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Unit 4 Public transport

交通阻塞已经成为各大城市最头疼的问题，在解决这个问题的过程中，世界知名城市都在各显神通，效果如何呢？让我们一起去领略一番吧！
You may ride on your bicycle in a rush to get to school every morning.You may fight to get a bit of space on a bus or on the subway.You may also watch taxis crawl(缓慢行进) their way through traffic jams.
No matter where you are, all big cities around the world have traffic jams these days.But although they all have their problems, many cities also have a type of transport that has become a cultural icon(文化标识)．
In London, to avoid the traffic jams above ground, people use the “underground”， also called the “Tube”．The city has the oldest and most complicated(复杂的) underground railway system in the world and it is the pride of many Londoners.With 12 lines and 275 stations across the city, the Tube, is normally the quickest and easiest way of getting around London.In London, you are never far from a Tube station.
New York is famous for its Yellow cabs.They serve as a quick and easy way of getting across Manhattan, where the subway doesn’t take you everywhere.Stopping a cab is easy; just stick out your arm like you do in any city.But, with over 12，000 yellow cabs in the Big Apple, they also cause traffic jams.
Since 1873 when the first cable car started public service, the slow and noisy vehicle has been a symbol of San Francisco.Although once damaged by a serious earthquake and challenged by cars, it is never caught in traffic jams and provides better views than the subway.
But there are no such symbols in Los Angeles.If you visit here, you’d better rent a car.The city’s public transportation is terrible.It can take hours to get across town by bus.The subway covers just a small part of the city centre.The light rail line only runs between the Long Beach hotel area and the city centre.That’s why Angelenos love their private(私人的) cars more than any other people in the world.
Section Ⅰ　Welcome to the unit & Reading—Warming Up




1．convey vt. 运送，输送；表达
2．via prep. 经由，经过(某一地方)；通过，凭借
3．section n. 部分；部件；部门
4．interval n. 间隙，间隔
5．choke vi.& vt. (使)窒息；(使)哽咽；塞满，堵塞
n. 哽咽声，呛住的声音
6．undertake vt.& vi. 承担，从事；承诺，答应
7．authority n. 权力，权威；官方，当权者；批准，授权
8．minister n. 部长，大臣；牧师
9．user?friendly adj. 方便用户的，便于使用的
10．anniversary n. 周年纪念日
11．platform n. 站台，月台；平台；讲台，舞台

12．unfortunately adv.遗憾地，不幸地，可惜地→fortunately adv. (反义词)幸运地→fortunate adj.幸运的→fortune n．机会，运气
13．unbelievable adj.非常坏(或非常好、非常极端)的，令人难以置信的→unbelievably adv.好得/坏得令人难以置信
14．postpone vt.延迟，延期→postponement n．推迟
15．ownership n．所有权，产权→own vt.拥有→owner n．物主，所有权人
16．architect n．建筑师→architecture n．建筑学；结构；建筑风格→architectonic adj.建筑术的 n．建筑学；建筑设计
17．enlarge vt.& vi.扩大，扩展，增大→enlargement n．扩大，扩充，扩展，增大

1．pick up 去接某人；捡起；无意中学会
2．drop off 中途下客或卸货
3．rather than 而不是
4．lead to 导致；通向
5．link up 联合，连接
6．at (...) intervals 每隔……距离或时间
7．accelerate the pace of 加速……的步伐
8．set up 建立
9．function as... 起……作用，作……用
10．contribute to 有助于

1．v.?ing形式作主语
However, most trains to London only went to the outer city limits, because building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings.
然而，大多数去伦敦的火车只开到城市的边缘地带，因为在市内铺设铁轨会损坏许多古老的建筑物。
2．as引导时间状语从句
As better ways for digging tunnels were developed,the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884.
随着挖掘地铁隧道方法的日渐发展，第一条穿过泰晤士河的地铁隧道于1884年竣工。
3．名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词引导定语从句
Between 1918 and 1938，many new stations were constructed, the most famous of which were designed by an architect named Charles Holden.
在1918和1938年之间，建立了许多新车站，其中最著名的车站是由一位名叫查尔斯·霍尔登的建筑师设计的。

Scan the text and choose the best answer.
1．The first railway tunnel under the River Thames in London was built in ________．
A．1863 B．1868
C．1884 D．1933
2．In its history, the London Underground has served as many things EXCEPT ________．
A．an airplane factory B．a battle field
C．a meeting room D．a bomb shelter
3．The author wants the readers to believe that ________．
A．the underground system is out of date nowadays
B．the London underground system is still considered to be important nowadays
C．the way to dig tunnels is developed quickly
D．the underground system has some unusual uses
4．The author wrote the passage in order to encourage people ________．
A．to donate to the underground system
B．to enjoy a trip on the underground system
C．to write an article about the underground system
D．to remember the oldest underground system in the world
答案：1－4.CBBB
Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text.
1．Travelling on these lines was not convenient, though, as each line was possessed by a different company, and many were very far from each other.

Travelling on these lines 是动词的?ing短语作____________；was 是系动词，not convenient是表语，as 引导____________从句each line was possessed by a different company, and many were very far from each other。　
[尝试翻译]　然而搭乘这些线路____________，因为各条线路____________，而且许多线路之间____________。
答案：主语；原因状语；并不方便；属于不同的公司；距离甚远
2．Having seen the situation, a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, undertook the job of improving the system in 1902 by obtaining ownership of the many different lines and setting up the Underground Electric Railways Company of London.

这是一个____________句。句子主干为：a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, undertook the job of improving the system。句中by obtaining ownership of the many different lines and setting up the Underground Electric Railways Company of London是介词by＋动名词作方式状语的结构。句中Having seen the situation为动词?ing形式的完成式，在句中作____________，它表示该动作先于谓语动词undertook发生。　
[尝试翻译]　见此情形，美国富商查尔斯·耶基斯于1902年________________________，他______________，创立了伦敦电力地铁公司。
答案：简单；状语；承担起了改善地铁系统的工程；买下了许多不同的地铁线路的所有权


The first underground in the world
Welcome to① the London Underground, or as it is usually known②， the tube.It has the distinction of③ being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world. Rail④ services to London were first developed during the first half of the 19th century. However, most trains to London only went to the outer⑤ city limits, because building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings⑥. Horse?drawn⑦ buses, trams⑧ , cabs⑨ and carriages were used to convey⑩ people to and around the city centre.Unfortunately?， the number of vehicles on the road caused unbelievable? traffic jams?， and the roads became so busy that no one could travel anywhere. This traffic problem led to? the development of the underground system.
①welcome to ...欢迎来到……
②as it is usually known是as引导的方式状语从句。
③have the distinction of ...在某方面卓越/优秀
④rail[reIl]n.铁路；栏杆，扶手；横杆
⑤outer['a?t?(r)]adj.远离中心的，外围的；外表的，表层的
⑥building railway...是动名词短语，在because引导的原因状语从句中作主语。该原因状语从句使用了虚拟语气。相当于： if railway tracks had been built into the city, it would have damaged many old buildings。
⑦horse?drawn['h??sdr??n]adj.用马拉的
⑧tram[tr?m]n.有轨电车　　⑨cab[k?b]n.出租车，的士
⑩convey[k?n'veI]vt.运送，输送；表达
?unfortunately[?n'f??t??n?tlI]adv.遗憾地，不幸地，可惜地
?unbelievable[??nbI'li?v?bl]adj.非常坏(或非常好、非常极端)的，令人难以置信的
?traffic jam n．堵车，交通堵塞　　?lead to 导致

世界上第一条地铁
欢迎来到伦敦地铁——通常它被称为“管子”。伦敦地铁是世界上最古老且最复杂的地铁系统，并因此而享有盛名。早在19世纪上半叶就首次有了通往伦敦的铁路交通服务。然而，大多数去伦敦的火车只开到城市的边缘地带，因为在市内铺设铁轨会损坏许多古老的建筑物。马车、有轨电车、计程车和非机动车被用来将人们送往市中心及其周围一带。不幸的是，马路上车辆的数量造成了难以置信的交通堵塞，道路交通变得如此拥挤以至于无人能够通行。这一交通问题导致了地铁系统的研发。　　

In 1854，the British government gave approval to? the construction by the Metropolitan? Railway Company of an underground railway in the centre of London，between Paddington and Farringdon，via?King’s Cross, St Pancras and Euston.However，new trains had to be developed and the plan required raising a large amount of? money?， so the digging was postponed? until 1860.The initial tunnels were opened in 1863 and were just beneath the surface of the ground.Passengers were transported in carriages without windows，which were pulled through the narrow tunnels by steam engines.In 1868, the next sectionof the underground system was opened in the south of London by another company called the Metropolitan District Railway.Sixteen years later, in 1884, the Metropolitan Railway Company and the Metropolitan District Railway linked up and provided underground service in the middle of the city.This later became the Circle Line.Because of the smoke from the steam engines, early underground lines needed large holes leading to the surface at regular intervals, so that people could get fresh air and would not choke.
As better ways for digging tunnels were developed, the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884.These new ways of digging accelerated the pace ofthe London Underground’s development.The City and South London Railway opened the first electric underground railway in 1890.Over the next twenty?five years, six independentdeep underground lines were constructed.Travelling on these lines was not convenient, though, as each line was possessed by a different company, and many were very far fromeach other.
?give approval to 正式批准
?metropolitan[?metr?'p?lIt?n]adj.大城市的，大都会的
?via['vaI?]prep.经由 ，经过(某一地方)；通过，凭借
?a large amount of 大量，修饰不可数名词。
large amounts of 大量(修饰不可数名词)
a great deal of 大量(修饰不可数名词)
?raise money 集资，筹钱
?postpone[p?'sp??n]vt.延迟，延期
postpone doing sth.推迟做某事
tunnel['t?nl]n.地下通道，隧道
which were pulled through... 是which 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词carriages。
section['sek?n]n.部分；部件；部门
link up 联合，连接
interval['Int?vl]n.间隔，间隙
at (...)intervals 每隔……距离或时间
choke[t???k]vi.& vt. (使)窒息；(使)哽咽；塞满，堵塞
n．哽咽声，呛住的声音
as引导时间状语从句，意为“随着”。
accelerate the pace of 加快……的步伐
over the next twenty?five years 在接下来的25年里，over表示“在……期间”。
independent adj.独立的
convenient adj.方便的，便利的
though 在句中为副词，意为“不过，可是，然而”。
as 引导原因状语从句。
far from远离，远非

1854年，英国政府正式批准大都会铁路公司在伦敦市中心的帕丁顿和法林顿之间建一条地铁，途经国王十字站、圣潘克里斯和尤斯顿。然而，新式列车必须得研发，这个计划需要筹集大量的资金，所以地下隧道的挖掘工作一直延迟到1860年。首批地铁隧道于1863年开通，它们紧靠地表。乘客们坐在没有窗户的车厢中被运来运去，这些车厢由蒸汽机拉动，穿梭于狭窄的隧道。1868年，地铁系统接下去的一段由另一家名为大都会区铁路的公司在伦敦南部开通。十六年后的1884年，大都会铁路公司和大都会区铁路公司联合，为城市中心提供地铁服务。此线后来变成了环线。由于蒸汽机会产生大量的烟雾，早期的地铁线每隔一段就需要有通往地面的大洞，以使乘坐地铁的人能呼吸到新鲜空气而不致窒息。
随着挖掘地铁隧道方法的日渐发展，第一条穿过泰晤士河的地铁隧道于1884年竣工。这些新的隧道挖掘方法加快了伦敦地铁发展的步伐。1890年，伦敦城及南伦敦铁路公司开通了第一条电力地铁线。在接下来的25年里，六条独立的深层地铁线建成。然而搭乘这些线路并不方便，因为各条线路属于不同的公司，而且许多线路之间距离甚远。　　

Having seen the situation, a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes，undertook the job of improving the system in 1902 by obtaining ownership of the many different lines and setting upthe Underground Electric Railways Company of London.In 1933，a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.The Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the Metropolitan Line and all the different bus and train lines were placed under the authority of the Board. This organization eventuallybecame London Transport.Between 1918 and 1938 ，many new stations were constructed，the most famous of which were designed by an architect named Charles Holden.
The underground system had some unusual uses during World War Ⅱ.When London was bombed，many underground stations functioned asbomb shelters.A new line was used as an underground airplane factory，an underground station was used as a centre for directing the defence against air attacks，and the station nearest the PrimeMinister’s house was used by the Prime Minister as meeting rooms for the administration of government.
Having seen the situation 是现在分词短语的完成式，在句中作状语。
undertake[??nd?'teIk]vt.&vi.承担，从事；承诺，答应
ownership['??n??Ip]n.所有权，产权
set up 设立，建立
authority[??'θ?r?tI]n.权力，权威；官方，当权者
under the authority of 由……负责/掌管
eventually adv.最终；终于
architect['ɑ?kItekt]n.建筑师
the most famous of which were designed...是“名词/代词/数词＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句。其中named ... 作an architect 的后置定语。
function as 起……作用
prime[praIm]adj.首要的，主要的 n．鼎盛时期
minister['mInIst?(r)]n.部长，大臣；牧师
Prime Minister n．首相，总理

见此情形，美国富商查尔斯·耶基斯于1902年承担起了改善地铁系统的工程，他买下许多不同的地铁线路的所有权，创立了伦敦电力地铁公司。1933年，一个叫做伦敦客运总署的公共机构成立。伦敦电力地铁公司、大都公支线以及所有不同的公交、列车线路都归该署掌管。这个机构最终成为伦敦交通运输管理局。在1918和1938年之间，建立了许多新车站，其中最著名的车站是由一位名叫查尔斯·霍尔登的建筑师设计的。
地铁系统在二战时期发挥了一些特殊作用。当伦敦被轰炸时，许多地铁站起到了防空洞的作用。一条新建的地铁线被用作地下飞机制造厂，一个地铁站被用作反空袭指挥中心，离首相府最近的地铁站被首相用作政府行政会议室。　　

After World War Ⅱended in 1945，more people travelled on the underground，so the system was enlargedand more lines were added，including the Victoria Line，which was linked with other lines at almost every station.This helped make the system more user?friendly.The last line addedwas the Jubilee Line，which was opened in 1979 in honour of the twenty?fifth anniversary of Elizabeth Ⅱbecoming the queen.
The London underground system is working to transport huge numbers ofpeople as it has done for many years.Over three million people travel on the underground every day.The network of the underground system includes twelve lines and now goes twenty?six miles out of central London.So, why not take a trip on the oldest underground system today？Visit our ticket office and buy one of the travel cards that permit you to travel all over the underground system.
enlarge[In'lɑ?d?]vt.&vi. 扩大，扩展，增大
user?friendly[?ju?z?'frendlI]adj.方便用户的，便于使用的
added是过去分词作后置定语，修饰line。
in honour of 为了……的荣誉，为了向……表示敬意
anniversary[??nI'v??s?rI]n.周年纪念日
Elizabeth Ⅱ becoming the queen是动名词的复合结构，充当 of的宾语。
huge numbers of 大量的，后接可数名词复数。
Why not do sth.？是一个固定句式，意思是“为什么不做某事呢？”
that permit you to ... 是that 引导的定语从句，修饰the travel cards。

1945年二战结束后，更多的人乘坐地铁，于是地铁系统得以被扩建并增加了更多的线路，其中包括维多利亚线，它所有的站几乎都与其他线路相连。这有助于使地铁系统更加便于使用。最后增加的一条线路是朱比利线，于1979年开通，以纪念伊丽莎白女王二世登基25周年。
为了运送大批的人，伦敦地铁系统多年来一贯如此地运转着。每天有超过三百万的人乘坐地铁。整个地铁系统包括12条线路，现已延伸到距离伦敦中心26英里以外的地区。那么，今天为什么不乘坐世界上最古老的地铁观光一番呢？到我们的售票处看看，并购买一张旅行卡吧，旅行卡可以让你畅游整个地铁系统。　　


A卷 [学生用书P137(单独成册)]
阅读理解
A
Ideally situated San Antonio Hotel＋Spa is only 150 meters away from the beautiful Qawra Promenade. This newly redecorated hotel offers an extensive range of modern facilities(设施), entertainment and animation programs and enjoys its own concession(特许经营权) on the nearby beach. It’s an ideal choice for those seeking to relax and enjoy the best of what Malta has to offer.
Accommodation
San Antonio Hotel＋Spa offers big, modern rooms all with a balcony. Interconnecting rooms and disabled access rooms are available upon request. All the guest rooms are well equipped with heating and air conditioning, a private bathroom with a hairdryer, a telephone, a satellite TV, a mini－fridge, tea and coffee－making facilities, free Wi－Fi, and a ceiling fan.
Facilities
2 pools—an indoor pool (with a baby pool) and an outdoor pool
A health club including the fully－equipped gym, aerobic studio, steam bath, sauna and Jacuzzi
Private underground parking
Shops, restaurants and bars (the minibar only opens on request)
Meals & Drinks
Three meals a day, with lunch/dinner including house wine/beer, soft drinks, mineral water
Tea, coffee, soft drinks, local fruit juices, water, house beer/spirits, cocktails
Attention: Now a FREE room upgrade is provided; an upgrade is valid on inland and pool view rooms. A free upgrade to the next room category depends on availability and can be withdrawn at any time. The offer is valid on new bookings made between June 22 and July 1 with travel dates within July 1 to October 31 (staying for a minimum of 5 nights)．
【解题导语】　本文是一篇应用文，介绍了圣安东尼奥温泉酒店的住宿、设施及餐饮等情况。
1．What is the most typical feature of the hotel?
A．Traditional. B．Kid－centered.
C．Well－equipped. D．The－disabled－accessible.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，这个重新装修过的酒店提供很多现代设施、娱乐项目，并且在附近的海滩具有特许经营权。从下文对其住宿及设施情况的描述也可知，设施齐全是这家酒店的最大特点。
2．What do we know about the hotel?
A．Its two pools are for adults only.
B．Its minibar is not always in business.
C．Mineral water is served during three meals.
D．Customers cannot make coffee by themselves there.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据对酒店设施的介绍中的“Shops, restaurants and bars (the minibar only opens on request)”可知，迷你吧经(顾客)要求才开放，不是一直开放，故B项正确。
3．Who may get a free upgraded room?
A．One who books before June 22.
B．One who books a double room.
C．One who books between June 22 and July 1 and stays from October 20 to 30.
D．One who will stay between July 1 and 3.
C　解析：推理判断题。通过文章最后一句可知，在6月22日至7月1日期间预订且在7月1日到10月31日之间连续在酒店住至少5天的顾客可以免费获得一间升级房，故C项正确。
B
Comic Con, short for “comic convention”， is an event where fans gather to share and celebrate their love for comic－related pop culture. The first comic book conventions were held in the U．S.A. in the 1960s and since then they have become extremely popular all over the world, with some of the bigger events drawing crowds of over 100，000 people and lasting several days. Nowadays there is much more than just comic books on show at a comic con. The most popular events have expanded to include many other types of media and art forms, for example, cartoons, sci－fi, video games and TV series.
One of the highlights of a comic con for many fans is the ability to interact(互动) with celebrities of the industry as many artists, writers, actors and directors will appear as special guests. These special guests sign autographs(亲笔签名), pose for photos with fans and hold question and answer sessions. Sometimes the fans will queue for several hours to meet these special guests!
Of course there is a lot of goods on sale at a comic con. From comic books to posters and T－shirts to toys, the options are endless but there is one thing in particular that sets comic cons apart from ordinary trade fairs and that is cosplay. Cosplay is the name given to dressing up as your favorite characters from comics, TV and other types represented at comic cons and it has become common for many fans at comic cons to do this. Many people make their own costumes and some of them are very elegant. Cosplaying has become an important part of comic cons all over the world and there are even competitions for the best cosplay!
Going to a comic con is like stepping into another world full of superheroes, time travelers, monsters and robots—you can really find them all at a comic con! It is a great place to be your favorite character for a day and share your love of all comic－related things with other like－minded people.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了国际动漫展的历史、现状和内容等。
4．What do we know about Comic Con?
A．It has quite a long history.
B．It is a popular American art festival.
C．It was designed to attract foreign travelers.
D．It was a comic book show at the beginning.
D　解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The first comic book conventions were held in the U．S.A. in the 1960s” “Nowadays there is much more than just comic books on show at a comic con.”可知，第一届漫画书展于二十世纪六十年代在美国举行，但是现在国际动漫展不止有漫画书展。由此可知，国际动漫展是以漫画书展作为开始的，故选D项。
5．Which of the following is a way of interaction between fans and celebrities?
A．Holding a party.
B．Discussing photography.
C．Exchanging autographs.
D．Asking and answering questions.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“These special guests sign autographs(亲笔签名), pose for photos with fans and hold question and answer sessions.”可知，这些特邀嘉宾会为粉丝签名、和粉丝合影、回答粉丝的问题。故D项正确。
6．Which of the fans’ activities makes a comic con so different?
A．Buying a lot of goods.
B．Meeting famous people.
C．Dressing themselves as characters.
D．Making their own costumes.
C　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“but there is one thing...that is cosplay. Cosplay is the name given to dressing up as your favorite characters from comics”可知，cosplay使得国际动漫展不同于普通的交易会，是因为人们可以把自己打扮成他们最喜欢的人物。故C项正确。
7．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．Recommending a trip to a comic con.
B．Giving an introduction of Comic Con.
C．Explaining why Comic Con is so popular.
D．Describing the author’s experience at a comic con.
B　解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文向我们介绍了国际动漫展的发展历史、现状及活动内容等方面。故B项正确。
C
Even as Google plans to test its fleet(车队) of self?driving cars on public roads this summer, its business model remains a bit of a mystery.By 2025, as many as 250, 000 self?driving vehicles could be sold each year globally，according to a study by an industry research firm.
“Vehicles that can take anyone from A to B at the push of a button could transform mobility for millions of people，” said Chris Urmson, director of Google’s self?driving car project.For now, Google has no plans to sell any of its self?driving cars.They are strictly for research.But they will hit public roads this summer near Google’s headquarters in Mountain View, California.Previous testing has taken place only on closed courses.
The cars are built to operate without a steering wheel, accelerator(油门) or brake pedal. “Our software and sensors do all the work，” Urmson said. “The vehicles will be very basic—we want to learn from them and adapt them as quickly as possible—but they will take you where you want to go at the push of a button.” The prototype(雏形) are the first of a 100?car fleet the tech giant is building.
In the long run, Urmson sees a future of safer roads—the majority of auto accidents are caused by human error—and fewer traffic jams.Robotic cars could also shuttle people who can’t drive because of age or illness.
Google has said that self?driving cars could launch new business models in which people buy the use of vehicles they don’t own.The company has already tested other types of self?driving cars on public streets, including modified Lexus sport?utility vehicles, under a special permit program by the California Department of Motor Vehicles that requires a human driver at the controls.
The state has issued six other companies permits to operate such cars, including Delphi, Mercedes?Benz, Volkswagen, Tesla, Bosch and Nissan.The vehicles that will be tested on open roads this summer will have removable steering wheels, accelerators and brake pedals to allow “safety drivers” to take control if needed.
Google says the cars are safe.“The vehicles have sensors that can detect objects out to a distance of more than two football fields in all directions, which is especially helpful on busy streets with lots of intersections，” Urmson said. “We’re looking forward to learning how the community understands and interacts with the vehicles, and to uncovering challenges that are unique to a fully self?driving vehicle，” Urmson said.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了Google开发的自动驾驶汽车，它使用控制软件和感应器让汽车能从较远的距离感应到物体的移动，还能控制车速以确保交通安全。并且这种新型汽车已经通过了考验，未来很快就将被投入使用。
8．The passage informs us that self?driving cars ________．
A．will probably decrease traffic jams
B．have already passed necessary tests
C．have been purchased by some companies
D．will be able to communicate with drivers
A　解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“In the long run, Urmson sees a future of safer roads—the majority of auto accidents are caused by human error—and fewer traffic jams.”Urmson预见了将来的道路会更加安全，因为大多数交通事故是由于人为错误或交通堵塞造成的，可知使用自动驾驶汽车可以减少交通堵塞；故选A。
9．According to Chris Urmson, ________．
A．software and sensors are vital for self?driving cars
B．self?driving cars can give driving orders to humans
C．self?driving cars are specially designed for the elderly
D．ordinary vehicles will be replaced by self?driving cars　
A　解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The cars are built to operate without a steering wheel, accelerator(油门) or brake pedal.‘Our software and sensors do all the work，’Urmson said.”可知Urmson认为他们的软件和传感器做了所有的工作，因此自动驾驶汽车的软件和传感器是至关重要的；故选A。
10．The underlined word “intersections” in the last paragraph probably means _________．
A．accidents B．buildings
C．crossings D．vehicles
C　解析：词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段中的“The vehicles have sensors that can detect objects out to a distance of more than two football fields in all directions, which is especially helpful on busy streets with lots of intersections”可知这种车辆的传感器可以检测很远距离之外的物体，这一点对于有很多交叉路口的繁忙街道特别有帮助，因此可推测intersections是指十字路口；故选C。
11．What is the best title for this passage?
A．Self?Driving Car Avoids Human Errors
B．Self?Driving Car Meets New Challenges
C．Google’s Self?Driving Car Enjoys Global Popularity
D．Google’s Self?Driving Car Graduates to City Streets
D　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，文章主要向我们描述了Google开发的自动驾驶汽车，它使用控制软件和感应器让汽车能从较远的距离感应到物体的移动，还能控制车速以确保交通安全。并且这种新型汽车已经通过了考验，未来很快就将被投入使用；因此可推测最合适的标题是：Google的自驾车即将被应用于城市街道；故选D。
七选五
Getting out into the great outdoors is an even better idea than you think.1.________It also creates some wonderful summer memories for your family.Need more convincing evidence? There are some benefits of camping as a family, including how it’s great for your health.
It’s good exercise.Let’s not forget the most obvious benefit of camping.2.________Even if you’re taking a fishing trip, you’re burning more calories than you’ll burn sitting indoors.And if you hike or bike, you’re performing cardiovascular(心血管的) exercise that will help keep your heart and lungs healthy.
3．________ You’ve probably tried unplugging the TV at home, but short of throwing it out of the window, because kids are going to watch more than we want them to.Out in the wild, there is no television.You’ll watch nature together, go exploring, and have that one?on?one attention you need as a family.
It is a good way to truly connect with nature.Too often we take nature for granted.In fact, spending a few days in nature with the family will teach your kids things they may have never known before.4.________ However, in the wild they will learn how to build a fire, catch fish, see animal habitats, and all the natural architecture nature offers.
You have no stress after the camping.Vacations can be stressful.Sometimes when you get home from vacations, you need another rest for your last vacation.5.________ You’ll get home feeling energetic.It’s even better than a cup of coffee.
A．You can stay away from TV.
B．They may know how to work an iPad.
C．You’ll meet new challenges each time.
D．Sure, it saves some money if you stay in a camper.
E．You’re spending a lot of time performing physical activities.
F．Many campers report better sleep cycles when they return from a trip.
G．But once you settle into camping with your family, the stress of every day will disappear.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了和家人一起进行户外活动的好处。
1．D　解析：上文说走出去到户外比你想象的还要好，下文说它也能为你的家人创造一些美好的夏日回忆。D项“如果你待在一个野营车里，这当然会为你节省钱”符合语境，且下文的“camping”也是指示，故选D。
2．E　解析：本段的主题为“它是很好的锻炼”，而E项“你正在花费很多时间进行体育锻炼”是对下文具体内容的概括，符合语境，故选E。
3．A　解析：空处是段落主题句。本段主要讲到户外活动可以使你和家人远离电视，而A项“你能远离电视”概括准确，符合语境，故选A。
4．B　解析：上文说“事实上和家人一起在大自然中度过几天会教会你的孩子们之前可能不知道的事情”，再结合空后一句可知，空处应讲孩子们在室内会的事情，B项“他们可能会操作iPad”，空处前后形成语义上的衔接，故选B。
5．G　解析：本段的主题是露营后你会没有压力，且根据本段中的描述可知，G项“但是，一旦你适应和家人一起露营，每天的压力就会消失”符合语境，故选G。
B卷 [学生用书P139(单独成册)]
阅读理解
If you think that running marathons will help you live a long and healthy life, the new research may come as a shock.According to a recent scientific study, people who do a very strenuous workout are as likely to die as people who do no exercise at all.
Scientists in Denmark have been studying over 1，000 joggers and non?joggers for 12 years.The death rates from the sample group indicate that people who jog at a moderate pace two or three times a week for less than two and a half hours in total are least likely to die.The best speed to jog at was found to be about 5 miles per hour.The research suggests that people who jog more than three times a week or at higher speeds of over 7 mph die at the same rate as non?joggers.The scientists think that this is because strenuous exercise causes structural changes to the heart and arteries(动脉)．Over time, this can cause serious injuries.
Peter Schnohr, a researcher in Copenhagen, said，“If your goal is to decrease risk of death and improve life expectancy, jogging a few times a week at a moderate pace is a good strategy.Anything more is not just unnecessary, and it may be harmful.”
The implications of this are that moderate forms of exercise such as tai chi, yoga and brisk walking may be better for us than “iron man” events, triathlons and long?distance running and cycling.According to Jacob Louis Marott, another researcher involved in the study，“You don’t actually have to do that much to have a good impact on your health.And perhaps you shouldn’t actually do too much.”
【解题导语】　本文是一篇新闻报道。研究发现，运动过量和从不运动的人都有面临死亡的可能，因此适量的运动才有助于人们的健康。
1．The underlined word “strenuous” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “________”．
A．hard B．regular
C．practical D．flexible
A　解析：词义猜测题。根据文中第一段第一句以及as likely to die as people who do no exercise at all可知，运动过量的人与不锻炼的人都有死亡的可能。故推知该词指“过量的”。
2．The author presents some figures in Paragraph 2 to ________．
A．suggest giving up jogging
B．show risks of doing sports
C．provide supportive evidence
D．introduce the research process
C　解析：推理判断题。文中第二段列举的数据旨在证明作者在第一段提出的观点。故选C项。
3．According to the scientists, why is too much exercise harmful?
A．It may injure the heart and arteries.
B．It can make the heart tired out.
C．It will bring much pressure.
D．It consumes too much energy.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据文中第二段最后两句可知，科学家认为，运动过量会导致人们心脏以及动脉的变化，继而带来严重的伤害。
4．What can be inferred from the text?
A．No exercise at all is the best choice.
B．More exercise means a healthier life.
C．Marathons runners are least likely to die.
D．Proper exercise contributes to good health.
D　解析：推理判断题。根据文中最后一段可知，适量的运动有助于人们的健康。
完形填空
Years ago, my husband and I decided to take our three girls to Disneyland. Certainly, my husband and I would pay for the __1__， but we advised our daughters to __2__ their spending money through their own efforts. We said our youngest daughter didn’t have to do that, __3__ she was only ten years old. __4__， she insisted that she should make her own money.
We __5__ near a golf course. One afternoon, I looked through the kitchen window and saw our youngest daughter sit on the grass, patiently __6__ the golfers. During supper, she told us she had noticed that the golfers __7__ using towels to wipe the __8__ on their faces. She could __9__ they were hot. She wondered whether we could drive __10__ to the supermarket nearby. She wanted to buy some cold soda?water. We asked her __11__. She explained she could sell the soda?water at a slightly __12__ price to the golfers. Then she could make money.She described her business plan __13__， as if she had made a big fortune. We __14__ this would probably last only one day, but to encourage her, we gave her our __15__．
To make a long story short, we made over a dozen trips to the __16__ and bought dozens of cases of soda?water during those weeks. Each time her soda?water __17__， she would hurriedly buy more.
The golfers bought her sodas. Maybe they were simply __18__， but I tend to think it was because they were __19__ by the little girl delivering sodas to them in such hot weather. Anyway, she made over $300 all by herself, even a little more than her __20__．
【解题导语】　作者一家人准备去迪斯尼玩，孩子们必须自己挣零花钱。本想着照顾十岁的小女儿，没想到她执意自己挣钱。
1．A.education B．career
C．change D．tour
D　解析：根据语境可知，我和丈夫决定带孩子们去迪斯尼玩，当然，游玩(tour)的钱是由我们来出。
2．A.earn B．borrow
C．share D．save
A　解析：但是我们建议孩子们自己赚(earn)自己的零花钱。
3．A.although B．because
C．if D．unless
B　解析：我们不要求小女儿自己去赚零花钱，因为(because)她才十岁。
4．A.Otherwise B．However
C．Therefore D．Besides
B　解析：可是(However)，她却坚持要自己去赚钱。四个选项均为副词，otherwise意为“否则，在其他方面”；however意为“然而，无论如何”；therefore意为“因此，所以”；besides 意为“此外，而且”。however符合句意。
5．A.lived B．worked
C．played D．travelled
A　解析：从下文I looked through the kitchen window可知，我们住在(lived)一个高尔夫球场附近。
6．A.guiding B．caring
C．questioning D．watching
D　解析：根据语境可知，我看到我的小女儿在观察(watching)那些打高尔夫球的人。
7．A.considered B．stopped
C．kept D．practiced
C
8．A.tears B．dust
C．sweat D．rain
C　解析：根据语境可知，我女儿告诉我们她看到那些人不停地(kept)拿出毛巾来擦汗(sweat)。
9．A.let out B．bring out
C．turn out D．figure out
D　解析：她由此知道(figure out)他们很热。let out意为“泄露，放出，出租”；bring out意为“激发，生产出”；turn out意为“生产，结果是，关掉”；figure out意为“解决，想出，理解”。figure out符合句意。
10．A.her B．them
C．someone D．everyone
A　解析：孩子问我们是否能开车带她(her)去附近的超市。
11．A.where B．what
C．why D．when
C　解析：我们问她为什么(why)要去超市买苏打水，下文孩子解释了原因。
12．A.lower B．higher
C．attractive D．reasonable
B　解析：根据语境可知，我们的小女儿打算把从超市买来的苏打水以稍微高(higher)一些的价格卖给那些打高尔夫球的人。
13．A.surprisedly B．disappointedly
C．calmly D．excitedly
D　解析：由下文as if she had made a big fortune可知，她很兴奋地(excitedly)描述着她的“商业计划”。
14．A.decided B．learned
C．guessed D．remembered
C　解析：我们猜测(guessed)她的行动可能只会持续一天。
15．A.attitude B．opinion
C．agreement D．advice
C　解析：根据语境可知，为了支持孩子，我们同意(agreement)了她的计划。
16．A.supermarket B．golf course
C．school D．playground
A　解析：根据语境可知，我们在那几周去了十几次超市(supermarket)买苏打水。
17.A.drank up B．sold out
C．knocked off D．poured over
B　解析：每次当她的苏打水卖完(sold out)时，她就要赶紧去再买一些。drink up意为“喝完”；sell out意为“卖完”；knock off意为“击倒，停工，中断”；pour over意为“倾倒”。sell out最符合语境。
18.A.hungry B．thirsty
C．sick D．tired
B　解析：那些人买水可能仅仅是因为渴了(thirsty)。
19.A.puzzled B．surprised
C．fascinated D．moved
D　解析：我宁愿认为他们是被小女孩和她的苏打水生意感动了(moved)，因为小女孩不管天气多么热，她都会到高尔夫球场边去卖水。
20．A.sisters B．parents
C．friends D．customers
A　解析：结果是，她通过卖苏打水挣了300多美元，甚至比她的姐姐们(sisters)挣得都多。
语法填空
China has always been famous for being a “State of Etiquettes(礼仪)”. According to historical documents, as early as 2，600 years ago, this nation has already established a thorough set 1.____________ dining etiquettes.
A famous 19th century Russian writer, Anton Chekhov, once invited a Chinese man 2.____________(have) a drink in a bar. Chekhov said, “Before drinking from his cup, he held 3.____________ with his hands and presented to me and the bar owner and bartenders, 4.____________(say) ‘qing(please)’. This is the custom of China. They are not like us to finish it in one drink, 5.____________ prefer to drink by taking a small amount at a time. With every sip(一小口), he 6.____________(eat) some food. Afterwards he handed me some Chinese 7.____________(coin) to show gratitude. This is a rather interestingly polite nationality...” This was the most valuable opinion of a Chinese person 8.____________ was given by a foreigner two centuries ago. Chinese traditional dinner procedures used to be long and dealt 9.____________(serious) with; the 10.____________(important) the occasion was, the more complex the procedures were.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过讲述一位俄罗斯作家招待一个中国人的经过，描述了中国人的就餐礼仪。
1．of　解析：考查固定搭配。根据历史文献记载，早在2 600年前，这个国家就已经建立了一套完整的就餐礼仪。a set of为固定搭配，意为“一套，一系列”。
2．to have　解析：考查动词不定式。19世纪时一位名叫Anton Chekhov的俄罗斯作家邀请一个中国人去酒吧喝酒。invite sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“邀请某人做某事”，故用动词不定式to have。
3．it　解析：考查代词。根据该句中的“Before drinking from his cup, he held ______ with his hands”可知，空处指代该句中的“cup”，故用it。在喝酒之前，他手举着杯子，向“我”和酒吧老板及酒吧服务员说“请”。
4．saying　解析：考查现在分词。该句主语为he，和动词say之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；空处和谓语动词held和presented之间为伴随关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。
5．but　解析：考查连词。空前表示他们不像我们那样一口喝下，空后表示他们更喜欢一次喝一小口；根据上下文可知，空处前后为转折关系，故用转折连词but。
6．ate　解析：考查动词的时态。根据该段第一句中的“A famous 19th century Russian writer, Anton Chekhov, once invited a Chinese man”可知，该处叙述的是19世纪发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
7．coins　解析：考查名词的复数形式。coin为可数名词，根据该句中的“some”可知，空处用其复数形式。此处表示此后，他递给“我”一些中国硬币以表示感激。
8．that　解析：考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为定语从句，句中的opinion of a Chinese person为先行词，该先行词被最高级the most valuable 修饰，且在从句中作主语，故用that引导该定语从句。
9．seriously　解析：考查副词。根据空处前的动词dealt可知，空处修饰该动词，故用副词形式。
10．more important　解析：考查形容词的比较级。此处表示场合越重要，则礼仪就越复杂。该句使用了“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”，表示“越……，越……”。







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(共52张PPT)
Unit 4　Public transport
Unit 4　Public transport
Unit 4　Public transport
Unit 4　Public transport
Unit 4　Public transport
Unit 4　Public transport
Unit 4　Public transport
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Unit 4
Public transport
教材背景搜
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自学导引·语篇理解
自主探究·巩固新知
教材助读·解疑清障
读懂课文·破解难疑
原/文/呈/现
读/文/清/障






Section Ⅱ　Welcome to the unit & Reading—Language Points


drop off　让某人下车；中途顺便将某物送交某处；减少；睡着
(教材P49)They pick up and drop off people at different stops on the route.　在这条路线上，他们搭载乘客并把他们送到不同的停车点。

drop back (to) 退后，后撤(到)
drop behind 落伍，落在……之后
drop in/by (on sb.) 顺便走访(某人)
drop out 退出；隐退；辍学 　
①Is it OK if I drop the papers off to you later?
我晚点把文件交给你行吗？
②It was once a time when I had no interest in study and wanted to drop out of school.
曾经有一段时期我没有兴趣学习， 想辍学。
③Economic growth will drop back to 7% this year.
经济增长率今年将下降到7%。
④Why not drop by for coffee sometime?
为什么不找个时间到我家喝杯咖啡？
convey　　vt.运载；运送；表达；传达；转让(财产)
(教材P50)Horse?drawn buses, trams, cabs and carriages were used to convey people to and around the city centre.
马车、有轨电车、计程车和非机动车被用来将人们送往市中心及其周围一带。

convey one’s feelings/meanings　 表达感情/意思
convey sb.sth./convey sth.to sb. 向某人传达某物
convey news/information to sb. 把消息/信息传
给某人
①I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you.　我想借这封信来表达我对您最诚挚的感激之情。
②They took a more reasonable approach, conveying(convey) to their children how success at school could improve their lives.
他们采取了一个更合理的方法——向他们的孩子传达在学校的成功能提高他们的生活质量。
③Your luggage will be conveyed to the hotel by taxi.
出租车会将你的行李送到酒店。

[基础练习]——单句改错
(1)The picture is famous, conveyed a sense of mystery.conveyed→conveying
(2)The message conveying here is clear：“Actions speak louder than words.”conveying→conveyed
(3)Please convey my best wishes/regards your parents in your letter. regards后加to
(4)This is a poem that perfectly convey to the readers what the poet feels.convey→conveys
[能力提升]——完成句子
(5)我对你的感激之情难以用言语表达。
Words fail to convey my gratitude to you.
unfortunately　　adv.不幸地，遗憾地，可惜地
(教材P50)Unfortunately, the number of vehicles on the road caused unbelievable traffic jams...
不幸的是，马路上车辆的数量造成了难以置信的交通堵塞……

(1)unfortunate adj. 不幸的
(2)fortunate adj. 幸运的
be fortunate in... 在……方面很幸运
be fortunate in having... 有幸得到……
(3)fortunately adv. 幸运地
(4)fortune n. 运气
make a fortune 发财
try one’s fortune 碰运气
①Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off.
不幸的是他的父亲去世了，家庭状况更糟了。
②We are fortunate in having you as our teacher.
有你当我们的老师，我们很幸运。
③He is unfortunate(fortunate) who cannot bear misfortune.
不能承受不幸的人是不幸的。

It is unfortunate to be stuck in the rain. Even unfortunately, we couldn’t find anyone to help us. At last we tried our fortune to find a short cut. Fortunately we arrived home before dark. So we were also fortunate.
lead to　　引起，导致
(教材P50)This traffic problem led to the development of the underground system.
这一交通问题导致了地铁系统的研发。

lead sb.to do sth. 使某人做某事
lead/live a...life 过……样的生活
lead...into... 把……领进……
lead the way 引路，带路
①As we all know, all roads lead to Rome.
众所周知，条条大路通罗马。
②In class I will divide the students into small groups and lead them to practice(practice) speaking English in an interesting way.
在课堂上我会把学生分成小组，用有趣的方法让他们练习说英语。
③Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions.Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence.
高尚的思想产生高尚的行为。高尚的行为能使我们活得更快乐。
[巧学活用]——一句多译
众所周知，成功在于努力，然而懒惰导致失败。
(1)As we all know, success lies in hard work while laziness leads to failure．
(2)As we all know, success lies in hard work while laziness results in failure．(result in)
(3)As we all know, success lies in hard work while failure results from laziness．(result from)
link up　　联合，连接
(教材P50)Sixteen years later, in 1884, the Metropolitan Railway Company and the Metropolitan District Railway linked up and provided underground service in the middle of the city.
十六年后的1884年，大都会铁路公司和大都会区铁路公司联合，为城市中心地区提供地铁服务。

be linked to/with sth. 与……有关
link...to/with... 把……与……连接起来，
联系
①The space shuttle will link up with the space station this afternoon.
航天飞机将于今天下午和太空站对接。
②A new freeway will be built to link up our city with Wuhan.
一条连接我市与武汉的新高速公路即将修建。
③The doctors believe that this illness is linked to the use of chemical pesticides.
医生认为这种病和使用化学杀虫剂有关。
④You can link your PC with our network via modem.
你可以通过调制解调器把你的个人电脑和我们的网络连接起来。
⑤For centuries farmers have linked the behavior of animals to changes in the weather.　几个世纪以来，农民一直把动物行为与天气变化联系在一起。
　undertake　　vt.&vi.承担，担任；着手做，开始进行；承诺，答应
(教材P51)Having seen the situation, a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, undertook the job of improving the system in 1902...
见此情形，美国富商查尔斯·耶基斯于1902年承担起了改善地铁系统的工程……

undertake to do sth. 许诺做某事，同意做某事
undertake＋that从句 担保，保证
①If the products are not up to standard, we undertake that we will replace the unqualified ones.
如果产品达不到标准，我们承诺会退换不合格的产品。
②He undertook to finish(finish) the job by Friday after I reminded him many times.
我多次提醒他之后，他答应在周五以前完成工作。
[巧学活用]——单句语法填空/单句改错
(1)He just now undertook to return(return) the book to me next Monday, which I lent to him several months ago.
(2)The school leaders undertaken that they would accept any student regardless of their background.undertaken→undertook
enlarge　　v．(使)扩展，(使)增大
(教材P51)...so the system was enlarged and more lines were added...
……于是地铁系统得以被扩建并增加了更多的线路……

(1)large adj. 大的
(2)enlargement n. 扩大
①This activity really enlarges the range of our social circle.
这个活动确实扩大了我们的社交圈。
②That photograph probably won’t be enlarged(enlarge) well.
那张照片可能不会被放大得很好。
③Only by doing so can you enlarge your vocabulary more easily.
只有这么做， 你才能更容易地扩大你的词汇量。

enlarge 主要指面积或体积等的扩大
expand 指范围、程度、体积和尺寸等方面的扩大或增加
increase 指数量、强度和大小等方面的扩大或增加
[巧学活用]——用上述词语填空
(1)I have to enlarge my vocabulary.
(2)The water froze inside the pipe, causing it to expand and burst.
(3)The population has increased by 15 percent.

(教材P49)Why would many people choose to travel by airplane rather than by ship?
为什么许多人宁愿选择坐飞机而不愿坐船旅行呢？

(1)would do...rather than do...＝would rather do...than do... 宁可……也不……
(2)would rather do sth. 宁愿做某事
would rather have done sth.
宁愿做过某事，但是(实际上没做)
would rather sb.did sth.
宁愿某人现在或者将来做某事
would rather sb.had done sth.
宁愿某人过去做了某事
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
宁愿做某事，也不做某事
would like to do sth. rather than do sth.
宁愿做某事，也不做某事　
①He would give up rather than work in such bad condition.
他宁愿放弃也不愿在这样差的条件下工作。
②We went by sea，but I would rather have gone by air.
我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。
③Don’t come and see me today—I would rather you came(come) tomorrow.
今天不要来看我——我希望你们明天来。
(教材P50)Passengers were transported in carriages without windows, which were pulled through the narrow tunnels by steam engines.
乘客们坐在没有窗户的车厢中被运来运去，这些车厢由蒸汽机拉动，穿梭于狭窄的隧道。

(1)句中的which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语，替代先行词carriages。which在非限制性定语从句中既可替代主句中的一个词或一部分，也可替代整个主句。
(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别：
①which只能放在主句后面，而as引导的从句位置相对灵活，可在前，可在后。
②在which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词若是am，is，are，则这些系动词不能省略，而as后面若是这种情况，则可以省略。
③当which引导的从句在意义上近乎并列关系时，可以用and this，and that代替，意思是“这件事”。 而as主要起与上下文连接的作用，表达说话人的看法、观点，并指出主句内容的出处或根据等。
④作主语时，which既可以作系动词be的主语，也可以作实义动词的主语，而as只可以作系动词be的主语。
⑤当定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹表示主句所述的内容，不带有“正如……那样”的意思时，往往用which，而不用as。　
①As he realized, I was very useful to him.
正像他所意识到的那样，我对他非常有用。
②Air, as we know,is a gas.
空气，众所周知，是一种气体。
③He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.
他是个外国人，正像我从他的口音判断的那样。
④He came late again, which made his boss very angry．
他又来晚了，这一点使他老板很生气。
⑤He said he had never seen her before, which was not true．
他说他从来没见过她，这不是真的。
⑥They were invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.
他们被邀请参加国宴，这对他们来说是莫大的荣幸。
⑦He married her，which/as was natural.
他和她结婚，这是很自然的事。
⑧He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious.
他获得了诺贝尔化学奖，这使他名扬天下。
(教材P51)The London underground system is working to transport huge numbers of people as it has done for many years.
为了运送大批的人，伦敦地铁系统多年来一贯如此地运转着。

本句为复合句，其中as为从属连词，引导方式状语从句。意为“如，像；按照……的方式” 。
(1)as作从属连词时，还可以引导时间状语从句。
①用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行，指“一边……，一边……”。
②表示两个同步发展的动作或行为，意为“随着……”。
(2)as表示因果关系，引导原因状语从句，意为“因为，由于”，一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化。
(3)as表示转折关系，引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，且从句要用倒装语序。
①I want you to tell my friend your very interesting experience exactly as you have told it to me.
我想让你像给我讲述的那样，给我的朋友讲一讲你那段极其有趣的经历。
②The girl dances as she sings on the stage.
那个女孩在舞台上边唱歌边跳舞。
③As time went on/by,she became more and more worried.
随着时间的流逝，她变得越来越焦虑。
④As she has been ill perhaps she’ll need some help.
她由于生病，可能需要些帮助。
⑤Rich as he is,he never spends a cent on clothes.
虽然他很富有，但他从不在衣服上花一分钱。
(教材P51)So，why not take a trip on the oldest underground system today?
那么，今天为什么不乘坐世界上最古老的地铁观光一番呢？

(1)“Why not do...？”是“Why don’t you do...？”的省略形式，意为“为什么不……？”，是表示建议的常用句型。
(2)why not有三种含义：
①表示对否定陈述的回答，意为“为什么不？”。
②表示“建议”，意为“为什么不干……呢？做……如何？”。
③表示“同意”，意为“当然可以，好啊”。
(3)表示“建议”的常见句型：
Why not do...？ 为什么不干……？
Why don’t you do...? 你为什么不……？
Let’s do... 让我们……
Shall we do...? 让我们干……好吗？
Would you like to do...? 你想要干……吗？
Will you please do...? 请你干……好吗？
What/How about doing sth.? 干……怎么样？　
①Why don’t you/Why not sing a song?
为什么不唱支歌呢？
②Since you can forgive your friends, why not forgive your parents?
既然你能原谅你的朋友，为什么就不能原谅你的父母呢？

其肯定式是“Why do...？/Why do you do...？”，这两个句式常用于表示责问，意为“为什么……？”。
③Why do you/Why lend him the money?
为什么要借钱给他？(表示责问)

[学生用书P71]
品句填词
1．These devices ____________ (传递) information to the computer screens.
答案：convey
2．All we need to say is that ____________ (幸运地) we didn’t listen to him.
答案：fortunately
3．Don’t ____________ (承担) a project unless you can finish it.
答案：undertake
4．We are going to have these pictures ____________(放大)．
答案：enlarged
5．The runners started at 5?minute ____________(每隔)．
答案：intervals
6．The Wangs decided that they would employ an ____________ (建筑师) to do the work.
答案：architect
7．That couple always holds a little celebration every year on their wedding ____________ (周年纪念日)．
答案：anniversary
8．The girl ____________ (使窒息) to death after breathing in smoke.
答案：choked
单句改错
1．Please convey my congratulations for her.
____________________
答案：for→to
2．She would have been glad to undertake sweep the rooms and set them in order.
____________________
答案：sweep前加to
3．I think I will drop on my sister on my way home.
____________________
答案：drop后加in
4．Hard work leads to success.Laziness leads to fail the exam.
____________________
答案：fail→failing
5．He would rather give lectures to the students than is invited to boring conferences.
____________________
答案：is→be
完成句子
1．我宁愿待在家里看电视也不愿去看电影。
I would rather ____________ TV at home than ____________ to cinema.
答案：watch; go
2．尽管他是个孩子，他对电脑非常了解。
________________， he knows a lot about computers.
答案：Child as he is
3．我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡觉，这太不舒服了。
We had to sleep in our wet clothes, ____________ most uncomfortable.
答案：which was
4．顺便说一句，今晚到我家串门喝一杯怎么样？
By the way, ____________ drop in for a drink this evening?
答案：why not
5．我宁愿工作辛苦些也不拒绝帮助你们。
I would work harder ______________ refuse to help you.
答案：rather than
课文语法填空
The London Underground has the distinction of being the 1.____________ (old) and most complex underground system in the world.Before the first tunnels 2.____________(open) in 1863, the traffic jams of London were unbelievable.In 1884, the Metropolitan Railway Company and the Metropolitan District Railway linked up and provided underground 3.____________ (serve) in the middle of the city.With better ways of digging tunnels 4.____________(develop), six independent deep underground lines 5.____________ (construct) over the next twenty?five years.Then a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes obtained many different lines and set up the Underground Electric Railways Company of London. 6.____________ 1918 and 1938, many new stations were constructed.
During World War Ⅱ， the underground system had some 7.____________ (usual) uses.After the war, the system was enlarged and more lines were added because more people travelled 8.____________ the underground.The London underground system is working to transport huge numbers of people as it 9.____________(do) for many years.Buy one of the travel cards 10.____________ you can take a trip on all over the underground system.
答案：1.oldest　2.were opened　3.service　4.developed　5.were constructed　6.Between　7.unusual　8.on　9.has done　10.and

A卷 [学生用书P141(单独成册)]
单句语法填空
1．They conveyed the joyous news ____________ us soon.
答案：to
2．____________(fortunate), I hurt my knee when I fell down on the ice.
答案：Unfortunately
3．Tom undertook ____________(be) here at five.
答案：to be
4．This book is not intended to ____________(large) vocabulary.
答案：enlarge
5．Interest in the game has dropped ____________ recently.
答案：off
6．His carelessness led ____________ his failure in the examination.
答案：to
7．The video cameras ____________(link) to a powerful computer.
答案：are linked
8．They would rather work ____________ live on welfare.
答案：than
9．Smart ____________ he was, he was not able to solve the problem.
答案：as
10．____________ is announced in today’s newspaper, we must improve our style of work.
答案：As
阅读理解
When you are traveling in Thailand, which means of transport is the best choice?
You can rent a variety of motorbikes or bikes in Thailand.It seems to be very popular in most of the beaches and islands along the places in the north.The most popular bikes are the little 125 cc Honda Dream which you can get for about 150 baht(铢) a day or as little as 3，000 baht per month, making it the cheapest way to tour Thailand for the people from other countries.
Sometimes you will have to go somewhere by taxi.When you are in cities in Thailand, especially in Bangkok, always remember to get a taxi that is going on the roads.Some drivers outside hotels refuse to use the milometer(计程表)．They will ask a price which is several times the price when they use the meter!
The quality of the roads in Thailand is generally pretty good, so renting cars is another way to get around.The big car rental companies may offer you slightly older cars at a very reasonable price.It is a little surprising considering that the cost of buying a car in Thailand is more than that in the West.Petrol is also reasonably priced in Thailand, more expensive than American prices, but much cheaper than what is paid in Europe.In the past, Bangkok could be a difficult place to drive in—signs were generally in Thai only, making it a hard job to find exactly where you were by looking around.But now, the situation is improved.In a lot of places, even the farthest corners of the country, street signs are in both Thai and English.
【解题导语】　在泰国，租车游览是很流行的，你可以租自行车、摩托车以及小汽车。
1．To a foreigner, the cheapest way to get around Thailand is renting a ________．
A．car B．taxi
C．bike D．motorbike
C　解析：细节理解题。由文章第二段第三句可知，对于在泰国旅游的外国人来说，最便宜的方式就是租自行车。
2．What is the writer’s advice about taking a taxi in Thailand?
A．To take a taxi driving on the road.
B．To take a taxi parked outside hotels.
C．To make sure there is a meter in it.
D．To bargain with the driver over the price.
A　解析：细节理解题。由第三段中“...always remember to get a taxi that is going on the roads”可知，作者建议如果搭乘出租车的话，一定要乘坐正行驶在路上的出租车，而别乘坐那些停在旅馆外面的出租车。
3．It was difficult to drive in Bangkok in the past because ________．
A．there were too many traffic jams on the roads
B．there were no signs showing directions
C．the signs were written only in their own language
D．the quality of the roads was not good
C　解析：细节理解题。由文章末段中“In the past，Bangkok could be a difficult place to drive in—signs were generally in Thai only...”可知，过去在曼谷开车困难的原因是，交通标志一般都是只用泰语写的。
4．In which part of a magazine can this passage be found?
A．Entertainment. B．Tourism.
C．Market. D.Advertisement.
B　解析：文章出处题。本文作者向读者推荐了在泰国旅游的方式以及游客应该注意的问题。属于旅游方面的题材。
完形填空
Before reading McCarty’s story I had thought that a smile just invited unwanted attention. Afterwards I had a __1__ opinion. I found that smiling could __2__ myself and the people around me.
Recently I became a(n) __3__ in my son’s school. The more I drove, the more I heard the other drivers __4__ about a new crossing guard, the person who __5__ the flow of traffic so that cars can get in and out of the school area __6__ and safely. The guard, not having much __7__， seemed unsure when he made a decision, which often __8__ long lines of heavy traffic. Most days he looked worried. I saw cars pass by him with the __9__ drivers. I wanted to do something just to make the guard __10__．　
Then I realized I did have the __11__ to change at least one interaction(互动) in his day. One morning when the crossing guard gave me a(n)__12__ to pull into the school, I moved my car forward. Then, just before I began my __13__， I gave him a big smile. He saw me, and then his face __14__. He smiled back at me as I continued my turn.
That’s it. That’s all it took. I knew I had made a __15__ in his day. And __16__ I have yet to speak a word to this man, I know he __17__ me because we smile to each other every time he sees me behind the wheel.
Now, I __18__ smile toward people around me. I can’t speak for the people who have __19__ these smiles, but I can say my life is so much __20__， and so much more joyous，that I can’t imagine how I lived without such a smile. I hope I can make others share their happiness just as freely.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过一个小故事告诉我们应该多向他人微笑。
1．A.poor B．new
C．strong D．popular
B　解析：由下文交通协管员的故事可知，“我”对微笑有了“新的(new)”看法——微笑可以“改变(change)”“我”和“我”周围的人们。
2．A.change B．protect
C．educate D．surprise
A　解析：参见上题解析。
3．A.teacher B．cleaner
C．driver D．adviser
C　解析：由下文的The more I drove可知，“我”成了“我”儿子学校里的一名“司机(driver)”。
4．A.ask B．argue
C．learn D．complain
D　解析：由下文的The guard，not having much...long lines of heavy traffic.可知，司机们会因此“抱怨(complain)”这个新交通协管员。
5．A.admits B．controls
C．breaks D．notices
B　解析：由上文的a new crossing guard可知，此人“管制着(controls)”交通以便车辆能够“快速地(quickly)”、安全地进出校区。
6．A.quickly B．closely
C．quietly D．lately
A　解析：参见上题解析。
7．A.interest B．discussion
C．experience D．consideration
C　解析：由上文的a new crossing guard可知，这位交通协管员没有太多“经验(experience)”。
8．A.drew B．reduced
C．followed D．caused
D　解析：由上文的The guard...seemed unsure when he made a decision可知，这位协管员在指挥交通时犹豫不定，所以经常“造成(caused)”交通堵塞。
9．A.careless B．impatient
C．drunk D．dangerous
B　解析：由上文的long lines of heavy traffic可知，司机们感到“不耐烦(impatient)”了。
10．A.relaxed B．proud
C．nervous D．confused
A　解析：由上文的Most days he looked worried.和下文的He smiled back at me可知，“我”想做点什么让这位协管员“感到放松(relaxed)”。
11．A.truth B．message
C．power D．program
C　解析：“我”有“能力(power)”做一些改变。
12．A.address B．gift
C．report D．sign
D　解析：这位交通协管员给了“我”一个“手势(sign)”，让“我”驶入学校。
13．A.work B．turn
C．test D．journey
B　解析：由下文的as I continued my turn可知，这里是说“我”在“转弯(turn)”之前。
14．A.softened B．reddened
C．darkened D．hardened
A　解析：由上文的Most days he looked worried.和下文的He smiled back at me可知，他的脸色变得“柔和(softened)”了。
15．A.speech B．mistake
C．decision D．difference
D　解析：“我”通过微笑使这位协管员的心态发生了改变。make a difference意为“产生影响”，符合句意。
16．A.now that B．as if
C．even though D．only if
C　解析：这里前后句为转折关系，故填even though。
17．A.believes B．recognizes
C．supports D．interviews
B　解析：我们经常向对方微笑，所以“我”知道即使没说过话他也能“认出(recognizes)”“我”来。
18．A.always B．never
C．hardly D．sometimes
A　解析：由下文的I can’t imagine how I lived without such a smile可知，现在“我”“总是(always)”会对周围的人微笑。
19．A.sent B．enjoyed
C．collected D．received
D　解析：由上文的I...smile toward people around me可知，这里是说那些“收到(received)”微笑的人们。
20．A.easier B．longer
C．brighter D．busier
C　解析：由上文内容可知，微笑使“我”的生活“更加美好(brighter)”、快乐。
B卷 [学生用书P143(单独成册)]
阅读理解
A
Nowadays women appear to have a positive image of themselves as safer drivers than men.
In a survey done for insurer MetLife, 51% of women said they drive more safely.The evidence is on their side：Men are 3.4 times more likely than women to get a ticket for careless driving and 3.1 times as likely to be punished for drunk driving. “Women are on average less aggressive and more law abiding(守法的) drivers, which leads to fewer accidents，” the report says.However, not all male drivers share the same opinion.Of the men surveyed by MetLife, 39% claimed male drivers are safer.The findings did back them up on one point：automotive knowledge.The report showed that more men are familiar with current safety equipment such as electronic stability control，which helps prevent rollover accidents.
Auto safety unavoidably matters to money.Insurance companies focus on what classes of drivers have the lowest dollar amounts of claims, and for now, that mainly includes women.In general, women pay about 9% less for auto insurance than men.A study by the website Insweb also showed that auto insurance rates are lower for women in most states.Among individual states, women get the greatest advantage in Wyoming(where they pay 20% less), South Dakota and Washington, D．C.where their insurance costs are 16% lower.
“More than 11, 900 male drivers died in U．S.traffic accidents in 2009, compared with just under 4，900 women drivers，” according to the study. “Based on miles traveled, men died at a rate of 2.5 deaths per 100 million miles traveled, VS 1.7 deaths for women.”
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过列举一些数据说明现在女性司机似乎比男性司机开车更加安全。
1．According to the study，female drivers ________．
A．are more aggressive while driving
B．are more interested in auto knowledge
C．are more likely to stick to driving laws
D．are more familiar with safety equipment
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Women are on average less aggressive and more law abiding(守法的) drivers...”可知，C项正确。
2．Insurance companies focus on female driver clients probably because they ________．
A．cause more accidents on the road
B．pay more money to the insurance companies
C．take the most part of the insurance clients
D．have the lowest amount of money on insurance claims
D　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第一、二句话可知，对保险公司而言，机动车安全与钱息息相关，越是安全的驾驶人员索赔就相应的越少，而与男性相比女性司机驾驶更为安全，所以深受保险公司的青睐。故选D。
3．We can infer from the passage that ________．
A．men are 3.1 times more likely to get tickets than women
B．all women in the U．S.A.pay the same for their auto insurance　
C．more female drivers die every year than male drivers
D．women are generally safer drivers than the opposite gender　
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知，女性司机相比男性司机而言驾驶更加安全，故选D；根据第二段中的“Men are 3.4 times more likely...to get a ticket...”可知，A项错误；根据第三段最后一句可知，B项错误；根据最后一段第一句可知，C项错误。
4．The writer mainly develops paragraphs by ________．
A．giving examples B．making comparisons
C．drawing a conclusion D．presenting an argument
B　解析：推理判断题。根据文中第二至四段中的数据对比可知，作者将女性司机与男性司机进行比较，从而得出女性司机比男性司机更安全的结论，故选B。
B
LAS VEGAS—It was different in the light of day.
There was no “pop, pop, pop” of gunfire, no screams. Just quite a lot of cars abandoned by those, like Kassidy Owen, who escaped with their lives.
“It’s strange to hear the silence，” Owen said，“because all I remember was the noise.”
The 22－year－old was one of dozens of concertgoers who returned to the scene of the Route 91 Harvest Festival on Wednesday morning to fetch the vehicles they left behind as they fled from a gunman raining down bullets from high above in the tower of the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino across the street.
Survivors of the deadly mass shooting in Las Vegas on Sunday needed their cars to move on with their lives—to get back to work, to school or home. It was the first time they were returning to a scene that would forever change them, when joy and celebration and music turned into killing and horror.
Before they could move forward, they had to go back to the place where they thought they were going to die.
Owen had run to her car to hide and had tried to drive away, but she couldn’t. People were running, bodies dropped to the ground, and cars bottlenecked in the parking lot. During a brief pause after more than 10 minutes of gunfire, she worried the lights of her SUV made everyone inside a shining target.
“They’re shooting again！” her best friend’s brother screamed. “Turn off the car！”
That’s when she got out and fled.
“I just remember shutting the door and running，” Owen said.
Now, nearly three days later, she was back, sitting in the driver’s seat of her SUV. Her eyes were swollen and red. This was a long way from over.
“You just keep hearing the gunshots in your head，”Owen said.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了拉斯维加斯枪击案中一名幸存者Owen遭遇整个事情的经过。她和朋友在拉斯维加斯经历了枪击案，慌乱的人群迫使她下车逃跑，终于躲过一劫。三天后，她回到那里取车，坐在车上，她满脑子都是枪击声，她的眼睛红了……
5．Why did Kassidy Owen return to the scene of terror?
A．To get back her car for daily life.
B．To show sympathy to the victims.
C．To search for her missing friends.
D．To look into the cause of the shooting.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Survivors of the deadly mass shooting in Las Vegas on Sunday needed their cars to move on with their lives—to get back to work, to school or home.”可知，Kassidy Owen重回枪击案现场是为了取回她的车，以便正常生活，故A项正确。
6．Where was the gunman when the mass shooting happened?
A．Behind a car. B．In the parking lot.
C．On the stage. D．In a tall building.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“a gunman raining down bullets from high above in the tower of the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino across the street”可知，一名枪手在高塔上朝下扫射。据此可知，枪手是在一个高的建筑物上，故D项正确。
7．Why did Owen keep hearing the gunshots in her head?
A．Because she had escaped being caught.
B．Because she wanted to find the gunman.
C．Because she couldn’t rid herself of those terrible scenes.
D．Because she had saved others’ lives by turning off the car.
C　解析：推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“It was the first time they were returning to a scene that would forever change them, when joy and celebration and music turned into killing and horror.”，并结合全文内容可知，Owen 遭遇了可怕的枪击案，弃车逃跑三天后重回案发现场取车，她又回忆起枪击案的场景；据此可知，她满脑子都是枪声是因为她无法忘记可怕的枪击场景，故C项正确。
8．Where is the text probably taken from?
A．A story book. B．A newspaper.
C．A guidebook. D．A research report.
B　解析：文章出处题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了拉斯维加斯枪击案中一名幸存者Owen遭遇整个事情的经过，并结合本文第一段“LAS VEGAS—It was different in the light of day.”的新闻体特征可以判断，本文最可能摘自报纸，故B项正确。
七选五
We all have at least a few bad habits. But when it comes to sleep, bad habits may be preventing you from getting the rest you need. Below are some common bad habits that can affect your quality of sleep.
Exercising too close to bedtime: 1.________．But if you exercise too close to bedtime, it can excite you and keep you from falling asleep.If you’re hitting the gym in the evening, make sure it’s three or four hours before you plan to sleep.
2．________： Screen light tricks your body into thinking it’s daytime.It causes the hormone(激素) which helps regulate sleep to stop working.Consider limiting screen time to an hour or two before bed.
Late?night eating: It can affect sleep, for example, lying down shortly after eating a heavy meal can cause heartburn.3.________．
Working right up until bedtime: 4.________， if you’re thinking about work.Instead of working before bed, do something relaxing like listening to music or taking a warm bath.
Getting up late on the weekends: 5.________， though it might feel good.Consistency is key to developing sleep patterns that improve the quality of your sleep.So, consider sticking to the same sleep schedule even on the weekends.
A．Extra sleep may break your body’s natural habit
B．Have a light snack if you’re hungry at bedtime
C．Enough sleep plays a key role in keeping fit
D．Doing sports is great for overall health
E．It’s hard for your mind to settle down
F．Leaving your phone beside you
G．Watching your phone in bed
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个影响睡眠的坏习惯及其解决方法。
1．D　解析：根据本句后的But可知，前后两句为转折关系，后句提出睡前运动对睡眠不利。D项“运动对健康有利”符合此处语境。
2．G　解析：根据下文中的Screen light和screen time可知，该段主要介绍在床上看手机这一坏习惯。
3．B　解析：B项中建议饥饿时吃少量零食与上文中的lying down shortly after eating a heavy meal can cause heartburn相照应。
4．E　解析：E项中的mind to settle down与下文中的do something relaxing相照应。
5．A　解析：根据下文中的Consistency和sticking to the same sleep schedule可知，作者建议保持稳定的睡眠规律。A项“睡懒觉打乱身体的自然习惯”符合语境。
短文改错
It was a rain and cold night. Everyone on the street was heading home a hurry. I saw a man sitting on a bench, tried to stay warm. I happened to have two new coat with me, which I bought hours before. I gave one to him. I was about to leave when I decided to get her a warm sandwich and warm drink.That was what I did next. The man accepted them grateful. I was glad that I could and do help this person. We may not be able to help every person in the need, but we can always do something for one person who need help.
答案：
It was a and cold night. Everyone on the street was heading home a hurry. I saw a man sitting on a bench, to stay warm. I happened to have two new with me, which I bought hours . I gave one to him. I was about to leave when I decided to get a warm sandwich and warm drink.That was what I did next. The man accepted them . I was glad that I could and help this person. We may not be able to help every person in eq \o(,\s\up0(＼)) need, but we can always do something for one person who help.







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(共47张PPT)
Unit 4　Public transport
本部分内容讲解结束
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要点透析·讲练互动
名师解疑·精讲精练






Section Ⅲ　Word power, Task & Project




1．handful n． 少量的人或物；一把(的量)
2．split vi.&vt. 分割，(使)分开；撕开，割破
3．annual adj. 每年的，一年一次的
4．port n. 港口；(计算机)端口
5．punctual adj. 准时的，守时的
6．arise vi. 出现，产生
7．crash n．&vi.&vt. 撞车；碰撞；倒闭；崩溃
8．fine vt. 处以罚金
9．violate vt. 违犯，违反；侵犯
10．turning n. 拐弯处，转弯处
11．brake n. 刹车，车闸
vt. 用车闸减速，刹车

12．enquiry n．询问，咨询；调查，查究，探究→enquire vt. 询问，打听
13．receptionist n. 接待员→reception n．接待处；反应；接待→receptive adj. 愿意倾听的，乐于接受的
14．reservation n. 预订，预约；保留意见→reserve vt. 预订，预约；保留
15．departure n. 离开，出发；背离，违反→depart v．离开
16．aggressive adj.好斗的，挑衅的，富于攻击性的→aggression n．进攻；侵犯；侵略→aggress vi.攻击；侵犯
17．drunk adj. 喝醉的n. 醉汉，酒鬼→drink v．喝；饮n.饮料；喝酒→drinker n．饮者；酒徒
18．load n．负荷，负载；大量，许多 vt. 装载，装上，装入→unload vt.卸下；卸货；摆脱……之负担

1．put through 给某人接通(电话)；使经历
2．decide on/upon 决定，选定
3．put off 推迟，推延；使反感
4．turn up 出现，到来；调高(音量等)
5．fill in 填写(表格)；消磨(时间)
6．a handful of 少数的，少量的
7．split up 分组，分解；分离
8．in advance 提前
9．speed up (使)加速
10．under repair 在修理中
11．in addition to 除……之外，还
12．arise from 起因于，由……引起
13．result in 导致(某种结果)

1．too...to...太……而不能
Many cyclists fail to pay attention to the cars that surround them, and often ride too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop.
许多骑自行车的人不注意周围的车辆，而且经常骑得与车辆太近，以至于车辆没有足够的空间和时间刹车。
2．that引导同位语从句
Some cyclists make the assumption that traffic laws do not apply to them,but this is not true.
有些骑自行车的人认为交通规则不适用于他们，但是这是不对的。
3．make＋it＋adj.＋(for sb.) to do sth.
Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle makes it more difficult to control．
负重过量会使你的自行车更难控制。

Scan the text and choose the best answer.
1．Who decided to do a project on transport?
A．Zhao Ning. B．Li Ning.
C．Zhao Ming. D．Lin Qing.
2．What is the road that goes through a tunnel called in the USA?
A．A light railway. B．A railway.
C．An underpass. D．A motorway.
3．What are main roads often called in the USA?
A．Highroads. B．Main streets.
C．Highways. D．Main ways.
4．What is it called if you have to pay to use a road?
A．A junction. B．An intersection.
C．A path. D．A toll road.
答案：1－4.ACCD


Traffic Accidents and Road Safety
The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from① those accidents② has increased over the past year③.This notice is aimed at④ increasing people’s knowledge of the problem.
We must all be aware of⑤ the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them. This is true of⑥ everyone as accidents affect drivers of vehicles as well as⑦ cyclists⑧ and pedestrians⑨. We all have a responsibility to⑩ prevent accidents.
Below are some of the major causes of road accidents in connection with?vehicles such as cars, minibuses? and lorries，and what drivers should do to prevent them．?
①arise[?'raIz]vi.出现，产生
arise from 起因于，由……引起
②现在分词短语用作 the deaths的后置定语。
③over the past year 在过去的一年里，常与现在完成时连用。
④be aimed at 目的是，目标是
⑤be aware of 意识到，认识到
⑥be true of 符合，适用于　⑦as well as 也，又
⑧cyclist['saIklIst]n.骑自行车的人
⑨pedestrian[p?'destrI?n]n.行人，步行者 adj.行人(使用)的
⑩have a responsibility to do sth.有责任做某事
?in connection with 与……有关
?minibus['mInIb?s]n.中巴，小型公共汽车
?本句为完全倒装句。

交通事故与道路安全
在过去的一年里，道路交通事故及由此造成的死亡人数均有所增长。此通告旨在提高人们对这一问题的认识。
我们都必须意识到造成交通事故的潜在原因，并采取措施防止事故发生。这对每个人都尤为重要，因为事故不只是影响到骑自行车的人和行人，而且还影响到机动车驾驶员，我们大家都有责任预防事故的发生。
以下是机动车如小汽车、小型巴士和货车引起道路交通事故的一些主要原因，以及司机为防止事故应采取的措施。　　

·Drivers not paying attention—This is the most common cause of accidents.When drivers do not pay attention to surrounding traffic, they are not ready when another driver does something wrong?，like turning without signalling or giving wrong signals?.
·Drivers getting annoyed? in a traffic jam—Many drivers are aggressive? and push into? other lanes? of traffic or pass other cars. These are both very dangerous because they can result in crashes?.
·Drivers speaking on mobile phones—Recently the number of people fined for speaking on their mobile phones while driving has increased by 30 per cent.Speaking on the phone requires a person to concentrate and takes a driver’s attention from the road.
?do something wrong 做错事
?give wrong signals发出错误信号
?get annoyed 感到苦恼；失去耐心
?aggressive[?'ɡresIv]adj.好斗的，挑衅的，富于攻击性的
?push into 推进，推动
?lane[leIn]n.车道；小路；小巷
?crash[kr??]n.& vi.& vt.撞车；碰撞；倒闭；崩溃
fine[faIn]vt.处以罚金
过去分词短语 fined for speaking ...作后置定语，修饰people，people与 fine 之间是被动关系。while driving补充完整为while they are driving。

·司机注意力不集中——这是事故最常见的原因。当司机不注意周围的交通状况，而另一个司机出了差错(如未打信号灯就突然转向、发出错误信号等)时他们缺乏准备。
·司机在交通堵塞时没有耐心——许多司机好逞强，他们抢道或超车。这两种情况都非常危险，因为它们很容易导致撞车。
·司机驾驶时用手机打电话——最近因驾驶时用手机打电话而被罚款的司机人数增长了30%。使用手机通话需要集中注意力，这样就分散了司机对路面情况的注意力。　　

·Drinking and driving—If you drive after you have consumed alcoholic drinks or are drunk, you are violating the law and risking your own lifeas well as the lives of others.If you are with someone who has been drinking alcohol，even if it is just a couple of beers, do not allow them
to drive.
·Drivers speeding—Speed kills.This is a fact that is easily ignored，but driving too fast through city streets is very dangerous.Our city streets are always crowded withpeople, cars and bicycles.Drivers have to take the responsibility to watch out forpeople crossing the road，especially senior citizens who may not be able to walk very fast and young children who may not look before stepping into the road.Drivers should be careful near schools in particular, because there are likely to be many children.
On the next page are some of the chief causes of road accidents related tocyclists and pedestrians，and what they should do to prevent accidents.
drunk[dr??k]adj.喝醉的 n．醉汉，酒鬼
violate['vaI?leIt]vt.违犯，违反；侵犯
violate the law 违法
risk one’s life 冒生命危险
risk doing sth.冒险做某事
beer[bI?(r)]n.啤酒；一杯(或一罐)啤酒
be crowded with 挤满
take the responsibility to do sth.承担责任做某事
watch out for戒备，提防，密切注意
step into 走进
第一个who引导定语从句，修饰citizens；第二个who 也引导定语从句，修饰children。
in particular 特别，尤其
be likely to do 可能做
(be) related to 与……有关

·酒后驾驶——如果你酒后或醉酒后开车，你就是违犯法律并拿自己和别人的生命开玩笑。如果你和喝了酒的人在一起，即使他们只喝了几杯啤酒，也不要允许他们开车。
·超速驾驶——超速是致命的。这是一个容易被忽视的事实，但在城市街道上车速过快是非常危险的。我们的城市街道总是挤满了行人、小汽车和自行车。司机们有责任留意过马路的人们，尤其是那些行动缓慢的老人和过马路时不注意观察两边的儿童。司机们在学校附近尤其要小心，因为那里可能有许多儿童。
下页讲的是与骑自行车的人和行人相关的道路交通事故的一些主要原因，以及他们为防止事故应采取的措施。　　

·Cyclists not paying attention—Many cyclists fail to pay attention to the cars that surround them，and often ride too close to cars toallow them space and time to stop.Some cyclists make the assumption that traffic laws do not apply to them，but this is not true.Cyclists should always signal at turnings and stay on the correct side of the road.
·Riding bicycles on the pavement—Sometimes bicycles are allowed on the pavement, but cycling on the pavement can be dangerous to pedestrians.When on the pavement，cyclists should walk next to their bicycles to avoid causingany accidents.
·Cyclists carrying a passenger —Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle makes it more difficult to control.This lack of control is an invitation to accidents.
·Bicycles without lights—It is recommended to have a light on your bicycle at night.Check your light regularly to make sure it works, as many accidents are caused at night because a bicycle cannot be seen.
fail to do sth.未能做某事
too... to...太……而不能……
make the assumption that ...做出……的假设
apply to 适合，适用于
turning['tз?nI?]n.拐弯处，转弯处
at turnings 在转弯处
avoid doing sth.避免做某事
load[l??d]n.负荷，负载；大量，许多 vt.装载，装上，装入
lack of 缺少，缺乏
invitation此处意为“招致，诱发”。
It is recommended to do ...“被建议做……”。it 是形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式短语。
recommend 当“建议”讲时，其后从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用should do，should 可以省略。
as many accidents ...是as引导的原因状语从句。

·骑自行车的人注意力不集中——许多骑自行车的人不注意周围的车辆，而且经常骑得与车辆太近，以至于车辆没有足够的空间和时间刹车。有些骑自行车的人认为交通规则不适用于他们，但是这是不对的。骑自行车的人每当转弯时都应该示意，并且只能在规定的道路一侧骑车。
·在人行道上骑自行车——有时候自行车是允许在人行道上骑的，但在人行道上骑自行车对行人来说是很危险的。在人行道上时，骑自行车的人应推着车子走，以免造成事故。
·骑自行车带人——负重过量会使你的自行车更难控制。而缺乏控制就会诱发事故。
·自行车无灯——夜间骑自行车建议你在自行车上装个灯。定期检查灯是否完好，因为许多事故是由于夜间自行车未被看见而造成的。　　

·Bicycles in need of repair —Another cause of accidents is that bicycles are not kept in good condition.Often brakes do not work properly or tyres are so old that the bicycle cannot stop in time.
·Pedestrians crossing the road in the wrong way—Road safety is important for pedestrians too. They should remember to be cautious，and look both ways and listen for cars that they might not be able to see. Pedestrians should always cross the road on a crossing, and should never run across the road.Parents and teachers have a responsibility to teach children how to cross the road safely.
·Ignoring traffic lights—Traffic lights are there to guide traffic in a reasonable way .Pedestrians，cyclists and drivers should all obey traffic lights，stopping when the light is red and waiting for it to turn green to go.
It is up to all of us road users to make sure that we avoid accidents by paying attention to road safety．
in need of 需要
in good condition状况良好
keep...in good condition 使……保持良好状况
brake[breIk]n.刹车，车闸vt.用车闸减速，刹车
tyre['taI?(r)]n.轮胎
in time 及时　on time 按时
that they might not be able to see 是that 引导的定语从句，修饰cars。
crossing['kr?sI?]n.人行横道；十字路口，交叉点；穿越
run across跑着穿过；偶遇
ignore v．忽视，不理睬
in a reasonable way 以合情合理的方式
It is up to sb. to do sth.由某人负责做某事； that we avoid accidents...是that 引导的宾语从句，作make sure 的宾语。

·自行车需要修理——事故的另一个原因是自行车的车况不好。经常发生刹车不灵或车胎老化以致不能及时刹车的情况。
·行人乱穿马路——道路安全对行人也很重要。行人应记住要小心，向左右两边看，要注意听，以免有车而没有注意到。行人应总是在十字路口过马路，永远都不要横穿马路。父母和老师有责任教孩子们怎样安全过马路。
·忽视交通灯——交通灯指挥交通有序进行。行人、骑自行车的人和司机们都应遵守交通信号灯，遇红灯要停，等它变绿时才能走。
我们要注意道路安全，从而确保避免事故，这一切都取决于我们道路使用者。　　


fill in　　填写(表格、空格等)
(教材P57)... but you will have to fill in a form and then we will decide on the best way to organize the visit.
……不过你们必须先填一个表格，然后我们来确定一下组织你们参观的最好方式。

fill up (with) 填补；淤积；装满
fill out 膨胀，扩张
fill...with... 用……装满
be filled with＝be full of 充满
①If you want to apply for the job, please fill in the form.
如果你想申请这份工作，请填写这张表格。
②Fill in your address at the bottom of the application form.
把你的地址填写在申请表下端。
③He has filled up the tank with gas.
他已经给油箱装满了汽油。
④The moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work, she was filled_with_joy.
我阿姨苦读四年之后获得了文凭，那一刻她欣喜万分。
⑤Upon her return home, Alice was filled with joy at the news.
爱丽丝一回到家就对这个消息兴奋不已。
decide on/upon　　就某事作出决定
(教材P57)...but you will have to fill in a form and then we will decide on the best way to organize the visit.
……不过你们必须先填一个表格，然后我们来确定一下组织你们参观的最好方式。

表示“决定做某事”的词组：
decide to do sth. 下决心做某事
decide sb.to do sth. 使某人决定做某事
decide for oneself 自己决定
make a decision 下决心，做决定
reach a decision 作出决定
determine to do sth. 决定做某事
be determined to do sth. 决定做某事
make up one’s mind to do sth. 下定决心做某事　
①Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time.
决定一门新课程，一次做一个决定。
②Whatever we decide to do(do) in the school must be good for the students first.　　不管我们在学校里决定要做什么事情，都必须首先有益于学生。
③That decided me to leave(leave) my job.
那件事使我决定离职。
④When the time came to make the final decision(decide) for a course, I decided to apply(apply) for the one that reflected my interest.
最后决定课程的时候到了，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
(1)为了更多地了解中国文化，Jack已经决定把中国民间音乐作为选修课。
To learn more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take_Chinese folk music as an elective course.
(2)做任何决定之前，必须学会尊重自己的情感与理智。
You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason before you reach any decision．
split　　vi.&vt.劈开，切开；(使)分裂；(使)分开；
断绝关系
(教材P57)We could split up into groups, and come at different times.　我们可以分成几组，在不同的时间来。

split up (into sth.) 断绝关系；分组，分解；分手
split away 分离，分裂出去
split into (使)分成
①The matter has split the party down the middle.
此事件导致该党分成两大派。
②I want to split this class into two ones as it has become too large.　这个班太大了，我想要把它分为两班。
③Finally, fish with deep sorrow, sunk underwater, and that was the bird sad split away from the waters.
最后，这条鱼带着深深的叹息，沉入水底，而那只鸟也悲伤的飞离了那片水域。
④Did the two of you split up in the woods?
你们俩是在树林里分开的吗？
⑤I think the article would be easier to read if you split it up into sections.
我认为你如果把这篇文章分成若干段落，就比较容易读了。
put through　给……接通(电话)；使经历(苦难、考验)；完成，使成功
(教材P57)OK, I will put you through to the receptionist and she can take down your details.
好吧，我给你接通接待员，她可以记下你的详细情况。

put aside 忽视，不理睬；忘记；存储，保留
put away 将……收起；积蓄，攒钱
put down 写下，记下；镇压；放下
put forward 提前；拨快；提议
put off 推迟
put on 穿(戴)上；上演
put up 盖起，搭起，建起；张贴，留宿
put up with 容忍，忍受
put out 生产；伸出；出版；扑灭　
①Could you put me through to the manager，please?
请帮我找经理接一下电话，好吗？
②We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better.
我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。
③Please put these tools away after you finish the work.
干完活后请把这些工具收起来。
④Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
今日事今日毕。
⑤The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.
经理提出了一条建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。
reservation　n．(房间、座位等的)预订；保留
(教材P59)There are many flights to Dalian, and the city has good air connections with most large cities in China, but you need to make reservations in advance.
有许多航班飞往大连，大连与中国的大多数大城市有良好的空中联系，但是你需要提前预订机票。

(1)make a reservation 预订
without reservation 毫无保留
(2)reserve v. 储备；保留；预订
n. 储备
in reserve 备用
(3)reserved adj. 保留的，预订的
be reserved for 为……预留的　
①If you want to buy this new phone, you should make a reservation in advance.
如果你想买这部新手机，你应该提前预订。
②We condemn their actions without reservation．
我们毫无保留地谴责他们的行为。
③Keep some money in reserve, just in case.
存一些钱备用，以防万一。
④A separate room is reserved for smokers.
有一间独立房间是留给吸烟者用的。

These tables are reserved for the children and the reserved seats by the window are also taken up, so I’ll have to make a reservation for you next week.
[巧学活用]——一句多译
提前预定一张桌子是个好主意。
(1)It is a good idea to reserve a table in advance.(reserve v．)
(2)It is a good idea to make a reservation for a table in advance.(reservation n．)
speed up　(使)加速
(教材P59)Newsflash：A new service has just opened between Beijing and Dalian and this has speeded up travel between the two cities.
新闻快讯：在北京和大连之间刚刚开通了一项新的服务，这加快了两个城市之间的旅行。

at the/a speed of 以……的速度
with all the speed 全速
pick up speed 加速
reduce speed/slow down 减速
at high/low/full/top speed 以高/低/全/最高速　
①Plenty of fresh air and exercise will speed up his recovery.
充足的新鲜空气和体育锻炼将加速他的康复。
②A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience, especially if you are travelling at high speed.　突然停止会是一次可怕的经历，尤其是如果你正以高速运行的时候。
③How did the accident come about since he drove at the/a speed of sixty miles per hour？　既然他以每小时60英里的速度开车， 那么事故是怎样发生的呢？
punctual　　adj.准时的，守时的
(教材P59)Sometimes the slow ferries are not very punctual and there may be long delays.
有时候较慢的渡船不是很准时，可能会耽搁很长时间。

(1)be punctual to the minute 一分不差
be punctual for... 在……方面很守时
(2)punctuality n. 准时，守时
(3)punctually adv. 准时地，准点地　
①Even though the conference hall is near his apartment, he has to hurry a little if he wants to be punctual.
尽管会议大厅就在他的公寓附近，但是如果他想准时的话还得抓紧时间。
②I have to go now because I must be punctual for class.
我现在不得不走了，因为我得准时去上课。
③Mary arrived punctually(punctual) at ten o’clock.
玛丽十点钟准时到达。
④Punctuality(punctual) is vital, something that comes from a deep respect for others’ time.
守时非常重要，是来自对他人时间深深地尊重。
　arise　　vi.(问题等)出现，产生；起源于
(教材P62)The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased over the past year.　在过去的一年里，道路交通事故及由此造成的死亡人数均有所增长。

arise from/out of 起因于
①A completely new situation is likely to arise when the new law comes into effect.
当这条新法律生效时，很可能会出现一个全新的形势。
②When I arose(arise) from the chair, Tom and Mary were in deep conversation.
当我从椅子上站起来时，汤姆和玛丽谈兴正浓。
③It can’t be too careful while driving，because accidents often arise from/out of carelessness.
开车时越仔细越好，因为事故往往是由疏忽大意而引起的。
　violate　vt.违反；违犯；侵犯
(教材P62)If you drive after you have consumed alcoholic drinks or are drunk, you are violating the law and risking your own life as well as the lives of others.
如果你酒后或醉酒后开车，你就是违犯法律并拿自己和别人的生命开玩笑。

violate sb.’s privacy 侵犯某人的隐私
violate the peace 扰乱宁静
①The sound of guns violated the peace of the countryside.
炮声扰乱了乡村的宁静。
②They went to prison because they violated(violate) the law.
他们触犯了法律，因此坐了牢。
③These men were violating(violate) her family’s privacy.
这些人侵犯了她家人的隐私。
load　　n．负荷；负担；工作量　v．装载；装货
(教材P63)Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle makes it more difficult to control.
负重过量会使你的自行车更难控制。

(1)a load of＝loads of 大量的，许多(修饰不可数
名词或者可数名词复数)
take a load off sb.’s mind 消除某人的思想负担
(2)load...with... 装载；把……装进……
load sth.into/onto... 把某物装入(到)……
(3)unload vt.&vi. (从车上)卸货
overload vt.& n. 超载
upload/download vt. 上传/下载 　　
①The old man carries his load, walking slowly.
老人慢慢地挑着担子前行。
②Life is like a bus loaded with passengers, each man to his destination.
生活就像一辆载满乘客的公共汽车，每人都有他的目的地。
③Hearing the good news I took a load off my mind.
听了这个好消息我如释重负。
④She loaded film into the camera.
她把胶卷装到照相机里。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
近年来学生的负担是一个热门话题，但父母的负担却很少有人关注，尤其是来自自己子女的关怀。
The burden of students has been a hot topic for years, but the load of parents has received little attention, especially from their own children.

(教材P55)For example, when travelling by land we can use trains, cars, coaches, buses and bicycles...
例如，当我们陆路旅行时，我们可以用火车、轿车、长途公共汽车、公交车和自行车……

when引导时间状语从句，省略了主语we are。在复合句中，有些表示时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等的状语从句中，如果从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，而且从句的主谓结构为“主语＋be”或者“it/there＋be”时，则可省略从句的主谓结构，构成省略句。
①When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn’t seen for years.
当我沿着街道散步时，遇到了多年未见的戴维。
②Although (he was) a farmer,now he is a famous director.
虽然他曾是个农民，但现在是位著名的导演了。
③When crossing(cross) the street, you should look at both sides.　当过马路的时候，你应该向两边看看。
④While enjoying(enjoy) the meal, some talented students gave a wonderful folk dance performance, making the elderly very happy.　吃饭时，一些有天赋的学生表演了完美的民间舞蹈，使老人非常高兴。
(教材P62)Below are some of the major causes of road accidents in connection with vehicles such as cars, minibuses and lorries, and what drivers should do to prevent them.
以下是机动车如小汽车、小型巴士和货车引起道路交通事故的一些主要原因，以及司机为防止事故应采取的措施。

本句使用了完全倒装结构。主语是名词，将表语below提到句首，故采用完全倒装。完全倒装的几种情况：
(1)here, there，now, then等副词放在句首的时候(谓语动词通常用be，come，go)。
(2)表示运动方向的副词放在句首的时候(谓语动词通常用表示运动的动词)。
(3)表示地点的介词短语放在句首的时候。
(4)为了保持句子的平衡或者上下文的衔接紧密，有时候可以将状语或者表语放在句首。
(5)有时候为了强调，可以将谓语动词部分的现在分词，过去分词或者不定式放在句首。 　　
①Down jumped the naughty boy.
那个调皮的男孩跳了下来。
②Among the guests is the man you are looking for.
你找的人在客人中。
③There goes the bell.　铃响了。
④Standing beside the table is a seven?year?old boy.
站在桌旁的是一个七岁的男孩。

应用中要注意以下几点：
(1)该句式中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致。
(2)该句式常用于非限制性定语从句中。
(3)该句式常用于地点状语从句中，注意where引导词的选用。
⑤On the wall hangs a beautiful picture.
墙上挂着一幅美丽的画。
⑥We soon got to a small cottage, in front of which sat a little boy.　我们很快到达了一家小农舍，房前坐着一个小男孩。
⑦We took some photos where stood the famous tower.
我们在那座名塔处拍了些照片。
[巧学活用]——句式升级
They arrived at an old church.A big crowd of people stood in front of the old church.
They arrived at an old church, in front of which stood a big crowd of people．(定语从句，并用倒装句)
(教材P62)If you are with someone who has been drinking alcohol, even if it is just a couple of beers，do not allow them to drive.　如果你和喝了酒的人在一起，即使他们只喝了几杯啤酒，也不要允许他们开车。

even if相当于even though，引导让步状语从句，意为“即使”。从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。与if相关的短语还有：　
as if 似乎，好像
if only 要是……就好了
only if 只有
what if 如果……该怎么办
①My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, even though he’s in his nineties.
即使是九十多岁了，我爷爷仍然时不时地打打网球。
②Even if they are completely different from each other in character, they are still good friends.
即使他们在性格方面完全不同，他们仍旧是好朋友。
③I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard.
我告诉他，只有努力才能成功。
④If only he were here now.
要是他现在在这儿就好了。
⑤What if we invited them to come here for a play instead?
如果换作我们邀请他们来这里参加戏剧会怎样？

[学生用书P79]
品句填词
1．I’ve made a ____________ (预订) for you on the morning flight.
答案：reservation
2．They hoped this would lead to the ____________ (离开) of all foreign forces from the country.
答案：departure
3．She is always ____________ (守时) but today she was late.
答案：punctual
4．The teenager became more ____________ (好斗的) after the quarrel with his parents.
答案：aggressive
5．The country ____________ (违反) the international agreement.
答案：violated
6．A crisis has ____________ (出现) in the Foreign Office.
答案：arisen
7．The mother ____________ (切成) the apple into halves and handed them to their children.
答案：split
8．People were ____________(装载) bags of rice onto the truck.
答案：loading
单句改错
1．As if it will take me six weeks, I am determined to finish the job.
____________________
答案：As→Even
2．Fill in the blanks with prepositions where is necessary.
____________________
答案：去掉is或is前加it
3．She has finished the work earlier than expect.
____________________
答案：expect→expected
4．Away run the defeated army, leaving many wounded soldiers.
____________________
答案：run→ran
5．They arrived at a house, in front of which sitting an old man.
____________________
答案：sitting→sat
完成句子
1．如果你服药的时候按照包装上的说明服用，我认为这种药会很快起作用的。
Follow the instructions on the packet ____________ the drug and the drug, I think，will work soon.
答案：when taking
2．我想明天下午我能修好你的车，如果不那样的话，你得等到星期五。
I think I can fix your car tomorrow afternoon.____________， you’ll have to wait till Friday.
答案：If (it is) not (fixed)
3．在英格兰一所大学的讲堂里坐着一位教授。
In a lecture hall of a university in England ____________．
答案：sits a professor
4．即使计算是对的，科学家们从来不能肯定他们把所有的可能性都包含了。
____________ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all possibilities.
答案：Even if/though
5．门开了，她走了进来。
The door opened and ________________________．
答案：in she came
课文语篇改错
The number of road accidents and the deaths arisen from those accidents has been increased greatly over the past year.This notice is aimed at increasing people knowledge of the problem.
We must all be aware the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to preventing them. This is true of everyone as accidents affect drivers of vehicles as well as cyclists and pedestrians. We all had a responsibility to prevent accidents.Drivers should pay attention to surrounding traffic, but get ready when another driver does something wrongly. Never speak on the phone while driving on the road. Beside, don’t drive after drinking and don’t allow anyone drunk to drive. Last but not least, drivers should be careful near schools because there are like to be many children.
答案：
The number of road accidents and the deaths from those accidents has eq \o(,\s\up0(＼)) increased greatly over the past year.This notice is aimed at increasing knowledge of the problem.
We must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to them. This is true of everyone as accidents affect drivers of vehicles as well as cyclists and pedestrians. We all a responsibility to prevent accidents.Drivers should pay attention to surrounding traffic, get ready when another driver does something . Never speak on the phone while driving on the road. ， don’t drive after drinking and don’t allow anyone drunk to drive. Last but not least, drivers should be careful near schools because there are to be many children.

A卷 [学生用书P145(单独成册)]
单句语法填空
1．Once ____________ (begin), it must be done well.
答案：begun
2．I want to make a ____________(reserve) for a single room.
答案：reservation
3．He held off his ____________(depart) until his sister came.
答案：departure
4．There is no problem ____________ me to be punctual for work though I have to travel that far.
答案：for
5．Unexpected difficulties ____________(arise) in the course of their experiment.
答案：arose
6．The ship is loaded ____________ military equipment.
答案：with
7．We are putting ____________ an education revolution in Britain today.
答案：through
8．John was an ____________(aggress) salesman who did his job quite well.
答案：aggressive
9．Don’t decide ____________ important matters too quickly.
答案：on/upon
10．Their car speeded ____________ when it reached the country.
答案：up
阅读理解
A
Believe it or not, optical illusion(错觉) can cut highway crashes.
Japan is a case in point.It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion.But stripes, called chevrons(人字形), painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.
Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D．C.is planning to repeat Japan’s success.Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.
Excessive(too great) speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation.To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed?related hazards(danger) are the greatest curves(曲线), exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges.
Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially(最初) cut the average speed of drivers in half.However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.
Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower.The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们讲述的是一种新型的可以控制汽车速度的方式。
1．The passage mainly discusses ________．
A．a new way of highway speed control
B．a new pattern for painting highways
C．a new way of training drivers
D．a new type of optical illusion
A　解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，我们可以知道，在高速公路上画各种线是为了让司机觉得车速过快，从而达到控制车速的目的，文章讲述的是一种新型的可以控制公路速度的方式；故选A。
2．On roads painted with chevrons, drivers tend to feel that ________．
A．they should avoid speed?related hazards
B．they are driving in the wrong lane
C．they should slow down their speed
D．they are coming near to the speed limit
C　解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段“painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are”道路上画的人字形标志让司机觉得他们的驾驶速度比他们真实的更快，因此司机慢下来，可知司机会减速；故选C。
3．The advantage of chevrons over straight，horizontal bars is that the former ________．
A．can keep drivers awake
B．can cut road accidents in half
C．will look more attractive
D．will have a longer effect on drivers
D　解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.”可知，人字形线比直线、水平线对控制车速有更长久的影响；故选D。
4．The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to ________．
A．try out the Japanese method in certain areas
B．change the road signs across the country
C．replace straight，horizontal bars with chevrons
D．repeat the Japanese road patterns
A　解析：推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D．C.is planning to repeat Japan’s success.”现在在华盛顿特区的美国汽车协会为了交通安全正在计划效仿日本的成功的例子，可知美国要学习日本的方式；故选A。
B
Cities are likely to be affected by overheating, thanks to something called the urban heat island effect. Cities tend to be short of trees, which provide shade, and they are covered with black pavement, which absorbs heat from the sun. Think of how it feels to wear a dark shirt versus a white shirt on a sunny day. A black shirt absorbs light, heating you up. But a white shirt reflects light, keeping you cool.
The average temperature in a city of a million or more people can be more than 5 degrees F hotter than surrounding areas. That extra 5 degrees can turn a hot day from uncomfortable to deadly. As temperatures rise, cities will be an especially dangerous place to live during a heat wave. To protect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler.
As part of that effort, Los Angeles is coating its roads in CoolSeal, a gray paint that keeps streets and parking lots 10 degrees cooler than black asphalt(沥青). It will help Angelinos save money during the summer, when air conditioning sends power bills soaring. And it will save lives by lowering temperatures and improving air quality. Hot weather worsens air pollution by turning car exhaust into smog, which can make life miserable for people with asthma(哮喘) and other breathing problems.
Of course, L．A. will have to do more than paint over a few streets to cool off the city. Angelinos will also need to plant more trees and apply white paint to rooftops—at least those not already covered in solar panels. While L．A. is a pioneer of reflective streets, other cities, like New York, are already experimenting with reflective roofs or, like Melbourne, lowering the temperature by planting trees. L．A. is hardly alone in its effort to stay cool.
“This is an urgent challenge, and it’s much bigger than one person，” said Mayor Garcetti in a recent statement.“Climate change is a fact of life that people in Los Angeles and cities around the world live with every day.”
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了洛杉矶采取的降温方法，除了种植树木外，更主要的是将道路漆成灰白色、将房顶漆成白色，这些措施有效而环保，不仅降低了降温成本，还改善了空气质量、降低了哮喘等呼吸性疾病的发病率。
5．Which of the following contributes to the urban heat island effect?
A．Planting more trees in the streets.
B．Covering the streets with gray paint.
C．Applying reflective paint to rooftops.
D．Furnishing every house with air conditioners.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“air conditioning sends power bills soaring”可推知，夏天人们大量使用空调；又根据常识可知，空调外机的运行会导致气温上升，从而导致热岛效应，故D项符合题意。
6．What should the city officials emphasize during hot summer?
A．How to make the city cooler.
B．Where to wear a white shirt.
C．Why to coat the roads with black paint.
D．When to cut off the electricity supply.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“To protect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler.”可知，为了保护人们的身体健康，在炎热的夏季，城市的官员们着重考虑如何降低城市的温度，故A项正确。
7．What benefit can people gain from the use of CoolSeal?
A．Increasing the indoor activities.
B．Promoting the sale of air conditioners.
C．Making life easier and more comfortable.
D．Reducing the number of cold days.
C　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段，尤其是该段第二、三句“It will help Angelinos save money during the summer, when air conditioning sends power bills soaring. And it will save lives by lowering temperatures and improving air quality.”可知，使用CoolSeal不仅有助于降低温度，还能在夏季节省空调开支和改善空气质量，从而让人们过得更舒适，故C项正确。
8．What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．L.A. adopted many approaches to fight against the heat.
B．L.A. calls on people to fight against global warming.
C．More and more countries begin to plant trees in the streets.
D．L.A. is painting its streets gray to keep the city cool.
D　解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了洛杉矶为了降低城市气温，除了种植树木外，还将道路漆成灰白色，并将房顶漆成白色，这些措施有效而且环保，不仅降低了降温成本，还改善了空气质量、降低了哮喘等呼吸性疾病的发病率。据此可知，D项最能概括文意。
语法填空
I always have my own ways to learn English. First, I always read the text in advance so that I can know what I must pay much attention to in class. 1.____________ my delight, when my teacher raises a question, I know how to answer more often. And whenever I answer a question 2.____________(correct), I have a strong sense of achievement.　　
Besides, I always try to take notes in class. Important language points, grammar rules，useful 3.____________(express) and key words are 4.____________ we want to take down. After class, I organize the notes so that I can have a better 5.____________(understand) of them. Of course, I will certainly read aloud the notes in the morning.
To develop my interest in English, after class I 6.____________(wide) read English materials. By this means I can also develop my ability of reading.
7．____________(chat) with my teachers and classmates is also one of my ways to learn English. We often talk 8.____________ English about different topics concerning friendship, sports, etc. Free expression in English always 9.____________(give) me a sense of pride, 10.____________ in turn inspires me to learn English better.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一些学习英语的方法。
1．To　解析：考查固定短语。 to one’s delight 为固定搭配，意为“让某人高兴的是”，符合语境。故填To。注意首字母大写。
2．correctly　解析：考查词性转换。“answer a question”是动词短语，应用副词修饰。故填 correct 的副词形式 correctly。
3．expressions　解析：考查词性转换。根据空格前后几个并列的名词短语可知，此处应填express的名词形式；且为复数形式。故填expressions。
4．what　解析：考查表语从句。句意为：重要的语言点、语法规则、常用表达和重要单词是我们需要记下的。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导表语从句，且作“take down”的宾语。故填what。
5．understanding　解析：考查词性转换。“better”是形容词，后面需要接一个名词。故填 understand的名词形式understanding。
6．widely　解析：考查词性转换。“read English materials”是动词短语，应用副词修饰。故填wide的副词形式 widely。
7．Chatting　解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为：跟老师和同学交流也是我学英语的方法之一。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动名词形式作主语。故填Chatting。注意首字母大写。
8．in　解析：考查介词。talk in English 意为“用英语交谈”。故填in。
9．gives　解析：考查动词的时态。本文时态是一般现在时，且“Free expression”是单数第三人称。故填gives。
10．which　解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“a sense of pride”，指物；且定语从句中缺少主语。故填which。
B卷 [学生用书P147(单独成册)]
阅读理解
I was desperately nervous about becoming car?free.But eight months ago our car was hit by a passing vehicle and it was destroyed.No problem, I thought：we’ll buy another.But the insurance payout didn’t even begin to cover the costs of buying a new car—I worked out that, with the loan(贷款) we’d need plus petrol, insurance, parking permits and tax, we would make a payment as much as ￡ 600 a month.
And that’s when I had my fancy idea.Why not just give up having a car at all？I live in London.We have a railway station behind our house, a tube station 10 minutes’walk away, and a bus stop at the end of the street.A new car club had just opened in our area, and one of its shiny little red Peugeots was parked nearby.If any family in Britain could live without a car, I reasoned, then surely we were that family.
But my new car?free idea, sadly, wasn’t shared by my family.My teenage daughters were horrified.What would their friends think about our family being “too poor to afford a car”？(I wasn’t that bothered what they thought, and I suggested the girls should take the same approach.)
My friends, too, were astonished at our plan.What would happen if someone got seriously ill overnight and needed to go to hospital？(an ambulance) How would the children get to and from their many events？(buses and trains) People smiled as though this was another of my mad ideas, before saying they were sure I’d soon realize that a car was a necessity.
Eight months on, I wonder whether we’ll ever own a car again.The idea that you “have to” own a car, especially if you live in a city, is all in the mind.I live—and many other citizens do too—in a place that has never been better served by public transport, and yet car ownership has never been higher.We worry about rising car costs, but we’d be better off asking something much more basic：do I really need a car？Certainly the answer is no, and I’m a lot richer because I dared to ask the question.
【解题导语】　文章讲述了由于一辆车的花费太高，作者决定利用城市里便捷的交通资源，过无车生活。虽然此想法被他的女儿们和朋友们反对，但过了八个月的无车生活后，作者的生活质量反而提高了，他仍然认为人不一定非要拥有一辆车。
1．The author decided to live a car?free life partly because ________．
A．most families chose to go car?free
B．he was hurt in a terrible car accident
C．the cost of a new car was too much
D．the traffic jam was unbearable for him
C　解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“But eight months ago our car was hit by a passing vehicle and it was destroyed...with the loan(贷款) we’d need plus petrol, insurance, parking permits and tax, we would make a payment as much as ￡ 600 a month.”可知，作者在计划买新车时，发现他们不仅需要付买车费用，还需要加上汽油、保险、停车许可证和税的花费，开销比较大。因此作者才会想到要放弃买新车的想法。故选C。
2．What is the attitude of the author’s family toward his plan?
A．Supportive. B．Disapproving.
C．Optimistic. D．Unconcerned.
B　解析：观点态度题。根据文章第三段的“...wasn’t shared by my family.My teenage daughters were horrified”，可知，作者的女儿听到他的想法后都吓坏了。可见作者的家人并不赞成他的想法。故选B。
3．What did the author suggest his daughters do about their friends’ opinion?
A．Argue against it. B．Take their advice.
C．Think it over. D．Leave it alone.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段“I wasn’t that bothered what they thought, and I suggested the girls should take the same approach.”可知，作者不在乎他人的看法，也希望他女儿也要以这样的方法看待各自的朋友的看法。故选D。
4．What conclusion did the author draw after the eight?month car?free life?
A．Life cannot go without a car.
B．Life without a car is a little bit hard.
C．His life gets improved without a car.
D．A car?free life does not suit everyone.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“I live—and many other citizens do too—in a place that has never been better served by public transport, and yet car ownership has never been higher.”可知，作者在经历无车生活八个月后，在车主们花费越来越高的情况下，作者的生活质量反而提高了。可见他的生活没有了汽车就得到了改善。故选C。
完形填空
When I first came to Rochester from Austin, Texas—a place where fall is practically non－existent—I was excited for a real northern fall. But, I wasn’t __1__ it to feel like Christmas in October.
Regardless of this __2__， and the adjustment period that I’m not entirely sure I’m __3__， I am thankful to be somewhere that has a __4__ fall. By “real” I __5__ a distinctive season, a(n) __6__in the weather and a visual changing of the world around me. The leaves __7__ colors, it rains more often, the air is almost always __8__ and dry, and a light breeze __9__ me to walk a bit faster to get inside. Yes, it is more difficult to be __10__ outside in Rochester fall—where it is not just “less hot” but __11__， fairly cold. But, I would argue that time spent outside in this season could be more __12__ than in the summer.
Everyone __13__ that fall is about change—I won’t argue against that. Things do __14__ in the fall—the weather is __15__ becoming worse and worse, the dying leaves become warmly colored, and __16__ you know it, we’ll be back to having only eight hours of sunlight a day.
This oncoming change is why I think it is so important to __17__ fall. Fall is not just about the __18__ of change, but also appreciating what will soon be __19__. Go __20__ this fall. Enjoy the leaves not because they are turning beautiful deep shades of orange and red, but because there will soon be no leaves in those branches at all.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。“我”从没有秋天的奥斯丁来到了罗切斯特市，为能在这里经历真正的秋天而兴奋不已。在秋天，天气逐渐变得寒冷，枯叶凋零，日照时间逐渐变短。一切都在变化着，去户外欣赏秋天是明智的选择。
1．A.interested in B．exposed to
C．ashamed of D．prepared for
D　解析：根据上文中的“I was excited for a real northern fall”和该句“But, I wasn’t ______ it to feel like Christmas in October.”可知，“我”从没有秋天的奥斯丁来到了罗切斯特市。“我”为能经历真正的北方的秋天而兴奋不已。但是，这里的十月却如十二月的圣诞节时那样寒冷，“我”却没有准备好。be prepared for意为“为……做好准备”，符合语境。be interested in意为“对……感兴趣”；be exposed to意为“暴露于……”；be ashamed of意为“为……感到羞愧”。
2．A.accident B．possibility
C．shock D．motivation
C　解析：根据上文中的“But, I wasn’t ______ it to feel like”可知，此处指不管这种震惊。shock意为“震惊”，符合语境。accident意为“事故”；possibility意为“可能性”；motivation意为“动机”。
3．A.beyond B．against
C．for D．after
A　解析：根据该句中的“the adjustment period that I’m not entirely sure”，并结合第一段所描述的“我”对这里的气温如圣诞节时那样寒冷感到不知所措的情况可以判断，“我”不能完全确信自己能跨越这个调整期。beyond意为“超过，越过”，符合语境。against意为“反对，违背”；for意为“为了”；after意为“在……之后”。
4．A.rare B．real
C．hard D．strange
B　解析：根据后一句中的“By ‘real’”可知，“我”为此处有真正的秋天而感到欣慰。real意为“真正的”，符合语境。rare意为“罕见的，稀有的”；hard意为“艰难的”；strange意为“奇怪的”。
5．A.take in B．pick up
C．call back D．refer to
D　解析：根据该句“By ‘real’ I ______ a distinctive season...the world around me.”可知，通过说“真正的”，“我”指的是一个差别性明显的季节天气的转变和周围世界的视觉改变。refer to意为“提到，说起”，符合语境。take in意为“吸收，欺骗”；pick up意为“捡起，偶然学会”；call back意为“回电话”。
6．A.shift B．conclusion
C．improvement D．experience
A　解析：参见上题解析。shift意为“转变”，符合语境。conclusion意为“结论”；improvement意为“提高”；experience意为“经历，经验”。
7．A.spoil B．keep
C．turn D．avoid
C　解析：根据该句中的“The leaves ______ colors, it rains more often...and dry”可知，这里描述了秋天的情景：树叶变了颜色，经常下雨，空气几乎总是又冷又干燥。turn意为“改变，变成”；符合语境。spoil意为“损坏，宠坏，变坏，腐败”；keep意为“保持”；avoid意为“避免”。
8．A.cold B．warm
C．hot D．cozy
A　解析：参见上题解析。cold意为“冷的”，符合语境。warm意为“温暖的”；hot意为“炎热的”；cozy意为“温暖舒适的”。
9．A.prevents B．expects
C．urges D．suspects
C　解析：根据该句中的“a light breeze ______ me to walk a bit faster to get inside”可知，刮来的阵阵微风催促“我”快点进入室内。urge意为“敦促，促使”，符合语境。prevent意为“阻止”；expect意为“期望，盼望”；suspect意为“觉得，怀疑，不信任，猜想”。
10．A.grateful B．creative
C．considerate D．comfortable
D　解析：根据上文及该句中的“it is more...outside in Rochester fall—where it is not just ‘less hot’ but ...fairly cold”可知，在罗切斯特市，秋天相当冷，在户外很难让人感觉舒适。comfortable意为“舒适的”，符合语境。grateful意为“感谢的”；creative意为“有创造力的”；considerate意为“考虑周到的”。
11．A.luckily B．actually
C．helpfully D．instantly
B　解析：根据上文和该句中的“where it is not just ‘less hot’but ______， fairly cold”可知，这里不是“不炎热”，而实际上是相当冷。actually意为“事实上，实际上”，符合语境。luckily意为“幸运地”；helpfully意为“有帮助地”；instantly意为“立刻，马上”。
12．A.terrible B．casual
C．unpleasant D．valuable
D　解析：根据语境可知，即便如此，“我”还是认为在这个季节去户外度过的时光可能要比夏季的更有价值。valuable意为“有价值的，珍贵的”，符合语境。terrible意为“可怕的”；casual意为“随便的”；unpleasant意为“使人不愉快的”。
13．A.questions B．emphasizes
C．recalls D．analyzes
B　解析：根据该句中“Everyone ______ that fall is about change—I won’t argue against that.”可知，人人都重视秋季的变化，“我”不反对这一点。emphasize意为“重视，强调”，符合语境。question意为“疑问”；recall意为“回想”；analyze意为“分析”。
14．A.relax B．change
C．harvest D．rest
B　解析：根据该句中的“the weather is ______ becoming worse and worse, the dying leaves become warmly colored”可知，天气逐渐变得越来越寒冷，枯叶变成了暖色调；据此可以判断，在秋天，事物确实发生了变化。change意为“变化”，符合语境。relax意为“放松”；harvest意为“收获”；rest意为“休息”。
15．A.steadily B．hardly
C．accordingly D．narrowly
A　解析：参见上题解析。steadily意为“稳定地，逐渐地”，符合语境。hardly意为“几乎不”；accordingly意为“相应地”；narrowly意为“狭窄地，勉强地”。
16．A.if B．since
C．as D．before
D　解析：根据该句中的“you know it, we’ll be back to having only eight hours of sunlight a day”可知，不知不觉中，一天就只有8个小时的阳光了。before you know it意为“在你知道之前”，表示“不知不觉中”。
17．A.control B．describe
C．appreciate D．hide
C　解析：根据该句“This oncoming change is why I think it is so important to ______ fall.”，并结合上文描述的对秋天感到兴奋和后一句中的“appreciating”可以判断，这个即将到来的变化就是为什么“我”认为欣赏秋天很重要。appreciate意为“欣赏”，符合语境。control意为“控制”；describe意为“描述”；hide意为“隐藏”。
18．A.process B．disadvantage
C．fear D．result
A　解析：根据该句“Fall is not just about the ______ of change...be ______．”可知，秋天不仅仅是关于变化的过程，我们还要去欣赏那些即将逝去的(事物)。process意为“过程”，符合语境。disadvantage意为“缺点，不利”；fear意为“害怕，担心”；result意为“结果”。
19．A.disappointing B．puzzling
C．gone D．broken
C　解析：参见上题解析。gone意为“离开的”，符合语境。disappointing意为“令人失望的”；puzzling意为“令人迷惑的”；broken意为“破碎的”。
20．A.inside B．forward
C．backward D．outside
D　解析：根据最后一句可知，赏叶不是因为它们正变成美丽的深橙色和红色，而是因为很快那些树枝上将没有树叶了。所以该句是在鼓励人们在这个秋天去户外。outside意为“在户外”；inside意为“在里面”；forward意为“向前”；backward意为“向后”。
短文改错
I recently took an eye examination and the doctor told me that I have to wear glasses all the time.He also told me not to read in poor light because of it would be bad for my eye.It’s August now or the new term is about to start.I’m quite nervously about wearing glasses to school, because it will be first time for my friends to see me wearing glasses.I wonder that they are going to say.One of my best friends always wear glasses.I telephoned her and she told me that she hadn’t been laughed at.First see her wearing glasses, people just said there was anything different about her.
答案：
I recently took an eye examination and the doctor told me that I to wear glasses all the time.He also told
me not to read in poor light because eq \o(,\s\up0(＼)) it would be bad for my .It’s August now the new term is about to start.I’m quite about wearing glasses to school, because it will be first time for my friends to see me wearing glasses.I wonder they are going to say.One of my best friends always glasses.I telephoned her and she told me that she hadn’t been laughed at.First her wearing glasses, people just said there was different about her.







PAGE



1



(共96张PPT)
Unit 4　Public transport
本部分内容讲解结束
按ESC键退出全屏播放
自学导引·语篇理解
自主探究·巩固新知
教材助读·解疑清障
读懂课文·破解难疑
原/文/呈/现
读/文/清/障
要点透析·讲练互动
名师解疑·精讲精练






Section Ⅳ　Grammar & Writing

短语动词
一、动词常与其他词类(多是介词和副词)搭配在一起，构成固定词组，称之为短语动词。一般短语动词可分为以下几类：
1．动词＋介词
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面。
believe in 信任/信赖/信仰
belong to... 属于……
care about 对……关心/感兴趣
come across 走过来；偶然碰到/找到
count on... 信赖/指望……
go through 通过
lie in... 在于……
prepare for... 为……作准备
对接高考
①My classmates and I are talking ____________ what to do during the holiday.
我和我的同学们正在讨论假期该干什么。
about　解析：talk about “讨论，谈论”。
②There is no doubt that this candidate’s advantage lies ____________ his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.
毫无疑问，这个候选人的优势在于他用英语和外国人交流的能力。
in　解析： lie in “在于”。
2．动词＋副词
这类结构中宾语放在副词之前、之后均可，但如果宾语为人称代词，则必须放在副词之前。如果宾语过长，则应放在副词之后。
break down 坏了；垮了；分解
give up 放弃
bring up 抚养；教育
carry out 执行；实施
insist on 坚持要/坚决主张……
break in 闯入
find out 查明
pick out 精心挑选
对接高考
③When their children lived far away from them, these old people felt cut ____________ from the world.
当孩子远离他们生活的时候，这些老人感觉与世隔绝了。
off　解析：cut off “切断”。
3．动词＋副词＋介词
这类动词短语相当于一个及物动词。宾语总是位于介词之后。
do away with 废弃；废除
get on/along with 与……相处
catch up with 赶上；跟上
add up to 总计达
break away from 从……脱离；打破……
fit in with 适应/符合……
4．动词＋名词＋介词
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。这类动词短语常可用于被动语态，并且有些可以有两种形式。
make use of 利用
pay attention to 注意
take advantage of 利用
take part in 参加
show interest in 对……表现出兴趣
keep pace with 与……并驾齐驱
In some countries, people are making use of the heat in the center of the earth.
→The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries.
在一些国家，人们正在利用地球中心的热能。
5．其他短语动词
(1)动词＋名词
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have, take, give, make等，后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了动词短语的真正意义。
have a look 看一看
have a try 试一试
make an appointment 约会
take place 发生
make a discovery 发现
make sense 讲得通，有意义
lose heart 丧失信心
make faces 做鬼脸
(2)动词＋反身代词＋介词
help oneself to 随便吃
give oneself to 专心于
dress oneself in 穿着
occupy oneself in 忙于
devote oneself to 专心；致力于
(3)动词＋介词＋名词
keep...in mind 记住……
put...into effect 使……生效
take...into consideration 考虑到……
come into being 形成
come into effect 生效
burst into tears 突然大哭起来
(4)动词＋it
make it 成功
put it 叙述，说明
get it 明白
二、我们在使用短语动词时一般遵循以下规则：
1．在短语动词中，副词既可以置于宾语前，也可以置于宾语后
Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.
＝Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.
弗莱明把霉在另一种细菌上做试验。

如果宾语是一个代词，它必须置于动词和副词之间。
Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.
弗莱明在其他细菌上进行试验。
2．短语动词后并不总是跟宾语
The operation will have to be put off because the patient is too weak.
因为病人太虚弱了，所以手术不得不推迟了。
Fleming did not give up.
弗莱明没有放弃。
3．在由动词和介词构成的短语动词中，介词的宾语总是置于介词后
Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.
医生正在为新的治疗研究方案。
Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.
有时人们买那些他们并不真正需要的药。
短语动词 含义 例句
try out 实验 Don’t try the drug out on animals.不要用药在动物们身上做实验。
give up 放弃 Tell your father to give up smoking.告诉你父亲要戒烟。
wash up 洗餐具 She is washing up in the kitchen.她正在厨房里洗餐具。
talk over 详细讨论 Let’s talk the issue over.让我们来详细讨论一下问题。
set up 设立，建立 Dr.Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.阿姆斯特朗医生在2000年建立了自己的诊疗室。
look after 照顾，照看 I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.我花了一整天的时间来照看我的生病的小狗。
turn up 露面 They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.他们直到10点钟才露面。
4.许多短语动词一词多义。例如，“make out”具有许多不同的含义，下面列举其中三种含义：
①能够看清或听清
I could hardly make out anything in the thick fog.
在大雾里我几乎看不清任何东西。
②理解(仅用于否定句和疑问句中)
I can’t make out what the article says.
我不能理解这篇文章讲了些什么。
③谎称
He made out that he was a famous doctor.
他谎称自己是一位很有名的医生。

选词填空
come up with; deal with; put off; depend on; put through; break out; decide on; make out; turn up; fill in
1．The effects of gossip vary ____________ the situation.
答案：depending on
2．Our class ____________ the idea to make better use of used materials.
答案：came up with
3．Learning to ____________ the social world is equally important.
答案：deal with
4．The sports meeting had to be ____________ because of the heavy rain.
答案：put off
5．Now, it’s already 10 o’clock，but Lucy hasn’t ____________．
答案：turned up
6．We ____________ spending the vacation by sea.
答案：decide on
7．Fire ____________ in the neighborhood last night.
答案：broke out
8．After you hear each conversation, you are required to ____________ the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.
答案：fill in
9．She has grown up and I can’t ________ her ________ any longer.
答案：make; out
10．I have called Jim up many times but I can’t ________ him ________．
答案：put; through
语法与写作
1．她使用这部新电脑时一直有麻烦，但她不知道该找谁帮忙。
She’s having a lot of trouble with the new computer, but she doesn’t know whom to ____________．
答案：turn to
2．在这么短的时间内，他是不可能完成这份工作的。
Hardly ________ he ____________ this amount of work in such a short time.
答案：would; get through
3．建房子前你需要得到政府的允许。
Before building a house，you will have to ____________ the government’s permission.
答案：ask for
4．这种工作需要精力高度集中。
It’s the sort of work that ____________ a high level of concentration.
答案：calls for
5．你知道第二次世界大战是什么时候爆发的吗？
Do you know when the Would War Ⅱ ____________？
答案：broke out
6．尽管昨天有大雾，飞机还是起飞了。
The plane ____________ in spite of the fog yesterday.
答案：took off
7．——你在看什么书，汤姆？
——我没在真的看书，我在翻书。
—What are you reading，Tom?
—I am not really reading，just ____________ the pages.
答案：turning over

如何写电子邮件

文体感知
1．电子邮件标头的填写
首先，必须要在标题(Heading)栏的“收件人(To)”框中输入收件人的E?mail地址。然后填写“主题” (Subject)框，“主题”框的内容应简明地概括信的内容，短的可以是一个单词，如“Greetings”；长的可以是一个名词性短语，也可以是一个完整句，但长度一般不超过35个字母。“主题” 框的内容切忌含糊不清。
2．电子邮件的文体
电子邮件一般使用非正式的文体。在同辈的亲朋好友或同事间可以直呼其名，但对长辈或上级最好使用头衔加上姓。电子邮件文体的另外一个特点是简单明了，便于阅读，太长的内容可以以附件的方式发出。一个段落大多仅由一到三个句子组成。信尾客套话(Complimentary close)通常也很简明，常常只需一个词。例如：“Thanks”，“Best” 等。
3．电子邮件的正文
电子邮件实质上是书信的一种，因此，在书写格式上与书信比较相似。在电子邮件中显示的画面的正文区所记载的内容便是信函的主文或正文，主要由开头敬辞、正文、结尾敬辞及署名4部分组成。
(1)开头敬辞相当于书信中的称呼语，一般在收信人姓名前加上Dear，如Dear Mr.Li，Dear Mrs.Smith，Dear Tom等。
(2)正文即E?mail所要表达的具体内容，常因表达的目的、对象或需要的不同而有所变化。一般要求正文的内容简单明了，言简意赅。在措辞上力求做到 “礼貌三原则”，即：一是语句不可带有命令性(以免造成距离感)；二是给予对方选择权(以示敬意)；三是表示亲近(以获得对方好感)。
(3)结尾敬辞相当于汉语书信的 “敬上” 等客套语。英语常用的结尾敬辞有Sincerely yours，Sincerely, With best wishes, Best wishes及Yours ever等。可根据自己的喜好或与对方关系的亲疏选择不同的结尾敬辞。
(4)署名。一般在信尾附上发信人的姓名、联络方式和其他相关的资料。发给朋友和熟人的E?mail既可签上自己的全名，也可简单地仅仅签上自己的名字；商用书信往往要求签上自己的全名，即包括自己的名字、E?mail地址、所属单位、组织或团体名称、电话号码及传真等资料。
常用句式
1．How are you (doing)?
2．I am so pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something about...
3．Please let me know if you have any questions.
4．If you agree with me, please write a letter to me or phone me.
5．Thanks for the information.
6．Thanks for your attention!
7．Hope you have a good trip.
8．I expect to hear from you soon.
9．My telephone number/My address/My e?mail address is...
10．What’s your suggestion？I’m looking forward to it.

写作要求
假定你是李华，在校报英语专栏看到了学校“英语文化节”的一则招募启事。请阅读启事，并根据写作要点和写作要求写一封应征邮件。
Volunteers Wanted
Our annual English Festival, which will be held on Dec. 15－17, is now looking for 20 student volunteers to provide service for Talent Show, Speech Contest, and English Debate.If you are interested, please send an application email at your earliest convenience to Ms. Chen at chenlaoshi@aef.com.
写作要点：
1．表达写信意图；
2．陈述应征目的；
3．说明应征条件(性格、能力等)。
写作要求：
1．邮件词数100左右；
2．开头和结尾部分已写好，不计入总词数；
3．可根据情况增加细节，使行文连贯；
4．不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。
Dear Ms. Chen，
I’m Li Hua, a student from Class 2, Grade 3.___________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours truly，
Li Hua
妙笔成篇
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Dear Ms. Chen，
I’m Li Hua, a student from Class 2，Grade 3. I’m writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
I really want to obtain this precious opportunity because, by offering my service, I will be able to improve my organisational ability, communication skills as well as my confidence in speaking English in public.
As an outgoing girl, I get along well with my classmates.Besides, I have such a good command of English that I am elected as assistant to my English teacher.Successfully, I have lent a helping hand to her in several English activities of my class, which has been appreciated by both teachers and my classmates.
I am sure that I can perfectly live up to your expectations.I will be grateful if you could give me a kind consideration.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours truly，
Li Hua


A卷 [学生用书P149(单独成册)]
单句语法填空
1．The old lady gave ____________ most of her savings to help those poor children who couldn’t go to school.
答案：away
2．It would be much better to put ____________ the meeting till next week.
答案：off
3．He was brought ____________ by his uncle in America.
答案：up
4．They have decided ____________ the place and date of the outing.
答案：on
5．The old and the young are easily taken ____________ by false advertisements.
答案：in
6．Just a little patience and we will look into the problem you put ____________ soon.
答案：forward
7．Go ____________ your lessons again before the exam.
答案：over
8．The government calls ____________ everyone to protect our environment.
答案：on
9．His new business brings ____________ 1，000 dollars.
答案：in
10．I rang you several times but it couldn’t get ____________．
答案：through
阅读理解
Even for a certified teacher with a degree and teaching certificate from Florida, a certain embarrassment exists. The two words “English teacher”don’t clearly show who I am.
Let me explain: When I go back to the U．S., I meet all my old friends. Some are stressed, exhausted and generally unhappy. They are stuck in jobs they don’t love that they do only to pay the bills. Even the ones making good money don’t even have the time to spend it and enjoy themselves. If I were in the U．S. and I was working as a teacher, an accountant, a lawyer or so on, then that would be my job more or less for the next 30 to 40 years. I might have other talents, but I would be limited in being able to explore them.
In China the system is fluid for everyone: Chinese and expats(侨民). I know many friends, both Chinese and expats, who changed careers because they wanted something new and it didn’t require going back to university to study for four more years. All it required was motivation and a calculated risk. One of the best things about living in China for me is that I can explore different career choices and actually find one that I truly love. Let’s face it that people change over the years: Your likes, your abilities and even the things that make you happy are constantly changing. Why shouldn’t your jobs and the opportunities also change with you?
When people ask me if I love my job, my answer is “YES”. In China I have had many jobs: an actor, a model, a salesman and a teacher at various stages during my seven years here. And no one told me “You can’t do that.”．There was no self－limiting. In China, if you have the motivation to work hard and the drive to succeed then opportunities present themselves around every corner.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。尽管“我”有学位和教师资格证，但是在美国“我”可能像“我”的美国朋友一样，做着不喜欢的工作，因而感到不开心；但是，在中国，“我”可以尝试各种不同的工作，只要有动力，就能找到机会。
1．Why the term “English teacher” couldn’t explain the author’s role in China clearly?
A．Because he has taken many different jobs in China.
B．Because he has no choice but to be an English teacher.
C．Because the purpose of his teaching is to make good money.
D．Because there’re too many jobs for him to choose from.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第四段，尤其是第二句“In China I have had many jobs: an actor, a model, a salesman and a teacher at various stages during my seven years here.”可知，“我”在中国生活的七年时光中，从事了多种职业，故第一段中所说的“英语老师”这个词并不能清楚地说明“我”在中国的角色。
2．Why are some of the author’s old friends generally unhappy?
A．Because they have no chance to work in China as teachers.
B．Because it’s even harder for them to earn money in the U．S. now.
C．Because they have no ability to explore their other talents.
D．Because they can’t get away from the work they don’t enjoy.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段，尤其是第二到四句“Some are stressed, exhausted and generally unhappy. They are stuck in jobs they don’t love that they do only to pay the bills. Even the ones making good money don’t even have the time to spend it and enjoy themselves.”可知，在美国，“我”的老朋友中的一些人压力很大，疲惫不堪，而且不快乐。他们被困在自己不喜欢的职业中，只是为了赚钱而工作。即使是那些赚了大钱的人也没有时间去消费和享受生活。故D项正确。
3．What does the underlined word “fluid” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Strict. B．Fixed.
C．Changeable. D．Exciting.
C　解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句“I know many friends, both Chinese and expats, who changed careers because they wanted something new and it didn’t require going back to university to study for four more years.”可知，在中国，许多职业并不需要四年的大学学习，人们可以自由选择职业，故中国的工作体制不是僵化的，而是可变的。据此可知，该词意为“可变的”，故C项正确。
4．What does the author think of China?
A．A country without motivation.
B．A land of opportunities.
C．A nation full of foreigners.
D．A place short of jobs.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“In China, if you have the motivation to work hard and the drive to succeed then opportunities present themselves around every corner.”可知，“我”认为，在中国，如果你有努力工作的动力和成功的魄力，那么机会就会出现在你眼前。据此可以判断，“我”认为中国是一个充满着机会的国度，故B项正确。
完形填空
In the week before Christmas, one Delta airlines pilot gave a sad Arizona family a gift that no one else could.
Father of three, Jay Short died after a __1__ with lung cancer Dec. 16th. Three days later, his family was attempting to __2__ to Tennessee for the funeral scheduled for the next morning. But a 90?minute __3__ at the Phoenix airport __4__ them only seven minutes to make their connecting flight in Minnesota. “This was our __5__ chance to say goodbye to my dad, and if we hadn’t __6__ the flight, we would have missed the __7__．” Jay’s daughter said. But when they arrived at the gate, the last plane of the day to Memphis was __8__ away from the gate.
“My son was __9__ his arms and pleading with the pilot through the floor?to?ceiling windows.” said Marcia, “I was __10__ and comforting my girls who were also in tears when the phone rang, __11__ us that the pilot was returning to the gate to let us __12__ the plane.” Captain Adam Cohen saw the __13__ on their faces through the gate’s windows and decided to turn the plane around. Airline experts pointed out Cohen could have __14__ gotten into trouble for the __15__ decision, but Delta __16__ the move instead. “This is __17__ we’ll take with us, knowing we made a __18__．” confirmed Adam.
This story is an __19__ that we can bring humanity back to society. Show care and it may __20__ you how far that you go.
【解题导语】　文章介绍一家人去参加父亲的葬礼，但是飞机延误，让他们来不及赶下一班飞机，在他们赶到机场的时候，飞机已经离开门口，他们绝望地哭泣、呼喊。飞行员看到这个场景，决定将飞机开回来让他们登机。
1．A.competition B．symptom
C．connection D．battle
D　解析：句意：三个孩子的父亲Jay Short在和癌症斗争之后于12月16号去世了。battle“斗争”。故选D。
2．A.ride B．run
C．fly D．drive
C　解析：根据上文“one Delta airlines pilot”可知，他的家人试图乘飞机去Tennessee参加预定在第二天早上的葬礼。fly “乘飞机”。故选C。
3．A.wait B．delay
C．interval D．sleep
B　解析：根据下文“only seven minutes to make their connecting flight in Minnesota”可知，飞机延误了90分钟。delay “延误”。故选B。
4．A.spared B．offered
C．brought D．left
D　解析：句意：Phoenix机场延误了90分钟只给他们留下7分钟赶Minnesota的下一班飞机。left“留下”。故选D。
5．A.last B．slight
C．rare D．proper
A　解析：根据上文“Jay Short died”可知，这是他们最后一次和爸爸告别的机会。last “最后的”。故选A。
6．A.caught B．followed
C．booked D．confirmed
A　解析：根据下文“we would have missed the ______．”可知，如果我们不能赶上飞机，就错过了葬礼。caught “赶上”。故选A。
7．A.doctor B．meeting
C．polite D．funeral
D　解析：根据上文“for the funeral”可知，他们是去参加葬礼的。funeral “葬礼”。故选D。
8．A.keeping B．bringing
C．pulling D．taking
C　解析：句意：但是当他们到达门口的时候，那天的最后一班去Memphis的飞机开走了。pull away “开走”。故选C。
9．A.raising B．waving
C．folding D．crossing
B　解析：根据“pleading with the pilot”可知，儿子挥着手臂，恳求飞行员。waving “挥手”。故选B。
10．A.struggling B．shouting
C．crying D．praying
C　解析：根据下文“comforting my girls who were also in tears”可知，Marcia “在哭(crying)”。故选C。
11．A.advising B．informing
C．warning D．instructing
B　解析：根据上文“when the phone rang”可知，电话通知我们飞行员正回到门口让我们登机。inform“通知”。故选B。
12．A.land B．guide
C．change D．board
D　解析：根据上文“the pilot was returning to the gate”可知，电话通知我们飞行员回到门口让我们登机。board“登上(船，火车，飞机)”。故选D。
13．A.appreciation B．satisfaction
C．desperation D．caution
C　解析：根据上文“My son was ________ his arms and pleading with the pilot”可知，Captain Adam Cohen从门口的窗户看见我们的绝望。desperation“绝望”。故选C。
14．A.deliberately B．merely
C．optionally D．easily
D　解析：句意：航空专家说Cohen可能容易惹上麻烦。easily “容易地”。故选D。
15．A.careless B．unusual
C．selfless D．unwise
B　解析：根据上文“the pilot was returning to the gate”可知，飞行员在飞机启动后又回来这是不寻常的决定。unusual “不寻常的”。故选B。
16．A.resisted B．opposed
C．praised D．sponsored
C　解析：根据下文“we can bring humanity back to society”可知，Delta表扬这种做法。praise “表扬”。故选C。
17．A.nothing B．something
C．anything D．everything
B　解析：上文说Delta表扬这种做法。下文是：这是了不起的。something “了不起的事情”。故选B。
18．A.difference B．change
C．promise D．deal
A　解析：make a difference是固定搭配，意为“有影响，有差别”。故选A。
19．A.activity B．event
C．incident D．evidence
D　解析：这个故事证明我们将人性带回到社会。evidence “证据”。故选D。
20．A.surprise B．panic
C．disappoint D．embarrass
A　解析：句意：表示关爱，它会令你惊讶的……surprise “使……惊讶”。故选A。
B卷 [学生用书P151(单独成册)]
阅读理解
A
The Little Singers of Paris in Suzhou
Date：Nov.30　7：30 p．m.
Venue：Zhangjiagang Poly Theater
Price：30－480 yuan
The boys’ choir Les Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois was created in 1907 and is now famous worldwide. Each world tour is a huge success. The choristers are between 9 and 15 years old and are proud of their choir’s long history of over 100 years and are still fulfilling childhood dreams. They have to leave their families in order to be part of this extraordinary adventure: traveling, sharing their passion for singing and enabling others to discover the joy of music.
Harlequino: On to Freedom
Date：Nov.19－20　7：30 p．m.
Venue：Beijing Comedy Theater
Price：80－680 yuan
The drama discusses the true essence(本质) of art with the humor of Italian improvisational(即兴的) comedy. The performers discuss the purpose of art, reflect on how history is written and survey what is funny and what needs to be liberated.
Plastic Fantastic—Mimirichi in Shanghai
Date：Nov.17　7：30 p．m.
Venue：Shanghai Daning Theater
Price：100－380 yuan
Four Ukrainian “kidult” comedians decide to throw a wild party using plastic of all shapes and colors. Plastic Fantastic delivers a series of short comic stories that mix improvisation, pantomime, clown art and sound to draw you into their crazy world.
The Collection of American Modern Dance from Paul Taylor
Date：Nov.19－20　7：30 p．m.
Venue：National Center for the Performing Arts
Price：100－480 yuan
Paul Taylor, one of the most accomplished artists this nation has ever produced, has continued to shape America’s homegrown art of modern dance since he became a professional dancer and pioneering choreographer in 1954. Taylor first presented his choreography with five other dancers in Manhattan on May 30，1954. That modest performance marked the beginning of a half?century of unrivaled creativity, and in the decades that followed, Mr.Taylor became a cultural icon and one of the history’s most celebrated artists, hailed(向……致敬) as part of the pantheon that created American dance.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四个世界上著名的演出及其团队的基本情况。
1．Tourists are likely to appreciate American modern dance in ________．
A．Beijing Comedy Theater
B．Shanghai Daning Theater
C．Zhangjiagang Poly Theater
D．National Center for the Performing Arts
D　解析：细节理解题。根据标题The Collection of American Modern Dance from Paul Taylor及下文中的“Venue: National Center for the Performing Arts”可知，想要观赏美国现代舞蹈的游客可以去国家大剧院。venue意为“举行场所”。
2．Which of the following may appeal to those who are crazy about short comic stories?
A．Les Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois.
B．Italian improvisational comedy.
C．Plastic Fantastic.
D．Harlequino: On to Freedom.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据文中的“Plastic Fantastic delivers a series of short comic stories”可知，Plastic Fantastic对那些对短喜剧故事感兴趣的人有吸引力。
3．With the cheapest admission ticket, tourists can have access to the performance ________．
A．on Nov.30 B．on Nov.20
C．on Nov.19 D．on Nov.17
A　解析：细节理解题。通过比较文中介绍的这四种表演的入场票价格可知，The Little Singers of Paris的表演有价格最低的入场票，根据此部分中的“Nov. 30 7：30 p．m.”可知，应选A项。
B
Every year at this time, the peasants began their long religious journey to Geed?leh, to visit the church there, and to pray for God’s help. They walked or rode in wagons; they crowded the roads leading to the holy town, for Geed?leh was famous in Poland as a place where God did miracles. The cool autumn days also brought many beggars to Geed?leh. The peasants gave away more of their money on such a religious holiday as this. Some of the beggars were blind; some had no feet or arms. Some were very old and seemed like lost children looking for their mothers.
There was one among them who was called “the Mute Singer”. He was given this name because he could not speak. There was a time when he was able to sing, while playing his guitar. But he lost his voice. Now he played the guitar and sang, but no sounds came from his throat. His lips just moved with the music.
The Mute Singer was a tall, strange?looking man. His face and hands were brown. He had white hair and a white beard: he looked like one of the wise men you read about in the Bible.
Early one morning I saw the Mute Singer washing himself at the river. He smiled and touched the ground with his hand, meaning that I should sit down. Then, he pointed his finger straight up, to tell me that he had a surprise for me.
Suddenly, he put his hand into the water and rubbed two of his fingers together, making a strange sound, exactly like the sound of a frog. He did it many times, and then he lightly hit the top of the water, sending little waves across the water to the other side.
Suddenly, everything around us seemed to be moving. I could not believe that it was real. Thousands of frogs came racing toward us, jumping, and swimming...under the water and on top of the water. I began to shake with excitement.
The frogs crowded around us. I could see their heads and eyes showing above the top of the water.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了每年农民们去往朝圣的路上都会遇到一些乞丐，并重点讲述了其中的一位“沉默的歌者”。这位歌者虽然失声，却不丧气，用自己的方式演绎着别样的音乐人生。
4．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Some of the old peasants were easy to get lost in Geed?leh.
B．Many beggars visited Geed?leh to enjoy the cool autumn days there.
C．The peasants went to Geed?leh to donate more to the beggars.
D．Geed?leh was a famous holy town in Poland.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“the holy town”和“for Geed?leh was famous in Poland as a place where God did miracles”可知，Geed?leh在波兰是一座很有名的圣城。
5．According to the passage, we may know that ________．
A．the Mute Singer didn’t lose confidence but continued to create his own music
B．the Mute Singer lost his child on the way to Geed?leh
C．the Mute Singer was a tall, handsome man with beautiful voice
D．the Mute Singer raised money to help beggars in Geed?leh
A　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段至第七段的描述可知，“沉默的歌者”并没有因为失去声音而丧失信心，而是继续创造他自己的音乐。
6．What’s the author’s attitude towards the Mute Singer?
A．Suspicious. B．Respectful.
C．Pessimistic. D．Understanding.
B　解析：观点态度题。根据第三段中的“he looked like one of the wise men you read about in the Bible”可知，作者对“沉默的歌者”充满了敬意。respectful“恭敬的”。
7．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．The Holy Town Geed?leh
B．The Sound of a Frog
C．The Home of Beggars
D．The Mute Singer
D　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述“沉默的歌者”的故事，因此D项正确。
C
The key to effective cross?cultural communication is knowledge. First，it is essential that people understand the potential problems of cross?cultural communication, and make a conscious effort to overcome these problems.Second, it is important to assume(假定) that one’s efforts will not always be successful, and adjust one’s behavior appropriately.
For example, one should always assume that there is a great possibility that cultural differences are causing communication problems. One should respond slowly and carefully in cross?cultural exchanges, not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and said.
William Ury’s suggestion for heated conflicts is to stop, listen, and think, or as he puts it “go to the balcony” when the situation gets tense(紧张的). This helps in cross?cultural communication as well. When things seem to be going badly, stop or slow down and think. What could be going on here? Is it possible that I misinterpreted what they said?
Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out—by repeating what one thinks he/she heard, one can confirm that he/she understands the communication accurately.
Often intermediaries(调解人)can be helpful in cross?cultural communication situations. They can translate both the essential meaning and the manner of what is said. For example, they can tone down strong statements that would be considered appropriate in one culture but not in another, before they are given to people from a culture that does not talk together in such a strong way.They can also adjust the timing of what is said and done. Some cultures move quickly to the point; others talk about other things long enough to establish a relationship with the other person. If discussion on the primary topic begins too soon, the group that needs a “warm up” first will feel uncomfortable.An intermediary who understands this can explain the problem, and make appropriate adjustments.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。我们应该如何在跨文化交流中避免因文化差异而带来的误解和矛盾？作者给出以下建议。
8．What is the most important thing in cross?cultural communication?
A．Knowledge of your own culture.
B．The ability to take in different opinions.
C．Awareness of the problems that may arise.
D．Successful efforts to change your behavior.
C　解析：细节理解题。由第一段可知，作者认为在跨文化交际中的关键是我们必须对可能出现的因文化不同而产生的沟通障碍有充分的认知。
9．Which character helps prevent communication problems?
A．Patience. B．Honesty.
C．Generosity. D．Stubbornness.
A　解析：推理判断题。由第二段One should respond slowly and carefully...not jumping to the conclusion...可推知，耐心有助于避免因文化差异而导致的沟通问题。
10．What does William Ury mean by “go to the balcony”？
A．Go outside and enjoy fresh air.
B．Get out of the situation temporarily.
C．Exchange positions with each other.
D．Deal with the conflicts in a secret way.
B　解析：词义猜测题。由该短语的语境可知，William Ury建议在沟通出现问题时到阳台上去，是指暂时摆脱窘境，停下来冷静地思考。
11．To be an intermediary, one should________．
A．be an experienced translator
B．know both cultures very well
C．be directly involved in a discussion
D．behave properly all through a discussion
B　解析：推理判断题。由最后一段可推知，调解人必须熟知双方的文化。
语法填空
In recent years, a new idea 1.____________ is called a “naked marriage” has arisen as the cost of living goes up. It has become a new trend for many young people in China. With a small marriage certificate in hand, they get married. And for the couples in a “naked marriage”， this certificate also contains other 2.____________(meaning)．
A resident from Chengdu said, “There are many people like us born in 3.____________ 1980s. Our families cannot afford 4.____________(buy) us new apartments, cars, let alone diamond rings. I think that’s very normal for regular families. We must make a better future on 5.____________(we) own.”
A graduate of Sichuan University said, “The most important element in a marriage 6.____________(be) love. I believe our living conditions will 7.____________(gradual) get better.”
A professor says a “naked marriage” is in direct contradiction to China’s 8.____________(tradition) marriage customs. However, as living costs continue to rise, this phenomenon may become more popular in the future.
But not all people have a positive opinion about a “naked marriage”. According to a survey 9.____________(conduct) by sohu.com, only about 40% of the 3，500 people surveyed like the idea of a “naked marriage”. About 80% of men support a “naked marriage”， 10.____________ there are also 70% of women not supporting the idea because they think these marriages are not stable.
【解题导语】　本文介绍了“裸婚”的相关情况和人们对此持有的不同的态度。
1．which/that　解析：考查定语从句。近年来，一种叫作“裸婚”的新概念伴随着生活成本的增加出现了。定语从句中缺少主语，指代先行词a new idea，故填which/that。
2．meanings　解析：考查名词复数。other后用可数名词复数形式。
3．the　解析：考查冠词。表示在具体某个年代，应用定冠词the。
4．to buy　解析：考查不定式。我们的家庭负担不起给我们买新房子、汽车，更不用说钻石戒指了。afford后要接不定式to do作宾语。
5．our　解析：考查代词。我们必须独立地创造一个更好的未来。on one’s own意为“独立地”，且本句中主语为we，故此处用our。
6．is　解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句主语为单数，且根据上下文可知，此处时态应用一般现在时，故填is。
7．gradually　解析：考查副词。空处修饰“get better”，故应用副词。gradually意为“逐渐地”。
8．traditional　解析：考查形容词。空后为名词，需用形容词修饰，表示“传统的婚礼风俗”。
9．conducted　解析：考查非谓语动词。一项由搜狐进行的调查表明，3 500人中只有大约40%的人认同“裸婚”这个想法。a survey与conduct之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
10．while/but　解析：考查连词。根据上下文可知，此处两个分句间为转折关系，因此用while(然而)或but(但是)。
书面表达
假如你是光明中学的高二学生李华，从互联网上得知Disney’s California Adventure Park 要在暑期面向全球招聘志愿者，欢迎各国学生参加。请写一封电子邮件申请参加。
注意：1.词数100左右，邮件开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Sir or Madam,
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Looking forward to your reply.
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m Li Hua, aged 18.I’ve learned from the Internet that you want some volunteers from all the world.I’m interested in the position, so I’m writing to apply for it.
As for me, I speak English fluently and have no difficulty communicating with native speakers.Besides, I love doing sports during my spare time.In addition, I’m an honest, optimistic and helpful student.
In China, we will have our summer vacation from July 12.So I’m sure I will be available from July 14 to August 14, which will ensure me to satisfy your needs of the position.I’d really appreciate it if you would like to consider my application.
Looking forward to your reply.
Li Hua







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(共48张PPT)
Unit 4　Public transport
本部分内容讲解结束
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语法精讲·专项突破
语法透桁·专项训练
写作指导,妙笔生花
技法指导·佳作赏析
(共16张PPT)
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单元要点回扫






Unit 4 Public transport
[学生用书P83]
重点单词
1．convey vt. 运送，输送；表达
2．postpone vt. 延迟，延期
3．choke vt.&vi. (使)窒息；(使)哽咽；塞满，堵塞
n. 哽咽声， 呛住的声音
4．undertake vt.&vi. 承担，从事；承诺，答应
5．enlarge vt.&vi. 扩大，扩展，增大
6．split vi.&vt. 分割，(使)分开；撕开，割破
7．annual adj. 每年的，一年一次的
8．departure n. 离开，出发；背离，违反
9．punctual adj. 准时的，守时的
(1)be punctual for... 在……方面很守时
(2)punctuality n. 准时，守时
(3)punctually adv. 准时地，准点地
10．arise vi. 出现，产生
11．cyclist n. 骑自行车的人
cycle v. 骑自行车
n. 自行车
12．fine vt. 处以罚金
13．load n. 负荷，负载；大量，许多
vt. 装载，装上，装入
(1)take a load off one’s mind
打消某人的顾虑
loads of 很多的
(2)load sth./sb. with sth.
用……装载……； 使……负担
load sth. into/onto...
把……装入(到)……； 使……负担
(3)unload vt.&vi. (从车上)卸货
overload vt.&n. 超载
upload/download vt. 上传/下载
14．crash n．&vi.&vt. 撞车；碰撞；倒闭；崩溃
15．enquiry n. 询问，咨询；调查，查究，探究
enquire v. 询问， 打听
16．reservation n. 预订，预约；保留意见
reserve v. 预订， 预约
17．violate vt. 违犯，违反；侵犯
violation n. 违反
18．architect n. 建筑师
architecture n. 建筑学；建筑风格
重点短语
1．drop off 中途下客或卸货
2．put through 给某人接通(电话)；使经历
3．link up 联合，连接
4．set up 建立，成立
5．function as 起……的作用
6．be linked with 和……连接在一起
7．arise from 起因于，由……引起
8．take the responsibility to do...
承担责任做……
9．decide on/upon 决定，选定
10．put off 推迟，推延；使反感
11．in particular 尤其，格外
12．be true of 符合；对……适用
重点句型
1．would have done 表示对过去事情的虚拟
However, most trains to London only went to the outer city limits, because building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings.
【仿写】　我过去一直梦想上学不用考试。如果真的那样的话， 我将会有一段更幸福的时光。
I had been dreaming of there being no exams in school. If so, I would have had a happier time．
2．as引导时间状语从句
As better ways for digging tunnels were developed, the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884.
【仿写】　随着日子一天天地过去， 天气越来越暖和。
As days went on, it grew warmer and warmer.
3．There are likely to be...很可能有
Drivers should be careful near schools in particular, because there are likely to be many children.
【仿写】　你可以到那个城市去， 那里可能会有更多的工作适合你做。
You may go to that city, where there are likely to be much more jobs fit for you.
4．It’s up to sb.to do sth.做某事由某人决定
It is up to all of us road users to make sure that we avoid accidents by paying attention to road safety.
【仿写】　是否去钓鱼由你定。
It’s up to you to decide whether to go fishing.
话题写作
根据要求运用本单元所学知识完成下面小作文， 并背诵成文。
1．第一辆公共汽车出现在上世纪早期。
2．它是最普遍的交通方式， 在我们的日常生活中一直起着重要作用。
3．公共汽车系统有很多特点。首先，公共汽车票相对便宜，大多数人都付得起。
4．其次，公交线路几乎延伸到城市的每个角落，几乎方便了所有人。
5．缺点是在交通高峰时会堵车。
提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达。
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One possible version：
The first bus arose early in the last century.It is the most widespread form of transportation and has been playing an important role in our daily life.The public bus system has many special features.
First, bus tickets are relatively cheap and most people can afford them.Second, bus lines extend to almost every corner of cities and are convenient for almost everyone.The disadvantage is that at rush hour, you may get stuck in traffic.







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