l.6 percent of the world is population
B .is the number of people in the world today
C .is the number of babies in the world today
D. is the number of people dying every year
73." Death Control" means .
A. a rather different kind of Birth Control B. Control of the world's population
C. Control death rate. D. The spread of knowledge in the world.
74. Two things have made people livelonger. They are .
A. Birth Control and Death Control. B. the spread of diseases and the increase in population.
C. High birth rate and low death rate. D. Medical cares and better living conditions.
75. To control the world is population, we must
A .let the death rate go up B. lower the birth rate
C .let the bad living conditions be D. lower the birth rate and raise the death rate.
16
TOKYO — Our kids, the Japanese government announced, have forgotten how to behave. They can' t be bothered with housework. If they see someone being wronged, they probably look the other way.
Few countries have placed more importance on being well behaved in public than Japan. The simplest requests for directions often result in guided tours. Smiling shopkeepers are still the rule. Lost wallets usually make their way back to their owners.
But according to recent surveys, all that may be going the way of the ancient hair-do（发式）. And Japan's government has gone into something of a crisis mode (危机时刻).
A Japanese Education Ministry survey formed late in l999 and made public last month found that Japan moves behind other nations in teaching youngsters Tight from wrong.
It also reported that Japanese children are less helpful and do far less housework than their foreign peers (同龄人) in all classes. But they are better about taking dirty dishes to the kitchen after dinner.
In addition, Japanese kids are more likely to dye their hair and carry cell phones than their American and Chinese kids, according to another survey, by a Tokyo-based think-tank (专家小组).
Children in about 8 per cent of public sehoo1 classrooms are so disorderly that teachers cannot hold lessons, further recent reports show. Children refuse to sit, to listen or to stop talking.
Older and middle-aged Japanese continue to have a solid sense of good manners and social justice(正义，公正), says Professor Yeshiva Hirano from Shinto University, who was appointed to direct the ministry's survey.
Despite the knowledge of good manners among adults, the breakdown in manners may be spreading, he said.
76. From the first paragraph, we can infer that .
A. the Japanese government has gone bad
B. kids in Japan have a bad memory
C. kids in Japan seldom help their parents with housework
D. kids in Japan are too busy to help others
77. The second paragraph seems to show us that .
A. the education system of Japan is better than that of any other country
B. shopkeepers in Japan are too kind to their customers
C. Japanese kids often find wallets on their way to their schools
D. Japanese adults in public places act politely to each other
78. The underlined phrase "made public" in this passage means .
A. known to all B. used by everyone
C. related to everyone D. found by everyone
79. It is implied in this passage that Japanese kids .
A. spend much time doing their homework B. lead an advanced modern life
C. have their hair cut too often D. often wash dishes after dinner
80. From the last three paragraphs we can conclude that .
A. older and middle-aged Japanese should set examples to their kids
B. Japanese schools are supposed to punish some rude kids
C. it is difficult for Japan to prevent its kids from becoming impolite
D. Japanese kids have become tired of staying at school
17
A rabbit is running into its hole. You will ask, "What has this to do with language "
Well, when a rabbit sees something dangerous, it runs away. Its tail moves up and down as it runs. When other rabbits see this tail moving up and down, they run too. They know that there is danger. The rabbit has told them something without making a sound. It has given them a signal.
Many other animals use this kind of language. When a bee has found some food, it goes back to its home. It cannot tell the other bees where the food is by speaking to them, but it does a little dance in the air. This tells the bees where the food is.
Some animals say things by making sounds. A dog barks, for instance, when a stranger comes near. A cat purrs when pleased. Some birds make several different sounds, each with its own meaning. But human beings have something that no animal has—a large number of words which have the meanings of things, actions, feelings or ideas. We are able to give each other information, to tell or inform other people what is in our mind or how we feel. By writing words down we can remind ourselves of the things that have happened, or send messages to people far away. No animals can do this. No animal has the wonderful power of language.
No one knows how man learned to make words. Somehow he learned to make them. As centuries went by, he made more and more new words. This is what we mean by language.
People living in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred different languages in the world. A very large English dictionary, for example, contains four or five hundred thousand words. But we do not know all these. The words we know are called vocabulary. We should try to make our vocabulary larger. Read as many books as possible. When we meet anew word, look it up in the dictionary. A dictionary is the most useful book.
81. When a rabbit gives the other rabbits a signal of danger, it .
A. runs into its hole B. stops to move its tail
C. runs with its tail moving up and down D. stops moving its tail up and down as it runs
82. A dog can tell something .
A. by giving signals B. by making different sounds C. by purring D. by barking
83. It has been proved that no animal is able to .
A. give the others information
B. tell the others how it feels
C. express its actions and feelings with words
D. make different sounds, each with its own meaning
84. Generally speaking, what we mean by "vocabulary" is .
A. all the words that we know B. more and more words we use
C. all the words we need D. the dictionary which contains thousands of words
85. We must in order to make our vocabulary larger.
A. make more and more new words B. learn more languages
C. look up any new words in a dictionary D. try to read as many books as possible
18
I was on the move by sunrise next morning. There was one place I knew better than any of them, the river valley, because I' d examined it carefully for day.
I kept moving north， hour after hour, all through the day. After a night sleep, I started out again, and at two o' clock the next afternoon I reached the large lake.
I knew what l was going to do...cause plenty of trouble! I had to get Howard to come out into the open.
Howard's camp was at the north end of the lake. I could hear no sounds of work; he had probably told most of the men to stop working and look for me. He must want to find me pretty badly.
I waited until dark, and then I looked for the food store. It was easy to find. I took some tins of food and put them into my bag. Already an idea had come to me.
86. Why did the author know the river valley well
A. He had spent time studying it. B. He was cleverer than the others.
C. He had passed an examination. D. He was interested in nature.
87. When did he reach the lake
A. By sunrise next morning. B. In a few hours. C. During the night. D. On the second day.
88. Why did he know Howard's men were looking for him
A. There was a camp at the end of the lake. B. Nobody seemed to be working.
C. They were moving very quietly. D. The work was being done badly.
89. What did he think Howard would do
A. Try to cause trouble. B. Give him some food.
C. Find him if he possibly could. D. Look for him after dark.
90. Why did he go to the food store
A. He was feeling hungry. B. He knew where to find it.
C. He had some food for Howard. D. He had thought of a plan.
19
Without ever being formally taught, most of us understand the unspoken message of our own culture. For instance, people in the United States learn that when we move the head up and down, it means, "yes", when we shake the head from side to side that means "no". No one had to be taught what these movements mean. Problems result however, when people come into touch with other people who have a different way of expressing the same message.
An American visiting the country of Turkey can get into a lot of trouble if he or she doesn’t know the local customs. In Turkey, the head movements to show "yes" or "no" are almost the exact opposite to those in the United States. To an American, this movement for "no" is like the Turkey movement for "yes". Imagine what happens when an unaware (不知道，不明白的) American tourist asks the way to get back to the hotel. The nod of the Turk's head will certainly prove "misleading".
91. People can know the meaning of head's movements.
A. who have been taught B. who haven' t been formally taught
C. who have no any knowledge D. who have high education
92. The head moving forth and back means in America, but means in Turkey.
A. he agrees, he disagrees B. he doesn't understand, he hasn’t seen
C. he doesn't know, he knows D. he hasn't seen it, he has seen it
93. What will happen if an American doesn’t know the customs of Turkey
A. The American will get angry with the Turk. B. He will lose his way to the hotel.
C. He will quarrel with the Turk. D. He will come back to the hotel very soon.
94. The story tells us that .
A. a tourist must have a guide B. a tourist should learn foreign languages well
C. one should have high education D. different countries have different customs
95." Misleading" here means .
A. to show a wrong way B. to lead a life in the wrong way
C. to take a wrong road D. a bad leader
20
Once there was a pauper（穷人）who never played up（奉承） wealthy people. A rich person once asked him, “I am rich. Why don’t you flatter me ”
"The money you have is yours, ”the pauper replied. "Why should I flatter you "
"Well, then I suppose I gave one fifth of my money to you, would you flatter me then "
"That would be unjust. I still wouldn't do it."
"If I gave you half of my wealth, would you flatter me "
"In that case, I wou1d be your equal, why should I flatter you "
“Well, suppose I gave you all of it, I' m sure you would flatter me then "
"In that case, I would be the rich man. There would no longer be any point in my playing up to you!"
96. A rich man had so much money that he wanted a poor man to him.
A. respect B. be good to C. flatter D. beg
97. According to the passage the poor man play up to the rich man.
A. was not willing to B. should not C. could not D. would not
98. At last the poor man didn't play up to the rich man, did he
A. Yes, he didn't B. No, he did. C. Yes, he did. D. No, he didn't
99. What does it mean, "There would no longer be any point in my playing up to you! "It means .
A. I should no longer play up to you B. there would be no meaning in my playing up to you
C. I should not have needed to play up to you D. I was not used to playing up to you
100. What do you think of the poor man He was .
A. a happy man B. a brave man C. an impolite man D. a man of character
21
The size and location of the world is deserts are always changing, over millions of years, as climates change and mountains rise, new dry and wet areas appear. But within the last hundred years, deserts have been increasing at frightful speed. This is partly because of natural changes, but most responsible for creating deserts are men.
Man can make deserts, but they can also prevent them from getting bigger. Algeria (阿尔及利亚) is planting a green belt of trees along the edge of the Sahara Desert to stop the sand. In China, too, windbreaks are being bui1t in the northwest to keep the desert from growing. But deserts still threaten the world. Experts be1ieve that 1and that is on the way to becoming deserts equals the size of Australia, the U. S. S. R. and the United States put together. Can we stop the spread of the world’s deserts and save the land that is so essential (不可缺少的) to mankind Yes, we can. And we must.
101. The reason for the land turns into deserts is .
A. mostly because of the changing of the climates B. mostly because of the natural changes t
C. mostly because of men D. mostly because of the wind
102. Sahara Desert lies in .
A. Southwest Asia B. Northern Africa C. Latin America D. Australia
103. The word "windbreak" means .
A. trees planted as a belt to stop the wind
B. high walls as a belt to stop the wind
C. long and deep ditch as a belt to stop the wind
D. men stood side by side as a belt to stop the wind
104. The deserts still threaten the world in the way .
A. of increasing at an unbelievable speed
B. of spreading in Australia, the U. S. S. R., and the United States
C. of appearing new dry and wet areas in every part of the world
D. that they cause the changes of climates
105. Which of the following do you think is the best method
A. People move away from the land that is on the way to becoming deserts.
B. To build great walls to stop the wind and sand.
C. To plant trees and grass on the surface of the deserts.
D. To irrigate the deserts.
22
A man had to go to court, and he asked his lawyer which judge would be hearing his case. His lawyer told him and then said, "Do you know him "
The man answered, "No, but I wanted to know his name so that I could send him a dozen bottles of good wine."
The lawyer was terribly shocked. "You can't do that," he said. "You would be breaking the law very seriously, and you would be sure to lose the case.
Some weeks later the case was heard, and the man won it. As he was leaving the court, he said to the lawyer, "My gift to the judge was quite successful, wasn't it "
The lawyer was even more shocked than before, and said, "What Did you really send him that wine after what I told you "
"Yes, certainly," answered the man. "But I put my opponent's name on the card which I sent with the wine."
106. The man's lawyer .
A. didn't tell him the name of the judge who would be hearing the case
B. told him the whole case
C. told him the name of the judge who would be hearing the case
D. didn't like to tell him the name of the judge who would be hearing the case
107. What does "hearing his case,” mean
A. Listening to him before he goes into the court.
B. In charge while his business is being dealt with by the court.
C. Learning about his complaint (控告).
D. Making a new law.
108. The man thought he would by sending the judge a dozen bottles of good wine with his name.
A. lose the case B. win the case C. not

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