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2010高考英语专项训练. 任务型读写.
编者的话
英语课程改革的重点是将综合语言运用能力作为英语学习的终极目标。随着高中英语新课程改革的不断深入，各省在高考命题上做出了诸多有益的探索，分别推出了各具特色的任务型阅读题型。
编者以任务型阅读理念为指导，吃透英语课程改革精神，编写了本书，供高三学生复习迎考使用，同时也可作为非毕业班学生的泛读教材。在编写上，本书所选文章篇幅大多略多于300词，图表形式以常见表格为主，空缺设计兼顾筛选、整合、概括三个方面语篇信息处理和加工的能力。
本书具有以下特色：
一：最能体现命题思想和命题原则的，最能代表高考走向和命题规律的，是高考题和各地在教学实践中精编精选的模考题。实际上，每一届高三毕业班，无论是教师还是学生自己都是在努力收集历年高考题和模考题，做高考题和模考题成了高三学生的必修课。编者密切关注时效性，精选了各地市颇具借鉴意义的最新模考任务型读写题。
二：高考卷所选文章都是题材新颖，可诵可背，编者深入挖掘高考题的最大价值，精选部分省市高考卷的阅读篇章，将原来的完型填空或阅读理解，改编为任务型读写，谓之“典题新做”，这种大胆尝试是目前教辅教材中的首创。
三：编者还深入研究课程标准及考纲对学生阅读技能的要求，精选各英文媒体上的地道文章，精心设计成任务型读写题，最大程度上保持了原文风貌，让学生在紧张的复习中完善自己的应试技巧，还能品读一下地道优美的英文。
编者
2010年1月
典题新做篇（节选）
1 (2009年安徽卷阅读E)
A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with the total high rainfall spreading quite equally through the year and the temperature rarely dipping below l6℃. Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate. Without the forest cover，these areas would reflect more heat into the atmosphere, warming the rest of the world. Losing the rainforests may also influence wind and rainfall patterns, potentially causing certain natural disasters all over the world.
In the past hundred years, humans have begun destroying rainforests in search of three major resources (资源): land for crops, wood for paper and other products, land for raising farm animals. This action affects the environment as a whole. For example, a lot of carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) in the air comes from burning the rainforests. People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much more than we will benefit.
There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, when people cut down trees, generally they can only use the land for a year or two. Secondly, cutting large sections of rainforests may provide a good supply of wood right now, but in the long run it actually reduces the world’s wood supply.
Rainforests are often called the world’s drug store. More than 25% of the medicines we use today come from plants in rainforests. However, fewer than l% of rainforest plants have been examined for their medical value. It is extremely likely that our best chance to cure diseases lies somewhere in the world’s shrinking rainforests.
(304 words)
Topic
(1) ________ rainforests
Definition
an area covered by tall trees;
the total high rainfall spreading equally through the year;
the temperature always (2) _______ above l6℃.
(3) ______
(4) _______ heat from the sun;
adjust the climate
influence wind and rainfall patterns
(5) _______ value
Human (6)_______
(7) ______
search for:
land for crops;
wood for paper and other products;
land for raising farm animals.
(8) _______
affect the environment (e.g. (9) _______ much carbon dioxide);
suffer rather than benefit.
Reasons
use the land only for one or two years when cutting down trees;
provide the world’s wood supply in the (10) _______ run, but in fact reduce it.
(1) Shrinking (2) staying (3) Effect (4) absorb (5) medical
(6) destruction (7) Purposes (8) Results (9) producing (10) short
2 (2009年江西卷阅读E)
New archaeological discoveries suggest that trade between Europe and Asia along the Silk Road probably began in some form many centuries earlier than once thought. The findings, coupled with a widening range of scientific and historical research, could add a fascinating new page to the epic of the Silk Road.
The latest and most surprising discovery is pieces of silk found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy from about 1 000 BC, long before regular traffic on the Silk Road and at least one thousand years before silk was previously thought to be used in Egypt. Other research may extend human activity along this route back even further, perhaps a million years to the migration of human ancestors into eastern Asia.
The official origin of East-West commerce along the road is usually placed in the late 2nd century BC when an agent of the Chinese Emperor Wu-di returned from a dangerous secret mission (使命) across the desert into the remote high country of Central Asia. The agent, Zhang Qian, travelled as far as Afghanistan and brought back knowledge of even more distant lands such as Persia, Syria and a place known as Lijien, perhaps Rome. Historians have called this one of the most important journeys in ancient times. His journey opened the way for what have been thought to be the first indirect contacts between the ancient world’s two superpowers, China and Rome. Chinese silk, first traded to central Asian tribes for war horses and to the Parthians of old Persia in exchange for acrobats and ostrich eggs, was soon finding its way through a network of merchants to the luxury markets of Rome.
But the new discoveries show that Chinese silk was apparently present in the West long before the Han emperor started organized trade over the Silk Road. The research could change thinking about the early history of world trade and provide insights into the mystery of just how and when Europe and the Mediterranean lands first became aware of the glorious culture at the other end of Eurasia.
(340 words)
Paragraph outline
Supporting details
Introduction
New proofs has (1) _______ the start of trade along the Silk Road.
The latest discovery
The silk thread found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy, which may extend (2) _________ between the East and West.
Zhang Qian’s mission
The accepted official (3) _______ of East-West commerce along the Silk Road.
(4) ________
opened the way for the first (5) ______ contacts between the two ancient superpowers, China and Rome.
made Chinese silk (6) ______ to central Asia and Persia, and afterwards (7) ______ the luxury markets of Rome.
(8) _______
Show the (9) _______ of Chinese silk in the West long before the Han dynasty;
Change the thought of the early history of world trade;
Help find out the facts of the Chinese culture known (10) ___ the ancient West.
(1) advanced (2) communication (3) origin (4) Significance (5) indirect
(6) trade (7) enter (8) Conclusion (9) presence (10) by / in
原创冲刺篇（节选）
1
Harnessing Your Creative Powers: Think Like a Genius
According to author Michael Michalko, “Even if you’re not a genius, you can use the same strategies as Aristotle and Einstein to use the power of your creative mind and better manage your future.”
In The Futurist article “Thinking like a genius: Eight strategies used by the supercreative, from Aristotle and Leonardo to Einstein and Edison”, he explains that geniuses think productively, not reproductively.
“When confronted with a problem, they ask ‘How many different ways can I look at it?’... and ‘How many different ways can I solve it?’ instead of ‘What have I been taught by someone else on how to solve this?’ They tend to come up with many different responses, some of which are unconventional (不寻常的) and possibly unique.”
Michalko notes, “Geniuses prepare themselves for chance. Whenever we attempt to do something and fail, we end up doing something else. That is the first principle of creative accident. We may ask ourselves why we have failed to do what we intended, which is a reasonable question. But the creative accident provokes (引起) a different question: What have we done? Answering that question in a novel (新奇的), unexpected way is the essential creative act. It is not luck, but creative insight of the highest order.”
And “Geniuses produce. A distinguishing characteristic of genius is immense productivity. Thomas Edison held 1,093 patents, still the record. He guaranteed productivity by giving himself and his assistants idea quotas. His own personal quota was one minor invention every 10 days and a major invention every six months. Bach wrote a cantata (短篇乐章) every week, even when he was sick or exhausted... T.S. Eliot’s numerous drafts of The Waste Land constitute a jumble of good and bad passages that eventually was turned into a masterpiece.”
(296 words)
Title
Using your (1) _______ powers: Think like a genius
Main point
Use the power of your creative mind and better manage your future
How geniuses keep their (2)_________
Think (3) _________ , not reproductively:
They tend to (4) _______ out many different responses to a problem;
They get (5) _______ for creative chance, thinking about their (6) ________ in a different way.
(7) _______ of geniuses producing
Thomas Edison
Giving himself and his assistants idea (8) _____
(9) ______
Writing a cantata every week
T. S. Eliot
Making many (10) _______ of one work
(1) creative (2) creativity (3) productively (4) find (5) prepared
(6) attempts (7) Examples (8) quotas (9) Bach (10) drafts
2
Word Pictures Ignite (点燃) Readers’ Imaginations
When your writing assignment calls for you to set a scene or establish a mood, says Bruce Garrison in Professional Feature Writing, “your goal may include making the reader ‘see’, ‘feel’, and ‘touch’ the subject of your writing. You want to create mental images of the person, the place, the scenery. You want to present the opportunity for the reader to use his or her ‘mental senses’ — that is, to imagine the smell, sound, feel, the emotion, the physical appearance, and even the taste of the subject.”
Garrison goes on to explain:
This is what descriptive and color writing is all about... This type of writing requires great concentration and highly tuned observational skills on your part. An alert (灵活的; 机警的) writer will notice the colors, odors, the noise, and other elements of a setting and put the reader in the middle of the action by describing these in depth. You accomplish this by using precise adjectives and adverbs, as well as exact nouns and verbs to convey that right image.
Writers achieve descriptive effects in their articles in a variety of ways with a wide range of writing tools. Some like to focus on their observations and use adjectives, and lots of them, throughout their writing. Others work hard to find the right nouns (for example, dirge instead of song). This requires a superior command of the English language. Using a broad vocabulary is not enough.
This type of writing also requires timing — you must be able to determine when to go heavily into description and when to back away from the temptation. Some like to let the story be told by the well-chosen words of others in direct quotations.
The primary rule is simple. When you think description helps a story, make certain what you are writing about is distinctive. The description and color should have a purpose. If you can find unique characteristics instead of the ordinary, then the additional color, or atmosphere, you add to a story through detailed descriptive writing usually works. Certainly, the way you write also makes a difference. Choosing words and putting them together also affects the impact description has on your readers. Organization, or order, of the information has a similar impact.
(372 words)
Heading
Word pictures ignite readers’ imaginations
Major principles
Descriptive and color writing requires (1) _______ of mental images to encourage readers’ (2) _________ .
Subheadings
It requires great concentration and highly tuned observational skills.
(4) _______ to achieve descriptive effects
Using (5) _______ writing tools:
Focus on observations and use precise adjectives and adverbs;
Find the exact nouns and verbs
It requires (3) __________ .
(6) ________ when to go heavily into description and when to back away from the temptation;
Use direct (7) _________ .
The primary rule
Make sure your (8) _______ is distinctive;
Choose the proper way you write;
Choose (9) ________ words and put them together;
(10) _________ of information.
(1) creation (2) imaginations (3) timing (4) Ways (5) various
(6) Determine (7) quotations (8) subject (9) effective (10) Organization

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