资源简介

Exercise 1
With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.
Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.
Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to ? 240 (3.360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of ? 233 (3,262 yuan) for men.
In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.
One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only ? 197. 70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online.

参考范文：
This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要点 1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要点 2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online,still more and more people choose to shop online.(要点 3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要点 4)

分析过程：
一、试题详解
1.核心内容
本文是一篇说明文,共分五段。第一段主要讲随着圣诞购物季的到来,今年许多人选择在家网购。 第二段讲了网上购物变得流行的原因。第三段主要是讲无论男女都热衷网购,不过网购对女士更有吸 引力。第四段主要是讲对网购安全的担忧并未降低网购人数。第五段主要讲面对网购的冲击,传统商 场在圣诞购物季到来时的应对措施——提前打折。
2.写作思路
抓住关键信息,理解段落大意。准确理解文章内容,在此基础上理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是 写摘要的关键。第一段的主要信息是However后的这句话,其他则是次要信息。第二段的关键词是 popular 和 reasons。第三段信息重点是 but 后面的“women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men”。第四段的关键信息是 security 和“ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers”,关 键信息之间的逻辑关系是转折。第五段主要信息是“the bargains have come early”及其原因,该段大意 需要在理解的基础上进行概括。
确定表达要点,简要提炼概括。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不遗漏。第一段 表达要点是“not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping”也可以是“lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet’’,结合背景圣诞购物,概 括起来就是“people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes”。第二 段的表达要点是reasons,可以考虑整合到第一段。第三段的要点是“women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men”,利用简化原则,概括起来就是“women spend more than men”。第 四段概括起来核心内容是“security worries haven’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers”。第五段要点是“the bargains have come early”和“one victim of the online shopping boom”, 概括起来就是“Because of the popularity of online shopping,the bargains have come early. ”。


Exercise 2
The brown widow spider became established in Southern California in early 2000 and has become part of the local spider family in urban Los Angeles and San Diego. The brown widow spider is continuing its expansion in Southern California and could possibly move northward into Central California.
The brown widow is suspected to have evolved in Africa although it was first described from South America, which adds confusion as to where it might have originated. It is a tropical and subtropical spider having established populations in Hawaii, Florida, parts of Australia, South Africa and Japan.
The brown widow builds its web in protected sites around homes and in woody vegetation with branches. Some typical sites selected by brown widows for web building are empty containers such as buckets and nursery pots, entry way corners, storage closets and garages. They choose places that are more exposed than sites chosen by black widows and therefore ,appear to be at higher risk for interactions with humans as far as bites are concerned.
One recent study demonstrates that the brown widow spider is less poisonous than other widow species. The reason for the weaker effect of brown widow bites on humans is possibly because the brown widow does not have much poison as its larger relatives, but it is really a threat to humans as to its poison. The two major symptoms of a brown widow bite were that the bite hurt when it was given and it left a red mark.
There is no specific information regarding the control of brown widows by farm chemicals. Most current advice is what is used for controlling spiders in general. Therefore, most commercially available farm chemicals should work on brown widows. Avoiding a mess of the house and the garage should reduce nest sites for them. Also, one should store garage items in plastic bags where there might be interactions with spiders.

参考范文：

The brown widow spider, suspected to develop in Africa and live in tropical and subtropical countries and areas,(要点 2) has settled in America and has been found enlarging its population in California.(要点 1) It has a preference for protected places as their habitats.(要点 3) Though it’s less dangerous than other widow spiders,it’s more exposed to humans.(要点 4) Therefore, what we can do is to use insecticides to control them, and reducing clutter around the house should be another way to get rid of its nests.(要点 5)
分析过程：
一、试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇说明文,全文共分五段。第一段主要讲褐寡妇蜘蛛在美国生存并繁衍的过程。第二段 说明了褐寡妇蝴蛛可能起源于非洲,主要生活在热带、亚热带国家和地区。第三段说明了该种蜘蛛的生 活习惯及特征。第四段主要说明尽管与其他寡妇蜘蛛相比褐寡妇蜘蛛毒性较小,但对人类来说仍是一个威胁,并说明了被褐寡妇蜘蛛咬的特点。第五段说明目前还没有消灭它的办法,人们只能尽力控制和 通过保持整洁来预防。
1.写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络,概括段落大意。该文第一段中可以发现本文的关键词为“the brown widow spider”,以及一些美国的地名,可以确认本段的一个关键词为expansion;第二段的主题句是第一句,并 且从“where it might have originated”可以清楚地看出说的是蜘蛛的起源。第三段和第四段的主题句 都很清晰,都是段首第一句,第五段前两句也表明了段落主要内容,即只能通过一些化学药品来控制。
(2)确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不遗漏。在确定 表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达,这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达 的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换（paraphrase),同时要对相关内容进行整合。要点1要点出 全文的关键信息“brown spider”正在美国蔓延。要点2说的是褐寡妇蜘蛛的起源及分布地区,这两点内 容可以适当整合；为了避免重复,我们可以把一些词进行转换,比如将establish表达为settle, expansion 可以表达为enlarge/spread等。要点3要根据第三段第一句即该段的大意,来表达要点。蜘蛛的栖息 地,可用habitat—词表达。最后一句有过渡作用,引出第四段说明该蜘蛛的危害即要点4,表明虽然危 险相对较小,但人们更容易接触到它。最后一段说明了我们需要做的预防工作,可以用“what we can do is…”来引出。




Exercise 3
Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life. However, social changes brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.
An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly- protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.
However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children. In the context（情境）of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents5 involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’ present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents —today’s grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier. Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.
Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.


参考范文：

Technological change affects people’s behavior, but not their own attitude changes.(要点 1) For example, today’s parents are considered to be overly-protective or involve too much in their children’s life,（要点 2) but the studies show that parents of both today and the past are eager to communicate
with their children frequently if the means and cost allowed and college students, financial dependence also accounted for their more frequent communication.(要点 3) In a word, advanced technology explains greater parental involvement,not the attitude.(要点 4)

分析过程：

核心内容
本文是一篇议论文,全文共分四段。第一段主要提出了自己的观点：科技带来的社会变化被误认为 是人们态度的改变。第二段以调查为例,说明现在的父母比上一代人更多地干预孩子的生活。第三段 通过对现在的父母干预孩子大学生活的原因的描述,证明现在的父母会更多地干预孩子的生活是科技 变化的结果而非父母本身态度的改变。第四段,再一次总结观点——科技的进步导致了父母在孩子生 活中角色的变化。
写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络,概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础,同学们可以通过 找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络,概括大意。该文第一段提出了总论点“social changes brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes”；第二段是以 “the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college”为例,说明人们误认
为的观点。第三段主题句是段落的首句,并以父母较多干预大学生生活的原因为分论点来支持主题句, 说明上一代人也同样会渴望与孩子多联系,而且现代父母与孩子交流的主要话题还是孩子生活上的经 济问题,而非父母的过多主观干预。
(2)确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不遗漏。本文的 摘要要把全文第一句作为—t"总论点,把“social changes brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes”这句话进行同义替换（paraphrase)并对相关内容进行整合。要点3, 作者提出了不同的观点,因此用but连接要点2,与要点2整合。要点4是总结,是对论点的再述,用“in a word”与要点3连接。




Exercise 4
Could you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique about it?
It wouldn’t be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries, because you couldn’t reproduce it in most of the US either. What does it take to make a Silicon Valley?
It’s the right people. If you could get the right ten thousand people to move from Silicon Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become Silicon Valley. You only need two kinds of people to create a technology hub(中心）：rich people and nerds(痴迷科研的人）.
Observation bears this out. Within the US, towns have become start-up hubs if and only if they have both rich people and nerds. Few start-ups happen in Miami, for example, because although it’s full of rich people, it’s not the kind of place nerds like. Whereas Pittsburgh has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds, but no rich people. The top US computer science departments are said to be MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, and Carnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon Valley. But what did Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And what happened in Ithaca, home of Cornell University, which is also high on the list?
I grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at Cornell, so I can answer for both. The weather is terrible, particularly in winter,and there’s no interesting old city to make up for it,as there is in Boston. Rich people don’t want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca. So while there are plenty of hackers who could start start-ups, there’s no one to invest in them.
Do you really need rich people? Wouldn’t it work to have the government invest the nerds? No, it would not. Startup investors are a distinct type of rich people. They tend to have a lot of experience themselves in the technology business. This helps them pick the right start-ups, and means they can supply advice and connections as well as money. And the fact that they have a personal stake in the outcome makes them really pay attention.

参考范文：

What makes the uniqueness of Silicon Valley is the coexistence of people with wealth and people crazy about technology.(要点 1) Neither Miami, a city filled with money,nor Pittsburgh, where one of the top US computer science departments lies, has ever become another Silicon Valley, because the former doesn’t appeal to scientific talents while the latter,due to its bad weather,fails to attract rich people who offer money,experience and attention.(要点 2、3)

分析过程：

（1）核心内容：
本文是一篇议论文,全文共分六段。第一段提出问题：硅谷的传奇能否在其他地方复制,它是否有 其独一无二性？第二段直接回答首段问题,硅谷的成功很难在其他国家复制,那么到底是什么造就了硅 谷的成功呢？第三段承接第二段的问题,回答了硅谷的成功秘诀是拥有两类人：一类是有钱人,一类是 科研痴迷者。第四段作者给出了观察所得的证据：在美国境内,迈阿密和匹兹堡两地因不同时具备这两 类人未能成为科研创业中心。第五段作者用自己在匹兹堡和伊萨卡两地的生活经历,证实这两地因为 天气原因不受富人青睐,从而无法为众多的科研痴迷者提供投资,以至于无法孵化他们的创意。最后 一段作者再次提出问题：富人在科研发展方面的作用真的那么大吗？作者认为那些投资创业的富人是 一群独特的有钱人：因为他们不仅拥有资金,而且他们也有相关科技行业的经验。
（2）写作思路
找出中心议题,理清文章脉络。该文第一段和第二段提出了两个问题,第一段是个一般疑问句： Could you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere,or is there something unique about it?而第二段有一个 特殊疑问句：What does it take to make a Silicon Valley?从全文的内容安排上看,第一个问题只是作为 引子,第二个问题才是中心议题。文章第三段回答了这个中心议题,认为答案是人。第四段通过反证法 给出两个不同的例子证明作者的观点。第五段进一步用作者个人的感受说明第四段中所述的两个城 市因为气候原因未能吸引富人前往,即使拥有大量科研人才也难以成为创业中心。第六段提出投资创 业的富人的独特性和重要性。所以全文第一、二段提出问题,第三段回答问题,第四至六段证明观点。
确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。本文的摘要可将文章的议题和作者的观点合为要点1。



Exercise 5
It is early in the morning and I’ve hardly caught any shut eye. My breakfast of eggs, bread and strong coffee will keep me awake and alert before lunch. After lunch, I will face an afternoon of yawning in the office. Sometimes I feel uneasy about this situation but I am sure that I am not alone, for it is not too much to say that we all seem to be yawning more often. Are we turning into a generation of insomniacs(患失眠症的人）？ How is modern life influencing our sleep patterns?
We can start by blaming the light bulb and other forms of man-made light. Experts say that on average people go to bed and wake up two hours later than the previous generation. Then, there are the computers. Research led by Professor Charles Czeisler of Harvard Medical School has shown that people who read electronic books before going to bed take longer time to fall asleep. They have lower levels of melatonin, a chemical which controls our body clock. And they’re less active in the morning. Professor Czeisler said, “In the past 50 years, there has been a decrease in average sleep length and quality. Since more people are choosing electronic devices for reading, communication and entertainment, especially teenagers who already experience serious sleep loss, research on the longterm influence of these devices on health and safety is urgently needed. M
So the first thing to do if you want to have a restful night is leave computers out of the bedroom. The earlier you get your fingers off the keyboard, the sooner you tend to fall asleep. Avoid alcohol, as it might reduce our cycles of the “rapid eye movement” sleep, when our brains process the information we have received during the day. It prevents our brain activity going well. And do not eat nuts or cheese in the evening.
After that, if you still cannot sleep, start counting sheep. Maybe that is the best way to avoid another afternoon of yawning in the office.

参考范文：
Modern people suffer from the lack of sleep and consequently get into a state of tiredness easily.
(要点 1) This phenomenon results from the negative effects of artificial light and computers.(要点 2) So in order to solve the problem, people are advised to reject computers, resist alcohol as well as refuse nuts and cheese before bedtime.(要点 3) Even counting sheep may help solve the problem in some way.(要点 4)

分析过程：
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文,全文共分四段。第一段用形象的语言描述了现代人类缺乏睡眠这一普遍现象。 第二段提出了造成这一现象的两大原因,即人造灯光和电脑的使用。第三段针对如何克服睡眠少的现象,建议远离电脑、酒和坚果及奶酪等食品。第四段用幽默的口吻,建议我们数羊来帮助解决缺乏睡眠 这一现象。
写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络,概括段落大意。第一段描述现象,没有明显的主题句,需要根据内容进行概括。 第二段主旨需要整合第一句和后面的“there are the computers”这一句。第三段主旨也是需要整合三 条并列的具体建议,即“leave computers out of the bedroom, avoid alcohol”和“do not eat nuts or cheese”。第四段的建议,内容是和上一段的三条建议并列的,但是因为转化了口吻,所以在概写时单独 成为一个要点。
(2)确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。本文要点较为明显,提炼难度不大。第一段的现象描述可以整 合为要点1,且用“lack of sleep”来概括和表达。第二段将两条并列的建议整合为要点2。第三段也是 将并列的三条建议整合为要点3。第四段的内容为要点4。































Exercise 6
Although being famous might sound like a dream come true, today’s stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the world’s attention. Paparazzi(狗仔队）camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids (小报）publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature. According to psychologist Christina Villarreal, celebrities----famous people —worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them, not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time,’’ Villarreal says, “they feel separated and lonely .
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.
Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their ‘story’ alive forever.
If fame is so troublesome, why aren’t all celebrities running away from it? The answer is that there are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place. Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still, even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already.
参考范文：Chased around all the time, celebrities strive to live up to the public expectations, some even losing themselves on the road to fame.(要点、1) The craze for following celebrities started long ago.(要 点 2) However,it is much harder to be a star these days due to advanced cameras and the Internet.(要 3) Fortunately, some stars have worked out solutions to reducing such pressure though some claim they are stressed out.(要点 4)
分析过程：1.核心内容
本文是一篇议论文,全文共四段。文章讨论成名带给名人们的影响以及名人处理这些压力的方法。 第一段通过描述追踪名人这一现象引出话题:名人是全世界关注的焦点。他们的个人隐私得不到保护。 而一些名人为了维持自己的公众形象,开始偏离真实的生活轨道。而随着时间的推移,他们感受到孤独 感和隔离感。第二段以名人亚历山大大帝、狄更斯为例,说明追踪名人这一现象由来已久。第三段指出 相机和网络让当今的名人生活更不易。第四段提及一些名人找到办法来缓解成名压力,但与此同时,一些名人仍然受成名所累,心力交瘁。
2.写作思路
(1)依据论述主题,归纳段落大意。通过整合该文第一段关键词“celebrities,center of attention, lose track”,可得出段落大意 “ Celebrities who are at the center of the world’s attention worry about their public appearance and start to lose track of who they really are. ”。第二段首句“The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages.”为段落主题句。第三段首句 “Being a public figure today,however,is a lot more difficult than it used to be.”为段落主题句。通过整合关键词块“ways to deal with it,tired”得出第四段段落大意“There are ways to deal with it,but some still feel tired of being famous. ”0
(2)确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。该文要点条理清晰,由现象引出论点。通过历史名人事例明确 论点,再进一步说明原因,最后提出可行的解决方法等。要点1是第一段的段落大意,名人是人们关注 的焦点,他们因担心自己的公众形象而开始迷失自己。因为该要点所含信息较多,可使用非谓语动词形 式进行表达,对名人被追逐、迷失自我等信息加以补充说明。要点2可对第二段主题句进行简单的同义 替换。要点3是第三段主题句：在现代,由于相机和网络的存在,名人的生活更不容易。同时,要点3和 要点2之间是转折关系,可用but之类的转折连词来衔接句子。要点4是对第四段的概括,即名人为了缓 解成名压力而采取的一系列措施,可用luckily或fortunately引出。


Exercise 7
Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user. The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions； it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces. Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal.


参考范文Social robots are going to catch on in the near future.(要点 1) These humanoid robots are not just able to do the household chores but also capable of fulfilling tasks and offering emotional support in a more humanized way.(要点 2) Plus,social robots will probably take on jobs in many other workplaces. (要点 3) Yet,they are not a replacement but a complement to the labor force.(要点 4)
分析过程：核心内容本文是一篇说明文,全文共四段。第一段主要讲述未来几年里,社交机器人将在日常生活中变得更 为普遍。第二段以家庭助手机器人Jibo为例,说明社交机器人在家庭生活中不仅仅是一件工具,而更 像是一个交互式伴侣。第三段以销售咨询机器人Oshbot为例,进一步说明社交机器人在其他领域的应 用。第四段总结说明社交机器人不会成为人类的替代者,而是得力助手。写作思路理清文章脉络,概括段落大意。第一段首句“Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. ”是段落主题句。第二段段落主题 句为“…social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.”。第三段首句起到承上启下 的过渡作用,第二句“They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.”为段落主题句。第四段第一句再次点明社交 机器人最主要的特点是它能在与人交互中学到更多,呼应了开头第一段的“a more humanized way”,但 but之后的内容才是该段重点所在,因此该段主题句是第二句“But Oshbot,like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees.”。确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不漏要点。要点 1是第一段的大意,即“社交机器人会在未来几年里变得更加普遍”。要点2以第二段的主题句为基础, 强调社交机器人不仅仅是家务劳动的工具,更像是一个会互动的陪伴者,可采用“not only... but also”结 构,使句意完整,结构紧凑。要点3是对第三段主题句的概括,@卩“社交机器人可以应用于其他任何领 域”；同时,要点3和要点2之间是递进关系,可考虑用besides等词来衔接。要点4是对第四段主题句 的提炼,8卩“社交机器人是人类的得力助手,而不是人类的替代者”。



Exercise 8
Many seniors feel pressured to go straight from high school to college —but Camden Olson, who graduated from Latin School of Chicago in the US last year,didn’t give in. She decided to spend a gap year raising a guide dog for Guiding Eyes for the Blind in Maine.
The nonprofit provides trained guide dogs to blind and visually impaired people.
“I can say I’m living the dream,’’ Olson said. “This is something I’ve always wanted to do.,’
Taking a year off before college, commonly known as a gap year, is becoming more and more popular among American teenagers. According to a survey by the American Gap Association, enrollment in these programs grew 27 percent between 2012 and 2013. Some students use the year off to figure out what they want to do, travel the world, or save money for college.
Olson is using her time to pursue a passion she's had since 7th grade. For years, she kept an eye on guide dog services until she came across the opportunity at Guiding Eyes. With support from her friends, family and teachers, Olson went for it.
Olson’s volunteer work centers around Derby, ,a 1-year-old black dog. “My job is to raise him to be well-mannered and socialized, she said. “Guide dogs have to ignore any distractions. They go everywhere with their visually impaired handler. They give a blind person a lot of independence and emotional support, too.”
Of course, there’s an end in sight for Derby and Olson’s close bond. When Derby celebrates his own graduation, Olson will have to say goodbye to him.
While some look at gap years in a negative light, Olson said she’s seen major success. In fact, she’ll be attending Princeton University this fall and is thinking about majoring in ecology and biology.
“I think I’m already much more mature than I was and aware of what really matters,,” she said. “So many kids do come back from gap years a lot more focused and prepared. ”

参考答案：Like many other high school graduates, Olson was determined to take advantage of her gap year to train a guide dog,which was what she longed to do for a long time.(要点 1) Not only did Olson accomplish the task of training Derby to be capable of its work—to help people with visual disabilities, (要点 2) but she herself benefited much from this experience.(要点 3)

分析过程：
一、试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇记叙文,主要讲述Olson决定利用gap year来训练导盲犬,这是她自七年级以来的梦 想。Olson选择把这一年的时间用来训练Derby,使它能够胜任导盲犬的工作,给视力障碍人士提供帮 助,而这次经历也有助于她的成长。
写作思路
（1）记叙文是记叙人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。这篇文章以人物为中心叙 述事情。所以我们要交代清楚人物（Camden Olson)、时间（last year after graduating senior school)、事 由（raise a guide dog called Derby),这样文章的脉络就一目了然,有助于概括大意。
（2）确定要点,使其结构紧凑,过渡自然。本文要点1是全文的中心,即Olson高中毕业后打算用 gap year来培训导盲犬,这也是她长久的愿望。要点2说明训练的结果,要点3则是Olson从中的收 获。在确定要点后就要运用自己的语言有效地组织。









Exercise 9
It was the old lady's birthday. She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came, and the little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on rare occasions when anything came.
Today she was sure there would be something. Myra wouldn’t forget her mother’s birthday ,even if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy, and she herself had got a medal for her work for the aged. The old lady was proud of Myra. And Myra had been to see her mother three times since two years ago.
The old lady was eighty today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday. Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. She was excited, like a child.
Mrs. Morrison had cleaned the flat, and she had brought a bunch of flowers when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake. Little Johnnie had been up with a packet of mints, and said he wouldn’t go out to play until the post had come.
“I guess you’ll get lots of presents,” he said.
What would it be? A pair of slippers, a table lamp, or a travel book? She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast.
Johnnie knocked at her door. “Granny, granny,” he shouted, “I have got your post.”
He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra’s writing. The old lady felt a sudden feeling of disappointment.
Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday — Buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra.
The cheque dropped to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady picked it up. With trembling fingers she tore it into pieces.


二、 参考范文
The old lady was very excited on her 80th birthday,（要点 1) because she was sure that her daughter would come for a visit or send a parcel to her.(要点 2) So the old lady waited eagerly for the postman.(要点 3) But what her daughter sent was not a present but a printed card with a cheque.(要点 4) The old lady felt so disappointed that she tore up the cheque.(要点 5)


一、 试题详解
核心内容
这是一篇故事,讲述了一位英国老太太80岁生日那天所经历的事情及精神上所承受的打击。那天 她起得特别早,穿上考究的衣服,心想女儿会给她来祝寿,即便不能来也一定会寄件生日礼物的。于是 她急切地期待着,可是最终收到的却是生日卡片外加一张支票。失望至极,伤心至极,老太太把支票撕 得粉碎。
写作思路
故事类的概要写作方法主要是要素串联法。我们需要抓住几个要素：谁做了什么（who... what);结 果怎么样。这个练习,我们首先要明确故事中的人物关系。故事的主要人物是过生日的老人和老人的 女儿Myra,接着要理清故事主要事件。在老太太80岁生日当天,邻居给她准备了生日礼物,她满心期 待自己的女儿会来看望自己或寄来生日礼物,结果却只等来一张生日卡片和一张支票。老人因此非常 失望。
三、 范文解析
范文把要点1和2表达为一句,用because连接交代故事的主要情节<老人80岁的生日是很重要的 一个生日,她满心期待自己的女儿会来看望,她想即便女儿太忙不能亲自来她肯定也会送来礼物。要点 3用so连接要点1和2来解释老人为什么会等邮递员的到来。它们跟要点4是转折关系,所以用but 连接。要点5是一个结果,老人最终等来的只是一张支票,老人的失望与前面的期待形成鲜明的对比。
四、 提炼归纳
有效运用连接手段
在具体的写作过程中我们要对要点进行筛选整合,还要考虑各要点之间的连接手段的有效运用, 例如用“because,so”连接各要点,表示各要点中的因果关系；but等词表示转折,与最后老人失望撕支票 连接,这些连接词的使用可以使文本内容连贯紧凑。
要点整合
为了达到概要写作规定的词数,在准确梳理原文要点的基础上,我们需要对文本的内容进行必要 的整合。对于故事类的文章来讲找到故事的几个要素（who, when, where, what, why, how)是关键。 但概要并不需要提到所有的要素。这个故事需要提到的是谁（who）在什么时候（when）做了什么（what）,怎么了（how）。


Exercise 10
Are you stressed at work? A recent study found that one third of workers describe their jobs as highly stressful ; and 75% believe that work is more stressful now than it was 20 years ago. Work- related stress can lead to headaches, depression, memory loss, a lack of concentration, stomach problems and an inability to sleep. But what causes it?
Lots of things, apparently. For example, someone who finds their job too difficult may become stressed, especially if they don’t get any help. Similarly, someone who works too hard for too many hours can become stressed. Finding a job boring can also cause stress, as can working in an unfriendly environment do. But everyone is different. So, while one person many find working 60 hours a week very stressful, another may find it challenging and enjoyable.
So, what can managers do to prevent stress? Once again, lots of things. They can make sure that the demands of the job and the skills of the workers are matched, that the worker is provided with the resources he or she needs to do the job, that problems are discussed, that employees are given timetables that allow them to organize their life outside work, and that everyone is given clearly defined roles and responsibilities. Also, that employees are offered rewards for good work, and that there are opportunities for career development.
More importantly, what can you do to reduce stress? Lots, too! For a start, you can talk about it. If you’ve got a problem, find someone to discuss it with. Get moving —ensure you’re getting lots of exercise. Make sensible food choices and eat food that’s good for you. Get lots of sleep. When you lack sleep, your ability to handle stress is compromised. Ensure that jobs are evaluated carefully before agreeing to take them on. Develop the capacity to meet challenges with humor. Laughter is a great stress buster. Give yourself more time! If you are always running late, set your clocks fast so you get things done in time. You have to do it all yourself.

参考范文：
A recent study shows that many people are stressed at work, which is harmful to people’s health. (要点 1) People may consider it stressful when finding their jobs difficult or being bored at work.(要点 2) However, managers can help prevent stress by giving employees suitable arrangement, sufficient assistance,as well as encouragement.(要点 3) Besides, employees can help themselves by means of talking,doing exercise,sleeping,laughing and so on.(要点 4)

分析过程：

1, 核心内容
本文是一篇说明文。全文分为四段。第一段主要讲目前人们普遍感到很大的工作压力,压力对健 康非常不利。第二段列举了导致压力的主要原因。第三段提出从公司经理的角度如何减轻员工的压 力。第四段进一步描述了自我减缓压力的方法。
2.写作思路
理清文章脉络,概括段落大意。找出各段的中心思想有助于分析文章结构,梳理文章脉络,概括文 章大意。本文第一段以调查的结果显示很多人认为工作压力大,然后指出压力对健康不利。第二段作 者从“for example,similarly, also”三词引出导致压力的原因。第三段“They can make sure that... that... that...that...that...”五个宾语从句,加上“also, and that”一共讲述了七种公司经理帮助减轻员工 压力的办法。第四段以“more importantly”过渡到不仅公司高层可以帮助员工减轻压力,员工自己也可 以自我减压,如“talk about it, get lots of exercise, make sensible food choices, get lots of sleep, meet challenge with humor, give oneself more time”。

2范文解析：

范文第一句用一个定语从句归纳第一个要点,用“be harmful to people’s health”来替换文中所提到 的压力会导致“headaches,depression, memory loss,a lack of concentration, stomach problems and an inability to sleep”等问题。要点2用一句话表述员工在何种情况下会有压力。要点3表示公司经理能 根据具体情况解决员工压力大的问题,用however将要点2与3连接起来。要点4用besides连接,表 述除了经理,员工自己也可以有办法解决压力大的问题。这样的连接可以让概要紧凑、连贯又完整。




Exercise 1
With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.
Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.
Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to ? 240 (3.360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of ? 233 (3,262 yuan) for men.
In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.
One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only ? 197. 70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online.



Exercise 2
The brown widow spider became established in Southern California in early 2000 and has become part of the local spider family in urban Los Angeles and San Diego. The brown widow spider is continuing its expansion in Southern California and could possibly move northward into Central California.
The brown widow is suspected to have evolved in Africa although it was first described from South America, which adds confusion as to where it might have originated. It is a tropical and subtropical spider having established populations in Hawaii, Florida, parts of Australia, South Africa and Japan.
The brown widow builds its web in protected sites around homes and in woody vegetation with branches. Some typical sites selected by brown widows for web building are empty containers such as buckets and nursery pots, entry way corners, storage closets and garages. They choose places that are more exposed than sites chosen by black widows and therefore ,appear to be at higher risk for interactions with humans as far as bites are concerned.
One recent study demonstrates that the brown widow spider is less poisonous than other widow species. The reason for the weaker effect of brown widow bites on humans is possibly because the brown widow does not have much poison as its larger relatives, but it is really a threat to humans as to its poison. The two major symptoms of a brown widow bite were that the bite hurt when it was given and it left a red mark.
There is no specific information regarding the control of brown widows by farm chemicals. Most current advice is what is used for controlling spiders in general. Therefore, most commercially available farm chemicals should work on brown widows. Avoiding a mess of the house and the garage should reduce nest sites for them. Also, one should store garage items in plastic bags where there might be interactions with spiders.



Exercise 3
Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life. However, social changes brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.
An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly- protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.
However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children. In the context（情境）of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents5 involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’ present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents —today’s grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier. Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.
Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.



Exercise 4
Could you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique about it?
It wouldn’t be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries, because you couldn’t reproduce it in most of the US either. What does it take to make a Silicon Valley?
It’s the right people. If you could get the right ten thousand people to move from Silicon Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become Silicon Valley. You only need two kinds of people to create a technology hub(中心）：rich people and nerds(痴迷科研的人）.
Observation bears this out. Within the US, towns have become start-up hubs if and only if they have both rich people and nerds. Few start-ups happen in Miami, for example, because although it’s full of rich people, it’s not the kind of place nerds like. Whereas Pittsburgh has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds, but no rich people. The top US computer science departments are said to be MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, and Carnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon Valley. But what did Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And what happened in Ithaca, home of Cornell University, which is also high on the list?
I grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at Cornell, so I can answer for both. The weather is terrible, particularly in winter,and there’s no interesting old city to make up for it,as there is in Boston. Rich people don’t want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca. So while there are plenty of hackers who could start start-ups, there’s no one to invest in them.
Do you really need rich people? Wouldn’t it work to have the government invest the nerds? No, it would not. Startup investors are a distinct type of rich people. They tend to have a lot of experience themselves in the technology business. This helps them pick the right start-ups, and means they can supply advice and connections as well as money. And the fact that they have a personal stake in the outcome makes them really pay attention.


Exercise 5
It is early in the morning and I’ve hardly caught any shut eye. My breakfast of eggs, bread and strong coffee will keep me awake and alert before lunch. After lunch, I will face an afternoon of yawning in the office. Sometimes I feel uneasy about this situation but I am sure that I am not alone, for it is not too much to say that we all seem to be yawning more often. Are we turning into a generation of insomniacs(患失眠症的人）？ How is modern life influencing our sleep patterns?
We can start by blaming the light bulb and other forms of man-made light. Experts say that on average people go to bed and wake up two hours later than the previous generation. Then, there are the computers. Research led by Professor Charles Czeisler of Harvard Medical School has shown that people who read electronic books before going to bed take longer time to fall asleep. They have lower levels of melatonin, a chemical which controls our body clock. And they’re less active in the morning. Professor Czeisler said, “In the past 50 years, there has been a decrease in average sleep length and quality. Since more people are choosing electronic devices for reading, communication and entertainment, especially teenagers who already experience serious sleep loss, research on the longterm influence of these devices on health and safety is urgently needed. M
So the first thing to do if you want to have a restful night is leave computers out of the bedroom. The earlier you get your fingers off the keyboard, the sooner you tend to fall asleep. Avoid alcohol, as it might reduce our cycles of the “rapid eye movement” sleep, when our brains process the information we have received during the day. It prevents our brain activity going well. And do not eat nuts or cheese in the evening.
After that, if you still cannot sleep, start counting sheep. Maybe that is the best way to avoid another afternoon of yawning in the office.






Exercise 6
Although being famous might sound like a dream come true, today’s stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the world’s attention. Paparazzi(狗仔队）camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids (小报）publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature. According to psychologist Christina Villarreal, celebrities----famous people —worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them, not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time,’’ Villarreal says, “they feel separated and lonely .
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.
Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their ‘story’ alive forever.
If fame is so troublesome, why aren’t all celebrities running away from it? The answer is that there are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place. Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still, even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already.


Exercise 7
Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user. The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions； it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces. Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal.



Exercise 8
Many seniors feel pressured to go straight from high school to college —but Camden Olson, who graduated from Latin School of Chicago in the US last year,didn’t give in. She decided to spend a gap year raising a guide dog for Guiding Eyes for the Blind in Maine.
The nonprofit provides trained guide dogs to blind and visually impaired people.
“I can say I’m living the dream,’’ Olson said. “This is something I’ve always wanted to do.,’
Taking a year off before college, commonly known as a gap year, is becoming more and more popular among American teenagers. According to a survey by the American Gap Association, enrollment in these programs grew 27 percent between 2012 and 2013. Some students use the year off to figure out what they want to do, travel the world, or save money for college.
Olson is using her time to pursue a passion she's had since 7th grade. For years, she kept an eye on guide dog services until she came across the opportunity at Guiding Eyes. With support from her friends, family and teachers, Olson went for it.
Olson’s volunteer work centers around Derby, ,a 1-year-old black dog. “My job is to raise him to be well-mannered and socialized, she said. “Guide dogs have to ignore any distractions. They go everywhere with their visually impaired handler. They give a blind person a lot of independence and emotional support, too.”
Of course, there’s an end in sight for Derby and Olson’s close bond. When Derby celebrates his own graduation, Olson will have to say goodbye to him.
While some look at gap years in a negative light, Olson said she’s seen major success. In fact, she’ll be attending Princeton University this fall and is thinking about majoring in ecology and biology.
“I think I’m already much more mature than I was and aware of what really matters,,” she said. “So many kids do come back from gap years a lot more focused and prepared. ”



Exercise 9
It was the old lady's birthday. She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came, and the little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on rare occasions when anything came.
Today she was sure there would be something. Myra wouldn’t forget her mother’s birthday ,even if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy, and she herself had got a medal for her work for the aged. The old lady was proud of Myra. And Myra had been to see her mother three times since two years ago.
The old lady was eighty today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday. Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. She was excited, like a child.
Mrs. Morrison had cleaned the flat, and she had brought a bunch of flowers when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake. Little Johnnie had been up with a packet of mints, and said he wouldn’t go out to play until the post had come.
“I guess you’ll get lots of presents,” he said.
What would it be? A pair of slippers, a table lamp, or a travel book? She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast.
Johnnie knocked at her door. “Granny, granny,” he shouted, “I have got your post.”
He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra’s writing. The old lady felt a sudden feeling of disappointment.
Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday — Buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra.
The cheque dropped to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady picked it up. With trembling fingers she tore it into pieces.


Exercise 10
Are you stressed at work? A recent study found that one third of workers describe their jobs as highly stressful ; and 75% believe that work is more stressful now than it was 20 years ago. Work- related stress can lead to headaches, depression, memory loss, a lack of concentration, stomach problems and an inability to sleep. But what causes it?
Lots of things, apparently. For example, someone who finds their job too difficult may become stressed, especially if they don’t get any help. Similarly, someone who works too hard for too many hours can become stressed. Finding a job boring can also cause stress, as can working in an unfriendly environment do. But everyone is different. So, while one person many find working 60 hours a week very stressful, another may find it challenging and enjoyable.
So, what can managers do to prevent stress? Once again, lots of things. They can make sure that the demands of the job and the skills of the workers are matched, that the worker is provided with the resources he or she needs to do the job, that problems are discussed, that employees are given timetables that allow them to organize their life outside work, and that everyone is given clearly defined roles and responsibilities. Also, that employees are offered rewards for good work, and that there are opportunities for career development.
More importantly, what can you do to reduce stress? Lots, too! For a start, you can talk about it. If you’ve got a problem, find someone to discuss it with. Get moving —ensure you’re getting lots of exercise. Make sensible food choices and eat food that’s good for you. Get lots of sleep. When you lack sleep, your ability to handle stress is compromised. Ensure that jobs are evaluated carefully before agreeing to take them on. Develop the capacity to meet challenges with humor. Laughter is a great stress buster. Give yourself more time! If you are always running late, set your clocks fast so you get things done in time. You have to do it all yourself.


Exercise 1
Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. Almost everyone knows that water covers three- fourths of the earth5s surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life.
All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petrol, paper, rubber and so on.
Meanwhile, water problem is becoming more serious and more complex. Our increasing population tremendously increases urban wastes, primarily polluted water. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting(稀释）wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals.
Scientists estimate that the problem of water shortage will become severe. Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.

参考范文：
Water is essential for all the living things on the earth.(要点 1) With the worldwide increase of population，more water is needed.(要点 2) Meanwhile，water sources are getting polluted by poisonous chemical wastes produced by human beings in one way or another.(要点 3) Thus measures are being taken to solve this problem, hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs.

分析过程
1.核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文分为四段。第一段主要讲水是生命之源，虽然在地球上水的覆盖面积很大但真正可供饮用的水资源很少。第二段讲现在水资源变得短缺，但是对水的需求量却越来越大。第三 段提到了在工农业用水等方面对水源的污染问题。第四段讲的是各国正在想办法解决水资源短缺的 问题。
2.写作思路
说明文的概括一般用段意合并法。首先要通读全文，分析文章的组织结构。第二步是寻找关键词， 总结每一段的大意。最后一步是根据每段的大意及作者的侧重点，重组归纳全文的大意并概述成段。 第一段的内容要点是“without water there can be no life on the earth; less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life”。第二段的内容要点是“fresh water is becoming scarce’，。第 三段的内容要点是“water problem is becoming more serious and more complex”。第四段的要点是 “Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. ”。
3，范文解析
要点1是第一段的内容概要。要点2用with复合结构表达由于人口数量增加等原因导致水源匮 乏。用meanwhile过渡到水源污染问题，即第3个要点。最后用thus连接要点4,即引出各国为解决饮 用水资源匮乏问题所做的努力。



Exercise 2
Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流）)Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way —by studying movements of random floating garbage.
A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. Ebbesmeyer found out in his studies that the shoes —about 60,000 in total— fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn’t. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.
The Pacific Northwest is one of the world’s best areas for beach-combing(海滩搜寻）because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1,600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.
As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.

参考范文：
Unlike other oceanographerst Ebbesmeyer monitors ocean currents by tracking floating garbage. (要点 1) His inspiration for this unique research method came from many sneakers washed into the ocean. He thought the distribution of the shoes’ landing spots would indicate how seawater flowed.(要点2) Therefore, he established links with beachcombers whose first-hand information contributed greatly to his findings.(要点 3) The study just marked the beginning of his research into ocean currents using floating garbage as markers.(要点 4)
分析过程：
试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共四段。第一段介绍海洋科学家Curtis Ebbesmeyer与众不同的洋流研究 方式：他根据海上漂浮物来研究洋流。第二段详细说明该研究方法的由来。20世纪90年代，因为一次 海运事故，很多运动鞋掉落海中，Ebbesmeyer通过分析运动鞋的落水时间、地点及其着陆点等数据，尝 试进行试验。第三段描述数据收集情况。Ebbesmeyer在海滩搜寻者的帮助下，收集到鞋子的相关信 息，并公布了调查结果。第四段简略提及Ebbesmeyer因此方法而出名，而且他的研究对象不再局限于 鞋子，而是各种各样的海上漂流物，他的研究队伍也开始壮大。
写作思路：
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段是全文的中心段落，其中末句“However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer... random floating garbage.”既是文章的主题句，也是段落的主题句。第二段.
通过整合关键词“started the research, shoes，experiment”，得出大意“He started this type of research into the patterns of ocean currents when he decided to carry out an experiment with the shoes washing up on the shores.”。第三段关键词为“beachcombers, information, data”，通过整合可归纳出大意 “Ebbesmeyer collected information with the help of beachcombers.”。第四段共三句话，谓语动词“has become known, has even started，have recorded”都是围绕着“他继续采用该方法”这一中心，故大意可 归纳为“He continued this type of research.”。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。要点1是第一段的大意，也是全文的总述，介绍了 Ebbesmeyer 采用特殊的洋流研究方法。为使句意完整，应补充信息“有别于其他海洋学家”，即“different from/ unlike other scientists”。要点2根据第二段大意及该段所涵盖的两方面具体信息来表达，即“掉落海中 的鞋子给他灵感”和“他决定利用这些鞋子来进行试验'要点3紧接上文，描述他为了收集数据，和海 滩搜寻者建立联络。可使用“and, so”等表示因果关系的词来衔接，使句子紧凑。要点4可换一种表述 概括第四段的大意“他继续这种特殊的研究方法”，即“他以鞋子为研究对象开展的试验是之后一系列类 似研究工作的开始”。
范文解析：
要点1中，用“unlike other oceanographers”来说明Ebbesmeyer所采用的方法与众不同；同时， oceanographer替换原文中的scientists，用词更精确。要点2中，用“inspiration... came from”概括原文中 关于这种特殊方法由来的详细描述，并用后置定语“washed into the ocean”，补充说明鞋子的情况，使得 句意完整，结构紧凑；此外，为避免词汇重复，用“ distribution of the shoes’ landing spots”和“ how seawater flowed”分别替换原文的“where they landed”和“the patterns of ocean currents”。要点 3 和要 点2用therefore衔接，使得行文流畅。同时，定语从句自然地把“beachcombers”与“Ebbesmeyer的研 究发现”这两个信息点串联起来。要点4用“The study just marked the beginning of his research…”来 说明这次试验后，他继续采用这种特殊方法进行研究，使得表达方式多样化，表述准确到位。





Exercise 3
We shouldn’t judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn’t the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can’t judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor’s white coat. When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who require assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes for ease of coordination. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.

参考范文：
Proper clothes are important for first impressions.(要点 1) Schools adopt uniform policy, as teachers are convinced that uniform has numerous benefits for students.(要点 2) Apart from schools， other fields, including hospitals, banks, police and some companies also insist on wearing uniforms for the sake of professionalism and convenience.(要点 3) The belief is that proper clothes, especially uniforms，can present our serious attitude and win trust from others.(要点 4)

分析过程：

一、 试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段，核心话题是统一着装。第一段主要说明人们非常关注着装，因 为合适的着装对第一印象至关重要。第二段阐释了学校推行校服，是因为大部分教师都认可校服的积 极作用。第三段列举了其他也采用统一着装的行业及其用途，比如医生、银行职员、警察和公司职员。 第四段补充说明着装虽然不能代表我们是怎样的人，但是可以反映出我们对所从事工作的态度。
写作思路
理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。第一段没有明显的主题句，需要学生自己提炼和整合信息，主要 是指得体合适的着装对第一印象极其重要。第二段要点也需要学生自己提炼，围绕schools和teachers 形成要点。第三段第一句为此段的主题句，后面是具体的行业介绍。第四段第二句是主题句。
确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。本文第一段的主旨大意是要点1。第二段需要组合schools， teachers和uniforms等主要信息，形成要点2。第三段通过明显的主题句和具体的例证来构成要点3。 最后一段为要点
范文解析：
范文用“proper clothes”代替 appearance 和“right clothes”，避免语言的重复。用“adopt uniform policy”来代替“ask their students to wear a uniform”，用形容词 convinced 代替原文的动词 think，用 “numerous benefits”来概括原文提到的积极作用。因为要点2和要点3之间是并列关系，故用“apart from”这一结构来连接。在表达要点3时，用介词including来统领其他穿制服的行业，用“for the sake of”引出各个行业统一着装的好处。在表达要点4时，用belief来说明其背后的理念。

Exercise 4
One of the most widely accepted, commonly repeated assumptions in our culture is that if you exercise, you will lose weight. I exercise all the time, but I still have gut fat that hangs over my belt when I sit. Why isn’t all the exercise getting rid of it?
It's a question many of us could ask. More than 45 million Americans now belong to a health club. We spend some $ 19 billion a year on gym memberships. And yet obesity figures have risen sharply in the same period: a third of Americans are obese, and another third count as overweight by the Federal Government’s definition. Like many other people, ，I get hungry after I exercise, so I often eat more on the days I work out than on the days I don’t. Could exercise actually be keeping me from losing weight?
The popular belief that exercise is essential for weight control is actually fairly new. As recently as the 1960s, doctors routinely advised against too much exercise, particularly for older adults who could injure themselves. Today doctors encourage even their oldest patients to exercise, which is sound advice for many reasons: people who regularly exercise are at significantly lower risk for all manner of diseases—those of the heart in particular. They less often develop cancer and many other illnesses. But the past few years of obesity research show that the role of exercise in weight loss has been wildly overevaluated.
Many recent studies have found that exercise isn’t as important in helping people lose weight as you hear so regularly in gym advertisements or on shows or magazines.
The basic problem is that while it's true that exercise burns calories and that you must burn calories to lose weight, exercise has another effect： it can make one hungry. That causes us to eat more, which in turn can negate(使无效)）the weight-loss benefits we just gained. Exercise, in other words, isn’t necessarily helping us lose weight. It may even be making it harder.

参考范文：
Different from what American people take for granted, they find it difficult to lose weight through exercise.(要点 1) Is there possibility that taking exercise actually prevents weight loss?(要点 2) Studies have shown that though regular exercise does help decrease chances of various diseases，（要 ^ 3) it is an overstatement from modern medical science or media that exercise leads to weight loss, (要点 4) because hunger and good appetite often come along with exercise.(要点 5)
分析过程：
一 试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段开门见山提出问题——既然锻炼促进减肥，为何“我”坚 持锻炼仍然无法摆脱肚子上的肥肉？第二段推己及人，指出美国很多人每年花大笔钱用来健身，肥胖人 口的数据却在急剧上升，究其原因，“我”在锻炼后往往吃得更多。提出假设——锻炼事实上是否阻碍减 肥？第三段和第四段说明锻炼在减少各种疾病方面有其功效，但是许多研究表明锻炼对于减肥的作用 远没有广告、媒体上宣传的那么大。第五段总结锻炼的确促进热量消耗，但其同时使人感到饥饿，因此 锻炼并不一定促进减肥，甚至可能阻碍减肥。
1，写作思路：
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。第一段围绕assumptions提出问题。第二段是对前面的问题： Could exercise actually be keeping me from losing weight?第三段重点在于说明锻炼的意义和误解。第 四段是对第三段的补充。第五段肯定了第二段提出的假设：锻炼导致饥饿和好胃口从而于减肥无益甚 至可能有害。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。第一段提出的困惑是全文的起点，用“take for granted”来替换 原文中的assumption。第二段所列各种数据是为了引出问题“Could exercise actually be keeping me from losing weight?”，用“Is there possibility that exercise actually prevents weight loss?”进行同义替换。 第三段和第四段阐述锻炼的积极作用和对锻炼的误解，我们_可以用though对这两个要点进行整合。它 的作用用“ help decrease chances of various diseases ’’进行概括，其对减肥的作用夸大用‘‘ an overstatement”引出，这样就可以把要点3和要点4表达清楚。最后要点5是对原因的探究，用because 来连接，具体原因包含“make one hungry” 和 “cause us to eat more’’，我们可以用“hunger and good appetite”进行整合。
范文解析
(3)范文用两句话来表达段落1和段落2的两个要点。要点1中的“what people take for granted”代 替了原文中的assumption,要点2用possibility代替原文中的动词could。要点3、4和5把第三段、第四 段和第五段的要点用though和because进行了概括和整合，以达到简洁、凝练的效果，其中“help decrease chances of various diseases”以及“an overstatement from modern medical science or media”都 是对原文中内容的概括。


提炼归纳1.同义替换
本范文中我们将“at significantly lower risk for all manner of diseases”和“less often develop cancer and many other illnesses”统一表达为“help decrease chances of various diseases’’。本文中关于锻炼对于 减肥的作用被过分夸大的表达“the role of exercise in weight loss has been wildly over-evaluated”可以
替换为 overstatement,原文中的 “in gym advertisements or on shows or magazines” 可以用 “from modern media”来概括，避免重复。
2.逻辑连贯
本范文中第三、四、五三段在逻辑上有很强的关联，我们用though和because连接成一句话将锻炼 的两面性和原因进行了整合。“regular exercise does help decrease chances of various diseases”是对第 三段中锻炼的积极意义的概括描述。“modern medical science or media”是对第三、四两段中“doctors” 和“gym advertisements or shows or magazines”的整合。


Exercise 5
Optimism, defined as the general expectation that the future will be favorable, could provide new ways to improve health, some researchers believe. But scientists remain unsure if optimism goes ahead of health improvements, or vice verse(反之亦然)）.
A recent study suggests that most people can5t help but to think optimistically. This study was conducted by Ed O’Brien, a social psychologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. The findings suggest that people have a natural tendency to think positively about their future.
Participants were asked to create a list of imaginary personal experiences that would make them happy or unhappy over the course of the next year. They then ranked how difficult it was to plan that list and how happy they believed they would be in the future overall. The easier it was for people to think of positive future experiences, the happier they imagined they would be. However, there was no relationship between easily developing negative future experiences and expecting to be unhappy as a result.
O’Brien concluded that people seem to discount the possibility that future negative events will make them happy overall, suggesting that optimism might come more naturally. “We’re not as used to thinking about the future in terms of things that are going to go wrong. ’’ O’Brien’s study is one of many to find that people are consistently optimistic about their future, predicting pleasant experiences and discounting unpleasant ones. If optimism may lead to better health and people generally tend to think optimistically, what does this mean for the connection between mental and physical health? "If we can make sure that optimism comes before healthy states, we might be able to involve and improve people’s optimism,” Boehm explained. However, it’s difficult to determine what comes first: the optimism or the good health.


参考范文：

Although some scientists think optimism has a significant impact on bettering fitness，（要点 1) they are unsure whether positive beliefs determine health improvements.(要点 2) O’Brien’s study indicates that it’s human nature to expect a promising future.(要点 3) For instance, those with positive future plans were more likely to achieve happiness，yet those having negative ones didn’t expect unhappiness. (要点 4) Above all，there’s no certain conclusion that optimism precedes good health.(要点 5)

分析过程


试题详解：

1核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。第一段主要讲有些研究者认为乐观情绪能改善健康状况，但两 者孰先孰后尚未定论。第二段，O’Brien的研究揭示了大多数人会自然而然地乐观思考。第三段进一 步描述他的研究，即发现越容易想出积极未来的人越会认为自己快乐，但反之并不成立。第四段指出， “先有乐观，还是先有健康”还没有定论。

2， 写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段的主题句是“But scientists remain unsure if optimism goes ahead of health improvements, or vice verse.”。第二段主题句是段落首句；第三段是对 第二段主题句的解释和说明，虽没有明显的主题句，但可通过对比，总结归纳。第四段主题句是该段
末句。
确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。第一段要包括两个要点，要点1即全文的逻辑起点，要点2是该 段的主题句。根据 but 可知“scientists remain unsure if optimism goes ahead of health improvements, or vice verse”一句的意思是研究人员并不知晓乐观和健康孰先孰后；为了避免重复，我们可以把“乐观 (optimism)”表达为“积极信念(positive belief)”，这样我们就可以整合并表达好要点1和2。要点3可 根据第二段第一句来总结归纳该段大意，也就是表达的要点。该句的意思是：最近一项研究表明，大多 数人会自然而然地乐观思考。这样我们就可以把第一句灵活表达为“ it’s human nature to expect promising futures”。要点4根据第三段最后两句，即研究发现、归纳概括两种表现和结果。要点5的主 题句是第四段末句。该句的意思很难确定哪个因素在先：是乐观的心理，还是健康的身体。这样我们可 以用“there’s no certain conclusion that…”灵活表达原文“it’s difficult to determine...”。

3，范文解析：

范文把要点1和2表达为一句，因为它们是转折关系，可用although替换原文的but,并用“has a significant impact on bettering fitness”替换原文的“provide new ways to improve health’’，用 determine 替换“goes ahead of”。要点 3 用“it’s human nature to expect promising futures”，灵活替换第二段第一 句话。要点4和要点3是包含与被包含关系，用“for instance”或者“for example”连接。且研究发现两 类人表现不同，用 yet 替换 however，用 “ human nature” 替换 “ can’t help but to”，同时用 “ expect promising futures”替换“think optimistically”，它们和要点5存在因果关系，所以用“above all”相连。用 “there’s no certain conclusion that...”灵活表达“it’s difficult to determine...”，用 precede 替换“what comes Hrst”，实现句义替换，表达流畅的目的。

Exercise 6
Group singing is a sound that begins inside you, shares it with a roomful of people and it comes back as something even more thrilling: harmony. So it's not surprising that group singing is on the rise.
As the popularity of group singing grows, science has been hard at work trying to explain why it has such a calming yet energizing effect on people. What researchers are beginning to discover is that singing is like a filling of the perfect tranquilizer(镇静剂）,the kind that both ease your nerves and lift your spirits. The high spirits may come from endorphin, a hormone(荷尔蒙)）released by singing, which is associated with feelings of pleasure. Or it might be from oxytocin, another hormone released during singing, which has been found to ease anxiety and stress. oxytocin also strengthens feeling of trust and bonding, which may explain why still more studies have found that singing lessons feelings of depression and loneliness.
The benefits of singing regularly seem to be accumulative. In one study, singers were found to have lower levels of stress. Another investigation suggesting that our heart rates may keep pace with each other during group singing could also explain why singing together sometimes feels like a guided group meditation. Study after study has found that singing relieves anxiety and contributes to quality of life.
It turns out you don’t even have to be a good singer to gain the rewards. According to one 2005 study,group singing “can produce satisfying and therapeutic feelings even when the sound produced by the mouth is of average quality”. Singing groups which vary from casual affairs to serious, professional or a vocational ones will all work.
Group singing is cheaper than medical treatment, healthier than drinking, and certainly more fun than working out. It is the one thing in life where feeling better is pretty much guaranteed. Even if you walked into the group exhausted and depressed， by the end of the night you’ll walk out high as a kite on endorphin and good will.
参考范文：
Group singing is becoming more popular(要点 1) and scientists find out that singing will help make people calm and energetic，which results from some hormones released with group singing.(要点 2) Also，singing together will have a good influence on each other.(要点 3) Whether people can sing well or not，it benefits.(要点 4) Besides，singing costs little, makes us healthy and has a lot of fun.(要点 5)
分析过程：
一 试题详解
1， 核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段讲合唱变得越来越流行;第二段从生理因素分析合唱变 得流行的原因：它能使人宁静又激发活力；第三段介绍合唱时合唱者之间的相互影响；第四段介绍合唱 者不必唱得很好也能起到功效；第五段介绍合唱比药物治疗更便宜，比喝酒更健康，比体育锻炼更有趣。
2，写作思路
理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。同学们可以使用寻找文章主题句的方法概括段落大意。
第一段： So it’s not surprising that group singing is on the rise.
第二段没有明显的主题句，但是我们可以找到一些关键短语“explain why it has such a calming yet energizing effect on people，ease your nerves and lift your spirits”，这些短语说明 了合唱的功效。要关 注两个关键句子：“The high spirits may come from endorphin, a hormone... Or it might be from oxytocin, another hormone...”，这解释了合唱有功效的生理原因。
第三段的主题句是：The benefits of singing regularly seem to be accumulative.
第四段的主题句是：It turns out you don’t even have to be a good singer to gain the rewards.
第五段的主题句是：Group singing is cheaper than medical treatment，healthier than drinking，and certainly more fun than working out.
概要的写作就是要把这些主要的内容进行整合，并灵活处理相关要点。

二、范文解析
范文开门见山提到合唱正变得流行，然后用and连接自然过渡到了第2个要点：科学家研究发现合 唱的好处。此处用which引导的非限制性定语从句来体现，解释合唱带来好处的原因。要点3、4、5是 合唱的优势，它们都是并列关系，表示合唱简单易行，好处颇多。
三、提炼归纳
1，语义转换
本范文中用 “become more popular”替代了原文中的 “on the rise”；用 “make people clam and energetic”代替了 “has such a calming yet energizing effect on people”；第 3 个要点把主题句中的 accumulative 用“have a good influence on each other”表示；要点 5 用三个并列的谓语“costs little, makes us healthy”和“has lot of fun”替换了原文中的三个比较结构“cheaper than，healthier than”和 “more fun than”。
2，语句连接
范文把前两个要点在一个句子中进行了表现，用and连接了前两个要点，用一个which的非限制性 定语从句进行了句内的连接，非常精练自然。在要点2、3、4之间用also和besides进行有效连接，使文 章浑然一体。同时在要点4中使用了“whether...or not”，句子表达意思充分，结构紧凑。


Exercise 7
Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over industrialized planet. When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it. We keep trying all four methods, but the quantity of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us. Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet. There is an even more hidden kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike: Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbors, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet village, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume. To our surprise dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7.
New technology has also made its own contribution to noise. A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like restaurants or on public transport. Loud conversations on mobile phones invade our thoughts or interrupt the pleasure of meeting friends for a quiet chat.
The noise pollution survey revealed an amusing old fashioned source of noise. It turned out to be snoring(打軒）！ Men were found to be the worst offenders. It was revealed that 20% of men in their mid-thirties snore. This figure rises to a staggering 60% of men in their sixties. Against these figures, it was found that only 5% of women snore regularly, while the rest are constantly woken or kept awake by their trumpeting partners.
Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain： silence, it seems, has become a golden memory.



参考范文：

We cause serious pollution to our planet, and try to dispose the waste of our daily life.(要点 1) Yet noise constantly disturbs our daily lives.(要点 2) According to a survey, among common noises， the worst is dogs barking.(要点 3) While the use of cellphone in public places is annoying，（要点 4) snoring is a long existing source of noise bringing more trouble to women than men. There’s less silence than ever before.(要点 5)

分析过程：

1，核心内容：

本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲污染是人口过密、城市化的代价，人们努力处理 垃圾，然而噪音却是一种更为隐秘的污染。第二段进一步用调查来说明人们日常生活中各类常见的噪 音污染，特别指出了犬吠的问题。第三段以大声打电话为例，说明高科技也加剧了噪声污染。第四段提 出调查中一个有趣的发现，打呼噜也是一种困扰。第五段，表达了人们对安静生活的怀念。
2，写作思路

(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础。说明文、议论文 一般都会使用比较清晰的结构和较为概括的主题句。该文第一段的主题句是“There is an even more hidden kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise. ”；第二段是对第一段主题句的解释和说明，“A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike”。第三段主题句是段落的首句“New technology has also made its own contribution to noise”。第四段的主题句可通过将段中的前两句整合，获得本段 的主题句“Snoring is a rather spurring and possibly amusing old fashioned source of noise. ”。最后一段 表达了“silence, it seems，has become a golden memory'
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。每段都有各自的主题，句子围绕主题句以各种逻辑展开，所以务 必准确地找出每段的要点，不可遗漏，也不能增加要点或者进行评论。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的 语言进行同义替换（paraphrase),同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段要包括两个要点，要点1由污染 谈到垃圾处理，转而引出要点2,即本文主题。根据however可知最后一句才是本段主题句，信号词为 我们迅速抓住主题提供了帮助。为了避免重复，我们可以把“垃圾（rubbish)”表达为“生活中的废物（the waste of daily life)”；为了精简词数，用dispose来代替“deal with”；为了体现要点1和要点2的关系，用 yet来转折。要点3可根据第二段的大意来表达:第一句罗列了生活中很多人们不喜欢的噪音，第二句 用“to our surprise”引出犬吠竟然是最严重的噪声污染。第三段以大声讲电话为例指出高科技对噪声 污染的作用，此作为要点4。第四段讲述了历史最为悠久、困扰很多人的噪声污染是打鼾，此作为要点 5。可利用while引导的从句将两个要点连接起来。最后表明人们对安静生活的怀念，可以用转换表达 方式的办法重新阐述。
体裁与结构
不同的体裁，文章的组织结构不同，进行摘要写作的方法和要注意的内容也不相同。如果是说明 文，我们必须了解说明的事物或对象，现象背后的原因等；如果是议论文，我们就须掌握论点、论据等。 此外，我们要注意说明文和议论文的第一段和最后一段，以及每段的第一句或最后一句。如是记叙文， 重点关注when，where，who，what，how,即时间、地点、人物、事件以及事件所引出的结论。所写摘要 短文，应保持原文的结构和逻辑、语气和风格。
要点整合
因为摘要写作词数的限制，我们需要把原文的信息进行提取与整合，省略掉细节和具体的例子，如 本范文中要点1省略掉了垃圾处理的细节信息，要点3省略掉了生活中常见的各种噪声，要点5中去除 了具体的数字信息，只提取了对女人和男人不同的困扰。



Exercise 8
Criticism can be difficult to accept, and we are often quick to respond in negative ways. The first mistake we can make is to become angry. We should always control our tempers when we are criticized. And we should avoid being defensive and arguing over our weaknesses. Besides we should avoid going on the attack. Many people turn the criticism back toward the one doing the criticizing, and this can create a personal battle.
It is also a mistake to accept criticism in silence or by pouting. No one enjoys being around us when we respond in that immature way. Instead, we should meet criticism with openness and maturity, with reasonableness rather than with negative emotions.
Our response isn’t determined by who speaks or whether the criticism is valid. Many unhappy results come to us when we don’t know how to deal with criticism. We suffer loss and we lose valuable opportunities. Those who can’t accept criticism miss out on love, ，because unconditional love must speak the truth. Defensive people isolate themselves and miss out on the wonderful love they need. We must also learn how to offer criticism with a gentle spirit. Being abusive can damage other people, particularly young people. Giving and receiving criticism lovingly makes a big difference in life.
When someone offers a critical word，, we should listen attentively and carefully, looking that person in the eye. We should keep silent while the critic is speaking. We should keep an open and teachable spirit rather than being defensive or going on the attack. Then, after the critic has spoken, we should always thank him for his words and promise to consider them. The criticism, of course, may not be valid. But if we feel that it was, then we should ask for forgiveness, and we may even thank them for the opportunity to improve our life.


参考范文：

Technology is wonderful but it can cause problems.(要点 1) Each doctor has to convince his patients that the diagnoses from the Internet are not reliable.(要点 2) One day a patient called Mrs. Almond thought she had throat cancer after self-health-checks on the website.(要点 3) But in hospital more tests proved it was tuberculosis，which can be cured.(要点 4)
分析过程：
试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇介绍了科技可以改变生活，也能制造出更多的麻烦。文中指出了一 些病人通过网络高科技诊断自己得了不治之症，医生须尽力想方设法解释。文章接着讲述一个病人自 认为得了喉癌，而“我”通过医疗诊断让其相信病症是肺结核而不是喉癌的事实，说明网络科技给病人和 “我”带来的麻烦。
写作思路
理清文章脉络是写摘要的基础。第一段最后一句表明观点：“But sometimes this power can create more problems than it resolves.(高科技能制造出更多的麻烦）”。阅读时注意转折词but。第二段是对第 一段主题句的解释和进一步的阐述，指出网络科技给病人带来的自我诊断是不准确的。第三至七段中 作者通过具体事例来证明自己的观点。
范文解析：
理清文章脉络并通过关键词、句概括段落大意是写摘要的基础。第一部分（第一段）关键词有 “technology，great，create more problems”，关键句为本段第一句和最后一句。段落大意为：科技是伟 大的，但有时也会带来麻烦。第二部分(第二段）需要综合理解本段三个句子的内容，然后用自己的话 来概括。本段第一个句子较长，是学生理解的难点。第三部分（第三至七段）关键词有“throat cancer， website，symptoms，tuberculosis，recover”等，关键句为第四段最后一句及倒数第二段第一句。段落大 意为：病人Mrs. Almond依靠网络自我诊断为喉癌，而医生确诊后判断她的病是肺结核。

提炼归纳
1， 转换同义句
要点1，将原文中great替换为wonderful,将create替换为cause。要点2,在理解原文的基础上，进 行灵活表达。将原文中“try their best to calm down patients who...”根据语境替换为“convince sb that...(使某人相信 )”；将原文中“an Internet print-out”根据语境替换为diagnoses;将原文中“does not guarantee accurate...”替换为“...are not reliable”。要点3,将关键句与关键词进行整合，并概括段落 大意。整合和概括时,要注意一些词的用法。如fit是不及物动词，若加宾语，须加上介词，“fit with”意 为“符合”。
2，分析长难句
扎实的句法分析能力是准确理解句子的前提。比如第二段第一句是理解第二段内容的关键也是 摘要写作的要点2的写作基础。该句的主句是“every doctor has had to try their best to calm down patients”，主句后跟who引导的定语从句，修饰patients,定语从句中的“waving an Internet print-out” 是作伴随状语；“convinced that...”是过去分词作定语，相当于“who are convinced”，同样修饰patients; that引导宾语从句；say是插人语。该句子意思为：长久以来，每一位医生不得不尽力去让那些挥着从网 上打印的东西来到诊疗室，确信自己患上了某种罕见的不可治愈的疾病——比如说喉癌——的病人镇 定下来。


Exercise 9
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that there is an average of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U.S. flights every day.
Most of them are not serious: fainting and dizziness are the most frequent complaints. But 13% of them, roughly four a day, are serious enough to require a pilot to change course. The most common of the serious emergencies include heart trouble (46%) , strokes and other nervous problems (18%), and difficult breathing (6%).
Let's face it: plane riders are stressful. For starters, pressures in the plane at high altitudes are set at roughly what they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty easily, but passengers with heart diseases may experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood. Low pressure can also cause the air in the body to expand as much as 30% . Again, most people won’t notice anything beyond mild stomach pain. But if you’ve recently had an operation, your wound could open. And if a medical device has been implanted in your body, such as a splint(支架)，or a pipe ，it could expand and cause injury. Another common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosis(深静脉血栓），the so-called economy- class syndrome, when you sit too long in one position. The blood in our legs tends to dot(凝结) ..Most people just get sore leg. But blood clots, left untreated, could travel to the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and even death.
Whatever happens, don’t panic. Doctors who come to passengers’ aid used to worry about getting accused, but their fears have lifted somewhat since the 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them “good Samaritan” protection. And thanks to more recent law，, flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.

参考范文：
A study suggests there are about 30 emergencies on U. S. flights every day(要点 1)，13% of which are serious. The main cause is the low pressure(要点 2)，which harms passengers with heart diseases and operation wounds. Moreover, it can cause people’s leg to clot(要点 3). Due to the 1998 Act, doctors can help patients. And emergency medical kits are required to be installed.(要点 4)
分析过程：
试题详解
1，核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分四段。第一段提出问题，即一项研究表明美国航班上每天会有约30 起的事故发生。第二段分析了这些事故的类型，指出其中的13%十分严重。第三段指出了这一问题存 在的原因。第四段说明为解决这一问题已经采取了两个措施，一是1998年的航空医疗援助行动解放了 医生，使他们可以任意援助机舱上的乘客，二是有法规要求机舱中必须配置医疗箱，以备所需。
1.写作思路
(1)判断文章的体裁，分析文章的内容。这篇文章是说明文，在概括这篇文章的时候，首先要根据这 四方面(该问题、指出问题产生的原因、描述问题产生的危害以及提出问题的解决方法），找出相关的信 息。本文第一段提出 了问题“A study estimated that there is an average of 30 medical emergencies on U.S. flights every day.”。本文第二段进一步描述了这一问题。第三段针对这一问题解释了原因“the low pressure”,并且进一步描述了其危害。第四段则说明目前有两个措施可以解决这问题。
(2)根据自己找出的关键信息，将其组成符合要求词数的段落。在组成段落之前，首先要确定各个 要点的先后顺序。通常而言，我们先说明问题，再解释原因，最后提出解决方法。如按照这样的顺序组 合成的段落过于繁琐，则可以删除一些细枝末节，例如“passengers with heart diseases may experience chest pains”，后面的原理可以省略。而它后面的两句话可以整合为一句话“low pressure can also make patients’ wound open”，使得保证留下的句子都是必要的。
(3)根据初步组合成的段落进行同义替换，避免照抄原文。文中提出该问题时用了 estimate，为了 避免重复，就可以替换成suggest,并且将后面的事故种类用定语从句连在句尾进行句子结构上的同义 替换。最后讲述到解决方法的时候，我们可以用被动句，将句子结构变得更加紧凑，如“and emergency medical kits are required to be installed”，此句进行了句子结构上的同义替换，并且使用require来暗指法律， 避免照抄原义。

范文解析

范文将四大要点按照“问题——原因——现象——解决方法”的顺序组合在一起。在要点2后使用 了第二个定语从句，将要点2和要点3结合起来，使得要点3用作修饰reason,使用定语从句使得段落 更加紧凑。要点4中的两个解决方法，一个是由连词due to引出，一个是由被动句表述，简洁紧凑


Exercise 10
Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first figure out whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area or not. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may be other reasons for example, economic reasons—why they should be preserved. So, let us assume that historical buildings are attractive as well as important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed?
In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. To tell the truth, there are many examples in my own home town of Tours (a city in the western France) where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings. As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate(影响)）its surroundings too much ，it will not spoil(破坏）the beauty of the area. On the contrary, it often improves the attractiveness of that.
It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt the area which they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too. Yet there still exist some people who speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative(保守的） and do not like change.
Although we have to respect people’s feelings as fellow users of the buildings, ，I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward, that is to say, choose new architectural styles. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. As a result, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice.


参考范文：

Modern buildings can be built alongside historical ones.(要点 1) It has been proved that new styles，if mixed well with old houses，will add much to the charm of the areas.(要点、2) However， some people resist changes and hold on to old styles that may even be ruining the surrounding beauty. (要点 3) Even so，it is an obligation of the planners and architects to create new architectures.(要点 4)

试题分析：
试题详解
1， 核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共四段。第一段提出文章探讨的话题:是否可以在有历史遗迹的地方建设 现代化的建筑？第二段主要论述作者的观点：只要不破坏原有的建筑风格，现代风格值得一试，因为很 多现代建筑能够提升城市的品位。第三段阐明人们反对在有历史遗迹的地方建设现代化建筑的理由： 有些建筑的确破坏了当地的建筑整体感觉;人们过于保守，不喜欢改变。第四段重申作者的观点，认为 建筑师和规划者有责任建造一些新的不同的建筑。


2， 写作思路

(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，可以通过找主题 句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段提出全文的话题“Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city?”，也可参照该段最后两
句“Let us assume that historical buildings are attractive as well as important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed?”。第二段围绕该段主题句“In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style.”展开，举例证明只要不破坏原有的 建筑风格，现代风格值得一试，因为很多现代建筑能够提升城市的吸引力。第三段从两个方面来说明人 们反对的理由。第四段的首句为段落主题句，重申作者说点，并提出建议。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。第一段开门见山，提出话题，可结合第二段中作者的立场，作为 要点1。要点2是对第二段内容的概括，艮卩“如果新旧建筑风格能很好地融合，那么新的现代建筑会为 当地增加吸引力”。要点 3 则围绕第三段“Yet there still exist some people who speak against new buildings in historic areas.”说明人们反对的理由。要点3和2之间是转折关系，可以用however衔接。 要点 4 可以对第四段主题句“I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward，that is to say，choose new architectural styles.”进行同义替换。

3， 范文解析

要点1以“The author argues that”开头，明确提出作者的论点。要点2中，用“if mixed well with old houses”和“add much to the charm of the areas”分别替换原文的“pleasing and does not dominate its surroundings too much”和“improves the attractiveness of that”，避免词汇重复；而主语从句“It has been proved that...”使句子结构更加紧凑。要点3和要点2是转折关系，因此用连词however衔接，确保行 文连贯。要点 3 中，用“Some people resist changes and hold on to old styles”替换原文的“People are naturally conservative and do not like change”，并用限制性定语从句补充说明“old styles”，使得语意完 整。要点4是作者的建议，连词“even so”的使用，使句与句之间衔接更自然。

4，提炼归纳

语义转换

相关话题词汇及表达的拓展和积累：The UK’s cities of London，Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are a unique blend of historical and modern architecture, reflecting appreciation of the past and orientation in the future./All the masterpieces of historical and modern architecture give the cities a unique character and charm./The city is home to many modern architectural masterpieces as well as spectacular historical buildings.

要点整合

在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，对原文的观点进行必要的整合，使用相对精确高级的语法结构，更 简洁、有效地表达。例如，本范文中的宾语从句、主语从句“It has been proved that...”、非谓语动词 mixed、转折连词however、限制性定语从句、短语even so、it作形式宾语等，使句子结构更加紧凑，行文表达更加流畅。
Exercise 1
Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. Almost everyone knows that water covers three- fourths of the earth5s surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life.
All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petrol, paper, rubber and so on.
Meanwhile, water problem is becoming more serious and more complex. Our increasing population tremendously increases urban wastes, primarily polluted water. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting(稀释）wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals.
Scientists estimate that the problem of water shortage will become severe. Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.



Exercise 2
Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流）)Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way —by studying movements of random floating garbage.
A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. Ebbesmeyer found out in his studies that the shoes —about 60,000 in total— fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn’t. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.
The Pacific Northwest is one of the world’s best areas for beach-combing(海滩搜寻）because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1,600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.
As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.


Exercise 3
We shouldn’t judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn’t the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can’t judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor’s white coat. When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who require assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes for ease of coordination. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.


Exercise 4
One of the most widely accepted, commonly repeated assumptions in our culture is that if you exercise, you will lose weight. I exercise all the time, but I still have gut fat that hangs over my belt when I sit. Why isn’t all the exercise getting rid of it?
It's a question many of us could ask. More than 45 million Americans now belong to a health club. We spend some $ 19 billion a year on gym memberships. And yet obesity figures have risen sharply in the same period: a third of Americans are obese, and another third count as overweight by the Federal Government’s definition. Like many other people, ，I get hungry after I exercise, so I often eat more on the days I work out than on the days I don’t. Could exercise actually be keeping me from losing weight?
The popular belief that exercise is essential for weight control is actually fairly new. As recently as the 1960s, doctors routinely advised against too much exercise, particularly for older adults who could injure themselves. Today doctors encourage even their oldest patients to exercise, which is sound advice for many reasons: people who regularly exercise are at significantly lower risk for all manner of diseases—those of the heart in particular. They less often develop cancer and many other illnesses. But the past few years of obesity research show that the role of exercise in weight loss has been wildly overevaluated.
Many recent studies have found that exercise isn’t as important in helping people lose weight as you hear so regularly in gym advertisements or on shows or magazines.
The basic problem is that while it's true that exercise burns calories and that you must burn calories to lose weight, exercise has another effect： it can make one hungry. That causes us to eat more, which in turn can negate(使无效)）the weight-loss benefits we just gained. Exercise, in other words, isn’t necessarily helping us lose weight. It may even be making it harder.



Exercise 5
Optimism, defined as the general expectation that the future will be favorable, could provide new ways to improve health, some researchers believe. But scientists remain unsure if optimism goes ahead of health improvements, or vice verse(反之亦然)）.
A recent study suggests that most people can5t help but to think optimistically. This study was conducted by Ed O’Brien, a social psychologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. The findings suggest that people have a natural tendency to think positively about their future.
Participants were asked to create a list of imaginary personal experiences that would make them happy or unhappy over the course of the next year. They then ranked how difficult it was to plan that list and how happy they believed they would be in the future overall. The easier it was for people to think of positive future experiences, the happier they imagined they would be. However, there was no relationship between easily developing negative future experiences and expecting to be unhappy as a result.
O’Brien concluded that people seem to discount the possibility that future negative events will make them happy overall, suggesting that optimism might come more naturally. “We’re not as used to thinking about the future in terms of things that are going to go wrong. ’’ O’Brien’s study is one of many to find that people are consistently optimistic about their future, predicting pleasant experiences and discounting unpleasant ones. If optimism may lead to better health and people generally tend to think optimistically, what does this mean for the connection between mental and physical health? "If we can make sure that optimism comes before healthy states, we might be able to involve and improve people’s optimism,” Boehm explained. However, it’s difficult to determine what comes first: the optimism or the good health.




Exercise 6
Group singing is a sound that begins inside you, shares it with a roomful of people and it comes back as something even more thrilling: harmony. So it's not surprising that group singing is on the rise.
As the popularity of group singing grows, science has been hard at work trying to explain why it has such a calming yet energizing effect on people. What researchers are beginning to discover is that singing is like a filling of the perfect tranquilizer(镇静剂）,the kind that both ease your nerves and lift your spirits. The high spirits may come from endorphin, a hormone(荷尔蒙)）released by singing, which is associated with feelings of pleasure. Or it might be from oxytocin, another hormone released during singing, which has been found to ease anxiety and stress. oxytocin also strengthens feeling of trust and bonding, which may explain why still more studies have found that singing lessons feelings of depression and loneliness.
The benefits of singing regularly seem to be accumulative. In one study, singers were found to have lower levels of stress. Another investigation suggesting that our heart rates may keep pace with each other during group singing could also explain why singing together sometimes feels like a guided group meditation. Study after study has found that singing relieves anxiety and contributes to quality of life.
It turns out you don’t even have to be a good singer to gain the rewards. According to one 2005 study,group singing “can produce satisfying and therapeutic feelings even when the sound produced by the mouth is of average quality”. Singing groups which vary from casual affairs to serious, professional or a vocational ones will all work.
Group singing is cheaper than medical treatment, healthier than drinking, and certainly more fun than working out. It is the one thing in life where feeling better is pretty much guaranteed. Even if you walked into the group exhausted and depressed， by the end of the night you’ll walk out high as a kite on endorphin and good will.


Exercise 7
Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over industrialized planet. When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it. We keep trying all four methods, but the quantity of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us. Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet. There is an even more hidden kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike: Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbors, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet village, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume. To our surprise dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7.
New technology has also made its own contribution to noise. A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like restaurants or on public transport. Loud conversations on mobile phones invade our thoughts or interrupt the pleasure of meeting friends for a quiet chat.
The noise pollution survey revealed an amusing old fashioned source of noise. It turned out to be snoring(打軒）！ Men were found to be the worst offenders. It was revealed that 20% of men in their mid-thirties snore. This figure rises to a staggering 60% of men in their sixties. Against these figures, it was found that only 5% of women snore regularly, while the rest are constantly woken or kept awake by their trumpeting partners.
Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain： silence, it seems, has become a golden memory.




Exercise 8
Criticism can be difficult to accept, and we are often quick to respond in negative ways. The first mistake we can make is to become angry. We should always control our tempers when we are criticized. And we should avoid being defensive and arguing over our weaknesses. Besides we should avoid going on the attack. Many people turn the criticism back toward the one doing the criticizing, and this can create a personal battle.
It is also a mistake to accept criticism in silence or by pouting. No one enjoys being around us when we respond in that immature way. Instead, we should meet criticism with openness and maturity, with reasonableness rather than with negative emotions.
Our response isn’t determined by who speaks or whether the criticism is valid. Many unhappy results come to us when we don’t know how to deal with criticism. We suffer loss and we lose valuable opportunities. Those who can’t accept criticism miss out on love, ，because unconditional love must speak the truth. Defensive people isolate themselves and miss out on the wonderful love they need. We must also learn how to offer criticism with a gentle spirit. Being abusive can damage other people, particularly young people. Giving and receiving criticism lovingly makes a big difference in life.
When someone offers a critical word，, we should listen attentively and carefully, looking that person in the eye. We should keep silent while the critic is speaking. We should keep an open and teachable spirit rather than being defensive or going on the attack. Then, after the critic has spoken, we should always thank him for his words and promise to consider them. The criticism, of course, may not be valid. But if we feel that it was, then we should ask for forgiveness, and we may even thank them for the opportunity to improve our life.


Exercise 9
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that there is an average of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U.S. flights every day.
Most of them are not serious: fainting and dizziness are the most frequent complaints. But 13% of them, roughly four a day, are serious enough to require a pilot to change course. The most common of the serious emergencies include heart trouble (46%) , strokes and other nervous problems (18%), and difficult breathing (6%).
Let's face it: plane riders are stressful. For starters, pressures in the plane at high altitudes are set at roughly what they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty easily, but passengers with heart diseases may experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood. Low pressure can also cause the air in the body to expand as much as 30% . Again, most people won’t notice anything beyond mild stomach pain. But if you’ve recently had an operation, your wound could open. And if a medical device has been implanted in your body, such as a splint(支架)，or a pipe ，it could expand and cause injury. Another common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosis(深静脉血栓），the so-called economy- class syndrome, when you sit too long in one position. The blood in our legs tends to dot(凝结) ..Most people just get sore leg. But blood clots, left untreated, could travel to the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and even death.
Whatever happens, don’t panic. Doctors who come to passengers’ aid used to worry about getting accused, but their fears have lifted somewhat since the 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them “good Samaritan” protection. And thanks to more recent law，, flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.


Exercise 10
Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first figure out whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area or not. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may be other reasons for example, economic reasons—why they should be preserved. So, let us assume that historical buildings are attractive as well as important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed?
In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. To tell the truth, there are many examples in my own home town of Tours (a city in the western France) where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings. As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate(影响)）its surroundings too much ，it will not spoil(破坏）the beauty of the area. On the contrary, it often improves the attractiveness of that.
It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt the area which they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too. Yet there still exist some people who speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative(保守的） and do not like change.
Although we have to respect people’s feelings as fellow users of the buildings, ，I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward, that is to say, choose new architectural styles. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. As a result, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice.



Exercise 1
概要写作。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps； for there is a companionship of books as well as of men； and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.
A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness； amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.
Men often discover their affinity(关系）to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog. ” But there is more wisdom in this:“Love me ，love my book. ” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.
Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds，ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out(筛选）the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.
The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens.



参考范文：
People should choose the best men and books to be their companion (要点 1). And a good book could not only be one of their best friends who is usually a man(要点 2)，but also be the bridge of friendships among people(要点 3) . Besides，books are considered to be immortal in essence, especially good books(要点 4) . Therefore, good books are really important and helpful to all the people(要点 5) .
分析过程：

试题详解
1，核心内容

本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲于书于人，我们都应以最好的为伴。第二段紧接 第一段内容，用三个特殊时期书扮演的角色来强调好书就像是你最好的朋友。第三段又从第二段人与 书的友谊递进到人与人之间的友谊，阐述了书是人们之间真诚而高尚的情谊纽带。第四段则从另外一 个方面强调了书独有的本质，即好书的不朽性。第五段是第四段的续写，更是全文的总结部分，它再次 强调了书的不朽性和重要性。
2，写作思路
(1)抓住文章的中心。本文讲述了书籍的作用，观点比较鲜明。该文第一段的主题句是“one should always live in the best company，whether it be of books or of men”；第二段从第一段的其中一个方面进 行叙述，即书籍方面，并正式将文章框定在书籍这个话题，因此主题句为段落首句“A good book may be among the best of friends.”。第三段将人与人之间的友谊与书籍联系在一起，主题句为段落中间的一 句话“The book is a truer and higher bond of union. ”。第四段的主题句十分明显，即段落首句“Books possess an essence of immortality. ”。第五段段落简短，没有明显的主题句，需要读者自己归纳总结，总 的来说，该段是在说明书的不朽性和重要性。
(2)转换表达的方式。第一段中包含要点1,即于人于书，都要找最好的作为自己的伙伴。为了避 免与原文重复，我们可以将原文中的“live in the best company”改成“choose the best men and books to be their companion”。第二段中包含要点 2,原文中的“among the best of friends”可以改成“one of the best friends”。要点3在第三段中，它强调了书籍是人们情谊的纽带，可以把“bond of union”改成 “bridge of friendship”,并且要点3与要点2紧密相连，呈递进关系，故可以用“what’s more”进行连接。 第四段中包含要点4,即书籍的不朽性，该要点与前面的要点关系不明显，可以看作并列关系，选择关系 词besides比较恰当。此外，我们可以用词性转换的方式将immortality变为它的形容词immortal。第 五段中心句很难找，但是要点还是明确的，故我们可以归纳为“ the immortality and importance of a good book”,并且，该段为终结段落，故可以用上表总结的连词，如“therefore, thus, all in all”等。
提炼归纳：
1， 利用同义复现
本范文中我们将company表达为同义词companion,并用“the bridge of friendship”替换“the bond of union”。同时，可以利用转换词性的方法来避免重复，如将immortality变为它的形容词immortal。 如此一来，不仅可以避免重复原文内容，还可以使该概要简洁且全面。
2，巧用语态转换
概要写作中我们常常会找不到合适的词替换原有的词来表达相同的意思，这个时候可以通过句子 成分分析来转换语态达到不重复使用原句的目的，如将主动语态的句子变为被动语态的句子，或将被 动语态的句子转变为主动语态。而在整个过程中，需要学生在平时就掌握好句子成分分析的技能。在 原文中“Books possess an essence of immortality”为一个主动句，也是该段的主题句，为了将其意思完整 地表达在概要中，并且不用原句，我们可以将这个主动句改为被动句“books are considered to be immortal in essence”。




















Exercise 2
By today’s standards, my mobile phone is pretty rubbish. It’s a Nokia 1616，a small，not very heavy device with which you can send and receive calls and messages. It also has a handy torch on the top. Other than that, my phone doesn’t do much. It’s nothing compared to a smartphone. Why would I want one of those?
I have often been told that the big advantage of having a smartphone is that: “You can do everything with them!?, Okay, they may have endless functions, but generally they are used for checking social networking sites, playing games, and receiving and replying to emails. Fm happy just doing all of those things on my laptop.
As far as I can tell, the best thing about having a smartphone is that you can be connected to the Internet all the time. I love the Internet，but I just don’t see the point of constantly being online. I would think that if someone needed me urgently, they would just ring me rather than send an email. And my trusty Nokia can manage that.
One peculiar effect of the smartphone is，in my opinion, the addiction to maps and navigation(导 航）systems. Is there anything more boring than knowing exactly where you are all of the time? How do you get to know an area if you don5t get lost there a few times? It is true that we all occasionally need to be pointed in the right direction, but I find that there are often real life humans you can ask.
There are many benefits of having a very basic mobile phone, like the fact that it cost me about twenty pounds，and that I don’t have to worry too much about it being stolen. But the main benefit has to be the fact that it provides me with the world’s greatest excuse for my bad habits. Whether it’s turning up late to events，or forgetting about an appointment at work, I’m pretty sure I’m covered with the explanation:“I’m really sorry. I don’t have a smartphone. ”









参考范文：
I prefer to use my ordinary cell phone rather than a smartphone.(要点1) Why? First, the frequently used functions of a smartphone can be performed by my computer.(要2) Second, daily communications don’t require keeping online by smartphone.(要点 3) Third, asking for directions is what you should experience personally rather than referring to a smartphone.(要点 4) Most importantly, can you find a better excuse than having no smartphone when you make mistakes such as being late in life?(要点 5)

分析过程

1，核心内容

本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了作者现在仍在使用非智能手机，并解释原因。全文共五段。第一段 提出文章的主题:我为什么使用非智能手机？间接提出论点：我觉得没有必要使用智能手机。第二段反 驳智能手机功能多的优势，证明智能手机功能多但实际利用率低，表明没有必要使用智能手机。第三段 反驳智能手机能时刻上网的优势，证明时刻上网对于生活联络来说没有实际意义，从而说明没有必要 使用智能手机。第四段反驳智能手机有地图和导航功能的优势，证明用手机导航会使人们丢失很多乐 趣。而且迷路时完全可以用向人们问路来解决，从而说明没有必要使用智能手机。第五段正面阐述使 用非智能手机的好处，特别是能把没有智能手机作为生活中的一个最好的借口。

2，写作思路

（1）理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，可以通过找主题 句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段的主题句是：“Why would I want one of those (basic mobile phone rather than smartphone)?”这个问题实际上是一种观点的表达，即“I don’t think it necessary to use a smartphone. ”。第二段到第四段的写作思路相似，都是先指出智能手 机的某一点优势，然后通过分析推理来反驳这个优势，从而说明没有必要使用智能手机。第五段正面提 出非智能手机的优点，特别是最主要的一点：没有智能手机成为了改掉作者生活中坏习惯的最好的 借口。

（2）确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。首先根据文章的体裁、结构和大意确定文章的要点，然后根据文 章的要点思考合适的表达。确定要点需要理清段与段之间、段落的句子与句子之间的逻辑关系，然后进 行筛选与整合。这篇文章中第一段总共六句话,第一句到第五句是对作者所使用的非智能手机的介绍。 第六句是文章的主题句。因此将两部分的内容进行整合，要点1就是“Why do I want to use a basic mobile phone rather than a smartphone?”。第二段到第五段是从四个方面说明理由，其中第二段到第 四段是从反驳智能手机的优势这个角度写，第五段从非智能手机的好处这个角度写。根据这样的思路 逐段概括要点。要点的表达上要求避免使用与原文相同的表达，可以使用多种语义转换的方法。


归纳总结
1， 信息归纳

概要写作的关键能力之一就是对文章信息的概括能力。写作时要先找出关键的信息点，然后整理 信息点之间的逻辑关系，再思考语言表达。例如这篇文章的要点2,原文中第一句的关键信息是 everything，第二句是“endless functions，but generally are used for."”，第三句是 laptop。everything 即 “endless functions”，but后面表达的意思是只有少数几个功能是常用的，而这几个常用的功能在电脑 上就可以操作。理清这些信息的关系之后，我们可以初步先这样表达：A smart phone has endless functions but only a few of them are used frequently, and actually they can be performed by my computer.进一步改进：The frequently used functions of a smartphone can be performed by my computer.

2，语言表达
概要的语言表达要精练，但是也要注意符合文章的体裁特征以及原文的语言特征。这篇文章的语 言表达有非常明显的特征，语言风趣诙谐，偏口语化，有一种和读者交谈的感觉。所以在写概要的时候 也要注意尽量延续这样的语言风格。在范文中，“Why?”以及最后一句“can you find a better excuse than having no smartphone when you make mistakes such as being late in life?”，第二人称反问句的使 用延续了原文的语言风格。
Exercise 3

The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.
On a local level ，the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.
On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests5 plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the world’s groundwater.
Both locally and globally，the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的）soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.






参考范文：
Full-sun production of coffee, though profitable, has caused plenty of bad influence both locally and globally.(要点 1) It reduces the forest, which lead to the destruction of species, destroying ecology balance, changing world’s climate, causing air pollution and global warming.(要点 2) It also makes a threat to human life for lack of cures for certain diseases.(要点 3) Besides, new planting methods do harm to the groundwater and soil.(要点 4) Therefore, for the generations to come customers should buy shade-grown coffee instead.(要点 5)

分析过程

试题详解

1，核心内容

本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段指出尽管咖啡豆生产是高利润行业，但是在阳光充足环 境中生长的咖啡对人类生活和生态环境会造成破坏。第二、三、四段分别从对当地的影响、对全球的影 响和总体的影响三个角度来论述这些破坏：对当地的影响是由于种植咖啡的需要砍伐森林，导致许多 生存在森林中的植物、动物逐渐消失；从全球范围来说，一些森林植物和动物的消失会影响人类的生命， 因为它们可能是治疗某些疾病的药物，同时新的咖啡种植技术也会污染全球的地下水；总的说来，咖啡 的种植意味着雨林生态系统的破坏，也会影响全球气候导致空气污染和全球变暖，新的种植技术甚至 会使土壤变成酸性。最后一段在总结以上众多危害后，号召人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖 啡。本文是典型的“总一分一总”结构文章，结构清晰，要点明确。

2，写作思路

（1）理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。文本第一段是总起段，其中第二句话是文章主要内容，同时我们 可以找出关键词damage，endanger和disturb;二、三、四段围绕危害的三个方面具体展开，段落主要内 容通过段首句就能一目了然，最后一段是总结并呼吁。

（2）语义转换。语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己 的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。本范文中我们将许多词语都进行了替换，尽量在不改变原 意的基础上避免重复原文内容，使用不同的语言进行准确的表达。“a lot of，but，threaten，damage”等 词替换为“plenty of, though, make a threat to, do harm to”，又如将“the future hea丨th of the planet and mankind”换成“for the generations to come”。


归纳总结

1，准确表达要点

每段的段落大意都是要表达的要点。本文的摘要把全文第一句作为第一个要点，因为它是全文的 逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的 语言进行同义替换（paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段第一句是全文的逻辑起点，用 but和unfortunately两个词引出了本文的主题句，根据“bringing about a lot of damage”可以看出下文 将对“a lot of”进行说明；为了避免重复，我们可以把“a lot of，but, threaten, damage”等词替换为 “plenty of, though, make a threat to, do harm to”；为了使概要更加简短紧凑可以将要点重新整合表 达，二、三、四段为并列内容，可以将要点进行重新整理，分为对由于森林减少带来的危害和新的耕种方 式带来的危害。


2，要点整合
每段的段落大意都是要表达的要点。本文的摘要把全文第一句作为第一个要点，因为它是全文的 逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的 语言进行同义替换（paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段第一句是全文的逻辑起点，用 but和unfortunately两个词引出了本文的主题句，根据“bringing about a lot of damage”可以看出下文 将对“a lot of”进行说明；为了避免重复，我们可以把“a lot of，but, threaten, damage”等词替换为 “plenty of, though, make a threat to, do harm to”；为了使概要更加简短紧凑可以将要点重新整合表 达，二、三、四段为并列内容，可以将要点进行重新整理，分为对由于森林减少带来的危害和新的耕种方 式带来的危害。



Exercise 4

“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!” Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. On the other hand, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners：uRead as much as you can in the new language.” “Practice speaking the language every day.” “Live with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate—try to think in the new language. ”
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher； they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language； they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate； they are willing to make mistakes and try again. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.








参考范文：
Different from people’s belief that learning a second language is easy，（要点 1) it is tough for adults to learn a second language.(要点 2) Although second language learning needs much effort，it is not the same as other kinds of learning.(要点 3) Therefore，those who are smart and successful in their fields do not necessarily succeed in language learning. With a purpose, successful language learners learn independently and positively.(要点 4)

分析过程：
试题详解
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分四段。第一段主要讲多数学习另一种语言的成年人都认为学习一门 第二语言并不是人们想象中那么容易。第二段进一步说明语言学习并不像其他学习，擅长于其他领域 的人并不一定擅长于语言学习。第三段讲语言教师通常给学习者的一些建议。第四段介绍成功的语言 学习者的特征。

写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段的主题句是“For them，learning a language is a very difficult task.’’。第二段的主题句是 “Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.”，是对第一段主题句的进一步解释和说明。第三段主题句是段落的首句“Language teachers often offer advice to language learners’’。第四段围绕问句“But what does a successful language learner do?”展开，说明成功的语言学习者的三个特征，这三个方面用连接词“first of all, therefore，finally”等 相连。
(2)确定表达要点，合理整合表达。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻 辑起点。第一段要包括两个要点，要点1是全文的逻辑起点，要点2是该段的主题句“learning a language is a very difficult task”。为了避免重复，我们可以把difficult表达为tough,用it作形式主语， 这样我们就可以整合并表达好要点1和2。第二段第一句，就是该段的大意，也是表达的要点。我们可 以把different表达为“...not the same as...”，并用although —词把整个句子连接起来。最后两段可以进 行整合表达为要点4。第三段讲语言教师对学习者的建议。“But what does a successful language learner do?”是一个问句，引出第四段中成功语言学习者的特征，共有三个方面。为避免重复，active可 替换为positive。
归纳总结：
1， 语义转换
本范文中我们将statement替换为belief,difficult替换为tough,smart替换原文的intelligent,原文 的active可以替换为positive，并用副词形式来代替原文中的形容词。这可以避免重复原文内容，使用 不同的语言进行准确的表达。
2，在表达“语言学习需要花很多的时间，即使如此也并不能保证每个语言学习者的成功，因此语言学 习是不同于其他学习的”这层意思的时候，范文使用了连词although引导的句子来整合表达。成功语 言学习者的三个特征也是本文的核心话题，本范文中围绕原文本中的问句“But what does a successful language learner do?”用介词with以及连词and等把三个特征成功整合起来。

Exercise 5
Advertising plays a major role in the competitive business world. Many industries take advantage of the power of advertising to attract or to win customers away from their business competitors. The influence of advertising is so huge that it causes many people to buy things that they do not want at the start.
Advertising encourages people to buy things they do not want through misleading ideas. Advertising is proven to be a successful tool to stress the features of their product to the public even though it is regarded undesirable such as cigarettes, drugs, alcohol and so on. For example, Dunhill, a cigarette company which sponsors many football teams, seems to be promoting cigarettes to the public. Without the sponsorship, the company will be less known to the public, resulting in fewer sales of cigarettes.
Besides that, advertising has a large influence on the decision made by the people in their everyday life. Many businesses use advertising as a form of promotion to create awareness about their product in the market. For instance, in a fast food industry, the introduction of a new flavor of burger needs advertising to reach the public while the other burgers require advertising to increase sales. Children, especially, are easily influenced by the advertisement and will have the desire to dine at fast food restaurants after that. Although fast food is bad for health, it has successfully become attractive to the public through advertising.
However, advertising plays a part in helping customers to compare a product in terms of price, quality, reliability and so on. Without advertising, it will be very difficult for customers to judge the worthiness of a product. For example, advertisements published by various companies have given the customers the opportunity to choose wisely when buying an item. Without the power of advertising, customers will be stuck to a brand which may not offer the best choice.
参考范文：Advertisements are crucial to business. 1) On one hand, they can attract potential customers using untruthful information and consequently get people to make unnecessary and even unhealthy purchases, like cigarettes.(要点 2) Meanwhile, advertisements can persuade customers, especially teenagers into making unwise choices, such as eating junk food and so on.(要点 3) On the other hand, they help customers get smart by providing comprehensive and useful information.(要点 4)

分析过程： 试题详解核心内容
本文为一篇议论文，共分四段。话题是广告的作用。第一段从广告在商业中非常重要出发，过渡到 广告的消极影响，即促使人们购买不需要的东西。第二段进一步举例，说明广告通过有误导倾向的信息 诱使人们购买不需要的东西。第三段继续举例，说明广告影响人们日常生活中的决策。第四段语气转 换，阐释广告帮助消费者货比三家，从而可以做出最为合理的消费决定。
习作思路理清文鲁脉络，概括段落大意。第一段的首句为要点1，是文章的逻辑起点；第一段最后一句为 要点2,过渡到第二段。第二段的主题句为此段的首句，同时此段也是对第一段主题句的具体解释和举 例说明。第三、四段的首句为该段的主题句。确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。本文的摘要把第一段的首句作为要点1,因为它是全文的逻辑 起点。第一段的最后一句和第二段的首句可以合并为要点2。第三段是要点3。第四段是要点4

归纳总结

1，语义转换

用形容词“crucial for business”来转换原文的相关信息，用“untruthful information”代替原文的 “misleading ideas”，用 purchase 代替同义词 buy，用“help customers get smart”整合和转换要点 4 里面 的“choose wisely，compare a product，judge the worthiness”等信息。

2， 要点整合

本文要点的整合主要体现在将第一段的最后一句和第二段所提及的要点视为同一要点，因为主干 信息是完全一致的。

Exercise 6
Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it’s all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素）.Although known as the love hormone，it affects the sexes differently. Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status’ said Professor Ryan.
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions(互动）such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants(参与者）received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰剂）.After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material. Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions. The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.
Professor Ryan thus concluded： Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors(因素）that are mainly hormonal.”
参考范文：Researches reveal that hormone oxytocin has different effects on different genders,(要点 1) and that it is released in negative as well as positive social contacts.(要点 2) Following treatment with oxytocin, men are likely to better interpret competitive relationships, whereas women tend to be more friendly and sociable.(要点 3) In conclusion，hormonal factors account for many of such behaviour differences.(要点 4)
分析过程：1，核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文共四段。第一段指出荷尔蒙催生素被认为是爱情荷尔蒙，它对男女有不同 的影响。第二段中，人们一般认为，在譬如坠人爱河或分娩等积极的社交互动中，荷尔蒙得到释放，而在 先前的试验里，Ryan教授发现，在诸如妒忌等消极的社交互动中，体内也会释放荷尔蒙。第三段详细阐 述进一步的研究结果：荷尔蒙催生素可以提高男性认识竞争关系的能力，也可以提升女性认识友谊的 能力。第四段重新概述Ryan教授的结论，即荷尔蒙催生素可以使人们更好地辨别不同社交互动的能 力，男女行为的不同主要是由荷尔蒙生理因素引起的。
(1)写作思路理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，可以通过找主题 句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段中“Although known as the love hormone，it affects the sexes differently ?” 是段落主题句。第二段中，通过整合关键词 “ the hormone oxytocin, positive, negative”，可归纳出段落大意“The hormone oxytocin is let out in both positive and negative social interactions. ”。第三段首句‘‘Further researches showed that... ability to recognize friendship.”为段落主题句。第四段重述 Ryan 教授的结论“The hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to…And the behavior differences."are mainly hormonal.”。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不漏要点。要点 1是第一段的段落主题句，§卩“荷尔蒙催生素对不同的性别有不同的影响”。要点2是第二段段落大意， 即“荷尔蒙催生素在积极、消极社交互动中都会释放”。这两个要点都是研究者得出的研究结论，因此可 以通过“Researches show/indicate/reveal...”后加两个宾语从句对要点1和2进行整合。要点3为第三
段主题句，介绍了荷尔蒙催生素对男女产生的影响不同，句子内部可以用转折词连接。要点4是研究结 论（conclusion)的重述，即第四段段落大意。
范文解析：——要点 1 中，用 “have different effects on different genders” 替换原文的 “affects the sexes differently”，并用两个宾语从句连接要点1和要点2,使得句意完整，句式结构紧凑。要点2中， released替换原文的“let out”，“social contacts”替换原文的“social interactions”，体现词汇的灵活使用。 要点3中，用whereas表示转折，明确对比指出荷尔蒙对男女的影响不同；另外，“ better interpret competitive relationships”替换原文的“the ability to recognize competitive relationships”，“be more friendly and sociable”替换原文的“the ability to recognize friendship”。要点 4 再次总结研究结论，故用 “in conclusion”引出，用“such behaviour differences”呼应前文的“荷尔蒙对男女的影响不同”，并通过变 换主语，将原文中的“are caused by”替换成“account for”。
归纳总结—— 拓展用词
拓展用词是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观 点的独立表达”有较高的要求。要加强这一点，平时应该拓展阅读，大量积累相关词汇及表达。例如，本 文话题是Ryan教授指出荷尔蒙催生素可以提高男性认识竞争关系的能力，也可以提升女性认识友谊 的能力。相关话题词汇及表达的拓展和积累：The “love hormone ”oxytocin affects men and women differently in social contexts： in men it improves the ability to identify competitive relationships whereas in women it facilitates the ability to identify kinship./The hormone oxytocin is released in our bodies in various social situations./The results showed that oxytocin improved the ability of all the participants to better interpret social interactions in general.
流畅衔接：
在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，对原文的观点进行必要的整合，使用相对精确高级的语法结构，使 表达更加简洁有效。本范文使用两个并列宾语从句、非谓语动词following、转折连词whereas等，使句 子结构更加紧凑，行文表达更加流畅。



Exercise 7
Some years ago, writing in my diary used to be a usual activity. I would return from school and spend the expected half hour recording the day’s events，feelings, and impressions in my little blue diary. I did not really need to express my emotions by way of words, but I gained a certain satisfaction from seeing my experiences forever recorded on paper. After all, isn’t accumulating memories a way of preserving the past?
When I was thirteen years old, I went on a long journey on foot in a great valley, well-equipped with pens, a diary, and a camera. During the trip, I was busy recording every incident, name and place I came across. I felt proud to be spending my time productively, dutifully preserving for future generations a detailed description of my travels. On my last night there, I wandered out of my tent, diary in hand. The sky was clear and lit by the glare of the moon, and the walls of the valley looked threatening behind their screen of shadows. I automatically took out my pen... At that point, I understood that nothing I wrote could ever match or replace the few seconds I allowed myself to experience the dramatic beauty of the valley. All I remembered of the previous few days were the dull characterizations I had set down in my diary.
Now, I only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling. I still love to record ideas and quotations that strike me in books, or observations that are particularly meaningful. I take pictures, but not very often—only of objects I find really beautiful. I’m no longer blindly satisfied with having something to remember when I grow old. I realize that life will simply pass me by if I stay behind the camera, busy preserving the present so as to live it in the future.
I don’t want to wake up one day and have nothing but a pile of pictures and notes. Maybe I won’t have as many exact representations of people and places； maybe Til forget certain facts, but at least the experiences will always remain inside me. I don’t live to make memories —I just live, and the memories form themselves.
参考范文：
The author had made it a routine to keep a detailed diary of her/his everyday life to store memories.(要点 1) That changed after a trip to a valley，where she/he realized breathtaking scenery was meant to be felt with heart rather than written down mechanically.(要点 2) Thus，she/he has become selective about what to put in her/his diary，（要点 3) focusing on the present rather than busying herself/himself with recording memories for the past or the future.(要点 4)
分析过程
1，核心内容
全文共四段。第一段讲述作者小时候喜欢写日记，每天忙着把各种日常生活及感受记录在本子上， 积累记忆，保存过去。第二段描述作者13岁时的一次旅游经历，山谷的美丽使她/他意识到，应该学会 当时当地去欣赏和体验世间万物，而不是一味地记录。第三段中作者写道自己写日记的方式发生了改 变，现在只把自己特殊的想法或情感有选择地写在日记中。第四段是作者对生活的感悟：把握现在，感 受今天；生活，重在感受而不是为了回忆而记忆。
2，写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段围绕着首句“writing in my diary used to be a usual activity”详细讲述作者每天忙于记录日常生活感受，事无巨细等。第二段描述作者在写日记一事上的 转变，全段没有主题句，因此可围绕change —词将本段大意概括为“The author’s attitude toward the diary changed after a trip to a valley. ”。第三段围绕首句“Now, 1 only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling.”详细描述作者改变写日记方式后的相关情况，她/他开始有 选择性地在日记中记录自己的感想体会。第四段是作者的感悟，即“I don’t live to make memories —I just live, and the memories form themselves.”。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。要点1是对第一段内容的归纳，同时为使句意更加完整清晰，可 适当补充细节，例如，写日记是为了储存记忆。要点2是对第二段内容的概括，即作者写日记方式变化 前后的对比。要点3承接着要点2,是对作者改变写日记方式后的具体描述，可以使用thus衔接。要点 4是最后一段中作者的感悟。
范文解析：
要点1中，“made it a routine”准确地表达了作者每日像例行公事般地记日记的状态，用目的状语 “to store memories”补充信息，使要点信息更全面。要点2中，非限制性定语从句“where...”的使用明确 了作者改变写日记方式的原因，同时用breathtaking替换原文的dramatic，避免词汇的重复。要点3由 thus—词引出作者现在写日记的方式，B卩“become selective about what to put in her/his diary”，同时通 过非谓语结构“focusing on... rather than busying…”把要点4准确地表达出来，使得句与句之间衔接紧 凑，语言精练。
归纳总结：
语义转换
本文话题是如何写日记。相关话题词汇及表达的拓展和积累：The diary was my defense against waking up at the end of my life and realizing I’d missed it. /I used to harbor a continuous worry that I’d forget what had happened, that I’d fail to notice what was happening./I used to think that I would simply record everything that happened to me, upload it to the diary, and that would prevent my living
要点整合
本范文使用目的状语“to store memories”、where引导的非限制性定语从句、副词thus、非谓语动词 focusing等，使句子结构更加紧凑，行文表达更加流畅。






Exercise 8
Beaver or polar bear? This is the question Canadians face as they rethink how they want to present themselves to the rest of the world.
It all started when a Conservative senator, Nicole Eaton, called for the replacement of the beaver as Canada’s official symbol. The beaver has represented the country since 1975. “A country’s symbols can change over time as long as they show the spirits of the people and the nation，,” she told Reuters.
The debate that followed “has set fur flying across the country”, according to the BBC.
A stone beaver now sits on top of the entrance to the Canadian Parliament and appears on Canadian coins.
Supporters of the beaver say the animal is modest and hardworking. Glynnis Hood of the University of Alberta told the Canadian daily newspaper the National Post that beavers are like Canadians, representing “tenacity, intelligence and an ability to survive even the harshest climates”.
Others say the beaver played an important part in the history of Canada. In the 18th century, fashionable Europeans wore clothes made of beaver fur. Explorers went into the Canadian wilderness to find the fur. At the same time, they discovered more of their country. One member of Parliament from the province Manitoba told the BBC that removing the beaver would ignore its historical impact.
However, supporters of the polar bear believe it is a strong and powerful creature. It represents courage and pride, they say. Polar bears are at the top of the food chain. Beavers, on the other hand, are vegetarians. What is more, they are eaten by birds of prey like the eagle. And which country uses the eagle as its national symbol? Canada’s powerful neighbor, the USA.
BBC reporter Lorraine Mallinder called this an issue of, “What does being Canadian mean?”
“No wonder so many Canadians are turning to the polar bear，” she wrote. “They are fed up with being seen as a weak people nation. ”
However, the debate is still under the way.

参考范文：
There is a heated discussion throughout Canada about whether beaver or polar bear can interpret Canadians’ images and characters better.(要点 1) It can’t be denied that the beaver once played a vital role in history and that it stands for wisdom and perseverance.(要点 2) However, some Canadians think the polar bear has more strength and nobility.(要，存 3) Yet，no final conclusion has been reached.(要点 4)
分析过程：
试题详解：
1，核心内容——通观全文，本文讲的是加拿大正在热烈讨论是继续沿用海狸作为国家标志性动物还是应该变更为 北极熊。支持前者的认为，海狸在历史上的影响不能磨灭，它既聪明又坚韧，还有较强的生命力。另一 方则认为北极熊的力量、勇气及高贵的气质，更能诠释加拿大的形象。
2，写作思路——写概要就是培养学生把文章由厚读薄的概括能力。这篇文章的首段就是全文的眼睛。借助“海狸 或北极熊，谁能更好代表加拿大”这个题眼，把各段的段落大意串联起来，经过适当的增加和删减组成几 句连贯通顺的语句，便是全文的梗概，通常我们把这种方法称之为“段意法”。
范文解析：——范文要点1高度概括了本文的中心话题。对于这一场激论，无非观点分成两拨，所以用however转 折，表明辩论双方的观点（要点2和要点3)。而要点4说明这场争论还没有定论。
归纳总结——
1，词语替换
评价标准中“完全使用自己的语言”是概要写作的最高要求，这就要求学生能够准确理解原文中的 词语，所替换的词语必须最大程度上与原词相同或相近，而且所适用的语言环境也尽量一致。范文用
discussion替换了 debate,用 “stand for” 替换了 represent,用 wisdom 取代了 intelligence，用 perseverance取代了 tenacity,这样就避免了抄录原文字词的现象，达到了使用自己的语言进行表达的
要求。
2，内容整合
以要点1为中轴，展开要点2和要点3,同时要点2和要点3补充说明要点1的内容。全文中有很 多段落，这就需要区分重点段落和非重点段落，取舍有道，适当留白。最后要点4的收尾，形成一个 “总一分一总”的框架。





Exercise 9
If you were asked to describe the typical images of Americans, some words that would pop into your head may be: wealthy, ignorant, obsessed with football, creative, and most of all —FAT. Having travelled through the Middle East, Europe, and Asia, I have not seen many overweight people in other countries than I have seen in America. There are some fit individuals walking our streets, but they are a minority. Our obesity can simply be explained by our love for food. In some way, we’ve completely damaged the idea of food, because we value its quantity way over its quality.
Take for example, the rapid growth of Chipotle. Chipotle is a fast-food chain store selling Mexican food, such as burritos, tacos and so on. A typical burrito with toppings weighs over half of a kilogram. But the typical Chipotle-goer can manage his entire meal.
This is the problem. As Americans, we've completely forgotten how to appreciate the taste and instead choose to devour food, swallowing like machines. With the fast-paced society, it seems like we barely have the time to enjoy meals, to feel the texture of food between tongue and teeth. American schools and businesses leave about 30 minutes for a meal. Compare this figure with the French’s usual two-hour lunch break. They are the ideal example of a society that eats slowly and celebrates food the way it needs to be celebrated.
Time and quantity, however, aren’t the only problems. American holidays are centered on food. At Easter and Christmas, many Americans enjoy a glorious dinner, even several meals in one day depending on the family. Thanksgiving is essentially a day set aside to prepare mashed potatoes, green bean casseroles, apple pies and hot, juicy turkeys for us to devour. Halloween is completely centered on candy. What’s worse, Halloween candy lasts for weeks.
While it's great to have a factor that can bring together different cultures and races and genders via food, it’s also important to realize food isn’t what it’s all about. We must stop this endless obsession and start to chew on food.

参考范文：——
Compared to other countries，there live more overweight people in America.(要点 1) One of the reasons is that Americans don’t only have a big appetite for food,(要点 2) but swallow food quickly rather than chew it carefully due to the fast pace of life.(要点 3) Besides，Americans always consume a lot of food on holidays.(要点 4) So it’s necessary for Americans to slow down and appreciate food.
(要点5)



分析过程
试题详解
1，核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲大部分美国人肥胖，主要原因之一是美国人太爱 吃，而且追求的是数量而非质量。第二段以墨西哥快餐连锁店Chipotle为例，进一步说明美国人很能 吃。第三段说明因为生活节奏很快，美国人总是狼吞虎咽。第四段介绍另一个导致肥胖的原因，即美国 人在过众多节日时，都用饕餮盛宴来庆祝。第五段呼吁大家要停止对食物的迷恋，学会慢慢享受食物。

2， 写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段的核心词是overweight和food,最后一句引出下一 段。第二段是对第一段进行举例说明。第三段的主题句是段落的第二句“we’ve completely forgotten how to appreciate the taste and instead choose to devour food, swallowing like machines’’。第四段的主 题句是“American holidays are centered on food. ”。最后一段在上文描述的基础上，发出呼吁，即“We must stop this endless obsession and start to chew on food. ”0
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。此文第一段包括两个要点，要点1是美国人普遍较胖，要点2说 明造成此现象的原因就是对食物的喜爱。第二段“take for example”承上启下，可知这一段为举例说 明，可以合并到要点2。第三、四段均用problem引出，可以看出它们为并列的两个要点。最后一段的 呼吁为最后一个要点。
范文解析：
范文从要点1出发，通过“compared to other countries”概括第一段的细节描述，然后通过reasons 一词引出要点2和要点3,因为这两个要点关系紧密所以进行了整合。因为要点3和要点4为并列关 系，故用besides进行过渡。最后用so引出作者的呼吁。
归纳总结：
1，关注细节
本文细节描述较多，而且使用了举例说明的写作手法，所以对学生的信息整合和语言组织有较高 的要求。在语义转换的过程中，用“compared to other countries”概括第一段的细节描述，用“have a big appetite for food”代替原文的“love for food”，用“it’s necessary”来传达作者呼吁的语气，用“slow down and appreciate food”来代替原文中的“stop this endless obsession and start to chew on food”，以避免重复
2，要点整合
本文第一段、第二段和第三段都围绕造成美国人肥胖现象的主要原因即“love for food”从不同的 角度来阐释，所以在进行概写时将主要信息进行了整合，将现象和原因拆分，然后归纳到要点1、2和3 当中。







Exercise 10
Living in a foreign country probably sounds exciting and romantic to you. Just imagine the noises from the local market or the smell of strange flowers when you leave the house in the morning. But this doesn’t mean that life abroad is easy. When people set foot in a foreign land , they tend to keep to what is familiar. Becoming a part of the local culture can be the hardest part of life abroad.
However, in order to get the most of their life abroad, people need to break out of their comfortable routines and explore. The moment you let go of false ideas and stereotypes, you are ready to take your first major step. And more often than not, living in a foreign country can be a truly lifechanging experience.
Even for experienced travellers, it is not as easy as it seems to get used to life abroad. Making the transition from living like a visiting holidaymaker to living like a local takes time. Culture shock is part of living abroad and hits everyone eventually. The key is not to let it get the better of you. You have to accept that things are not the same as they are at home and, until you get to that point, try to be respectful, patient and humble.
Another problem is that the charm of a foreign life could wear off as time passes by. For most people, a foreign culture appears strange and exciting at first. After all, the main reason for moving abroad is often the wish to explore foreign cultures. However, after living in a foreign country for a while, little things that you once thought were charming begin to annoy you. You remember how everything ran on schedule back home, how beautiful your hometown was and how much more relaxed and friendly everyone seemed to be.
So, you'd better understand issues with the local food, or problems with adjusting to the pace of life as you live abroad someday in the future.



参考范文：
Different from people’s assumption that life abroad is full of romance，（要1) accepting the new culture and adapting to the new environment is difficult，（要点 2) for the reason that it is time- consuming to overcome culture conflict that one experiences in an unfamiliar environment(要点 3)and that one is likely to suffer from homesickness.(要点 4) However，in order to make full use of the new culture，it is significant to be open to it and experience it。(要点 5)

分析过程：
试题详解
1，核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲国外生活听起来浪漫又令人激动，但事实上由于许多差异，融人当地文化非常困难。第二段进一步说明旅居海外要想获得最大的收获需要抛弃成见、积 极探索新环境。第三段和第四段指出融入当地文化很困难，原因有两点：一是文化冲击，我们要做到尊 重、耐心和谦逊，适应新环境需要时间；二是随着时间推移，我们对新事物的热情消退，开始思念家乡。 第五段作者告诉读者当你旅居海外时，你要学会理解与适应。

2，写作思路

(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概 括大意。第一段是一组“虽然”“但是”的并列平行结构。第二段针对“但是”后的具体内容——“life abroad is not easy”进一步说明，首句是主题句。第三、四两段围绕“it is not as easy as it seems to get used to life abroad”解释原因，分两点。第五段为作者对适应新环境的敦促和感慨。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。第一段要包括两个要点，要点1是全文的逻辑起点，要点2是该 段的主题句。romantic 用“full of romance”来替换，避免重复。“become a part of the local culture” “live like a local”和下文的 “adjust to the pace of life”表达同样的意思，我们用 “accepting the new culture and adapting to the new environment”统一进行表述，这样就可以整合表达要点1和要点2。要 点3和要点4根据第三段的句首主题句和三、四两段的原因解释进行因果关系整合，用“for the reason that”来连接，具体原因包含“culture conflict”和“homesickness”。要点5可以将第二段和第五段内容进 行整合，用“make full use of”替换“get the most of”。

范文解析：

范文把要点1和要点2表达为一句，主要是为了用“different from”替换原文的but,并用 assumption代替原文中的动词sound。要点3和要点4把融人当地文化困难的原因进行灵活的概括和 整合，避免重复原文中琐碎的细节。要点5与上文是转折关系，因此用however进行连接。第二段和第 五段的主旨大意均表达了适应当地文化的重要性，可以综合起来进行概括，做到简洁、条理清晰。
归纳总结：
1，语义转换：
本范文中我们将“成为当地文化的一部分(becoming a part of the local culture)”表达为“接受新文 化、适应新环境（accepting the new culture and adapting to the new environment/adjusting to the life abroad)”。文化冲突也是本文的一个要素，原文的“culture shock”可以替换为“culture conflict”，或者用 “confusion and disorientation that one experiences in an unfamiliar culture”进行解释，避免重复原文
2，要点整合
本范文中第三、四段围绕“it is not as easy as it seems to get used to life abroad”的具体原因进行阐释，用两个短语‘‘it is time-consuming to overcome culture conflict” “one is likely to suffer from homesickness”整合两段的大意。


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Exercise 1
概要写作。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps； for there is a companionship of books as well as of men； and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.
A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness； amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.
Men often discover their affinity(关系）to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog. ” But there is more wisdom in this:“Love me ，love my book. ” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.
Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds，ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out(筛选）the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.
The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens.



Exercise 2
By today’s standards, my mobile phone is pretty rubbish. It’s a Nokia 1616，a small，not very heavy device with which you can send and receive calls and messages. It also has a handy torch on the top. Other than that, my phone doesn’t do much. It’s nothing compared to a smartphone. Why would I want one of those?
I have often been told that the big advantage of having a smartphone is that: “You can do everything with them!?, Okay, they may have endless functions, but generally they are used for checking social networking sites, playing games, and receiving and replying to emails. Fm happy just doing all of those things on my laptop.
As far as I can tell, the best thing about having a smartphone is that you can be connected to the Internet all the time. I love the Internet，but I just don’t see the point of constantly being online. I would think that if someone needed me urgently, they would just ring me rather than send an email. And my trusty Nokia can manage that.
One peculiar effect of the smartphone is，in my opinion, the addiction to maps and navigation(导 航）systems. Is there anything more boring than knowing exactly where you are all of the time? How do you get to know an area if you don5t get lost there a few times? It is true that we all occasionally need to be pointed in the right direction, but I find that there are often real life humans you can ask.
There are many benefits of having a very basic mobile phone, like the fact that it cost me about twenty pounds，and that I don’t have to worry too much about it being stolen. But the main benefit has to be the fact that it provides me with the world’s greatest excuse for my bad habits. Whether it’s turning up late to events，or forgetting about an appointment at work, I’m pretty sure I’m covered with the explanation:“I’m really sorry. I don’t have a smartphone. ”


Exercise 3

The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.
On a local level ，the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.
On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests5 plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the world’s groundwater.
Both locally and globally，the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的）soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.


Exercise 4

“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!” Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. On the other hand, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners：uRead as much as you can in the new language.” “Practice speaking the language every day.” “Live with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate—try to think in the new language. ”
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher； they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language； they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate； they are willing to make mistakes and try again. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.






Exercise 5
Advertising plays a major role in the competitive business world. Many industries take advantage of the power of advertising to attract or to win customers away from their business competitors. The influence of advertising is so huge that it causes many people to buy things that they do not want at the start.
Advertising encourages people to buy things they do not want through misleading ideas. Advertising is proven to be a successful tool to stress the features of their product to the public even though it is regarded undesirable such as cigarettes, drugs, alcohol and so on. For example, Dunhill, a cigarette company which sponsors many football teams, seems to be promoting cigarettes to the public. Without the sponsorship, the company will be less known to the public, resulting in fewer sales of cigarettes.
Besides that, advertising has a large influence on the decision made by the people in their everyday life. Many businesses use advertising as a form of promotion to create awareness about their product in the market. For instance, in a fast food industry, the introduction of a new flavor of burger needs advertising to reach the public while the other burgers require advertising to increase sales. Children, especially, are easily influenced by the advertisement and will have the desire to dine at fast food restaurants after that. Although fast food is bad for health, it has successfully become attractive to the public through advertising.
However, advertising plays a part in helping customers to compare a product in terms of price, quality, reliability and so on. Without advertising, it will be very difficult for customers to judge the worthiness of a product. For example, advertisements published by various companies have given the customers the opportunity to choose wisely when buying an item. Without the power of advertising, customers will be stuck to a brand which may not offer the best choice.


Exercise 6
Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it’s all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素）.Although known as the love hormone，it affects the sexes differently. Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status’ said Professor Ryan.
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions(互动）such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants(参与者）received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰剂）.After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material. Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions. The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.
Professor Ryan thus concluded： Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors(因素）that are mainly hormonal.”



Exercise 7
Some years ago, writing in my diary used to be a usual activity. I would return from school and spend the expected half hour recording the day’s events，feelings, and impressions in my little blue diary. I did not really need to express my emotions by way of words, but I gained a certain satisfaction from seeing my experiences forever recorded on paper. After all, isn’t accumulating memories a way of preserving the past?
When I was thirteen years old, I went on a long journey on foot in a great valley, well-equipped with pens, a diary, and a camera. During the trip, I was busy recording every incident, name and place I came across. I felt proud to be spending my time productively, dutifully preserving for future generations a detailed description of my travels. On my last night there, I wandered out of my tent, diary in hand. The sky was clear and lit by the glare of the moon, and the walls of the valley looked threatening behind their screen of shadows. I automatically took out my pen... At that point, I understood that nothing I wrote could ever match or replace the few seconds I allowed myself to experience the dramatic beauty of the valley. All I remembered of the previous few days were the dull characterizations I had set down in my diary.
Now, I only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling. I still love to record ideas and quotations that strike me in books, or observations that are particularly meaningful. I take pictures, but not very often—only of objects I find really beautiful. I’m no longer blindly satisfied with having something to remember when I grow old. I realize that life will simply pass me by if I stay behind the camera, busy preserving the present so as to live it in the future.
I don’t want to wake up one day and have nothing but a pile of pictures and notes. Maybe I won’t have as many exact representations of people and places； maybe Til forget certain facts, but at least the experiences will always remain inside me. I don’t live to make memories —I just live, and the memories form themselves.





Exercise 8
Beaver or polar bear? This is the question Canadians face as they rethink how they want to present themselves to the rest of the world.
It all started when a Conservative senator, Nicole Eaton, called for the replacement of the beaver as Canada’s official symbol. The beaver has represented the country since 1975. “A country’s symbols can change over time as long as they show the spirits of the people and the nation，,” she told Reuters.
The debate that followed “has set fur flying across the country”, according to the BBC.
A stone beaver now sits on top of the entrance to the Canadian Parliament and appears on Canadian coins.
Supporters of the beaver say the animal is modest and hardworking. Glynnis Hood of the University of Alberta told the Canadian daily newspaper the National Post that beavers are like Canadians, representing “tenacity, intelligence and an ability to survive even the harshest climates”.
Others say the beaver played an important part in the history of Canada. In the 18th century, fashionable Europeans wore clothes made of beaver fur. Explorers went into the Canadian wilderness to find the fur. At the same time, they discovered more of their country. One member of Parliament from the province Manitoba told the BBC that removing the beaver would ignore its historical impact.
However, supporters of the polar bear believe it is a strong and powerful creature. It represents courage and pride, they say. Polar bears are at the top of the food chain. Beavers, on the other hand, are vegetarians. What is more, they are eaten by birds of prey like the eagle. And which country uses the eagle as its national symbol? Canada’s powerful neighbor, the USA.
BBC reporter Lorraine Mallinder called this an issue of, “What does being Canadian mean?”
“No wonder so many Canadians are turning to the polar bear，” she wrote. “They are fed up with being seen as a weak people nation. ”
However, the debate is still under the way.



Exercise 9
If you were asked to describe the typical images of Americans, some words that would pop into your head may be: wealthy, ignorant, obsessed with football, creative, and most of all —FAT. Having travelled through the Middle East, Europe, and Asia, I have not seen many overweight people in other countries than I have seen in America. There are some fit individuals walking our streets, but they are a minority. Our obesity can simply be explained by our love for food. In some way, we’ve completely damaged the idea of food, because we value its quantity way over its quality.
Take for example, the rapid growth of Chipotle. Chipotle is a fast-food chain store selling Mexican food, such as burritos, tacos and so on. A typical burrito with toppings weighs over half of a kilogram. But the typical Chipotle-goer can manage his entire meal.
This is the problem. As Americans, we've completely forgotten how to appreciate the taste and instead choose to devour food, swallowing like machines. With the fast-paced society, it seems like we barely have the time to enjoy meals, to feel the texture of food between tongue and teeth. American schools and businesses leave about 30 minutes for a meal. Compare this figure with the French’s usual two-hour lunch break. They are the ideal example of a society that eats slowly and celebrates food the way it needs to be celebrated.
Time and quantity, however, aren’t the only problems. American holidays are centered on food. At Easter and Christmas, many Americans enjoy a glorious dinner, even several meals in one day depending on the family. Thanksgiving is essentially a day set aside to prepare mashed potatoes, green bean casseroles, apple pies and hot, juicy turkeys for us to devour. Halloween is completely centered on candy. What’s worse, Halloween candy lasts for weeks.
While it's great to have a factor that can bring together different cultures and races and genders via food, it’s also important to realize food isn’t what it’s all about. We must stop this endless obsession and start to chew on food.



Exercise 10
Living in a foreign country probably sounds exciting and romantic to you. Just imagine the noises from the local market or the smell of strange flowers when you leave the house in the morning. But this doesn’t mean that life abroad is easy. When people set foot in a foreign land , they tend to keep to what is familiar. Becoming a part of the local culture can be the hardest part of life abroad.
However, in order to get the most of their life abroad, people need to break out of their comfortable routines and explore. The moment you let go of false ideas and stereotypes, you are ready to take your first major step. And more often than not, living in a foreign country can be a truly lifechanging experience.
Even for experienced travellers, it is not as easy as it seems to get used to life abroad. Making the transition from living like a visiting holidaymaker to living like a local takes time. Culture shock is part of living abroad and hits everyone eventually. The key is not to let it get the better of you. You have to accept that things are not the same as they are at home and, until you get to that point, try to be respectful, patient and humble.
Another problem is that the charm of a foreign life could wear off as time passes by. For most people, a foreign culture appears strange and exciting at first. After all, the main reason for moving abroad is often the wish to explore foreign cultures. However, after living in a foreign country for a while, little things that you once thought were charming begin to annoy you. You remember how everything ran on schedule back home, how beautiful your hometown was and how much more relaxed and friendly everyone seemed to be.
So, you'd better understand issues with the local food, or problems with adjusting to the pace of life as you live abroad someday in the future.


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Exercise 1
College pays off financially. A wide range of statistics shows the economic advantage of a four- year college education. Over a lifetime, students who graduate from college can expect to make about 60% more than those who do not, well over a million dollars more than they would otherwise. But what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure? They are equally significant and add up to a lot of value over the course of a lifetime：
College takes students to places they’ve never been to before. College is a passport to different places, different times, and different ways of thinking —from learning new languages to considering the development of human history to diving deep into the building blocks of matter. It gives students a chance to understand themselves differently, seeing how their lives are both like and unlike those who populated other eras(时代)）and other lands.
College introduces students to people they've never met before. One of the most important ways in which students learn, at colleges and universities everywhere, is by interacting with people who are different from themselves both inside and outside the classroom. Students learn more at a place full of engaging people with a wide range of viewpoints.
In these ways and in so many others, college helps students see themselves differently, giving them the room and the license to imagine new possibilities. Yes, it opens opportunities reflected in earning and employment statistics. But, perhaps even more valuable, it opens minds and worlds in ways that are beyond measurement. The value of higher education is symbolized by people who dream bigger and achieve more, who create their own futures and shape their own futures.

参考答案：
According to statistics，college makes a great difference to students’ earning power,(要1) while it also contributes to other valuable aspects beyond assessment in life.(要点 2) Firstly, college motivates students’ self-realization through various learning activities.(要点 3) Secondly, it shapes students’ diverse perspectives by encouraging them to communicate with different people.(要点 4) In short, not only does college provide financial opportunities，but it opens up new possibilities.(要点 5)
分析过程：
试题详解：
1，核心内容——本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。第一段主要讲高等教育经济回报丰厚，还具有一些益处，虽然 它们难以衡量但却让人终生受益。第二至三段，进一步从两个方面说明这些益处。它们分别是：大学带 领学生领略不一样的风景；大学让学生结交素不相识的人。第四段总结：大学不仅为学生创造就业机 遇，而且用无法衡量的方式为其敞开了多个世界的大门。
2，写作思路
理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段的主题句是“But what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure?”。第二至三段为无法衡量但却令人受益终生的益处的两个具体方 面。各段的主题句均为每段第一句。第四段主题句为该段第二和第三句，并用but起承转合，从两个角 度来说明大学显性和隐性的益处。
确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻 辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语 言进行同义替换(paraphrase),同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段要包括两个要点，要点1是全文的 逻辑起点，要点2是该段的主题句。根据but可知“what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure”一句的言下之意为全文的论述关键，是大学的隐性益处，它们虽然无法衡量但却令 人受益终生。为了避免重复，我们可以把“益处（benefits)”表达为“有价值的方面（valuable aspects)”， 这样我们就可以整合并表达好要点1和2。因为第二、三段段落间存在比较明显的因果关系，所以要点 3和4应该根据各段第一句，即主题句，进行适当的结论推导。第二段主题句的意思是大学带领学生领 略不一样的风景。这样我们就可以将其灵活表达为“...motivates students’ self-realization through...”。 第三段主题句的意思是大学让学生结交素不相识的人，故将其灵活表达为“shapes students’ diverse perspectives”。要点5是第四段主题句，即该段的第二和第三句，是全文的总结，用“not only... but (also)”的倒装句替换but,表达大学显性和隐性的益处。
范文分析：范文把要点1和2表达为一句，主要是为了用while替换原文的but，用“makes a great difference to”替换“pay off”，用“according to”替换 shows，用“earning power”替换“the economic advantage of”， 并用“beyond assessment”替换“are more difficult to measure”。要点1和要点2是对比关系，所以用 while 连接。要点 3 和 4 分别用“motivates students’ self-realization through”和“shapes students’ diverse perspectives by”灵活表达第二、三段的大意，并用“firstly,secondly”来表达两者间的并列关系。它们跟 要点 5 是分总关系，所以用“in short”相连。用“provide financial opportunities”替换“opportunities reflected in earning and employment statistics’’，用“opens up new possibilities”替换“opens minds and worlds in ways that are beyond measurement”，同时用“not only…but (also)...”的倒装句连接，既简洁 又全面。
归纳总结：
1，表达丰富
本范文中我们将本文核心话题“益处（benefits)”表达为“有价值的方面（valuable aspects)”，这可以 避免重复原文内容，使用不同的语言进行准确的表达。
2， 要点简明
我们需要对原文的观点进行必要的整合，使之更简洁。本范文中的要点3和要点4为无法衡量但 却令人受益终生的益处的两个方面，其段落内部存在因果关系，故应该整合表达，将它们表达为 Firstly, college motivates students' self-realization through various learning activities. Secondly, it shapes students’ diverse perspectives by encouraging them to communicate with different people.同 时，最后一段总结就业回报和隐性益处，可以用“not only... but (also)...”的倒装句灵活表达为“In short， not only does college provide financial opportunities, but it opens up new possibilities.”。



Exercise 2
Ecotourism is a combination of ecology and tourism. The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as " responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of the local people”. Actually, ecotourism can mean travel to far-off places of great natural beauty, but not always in a responsible way.
Costa Rica, once a Spanish colony, and independent since 1821, has an ecotourism industry worth over one billion dollars yearly, and thousands of jobs have been created. Nearly 21 percent of the land is now protected national parks, largely thanks to ecotourism. Nonetheless, due to the number of people visiting the country’s natural places，, some damage to the ecosystem has occurred.
Although tourists can have a damaging influence on ecosystems, ecotourism brings countless benefits as well. Nature reserves have been created, keeping the ecosystem protected. And, by visiting beautiful rainforests and seeing rare animals, visitors get a sense of their value, and of gratitude for them. Tour guides can also be educators who train people to love and care for the environment. Visitors can take these lessons with them to their home countries.
Unfortunately, while their effect may not be noticeable in the off-season, the constant procession of visitors in the high season can be damaging. At one national park in Costa Rica, wild monkeys now feed on garbage left by the tourists. Furthermore, eco-tourists tend to seek out places with the rarest animals and plants, pressuring the most delicate living things. In addition, corruption can lead officials to stand random ecological development and ecological damage. For example, a large resort facility, normally not allowed near a reserve, may be allowed if the company pays enough money to certain people in the government.
It is easy to be critical of the ecotourism industry but it is important to be positive as well. Ecotourism can never be “pure”. We can’t expect zero negative effects on the ecosystem. It is also unrealistic to think that humans won’t go anywhere accessible to them.



参考范文：

Ecotourism combines ecology and tourism, which means travel responsibly. However, it is not always so.(要点 1) Take Costa Rica for example. The development of ecotourism offers benefits such as providing more job opportunities, setting up natural parks and building up sense of value and protection.(要点 2) However，exploiting ecotourism at random leaves negative effects and breeds corruption.(要点 3) Consequently，we should be reasonable about the development of ecotourism.(要 点4)
分析过程：
试题详解
1，核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分为五段。第一段主要是介绍生态旅游的定义。第二至四段是以 Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加）为例，具体说明生态旅游的“双刃剑”效应——既有利亦有弊。第五段陈述人 们对待生态旅游应持有的态度。
2， 写作思路
(1)理清脉络，概括各段大意。可以通过寻找各段主题句和段落间的逻辑关系来概括大意。本文第 一段阐述生态旅游的定义，主题句是“Actually，ecotourism can mean travel to far-off places of great natural beauty，but not always in a responsible way.”；第二至四段的主题句是“Although tourists can have a damaging influence on ecosystems，ecotourism brings countless benefits as well. ”；第五段的主题 句是“It is also unrealistic to think that humans won’t go anywhere accessible to them. ”。
(2)纵观要点，寻找逻辑关系。要点1阐明生态旅游理论定义和实际效应有所差异。要点2整合了 第二至四段，根据主题句“Although tourists can have a damaging influence on ecosystems, ecotourism brings countless benefits as well?”总括出生态旅游产生的好处与坏处是对立统一关系。要点3具体举 “Costa Rica”为例，具体说明生态旅游的好处。要点4、5具体举“Costa Rica”为例，具体说明生态旅游 的坏处。所以要点3、4和5是解释说明关系。要点6是在综上所述的基础上，提出人们对待生态旅游 发展的合理态度，体现出因果关系，所以用consequently来引出人们应有的态度。
(3)聚焦语言，善用多种表达。例如：combination —combine...； actually —in fact/as a matter of fact/in reality； travel in a responsible way —travel responsibly； although—while； damage occur—have a damaging impact on； constant procession of visitors —frequent visits； develop—exploit/with the development of ； lead to —breed 等。
范文解析：
范文要点1概括文本第一段内容，使用however体现出生态旅游理论定义和实际效应的差异。要 点2、3具体举“Costa Rica”为例说明其好处和坏处时，运用连接词however来清晰地说明事物的两面 性。要点4使用consequently —词表明人物态度合乎缘由。
归纳总结——
1，通读全文整体感知
浏览全文，在把握整体文意的基础上，迅速区分文中主、次信息，并关注体裁特点；例如写记叙文时， 应明确 who，what，when，where, how，opinion 等。
2，准确寻找筛选提取
在对文章内容进行整体把握的基础上，紧扣材料中关键语句，理解重点段、关键词、中心句；对没有明显中心句的语段，要对每个独立句意或对重要句子的意义进行综合归纳；对表达含蓄的文章，需通览 全文，分析“潜台词”，联系主旨，归纳要点。总之，考生应当仔细分析各段每一句话的意思，理清段落之 间的关系，了解行文思路，筛选提取出表明文章或文段主要意思的关键句和关键词。

3，仔细对照灵活替换
运用灵活多样的表达，用同义词、句替换掉原文中的关键信息，从而做到语言简洁、衔接连贯。例 如：把长段的描述变成短小的句子；用词组代替从句；使用最简短的连接词，如“but, yet, thus, though”，避免使用“at the same time，in the first place”等较长的连接词。






Exercise 3
No satisfactory way exists to explain how to form a good idea. You think about a problem until you’re tired, ，forget it, ，maybe sleep on it， and then flash! When you aren’t thinking about it ,，suddenly the answer arrives as a gift from the gods.
Of course, all ideas don’t occur like that but so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery but they must come from somewhere. Let’s assume they come from “the unconscious”. This is reasonable, for psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the individual. Creative thought depends on what was unknown becoming known.
All of us have experienced this sudden arrival of a new idea, but it is easiest to examine it in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form and have written it down in their life stories and letters. One can draw examples from genius in any field, from religion, philosophy, and literature to art and music, even in mathematics, science, and technical invention, although these are often thought to depend only on logic and experiment. All truly creative activities depend in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly insightful the person is, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.
A type of creative experience is illustrated by the dreams which came to Descartes at the age of twenty-three and determined his life path. Descartes had unsuccessfully searched for certainty, first in the world of books, and then in the world of men. Then in a dream on November 10, 1619, he made the significant discovery that he could only find certainty in his own thoughts, cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore, I This dream filled him with intense religious enthusiasm.
Descartes’ experience is representative of countless others in every field of culture. The unconscious is certainly the source of instinctive activity. But in creative thought the unconscious is responsible for the production of new organized forms from relatively disorganized elements.

参考范文
Usually a good idea comes across one’s mind suddenly.(要点 1) As a matter of fact, many important inspirations really appear in some way people are not aware of.(要点 2) Such cases can be found in genius of any culture area.(要点 3) For instance，it hit Descartes that “I think; therefore，I am” in the great man’s dream.(要，点 4) So，something seemingly unrelated does contribute to creativity.(要点 5)
分析过程：
试题详解
1，核心内容
本文为说明文，全文分五段。第一段提出话题:人们遇到问题想不出答案，却会不经意间突然得之。 第二段进一步说明许多重要人物的重要发现过程都存在这种神秘的突然性。第三段解释在各个领域 都有天才亲身经历的典型事例。第四段介绍具体事例：哲学家Descartes(笛卡尔）偶然的一个梦给他带 来了一种哲学思想。第五段点明无意识活动往往基于直觉，却担负着理性创造的职责。
2，写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。第一段要明确这一问题：Do people get good ideas logically or suddenly?第二、三、四段都通过在段首给出主题，然后进一步演绎和解释。第五段but —词引出了文章 立意：无意识活动的确担负着理性创造的职责。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。摘要要简洁而具有概括性，所以范文五个要点都要具有归纳 性。第一句用常用表达方式“a good idea comes across one’s mind”避免重复，再以usually点明是对现 象的归纳。要点 2 中 “inspirations, in some way people are not aware of” 替换 “must come from somewhere”和 unconscious;要点 3 中的“such cases”、要点 4 中的 “for instance”和“it hit”句型都是 paraphrase的语言要素，是同义替换的产物。要点5,用了“something seemingly unrelated”表达“the unconscious”之意，用“does contribute to”表达“is responsible for”的意义。
范文解析
范文以“usually…”一句导出说明文话题；以“as a matter of fact”强化本文重点或要点；以“such…” 一句解释这种例子之多；以“for instance...”一句具体介绍Descartes的事例；以“so...”一句明确突出全文
归纳总结
1，丰富语言
丰富的语言表达就是善于用自己的语言表达。例如：想到一个好办法，“a good idea comes across one’s mind”；用人们没有意识到的方法，“in some way people are not aware of”；这样的案例，“such cases” ； Descartes 突然想起，“ it hit Descartes that” ；看上去不相关的东西，“something seemingly unrelated”；的确带来，“does contribute to”
2，理清主线
在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，分析行文逻辑和核心内容：话题——要点——广泛案例——典型 案例——点明中心。


Exercise 4
Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says，, for problems it doesn’t really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images(影像). Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.
Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But according to Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation, such as listening to the radio and playing sports. Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading. “A child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads，’’ Anderson says.
Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ(智商)scores and affects school performance. But here, too, Anderson notes that no studies have proved it. In fact, research suggests that it’s the other way around. “If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when you’re older，” Anderson says. Yet, people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.
For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However, by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed, Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.
Bonus(奖金）)culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays. But few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance. It may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform.


参考范文
Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes that television’s influence on children was mistaken by people.(要点 1) He argues against three traditional believes. First, television does not reduce children’s ability instead it helps improve their understanding.(要点 2) Second，television does not affect children’s reading, however, parents’ educational background does.(要点 3) Third, watching television does not lower children’s IQ score.(要点、4) Thus，Anderson thinks that we should not blindly condemn the influence of television.(要点 5)
分析过程
一试题详解
1，核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲述著名心理学家Daniel Anderson认为孩子看 电视并不会产生不好的影响，起到总起全文的作用。第二、三、四段为并列关系，从三个角度进一步阐释 了第一段的观点。.第二段解释如果父母可以陪同孩子看电视，孩子可以学到更多的知识，既可以学到显 性的知识也可以学到一些隐藏的意义。第三段则是Anderson对另一个传统观点的反驳，许多人认为 孩子看电视会占据他们读书的时间，然而Anderson认为看电视并不会影响到孩子的阅读，孩子的阅读 更多的是受到父母教育背景的影响。第四段说明了看电视并不会影响到孩子的智商。第五段起到总结 全文的作用，Anderson提出人们不应该按照常规，不考虑电视的其他影响而去谴责电视。
2，写作思路
(1)依据文本特征，理清文章中心。该文第一段的主题句是“Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it's important to distinguish television's influences on children from those of the family段的主题句均为段落的首句。第五段从however转折处开始点明了本段的中心思想。
(2)依据文章中心，转换核心表达。本文第一段总起全文句“Daniel Anderson...influences on children from those of the family”实际是在说明电视对孩子的影响受到人们的误解，所以可以将本句 进行适当的转换，“television’s influences on children was mistaken by people”，第二、三、四段为并列关
系，分别是概要当中的要点1、2、3,这三个要点主要讲了 Anderson对于三个传统观念“television reduces a child’s ability，replaces reading and lowers IQ”的反驳，所以可以将这三点组合成一句话“He argues against three traditional believes”，用“first，second，third”连接增强逻辑性；除此之外，Anderson 还提出了相应的自己的三个观点，观点 1“they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see...”可总结成“improve children’s understanding”；观点 2“things like parents’ educational background have a stronger...”可与传统观点结合转换成“television does not effect children’s reading time，parent’s educational background does”；观点 3“If you’re smart young，you’ll watch less TV when you’re older” 则可以简单地转述成“television does not lower children’s IQ score”。将三个观点整合起来，为与之前 提到的传统观念分开我们可以用“instead, however”等词表明转折。最后一段是要点5,可以概括成 “Thus，we should not blindly condemn the influence of television.”。
范文解析
范文把Anderson反驳的传统观点与他自己的观点整合表达，用“first, second, third”连接，增强了 范文的逻辑性。要点2用“their understanding”代替原文中的“explicit and hidden meaning”，用常用词 汇代替隐晦词汇。要点2和要点3均做到了观点整合，并用上了 instead及however进行转折衔接。要 点4当中用“watching television”作为主语，避免了行文用词单一重复。要点5用thus引导进行总结， 概要当中沿用了原文关键词condemn,因为该词更能表达Anderson对于人们错误观念的看法，保留了 原文作者叙述的感彩。
归纳总结
1，确保行文简洁
本范文将原文最后一段关键句“condemned without considering other influences”表达成“condemn blindly”，这样可以做到行文简洁达意。
哭出论说特征
本范文的主体部分围绕“He argues against three traditional believes”这一总起句，然后从三个方面 整合作者观点：“television does not reduce children’s ability instead it will improve their understanding; television does not affect children’s reading，however，parents’ educational background does;watching television does not lower children’s IQ score’’。这种安排突出了论说文的特征。


Exercise 5
Working with a group of baboons (狒狒)）in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did. The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching. This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的)）tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.

参考范文
Dr. Alecia Carter made a new study on how the different baboons recognized different food?(要 点 1) According to her research, the brave and anxious baboons succeeded in learning while the shy and quiet ones failed，（要点 2) which proved that both character and nature had a great influence on social learning.(要点 3) The result can help us know how our own culture develops.(要点 4)

分析过程：
本文是一篇说明文，其中心概括为：动物学家Dr. Alecia Carter在狒狒身上进行的一项曾经被忽 略的研究显示动物的性格在社会化的学习中起着很重要的作用。研究启示我们，人类也与此相似，我们 的文化形成是通过交换信息等社会学习活动实现的。第一段主要叙述了一位动物学家Dr. Alecia Carter在狒狒身上进行的一项有关动物如何学习的研究。第二段通过对比不同性格的猩猩的社会性学 习情况存在明显的差异性，来力证动物的性格对他们的学习有着重大的影响，并提出了以往在动物的 学习研究中忽略了对动物性格研究的问题。第三段讲述了研究的启示：帮助我们认识“文化的形成正是 通过交换信息等社会学习活动来实现的”。
1.写作思路
(1)理清文章结构，概括段落大意。对于总分或者是分总结构的段落，应准确找到每段的主题句，没 有中心句的段落则是通过理清句与句之间的逻辑关系来概括段落大意。文中各段落首句均为主题句。
(2)列出写作要点，思考灵活表达。这篇说明文介绍了研究的新发现，在写作过程中可按照文本的 结构“实验介绍——实验的发现和结论——实验的意义”展开。要点1是第一段实验介绍，主题句是 "*Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.”。明确要点后，可以考虑怎样用自己的语言进行简洁的表达。我 们可把人物介绍变为“a zoologist”，可把具体信息“set baboons learning tasks”转换成一般的信息“made a new study on the baboons’’，用“how the different baboons recognized different food”替换文本中的 “involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box’’。要点 2 是第二段介绍的研究发现“brave and curious baboons succeeded in learning while shy and quiet ones not”。要点 3 介绍该段的主题句 “She found that personality had a major impact on learning”。核心、词 personality 可换成“character and nature”；“play a key role”可替换成近义短语“have a great influence on’’。要点2和3可以分开表达，也 可整合在一起表达，即研究表明性格勇敢好奇的猩猩在学习新事物上要比害羞平静的猩猩学得好，这 证明了性格在学习过程中起到了重要的作用。整合可用非限制性定语从句“...，which proved...”连接。 要点4是最后一段，研究启示我们重新看待人类文化的形成，“the formation of culture”可改为“culture comes into being”或者“culture develops”替换。

范文解析
范文按照文本介绍研究的顺序展开，即“实验介绍——实验的发现和结论——实验的意义”。要点 1直接介绍研究的内容和目的。要点2具体阐述对比研究的发现，要点3是研究总的结论，我们把要点 2、3合并在一起，用定语从句连接，可以使概要更简洁连贯。要点4对原文最后一段进行同义替换，把 “may impact how we understand...” 替换为“can help us know”，把文化的形成“the formation of culture”替换为文化的发展“how our own culture develops”。

提炼归纳
1.要点整合
为了合理的概要写作词数，首先我们应梳理清楚文本结构，概括好段落大意，在此基础上我们可以 根据文本的结构对写作的要点进行整合。例如，本篇文章是一篇研究的科普文，文本结构为“实验介 绍——实验的发现和结论——实验的意义”,有了这个框架，我们可以把要点2和3整合在一起。
2.语言的替换
如何用自己的语言进行简洁的表述是评判得分高低的重要因素。语言的精简和替换是概要写作 中的重要技能。我们可以通过用一般替换具体的方法做到精练概括，也可以通过近义词的使用来避免 重复，或通过词性转换进行。例如，本文中最后一段的主题句中“the formation of culture”，如果是同义 替换可以变为“culture develops”或者“culture comes into being”；如果是词性替换，则可变为“culture is formed”。


Exercise 6
You’ve decided to try advertising your business with postcards. The idea came to you from the postcards you receive from other businesses. You like it because it seems easy to do and economical. However, you've never tried this before so you question whether this method will bring you customers.
Let me say this first, ，“All Forms of Advertising Work!” However，, you have to understand how the advertising medium works and realize that each form has its limitations. Advertising in any medium has always been about repetition and getting your name remembered. It’s called “ Branding”. Businesses using television commercials constantly repeat their business message 1,000 times a day. They are the best examples to watch and learn from. So you can conclude that the more your potential customers see your message repeated, the easier it is for them to get to know you and what you offer. Then it becomes an easier task to get them to buy from you.
So how does postcard advertising work? You create an ad on a postcard. This can be done in your favorite graphics or Word program. Then use the mail merge feature in the program to insert mailing addresses automatically. In case you haven’t set up your address book you would need to do this before you do a mail merger. Print out the cards, stamp them and then mail them out. If done correctly and repeated over and over again, your customer base will grow. This is the simple mechanics of postcard advertising.
How much should you send out? Start with 500 postcards a month. Then I would repeat the mail out to the same group over the next 1—2 years. Even if they do not buy the first or second time after they’ve received your card, they are beginning to get to know you and your product and services. As time goes by, your chances of converting them to a buyer increase. There is also a good chance that those you target may pass your offer onto someone else.





参考范文
Postcard advertising, like any other form of advertising that works, is about repetition to get your name remembered.(要点 1、2) To advertise on postcards，you create an ad on your computer，set up an address book，insert mailing addresses，print out the cars and stamp them.(要点 3) To begin with， you mail 500 postcards a month. The same postcards can be repeatedly sent to the same group, who will be likely to become your buyers and even your advertisers.(要点 4)

分析过程
试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇说明文,全文共分四段。第一段提出本文要说明的问题，即使用明信片来做广告。第二 段提出了用任何形式打广告都是包含同样的原理，就是不断重复。第三段提出了用明信片打广告的流 程。第四段提出散发明信片的数量。
写作思路
根据自己找出的关键信息，将其组成段落。根据这样的体裁，我们可以将要点罗列出来：问题
(advertising your business with postcards) 原理（advertising in any medium has always been about repetition and getting your name remembered) 操作过程（create an ad on your computer, set up...，insert... print out... and stamp...) 数量（500 postcards a month)。接下来就可以粗略地组成段落。
根据初步组合成的段落进行同义替换，避免照抄原文。第一步可以先进行句子层面上的替换。 原文中会有一些冗长的句式可以被替换。比如为了提出问题，第一句和第二句可以合并成一句，整合得 到以下句子“Postcard advertising, like any other form of advertising that works, is about repetition to get your name remembered”，接下来开始描述制作过程，将制作过程最后提到的“send them out”整合到
“数量”这一要点中，并用“to begin with”表达原文中的“start with...”。最后用buyers和advertisers两 个词表达“潜在买家”和“为卖家传递（广告)信息”两层意思。
范文解析
范文将本篇说明文中的问题、原理、操作过程以及数量等重要信息找出来并用多样的句式将其组 合起来，经过删减和同义替换，得到符合题目要求的概要。范文中将要点1和要点2结合起来，以最精 简的方式说明了本文的问题以及涉及的类似原理。需要说明的是，本文聚焦“ postcard advertising”，所 以范文整合要点时，用“like any other form of advertising that works”替换了原文第二段的主题句，既 保证了概要的全面性，又突出了全文的主题词。要点3说明的是制作流程，比较冗长，因此进行了适当 的整合。要点4总体上是关于明信片广告的邮寄，但其中有两个小点：发给谁、有什么效果。
提炼归纳
判断体裁
本文是说明文，浏览全文就可以发现关键句就在每段的首句，这样就很容易提炼出所有的要点。例 如，本文中四个段落的首句分别是，“You’ve decided to try advertising your business with postcards”， “All Forms of Advertising Work”，“So how does postcard advertising work”以及“How much should you send out”。根据首句，在相应段落中找出细节，构成完整的要点。
挑出要点
本文将第一段和第二段中说明的两个要点用了一句话表述清楚，如文中“postcard advertising”这一 名词词组提出了文章说明的对象，并且用“be about”引出。这样的处理是由文本结构决定的。本文首 段相当于“引子”，第二段是对广告的一般性介绍。最后两段才是详细讲述明信片广告的，所以要多一些 篇幅。






Exercise 7
How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments----mostly for entertainment purposes —is fair and respectful?
Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural homes.
Zoos claim to educate people and save endangered species, but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals' natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species’ name, diet, and natural range. The animals’ normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals' natural needs.
The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.
Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding (圈养繁殖)）of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven’t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?
Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.



参考答案：

It is unfair to keep animals in zoos，because most zoos only collect interesting animals but don’t protect them.(要点 1) Firstly，when visitors leave zoos，they haven’t increased their knowledge of animals and animal protection.(要点 2) Secondly，the animals are kept in such small crowded spaces that they even abnormally hurt themselves.(要，存 3) And thirdly，most animals kept in zoos are not those dying out.(要点、4) So we should support groups protecting animals’ natural habitats instead of supporting zoos.(要点 5)

分析过程：
试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分六段。第一段引出话题：为了娱乐而将动物关进动物园是公平的吗？ 第二段提出论点：大多数动物园并不保护动物。第三、四、五段用论据进行论证。游客在动物园没有学 到动物保护知识;动物在动物园无法保持身心健康；动物园里大多数不是濒危动物。第六段作出总结： 我们应该支持保护动物栖息地的团体而不是支持动物园。
写作思路
理清逻辑起点。该文第一段通过问题引出话题“把动物关进动物园是公平的吗？”。第二段提出 鲜明的观点“动物园并不保护动物”。第三、四、五段提供论据，进行论证。最后是总结和呼吁。所以第 二段第二句是全文的逻辑起点。动物园并不保护动物，所以把动物关进动物园是不公平的。第一，游客 在动物园没有学到动物及动物保护知识;第二，动物在动物园无法保持身心健康；第三，动物园里大多数 动物不是濒危动物。正因为动物园不保护动物，所以没有必要支持动物园。
确定写作要点。把第一段和第二段进行整合，形成要点1: It is unfair to keep animals in zoos, because most zoos only collect interesting animals but don’t protect them.第三、四、五段形成并列的三 个要，存，艮P 要点、2: When visitors leave zoos，they haven’t increased their knowledge of animals and animal protection?要点 3: The animals are kept in such small crowded spaces that they even abnormally hurt themselves.要点 4: Most animals kept in zoos are not those dying out.第六段为要点 5: We should support groups protecting animals‘’ natural habitats instead of zoos.
突破写作难点。概要写作的评分要求是完全用自己的语言。方法之一是对原来的语言进行同 义替换（paraphrase)，可用单词替换短语，如用zoos替换“in cages in unnatural environments”；或者用 短语与从句相互替换，如用 “when visitors leave zoos，they haven’t increased their knowledge of animals and animal protection”替换“visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful”。 方法之二是对相关内容进行整合。在读懂语句之间的逻辑关系的基础上，重构新的句子。范文中第一 段的写作意图是引出话题，结合第二段内容，将要点1重构为“It is unfair to keep animals in zoos， because most zoos only collect interesting animals but don’t protect them.”
范文解析：
范文把第一、二段缩写为要点1,用unfair替换原文中的“fair and respectful”，是建立在对作者观点 和写作意图分析的基础上。要点 2,添加 Hrstly，并用“haven’t increased their knowledge of animals and animal protection”替换“rather than protective habitats”。要点 3,添加 secondly，用“abnormally hurt themselves”替换关键词 zoochosis。要点 4,用 “and thirdly”替换 furthermore，用 “dying out” 替换 endangered。要点5，句首用连词so，表示总结归纳，用非谓语动词“protecting animals’ natural habitats”替换定语从句“that work to protect animal’s natural habitats”

归纳总结：
1.概括与重构
概要写作是把具体的信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，不能抄袭文章的句子，不能把 细节性的信息作为中心，而要通过对文章中的单词和句子进行合理转换，重点考查考生的概括、重构与 产出能力。因为议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论，所以写议论文的概要时需先找出主题句（the topic sentences)、支撑句（supporting sentences)和结论句（conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题 句。概要写作的模板是:论点+论据（+结论）。范文中的要点1为论点，要点2、3、4为论据，要点5为 结论。
2.替换与连接
Paraphrase是最重要的一种英文技能，所谓的用英文思考最终就体现在能用不同的句子表达相同 的东西。Paraphrase也就是换种方式去表达相同内容，常见的方法包括：使用同义词、转换词性、转换语 态、句子关系替换等。例如，本文用 “ collect interesting animals ” 替换 “ remain ‘ collections ’ of interesting ‘things’”；使用了转换词性的方法，原文用名词collections,概要中用动词collect。
在确定要点后，还要考虑要点之间的逻辑关系，使用合理的过渡词语或句子，把各个要点有机地联 系起来，使文章连贯和流畅。考虑到第一、二段之间的因果关系，要点1中使用了连词because。要点 2、3、4是并列的论据，所以增加了“firstly, secondly”，把furthermore改为“and thirdly’’。要点5是文章 的总结部分，是作者的结论,所以用了连词so。









Exercise 8
Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if you’re unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires— not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don’t have enough tastes.
Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities(能）)）to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹没）)with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.
Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅)，a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them, they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when you’re hungry. Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library. Music like Mozart’s and Bach’s shouldn’t be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when you’ve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk ，you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills. Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, play a bit.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.



参考答案：
In the pursuit of happiness, it is our ability to enjoy the pleasures of life that matters, not the material wealth we possess.(要点1) Therefore, it is vital to enrich our heart and breed our soul with art, literature, music and sports，each representing a room in our spiritual house of life.(要点 2) The recipe for securing happiness is to allow space for more such rooms.(要点 3)
分析过程：
试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共四段。文章论证了精神富有与真正快乐之间的关系。第一段提出人们 不满足不幸福，问题不在于他们无法满足自己的品味，而在于他们根本就没有品味。第二段指出大部分 人物质上虽富有，但内心的精神世界其实很贫穷。第三段，笔锋一转，引出如何建构自己精神生活的“房 子”。第四段详细阐述了丰富我们精神生活所需要的“房间”，例如艺术、文学、音乐及运动，等等。第五 段明确指出享受人生的秘诀就是增加我们精神生活所需要的类似的“房间”。
写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段中“If you are unsatisfied，the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires. ”为段落主题句。第二段最后一句“They live in too big a house with too many rooms，.yet their house of life is a hut?”为段落主题句。第三段承上启下，通过 “Here are several rooms your house of life should have.”这句话引出第四段。第四段详细阐述精神生 活的“房子”需必备的四个“房间”，即“艺术、文学、音乐和运动”。最后一段是文章的结论，同时再一次明主题，即“精神的富足才能带来真正的快乐”。
(2)确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。要点1概括第一段和第二段的大意，即“在追逐幸福的过程中， 比起金钱等物质条件，我们内心享受、品味生活的能力更重要”。要点2概括第三段和第四段的大意，即 “如要丰富我们的精神世界，就需要不同的‘房间’”。另外，要点1和要点2是因果关系，可以用 “therefore”连接。要点3是对第五段结论的同义替换，g(]“幸福的秘诀就是增加更多这样的‘房间’”。

范文解析
要点1中，用强调句型“it is... that”突出强调享受品味生活的能力的重要性，同时用“in the pursuit of happiness”和“the material wealth we possess”分别替换原文中的“add to your happiness”和 money， 以避免词汇的重复。要点2和要点1之间通过therefore连接，用“enrich our heart and breed our soul” 简要概括精神生活的“房子”的功能，用独立主格结构“each representing a room in...”对“art，literature， music and sports”进行补充说明，使句意更加清晰完整。要点3中，用recipe替换原文的secret，用 “securing happiness”替换原文的“enjoying life”，体现词汇运用的多样性。
归纳总结
语义转换
本文话题是精神富有与真正快乐之间的关系。相关话题词汇及表达的拓展和积累：Enjoying life is often thought to be a mindset, the result of reflection, action and gratitude./If you slow down for just a moment and take the time to appreciate these ordinary events, life becomes instantly more enjoyable./There is a strong link between learning and happiness./Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money； it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort.
要点整合
本范文使用强调句式“it is... that”、表因果的副词therefore、独立主格结构“each representing...” 等，使句子结构更加紧凑，行文表达更加流畅。


Exercise 9

Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this, or because they are not willing to do the work, that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as “bracketing”. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else^ world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way and the energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.
Most of the time we lack this energy. Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social relationships that we are listening well, what we are usually doing is listening selectively. Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder, as we listen, how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us. Many of us are far more interested in talking than in listening, or we simply refuse to listen to what we don’t want to hear.
It wasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的）.In about a quarter of the patients I saw, surprising improvement was shown during the first few months of psychotherapy(心理疗法)，before any of the roots of problems had been uncovered or explained. There are several reasons for this phenomenon， but chief among them，I believe, was the patient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to, often for the first time in years, and for some, perhaps for the first time ever.


参考范文：
Contrary to common belief，listening well is an active process calling for focus and effort.(要点 1) Bracketing，a principle to follow in listening well，means listening with empathy and acceptance.(要点 2) However, few can become good listeners because they are somewhat self-centered and tend to listen purposefully.(要点 3) Based on the previous medical practice, the author thinks that doctors’ attentive listening may aid patients’ recovery.(要点 4)


分析过程：
试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共四段。第一段开门见山，表明观点：许多人认为聆听就是一种被动的接 受，而作者认为聆听是一种需要付出专注和努力的主动的思维活动。第二段从两方面阐述如何做到真 正地聆听。第三段指出很多人无法成为好的聆听者,聆听是因为我们期待交流按照我们的意愿达到令 我们满意的结果。第四段中，作者结合自身的从医经历，来佐证医生的专注聆听有助于病人的康复。
写作思路
仔细解读文本，提炼主题句。第一段大意为“Most people don’t realize listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. ”。第二段首句“Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. ”是段落主题句，该段从两个方面即“摒弃个人偏见”和“暂时全盘接纳说话者”加以 阐述。第三段围绕关键词“listen selectively”给出选择性聆听的具体原因，故该段大意可归纳为“We usually listen selectively because we focus more on ourselves than the speakers. 第四段首句…one isbeing truly listened to is frequently therapeutic.”为段落主题句。

确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不漏要点。要点 1是第一段大意，和大部分人的想法不同，作者认为真正的聆听是一种需要付出专注和努力的积极的过 程。要点2对第二段的主题句进行适当拓展，同时结合段中两个方面的建议，进行信息整合，并对 bracketing进行简要的解释。要点3是第三段，我们经常选择性地聆听是因为比起关注他人，我们更关 注自己。要点3和要点2之间是转折关系，可以用转折连词进行衔接。要点4是第四段的主题句，可对 therapeutic —词进行同义替换，使词义更加清晰明了。


范文解析
要点 1 中，用“contrary to common belief”替换原文的“it is just the opposite’’，用后置定语“calling for...”修饰process, focus替换原文的attention，effort替换原文的“hard work”，体现词汇的灵活使用。 要点2中的同位语结构使句意完整，而empathy—词简要概括了原文第二段中提及的换位思考，即“共 情”。要点3用however转折引出另一个事实，用because引导的原因状语从句概括了第三段提及的原 因。要点4中非谓语动词“based on”的使用，使句子结构更加紧凑，而“aid patients’ recovery”使得原文 中的生词“ therapeutic”通俗易懂。


提炼归纳
语义转换
本文的话题是“聆听”，真正的聆听是一种主动的思维活动。相关话题词汇及表达的拓展和积累： Active listening is a communication technique. It requires that the listener fully concentrates, understands, responds and then remembers what is being said./The proper use of active listening results in getting people to open up, avoiding misunderstandings, resolving conflict, and building trust./In a medical context, benefits may include increased patient satisfaction.
要点整合
本范文使用非谓语动词作后置定语“calling for...”、同位语结构“a principle to follow...”、转折连词 however、原因状语从句“because they are...”、非谓语动词“based on...”等，使句子结构更加紧凑，行文表 达更加流畅。


Exercise 10
Cycling isn’t always easy. Busy streets, honking horns, and inadequate bike lanes can make it an uphill battle. But not even these difficulties can stop Europeans’ passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in 26 of the European Union’s 28 states last year.
There are traditional “bicycle capitals”, such as Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Copenhagen in Denmark. But in many other traditionally car-made countries, the shift to bikes is striking. Italians, for instance, bought 1.6 million bikes against 1.4 million cars in 2012.
So what has led to cycling’s growing popularity in Europe?
The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue. “The economic crisis has had an effect on all areas of people’s lives, including on transport,，’’ Giulietta Pagliaccio, head of the Italian cycling federation FIAB, told the Australian Associated Press.
Since the European debt crisis broke out in 2009, more people lost their jobs while the cost of living, including fuel costs, continued to rise. It forced many people to give up driving to save money, the Guangzhou-based New Express commented. Take Greece, a country seriously hit by the crisis, for example. It sold 320,000 bikes last year against 58,000 cars.
More importantly, people have changed their views toward cars and bikes. Cars are losing their appeal as status symbols. Yet, cycling is now seen as "a safe, clean, healthy, inexpensive way to get around town”, the Daily Star concluded. “It not only reduces traffic jam and pollution but also contributes to public health.”
However, with more and more people turning to cycling, questions remain about traffic and safety problems.
To ease people’s worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport. Quite a few cities now offer well-marked bike lanes, such as the cycling super-highway marked in blue in London. It runs all over the city, from the center to the suburbs.
参考答案：
In recent years, more and more Europeans prefer riding bikes.(要点 1) For one thing, people can’t afford cars because of financial problems.(要点 2) For another, cycling is of great benefit to cyclists themselves as well as the environment for being green low-carbon.(要点 3) Therefore, a certain number of measures have been taken to provide road security for cyclists.(要点 4)
分析过程：
试题详解
核心内容
骑自行车已经越来越受到欧洲人的欢迎，甚至在某些地区，自行车的销量远高于汽车的销售量（要 点1)，接下来是分析什么原因导致此现象。原因总体有二：经济危机的影响（要点2)、自行车本身具有 的优势(要点3)。为了解决自行车的行车安全，很多城市采取了各种方法(要点4)。
写作思路
“文章的结构层次”是指文章内部的构造，它包括线索与脉络、过渡与照应、层次与段落、开头与 结尾等。一篇文章的结构层次就是作者写作思路的具体体现。而这篇文章的写作思路就是围绕“自行 车受欢迎——为什么受欢迎——怎样解决骑车人的安全问题”展开。
摸清了文章的结构层次或者说内在的逻辑关系，就必须用一些词语进行衔接和提升，有效达到 “起一承一转一合”的效果。

范文解析
范文以“In recent years，more and more Europeans prefer riding bikes”总“起”概要，要点 2 和要点 3 分“承”其缘由，即回答了原文过渡段“So what has led to cycling’s growing popularity in Europe?”。那 么由此现象产生的骑车安全问题，用therefore衔接引出要点4,即针对这么多骑车出行者，很多城市积 极想办法解决行车安全问题。而要点2、3、4“合”起来充分阐述了要点1。
归纳总结：
1.梳理文脉
既然一篇文章的结构层次就是作者写作思路的具体体现，那么文章一般都有清晰的脉络。文章的 脉络可依循首段、过渡段来把握。
2.词义转换
“骑自行车”的表达方式多为“ride a bike/ride a bicycle/go cycling”，为了避免使用原文语句，可用 “ride bikes”来转换。“economic crisis”则用了“financial problems”替换，尽量在学生 3500 词汇量的基 础上用不同的语言进行准确的表达。

Exercise 1
College pays off financially. A wide range of statistics shows the economic advantage of a four- year college education. Over a lifetime, students who graduate from college can expect to make about 60% more than those who do not, well over a million dollars more than they would otherwise. But what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure? They are equally significant and add up to a lot of value over the course of a lifetime：
College takes students to places they’ve never been to before. College is a passport to different places, different times, and different ways of thinking —from learning new languages to considering the development of human history to diving deep into the building blocks of matter. It gives students a chance to understand themselves differently, seeing how their lives are both like and unlike those who populated other eras(时代)）and other lands.
College introduces students to people they've never met before. One of the most important ways in which students learn, at colleges and universities everywhere, is by interacting with people who are different from themselves both inside and outside the classroom. Students learn more at a place full of engaging people with a wide range of viewpoints.
In these ways and in so many others, college helps students see themselves differently, giving them the room and the license to imagine new possibilities. Yes, it opens opportunities reflected in earning and employment statistics. But, perhaps even more valuable, it opens minds and worlds in ways that are beyond measurement. The value of higher education is symbolized by people who dream bigger and achieve more, who create their own futures and shape their own futures.



Exercise 2
Ecotourism is a combination of ecology and tourism. The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as " responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of the local people”. Actually, ecotourism can mean travel to far-off places of great natural beauty, but not always in a responsible way.
Costa Rica, once a Spanish colony, and independent since 1821, has an ecotourism industry worth over one billion dollars yearly, and thousands of jobs have been created. Nearly 21 percent of the land is now protected national parks, largely thanks to ecotourism. Nonetheless, due to the number of people visiting the country’s natural places，, some damage to the ecosystem has occurred.
Although tourists can have a damaging influence on ecosystems, ecotourism brings countless benefits as well. Nature reserves have been created, keeping the ecosystem protected. And, by visiting beautiful rainforests and seeing rare animals, visitors get a sense of their value, and of gratitude for them. Tour guides can also be educators who train people to love and care for the environment. Visitors can take these lessons with them to their home countries.
Unfortunately, while their effect may not be noticeable in the off-season, the constant procession of visitors in the high season can be damaging. At one national park in Costa Rica, wild monkeys now feed on garbage left by the tourists. Furthermore, eco-tourists tend to seek out places with the rarest animals and plants, pressuring the most delicate living things. In addition, corruption can lead officials to stand random ecological development and ecological damage. For example, a large resort facility, normally not allowed near a reserve, may be allowed if the company pays enough money to certain people in the government.
It is easy to be critical of the ecotourism industry but it is important to be positive as well. Ecotourism can never be “pure”. We can’t expect zero negative effects on the ecosystem. It is also unrealistic to think that humans won’t go anywhere accessible to them.



Exercise 3
No satisfactory way exists to explain how to form a good idea. You think about a problem until you’re tired, ，forget it, ，maybe sleep on it， and then flash! When you aren’t thinking about it ,，suddenly the answer arrives as a gift from the gods.
Of course, all ideas don’t occur like that but so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery but they must come from somewhere. Let’s assume they come from “the unconscious”. This is reasonable, for psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the individual. Creative thought depends on what was unknown becoming known.
All of us have experienced this sudden arrival of a new idea, but it is easiest to examine it in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form and have written it down in their life stories and letters. One can draw examples from genius in any field, from religion, philosophy, and literature to art and music, even in mathematics, science, and technical invention, although these are often thought to depend only on logic and experiment. All truly creative activities depend in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly insightful the person is, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.
A type of creative experience is illustrated by the dreams which came to Descartes at the age of twenty-three and determined his life path. Descartes had unsuccessfully searched for certainty, first in the world of books, and then in the world of men. Then in a dream on November 10, 1619, he made the significant discovery that he could only find certainty in his own thoughts, cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore, I This dream filled him with intense religious enthusiasm.
Descartes’ experience is representative of countless others in every field of culture. The unconscious is certainly the source of instinctive activity. But in creative thought the unconscious is responsible for the production of new organized forms from relatively disorganized elements.


Exercise 4
Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says，, for problems it doesn’t really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images(影像). Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.
Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But according to Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation, such as listening to the radio and playing sports. Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading. “A child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads，’’ Anderson says.
Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ(智商)scores and affects school performance. But here, too, Anderson notes that no studies have proved it. In fact, research suggests that it’s the other way around. “If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when you’re older，” Anderson says. Yet, people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.
For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However, by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed, Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.
Bonus(奖金）)culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays. But few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance. It may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform.



Exercise 5
Working with a group of baboons (狒狒)）in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did. The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching. This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的)）tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.




Exercise 6
You’ve decided to try advertising your business with postcards. The idea came to you from the postcards you receive from other businesses. You like it because it seems easy to do and economical. However, you've never tried this before so you question whether this method will bring you customers.
Let me say this first, ，“All Forms of Advertising Work!” However，, you have to understand how the advertising medium works and realize that each form has its limitations. Advertising in any medium has always been about repetition and getting your name remembered. It’s called “ Branding”. Businesses using television commercials constantly repeat their business message 1,000 times a day. They are the best examples to watch and learn from. So you can conclude that the more your potential customers see your message repeated, the easier it is for them to get to know you and what you offer. Then it becomes an easier task to get them to buy from you.
So how does postcard advertising work? You create an ad on a postcard. This can be done in your favorite graphics or Word program. Then use the mail merge feature in the program to insert mailing addresses automatically. In case you haven’t set up your address book you would need to do this before you do a mail merger. Print out the cards, stamp them and then mail them out. If done correctly and repeated over and over again, your customer base will grow. This is the simple mechanics of postcard advertising.
How much should you send out? Start with 500 postcards a month. Then I would repeat the mail out to the same group over the next 1—2 years. Even if they do not buy the first or second time after they’ve received your card, they are beginning to get to know you and your product and services. As time goes by, your chances of converting them to a buyer increase. There is also a good chance that those you target may pass your offer onto someone else.






Exercise 7
How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments----mostly for entertainment purposes —is fair and respectful?
Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural homes.
Zoos claim to educate people and save endangered species, but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals' natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species’ name, diet, and natural range. The animals’ normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals' natural needs.
The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.
Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding (圈养繁殖)）of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven’t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?
Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.






Exercise 8
Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if you’re unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires— not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don’t have enough tastes.
Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities(能）)）to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹没）)with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.
Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅)，a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them, they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when you’re hungry. Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library. Music like Mozart’s and Bach’s shouldn’t be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when you’ve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk ，you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills. Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, play a bit.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.




Exercise 9

Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this, or because they are not willing to do the work, that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as “bracketing”. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else^ world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way and the energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.
Most of the time we lack this energy. Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social relationships that we are listening well, what we are usually doing is listening selectively. Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder, as we listen, how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us. Many of us are far more interested in talking than in listening, or we simply refuse to listen to what we don’t want to hear.
It wasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的）.In about a quarter of the patients I saw, surprising improvement was shown during the first few months of psychotherapy(心理疗法)，before any of the roots of problems had been uncovered or explained. There are several reasons for this phenomenon， but chief among them，I believe, was the patient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to, often for the first time in years, and for some, perhaps for the first time ever.




Exercise 10
Cycling isn’t always easy. Busy streets, honking horns, and inadequate bike lanes can make it an uphill battle. But not even these difficulties can stop Europeans’ passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in 26 of the European Union’s 28 states last year.
There are traditional “bicycle capitals”, such as Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Copenhagen in Denmark. But in many other traditionally car-made countries, the shift to bikes is striking. Italians, for instance, bought 1.6 million bikes against 1.4 million cars in 2012.
So what has led to cycling’s growing popularity in Europe?
The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue. “The economic crisis has had an effect on all areas of people’s lives, including on transport,，’’ Giulietta Pagliaccio, head of the Italian cycling federation FIAB, told the Australian Associated Press.
Since the European debt crisis broke out in 2009, more people lost their jobs while the cost of living, including fuel costs, continued to rise. It forced many people to give up driving to save money, the Guangzhou-based New Express commented. Take Greece, a country seriously hit by the crisis, for example. It sold 320,000 bikes last year against 58,000 cars.
More importantly, people have changed their views toward cars and bikes. Cars are losing their appeal as status symbols. Yet, cycling is now seen as "a safe, clean, healthy, inexpensive way to get around town”, the Daily Star concluded. “It not only reduces traffic jam and pollution but also contributes to public health.”
However, with more and more people turning to cycling, questions remain about traffic and safety problems.
To ease people’s worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport. Quite a few cities now offer well-marked bike lanes, such as the cycling super-highway marked in blue in London. It runs all over the city, from the center to the suburbs.

Exercise 1
A father’s relationship to his child’s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school.
A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992，from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.
The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father’s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family，a father’s active participation in the child’s development made a definite difference in the child’s progress.
The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child’s level in math and reading, a father’s employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child’s academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father’s parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.

参考答案：
A recent study discovered that a father^ influence played a significant role in the level of the child’s academic progress.(要点 1) As is suggested, the father’s involvement with children was affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses.(要点 2) So children who tended to progress academically were those only children.(要点 3) Moreover, a father’s frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the child’s progress.(要点 4)

分析过程：
试题详解
1.核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，共四段。第一段讲的是父亲与孩子当前和今后学业成功与孩子学术潜力的发 展程度这两个因素有着有趣的关系，教育者们正开始对它们进行研究和评价。第二段讲的是该研究表
明父亲参加家长会并陪同郊游的孩子在学校的表现要比父亲不参加这些活动的孩子好。第三段讲的 是研究还表明父亲对孩子活动的参与与家中孩子的多少和家庭财务有关。最后一段指出，父亲经常夜 不归宿也会对孩子的学业带来不好的影响，除非是因为父亲上夜班。
2.写作思路
找主题句，概括段落大意。找主题句、概括段落大意能帮助学生理清文章脉络，以便找出文章的 要点。第一段的主题句是最后一句“As a matter of fact, ‘life with father，has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school. ”。事实上这也是 本文所提出的观点。第二段的主题句是段落的第一句。该段以近期的一个调查所得出的数据来论述父 亲对孩子学业发展的影响。第三、四段的主题句都是该段第一句。内容仍是调查的另外两个结果。这 两个方面分别用“also suggested”和“further revealed”来表述调查内容。
确定表达要点。本文的概要把第一段的末句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的主要观点，也是文 章的起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确地表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求学生用自己的语 言组织，因此学生需要灵活地表达以对原文的语言进行替换。


范文解析：
范文结合第一、二段的内容，用一句话来表述文章的观点，即要点1。要点2和3是因果关系，是第 三段的内容。再从“revealed, also suggested, further revealed”三词可以看出第三、四段与第二段是并 列关系，同是调查的结果。所以用moreover连接要点4。这样概要的内容全面而且能避免重复。
归纳总结：
语义转换
因为概要写作要求学生用自己的语言组织内容，因此语义转换是概要写作中很重要的一项基本技 能。例如范文中我们将“a very important factor”替换为“played a significant role”。第三段“greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child ” 用 “ children who tended to progress academically were those only children”替换。最后一个要点用“had a bad effect on”来表达夜不归宿的父亲对孩子会有影响这个概念。
要点整合
本说明文的主题句即要说明的一个观点一一父亲对孩子学业成就有影响。支撑句是对这个观点 的分述，即第二、三、四段调查的结果对第一段提出的观点的分述。要点1就是对第一、二段内容的整 合。第三段提到父亲对孩子活动的参与与家中孩子的多少和家庭财务有关，而父亲的参与对孩子学业 有影响，因此将要点2和3用因果关系连接起来。



Exercise 2
Taxes may well be discussed by your parents or government officials, but they are by no means only relevant to adults. You may not know it, but you are also paying them. For example, if you buy a movie ticket, 5 percent of your money goes to the government.
Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product, income, or activity. People around the world have to pay all kinds of taxes. In fact, the government takes taxes out of every paycheck(收人） people receive.
In China, people have to pay income tax if they earn over 3, 500 yuan per month. The government takes taxes out of their paychecks every month. Working people in China can ask for a receipt at local taxation bureaus(税务局）for the income tax they have paid.
Sales taxes are taxes that you have to pay when you buy things at a store. You get an invoice(发票） to prove that you have paid the tax.
Taxes are also part of owning homes or businesses. People who own buildings pay taxes on the land that the buildings occupy. Taxes are taken from gifts and awards, too. If you win the lottery, you pay taxes on what you receive.
What is the money used for?
Taxes are used to pay for government expenditures (开支）)Last year, about 85 percent of government income in China came from taxing enterprises and individuals.
The money collected pays for things that benefit everybody in the country. Taxes are used to build roads and pay the salaries of police officers, firefighters, and public school teachers.
Last year, the central government spent about 2.3 trillion yuan on education and about 1 trillion on public health care, according to People's Daily.
Your tuition fees in elementary school and junior high school are also paid by the government. In this sense, your education is supported by taxes.



参考答案：
Nearly everyone pays fees to the government for products, incomes or activities. The fees are called taxes.(要点 1) In China people have to pay income taxes，sales taxes，land taxes, and more.(要 点 2) Taxes are used by the government to benefit everybody in the country, including building roads， paying salaries of civil servants，health care and schools.(要点 3)

分析过程
试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分十段。第一段引人话题，第二段主要讲税收的概念。第三至五段具体 介绍了税收的各种形式和内容。第六至十段介绍税收的使用情况。
写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段引入话题，第二段的主题句 是“Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product，income, or activity. ”0 第三、四、五段具体 讲述了税收的类型，如“income taxes，sales taxes，home-owning taxes”等，第六段“What is the money used for?”是下面几段的主题段，第七、八、九、十段都是围绕这个话题展开的。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。这篇文章结构清晰，思路明确。只要抓住三个要点就可以全面 并且准确表达本文的概要。要点1，税收的定义，主题句是“Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product，income，or activity.”；要点2,税收的种类，可以概括三、四、五段得出；要点3,税收的具 体使用，从第六段到最后，都涉及了使用。


范文分析

范文把文本开头的导人和税收的定义连接在一起，主要是为了用不同的方式表达税收的定义。范 文的开头用“nearly everyone”概括了文本的第一段“by no means only relevant to...，you may...，but you are also”等内容。要点2用more表示了未点明的其他内容，要点3中的including连接了诸多并列 的内容，这样整篇摘要就显得紧凑。

归纳总结

关注文本中人称的使用
第一段使用了“you, your parents”导人，目的是为了拉近文本与读者的关系，吸引读者继续进行 阅读。
关注文本中的疑问句
本文的第六段是一个疑问句：“What is the money used for?”，在说明性的文章中出现了疑问句，就 很有可能出现它的回答。疑问句的使用，也是为了增加对读者的吸引力。本文的后四段就是在回答这 个问题。


Exercise 3
The language we use affects the decisions we make, according to a new study. People who participated in the study made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue.
To study how language affects reasoning, University of Chicago psychologists looked at a well- known phenomenon: people are more likely to avoid risks when an impersonal decision (such as which vaccine to administer to a population) is presented in terms of a potential gain than when it is given as a potential loss even when the outcomes are almost the same. In the study, native English speakers who had learned Japanese, native Korean speakers who had learned English and native English speakers studying French in Paris all followed the expected prejudice when they were given the question in their native tongue. In their foreign language, however, the prejudice disappeared.
A second set of experiments tested another kind of mind prejudice—we expect a personal loss will be more painful than the same gain will be pleasant, so the benefit of winning must be much larger for us to take a bet (such as gambling with our own money). Again, the foreign language effect happened in two different experiments, one with native Korean speakers and one with native English speakers. The Koreans took more imagined bets in English than Korean, and the native English speakers took more real bets in Spanish than they did in English.
“When people use a foreign language, their decisions tend to show less prejudice. Obviously people are more analytic and more systematic when people think in a foreign language. The reason we find is that the foreign language provides psychological distance,” lead author Boaz Keysar suggests. Mind prejudices are rooted in emotional reactions, and thinking in a foreign language helps us disconnect from these emotions and make decisions in a more economically reasonable way.

参考答案：

Thinking in a foreign language will help people make more logical decisions about finance.(要点 1) Two sets of experiments conducted by psychologists show that people will more probably balance the gain and loss in decisions whether they are related with their own interest or not.(要点 2、3) The reason is that thinking in a foreign language will leave people’s emotion out when they are making up their minds.(要点 4)
分析过程：

1，核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分四段。第一段主要介绍用外语思考能够让人们做出更加理智的决定， 尤其是与金钱相关的决定。第二段讲心理学家研究了一个现象：当人们在做一个与个人无关的决定时， 如果测试题是以潜在的获益而不是潜在的损失来陈述，人们更倾向于选择规避风险，尽管最终结果损 益程度相当。但是如果用他们所学的外语提问，则偏见消失。第三段介绍了第二个实验——人们对个 人损失感觉到痛苦的程度要高于因个人获益而感受到快乐的程度。因此，获益必须相当大，我们才会去 冒险。当用非母语提问时，受试者会投下更多的赌注。第四段对以上的现象进行了解释，认为用外语思 维会帮助我们脱离情绪的羁绊，让我们以经济上更为理智的方式做出决定。
2，写作思路
理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段的主题句是“People who participated in the study made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue. ”。这也是整篇文章的主题。第二段和第三段分别是两个实验，揭示了两个偏见，而当人们用外语进行思考时，这个两个偏见就消失了这两段是对第一段的支撑。第四段是以心理学家的话开头，从本质上解释原因。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为要表达的要点可以确保不遗漏要点。 从本文的结构来看，第一段是全文的主要内容，其余三段分别阐释理由，所以是一个“总一分一分一分” 的结构。


范文解析
范文把文本第一段的要点的句子结构从people开头改成了“thinking in a foreign language”开头， 突出了本文的主题词。范文把第2、3两个要点进行了合并，通过一个句子来表达。因为从内容上来说， 它们是并列的两个实验，虽然它们侧重点有所差异，分别是侧重对自己的利益无关和相关的风险，用一 个句子“whether... or...”完全能够完整表达这个意思，并且句子结构简洁，不拖泥带水。要点4用“the reason is that...”的句子结构来表达，既呼应了上文，又使句子结构紧凑。
归纳总结：
分析句子结构，提炼句子主干
要用60词左右来概括一篇350词左右的文章，就需要找出段落的主题句并分析主要内容，然后分 析句子结构，提炼句子主干，去除次要内容。本文的特点之一就是句子长、长句多，这就更需要抓主干、 除细节。如第一段中的主要句子是：“People who participated in the study made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue?”这个句子中有两个定语从句，“who participated in the study”和“that they had learned in a classroom setting”，在理解的时候，先暂时忽略 它们，这样剩下的句子就容易理解得多了：“People made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language than when they were asked in a native tongue.”
语义转换
本范文要点 1 中“reasonable decisions”换成“logical decisions”，不但因为 reasonable 与 logical 同 义，而且从要点4中可以看出用外语思考隔离了情感的影响，所以用logical就非常合适。



Exercise 4
Explosions. Radiation. Evacuations(疏散).）.More than 30 years after Three Mile Island, the unfolding crisis in Japan has brought back some of the worst nightmares surrounding nuclear power--- and restarted a major debate over the merits and the drawbacks of this energy source. It seems that the nuclear energy is either a huge disaster waiting to happen or the all-powerful way of the future.
It is often believed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society with a huge demand for commercial product of all kinds. Besides, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase assumes an abundant and cheap energy supply. Many people believe nuclear energy provides an endless and economical source of power and that it is, therefore fundamental for an industrially developing society. Among other advantages is that nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff.
However, opponents(反对者)）of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct danger not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Environmentalists argue in the long run nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Furthermore, it is questionable whether nuclear power is a cheap source of energy when everything is considered. There have, for example， been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia.
In spite of the case against nuclear energy above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding, which assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the argument in both sides, it seems that there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.


参考答案：
Opinions are divided into two groups over the usage of nuclear power in the future.(要点 1) One believes nuclear energy is essential to our life because it causes no waste and saves financial cost and workforce.(要点 2) The other considers it a danger as it does harm to the surroundings as well as humans，and may not be cheap in the long run.(要点 3) Despite its rapid development，nuclear power should be replaced by a better one in future.(要点 4)
分析过程：
、试题详解
1.核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。第一段通过引人发生在美国三里岛核事故提出论点：核能使用 到底是灾难还是福音？第二段呈现支持者的观点和理由，他们认为核能是未来生活不可缺少的能源，原 因有三：经济，清洁，省力。第三段呈现反对者的观点及理由，他们认为核能会给环境以及人类带来巨大 的危险，此外它是否经济有待考证。第四段先描述了核能项目不断发展的现象，然后转折，质疑核能发 展的可能性。文章最后提出观点，即应该存在比它更经济环保的能源，也就是提出作者的观点：核能不 是未来理想的能源。
2.写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。了解文章的体裁对理清脉络、概括大意很有帮助。这篇文章是 议论文，那么应该抓住论点、论据和论证。该文第一段的关键表达是“a major debate over...”和“It seems that the nuclear energy is either a... disaster or the all-powerful way...”，明确论点是对于核能是 好是坏两种观点的争辩。第二段第一句表明支持者的观点，通过“Among other advantages is that...”和 “A further advantage is that...”可明了三个论据。第三段首句表明反对者的观点，通过furthermore知 道这里给出了两个论据。第四段通过however以及最后一句“it seems that there are…other than”明确 作者的反对观点。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。首先根据文章的体裁、结构和大意确定文章的要点，然后根据文 章要点中的关键词思考要点的表达。要点的概括需要理清语句之间的关系，然后进行筛选与整合。例 如这篇文章中第一段总共三句话，第一句是引子，第二句写了三里岛核事故重新引发了关于核能好坏 的争论，第三句明确争论的核心为“核能是灾难还是巨大的资源？”。根据三句话的关系，可以将第二句 和第三句整合成要点1:人们关于核能使用有两种不同的观点。第二段和第三段根据衔接词确定要点2 和要点3的表达结构为“观点+理由”。第四段,第一句描写核能迅速发展的现象;第二句转折，质疑其 发展是否能继续；第三句提出明确的观点，因此整合为要点4“尽管核能发展迅速，但我们还是应该寻找 更好的替代物”。

范文解析
范文中要点1抓住原文中的debate和“either...or...”，使用了概括化的手段（opinions are divided) 提出文章的论点。要点2和要点3根据两段相似的结构用了相似的句式即“观点+理由”，分别用 because和as连接。两句话分别用“One...” “The other...”开头，与第一句中的two相关。理由的表达 主要通过概括核心词汇的方式，使其更简洁明了。要点4用despite —词将原文中的however连接的句 子用名词来概括，更显精练。
提炼归纳
1.语义转换
语义转换可以体现在句型转换、谓语表达结构转换、同义近义词转换等方面。本范文中我们将“a debate over...”表达为“opinions are divided into two groups over...”；将“nuclear energy is something we cannot do without”表达为“nuclear energy is essential to our life”；将“economical source of power, clean, can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff”表达为“it causes no waste，saves financial cost and workforce”。
2.要点提炼
要点提炼通常采用自上而下、从大到小的顺序。先了解整篇文章的脉络和大意，这需要按顺序概括 每一段的大意。然后具体到每一段，了解段落的脉络和大意，句意的获取需要提取句子的主干，分清句 子的成分，在这个过程中将核心信息抽丝剥茧地挑选出来。另外，要特别关注衔接词，它可以帮助我们 迅速理清句子之间或段落之间的关系。例如本文第2段和第3段中的“Among other advantages is that...，A further advantage is that..., Furthermore”这些表达让我们快速了解第2段有三个论点，第三 段有两个论点。


Exercise 5
Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism(批评)）. Because they have so much money to throw around. “It’s unfair，.” their critics say, “that this entirely unproductive industry should absorb millions of pounds each year. Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays...”
Poor consumers would have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods comes largely from the advertisements we read.
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway regulations while waiting for a train? A cheerful advertisement makes such a difference to a dull wall or a newspaper full of the daily amount of great disasters.
We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not survive without this source of income. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads” in every newspaper and magazine. What an extremely useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns! For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in a column but so far the most fascinating section is the personal or “agony” column (读者来信专栏）). No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature.

参考答案：
Some people think that advertisements are a waste of money,(要点 1) but they ignore the fact that they also have positive functions. Advertisements can help people know more information about the goods(要点 2) as well as kill the time when people are waiting.(要点 3) Besides，people can save money with the help of advertisements.(要点 4) Moreover, some advertisements and columns in the newspaper can provide people with the information they need and entertain people.(要点 5)
分析过程：
试题详解
1，核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。该文第一段讲了评论家认为广告使商品价格上涨，加重了消费 者的负担。第二段表述了广告的作用并不仅仅是卖物品，它还能使人们了解更多的产品信息。第三段 讲述了在日常生活中阅读广告还是给我们带来了一些乐趣。第四段则进一步说明广告给消费者带来 了经济上的影响。第五段则表明报纸上的分类广告和专栏也给读者提供了有用的信息。
2，写作思路
理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过 找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段的主题句是“Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism. ”0 第二段通过一个 but 使话锋一转，引出了作者真正要陈述的广告的优点，即它能使消费者了解更多的产品信息。四、五两段 则阐述了广告的其他两个优点。两段之间用“Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ‘small ads’”连接D
确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，因此，梳理每个段落可 以确保不漏要点。第一段中的第二句是主题句，即一些人对于广告的消极观点——浪费钱。第二段话 锋一转用but引出了作者真正想要表达的广告的优点，“ Another equally important function is to inform”就是要点2。我们可以将inform表达为“help people know information”。要点3则需整合第 三段的内容得出广告可以帮助人们打发时间。第四段的第一句就是要点4。“makes a positive contribution to our pockets”就可以表述为“save money”。要点5的重点应该落“small ads”的功能上。

3，范文解析
要点1与其他4个要点之间是转折关系，因此用but连接。要点2至5都是关于广告的积极作用， 所以可以用“positive functions”概括。因相关要点之间是并列关系，可以用“as well as, besides”及 moreover来衔接句子。
4， 提炼归纳
1.列出原文要点
分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意结构顺序，在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。比如说第一段的关键词就是criticism，第二段的关键信息就是“another equally important function”。
2.紧扣要点
摘要应包含原文中的主要事实（main facts)，略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details)。如第一段中 “不做广告就可以降低商品的价格”这一细节就可以略去。




Exercise 6
The technology is great. Without it we wouldn’t have been able to put a man on the moon, explore the ocean’s depths or eat microwave sausages. Computers have revolutionized our lives and they have the power to educate and pass on knowledge. But sometimes this power can create more problems than it solves.
Every doctor has had to try their best to calm down patients who've come into their surgery waving an Internet print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer. The truth is usually far more ordinary, though: they don’t have throat cancer，, and it’s just that their throats are swollen. Being a graduate of the Internet “school” of medicine does not guarantee accurate self- health-checks.
One day Mrs. Almond came to my hospital after feeling faint at work. While I took her blood sample and tried to find out what was wrong ，she said calmly, ，“I know what’s wrong; I’ve got throat cancer. I know there’s nothing you doctors can do about it and I’ve just got to wait until the day comes. ”
As a matter of routine I ordered a chest X-ray. I looked at it and the blood results an hour later. Something wasn’t right. “Did your local doctor do an X-ray?” I asked. “Oh，, I haven’t been to the doctor for years，,” she replied. “I read about it on a website and the symptoms fitted, ，so I knew that’s what I had. ”
However, some of her symptoms, like the severe cough and weight loss, didn’t fit with it —but she’d just ignored this.
I looked at the X-ray again，, and more tests confirmed it wasn’t the cancer but tuberculosis (肺结核）---something that most certainly did need treating, and could be deadly. She was lucky we caught it when we did.
Mrs. Almond went pale when I explained she would have to be on treatment for the next six months to ensure that she was fully recovered.


参考范文：
Technology is wonderful but it can cause problems.(要点 1) Each doctor has to convince his patients that the diagnoses from the Internet are not reliable.(要点 2) One day a patient called Mrs. Almond thought she had throat cancer after self-health-checks on the website.(要点 3) But in hospital more tests proved it was tuberculosis，which can be cured.(要点 4)
分析过程：
试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇介绍了科技可以改变生活，也能制造出更多的麻烦。文中指出了一 些病人通过网络高科技诊断自己得了不治之症，医生须尽力想方设法解释。文章接着讲述一个病人自 认为得了喉癌，而“我”通过医疗诊断让其相信病症是肺结核而不是喉癌的事实，说明网络科技给病人和 “我”带来的麻烦。
写作思路
理清文章脉络是写摘要的基础。第一段最后一句表明观点：“But sometimes this power can create more problems than it rolves.(高科技能制造出更多的麻烦）”。阅读时注意转折词but。第二段是对第 一段主题句的解释和进一步的阐述，指出网络科技给病人带来的自我诊断是不准确的。第三至七段中 作者通过具体事例来证明自己的观点。
范文解析
理清文章脉络并通过关键词、句概括段落大意是写摘要的基础。第一部分（第一段）关键词有 “technology，great，create more problems”，关键句为本段第一句和最后一句。段落大意为：科技是伟 大的，但有时也会带来麻烦。第二部分(第二段）需要综合理解本段三个句子的内容，然后用自己的话 来概括。本段第一个句子较长，是学生理解的难点。第三部分（第三至七段）关键词有“throat cancer， website，symptoms，tuberculosis，recover”等，关键句为第四段最后一句及倒数第二段第一句。段落大 意为：病人Mrs. Almond依靠网络自我诊断为喉癌，而医生确诊后判断她的病是肺结核。
四、提炼归纳
1.转换同义句
要点1，将原文中great替换为wonderful,将create替换为cause。要点2,在理解原文的基础上，进 行灵活表达。将原文中“try their best to calm down patients who...”根据语境替换为“convince sb that...(使某人相信 )”；将原文中“an Internet print-out”根据语境替换为diagnoses;将原文中“does not guarantee accurate...”替换为“...are not reliable”。要点3,将关键句与关键词进行整合，并概括段落 大意。整合和概括时,要注意一些词的用法。如fit是不及物动词，若加宾语，须加上介词，“fit with”意 为“符合”。





Exercise 7
Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Edward Deci. He thinks the reason is that organizations try to keep bonus arrangements simple. Bonuses can also encourage cheating. “Once you start making people’s rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviors, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes. ”
But the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating. In 1971, Deci asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing. He found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid. The study suggests that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it. This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes”（贿赂)）leads to low-quality work in the long run.
Those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure—wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, ，Kohn says. “It’s not just that these two are different, it’s often that the more you reward people for doing something, ，the more their inner drive tends to decline.”
A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says. People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds. What’s more ，the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility.



参考答案：
Offering cash rewards can actually bring about worse performance.(要点 1) Firstly, most reward systems are of poor design and contribute to dishonest behavior.(要点2) More importantly, it encourages people to do the job for the reward instead of the pleasure from the job itself.(要点 3) Therefore, though it may help short-term productivity,(要点 4) financial encouragement will result in less creativity, cooperation and responsibility in the long run.(要点 5)

分析过程：
核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段引人话题——对工作行为进行奖励实际上对工作行为 是有害的，奖励越多行为越差。第二段作者引述Deci教授的话说明两点：一是大多数的奖金系统设置 过于简单;二是奖金鼓励欺骗。第三段通过介绍Deci的实验结果说明提供奖金不仅仅有上述两个弊 端，更重要的是它阻碍了学生或员工去体验行为本身带来的乐趣的积极性。第四段进一步指出有些人深信奖金的魅力主要原因在于没有区分内驱和外压——奖金在某种程度上给人外在的刺激，却削弱了 人的内驱力。第五段总结奖金制度在短期内将可能促进良好的行为，但长期而言会降低人的创造力、合 作性、责任心等。

.写作思路

(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。第一段提出全文的起点即奖金于行为有害。第二段和第三段是 对原因的分析，第四段则是对第三段原因的进一步解释，因此可以把三、四两段的内容合并为一句。第 五段是总结，呼应第一段，主要描述奖金制度带来的危害。
(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。第一段提出了全文的中心话题奖金bonus,即下文的“‘do this and get that’ approach’’。我们可以用不同的形式来进行表达，如“pay for performance”、“offering cash rewards”和“financial encouragement”等。第二段两个要点“poorly designed”和“encourage cheating”中 的第二个短语可以用“contribute to dishonest behavior”进行同义替换。第三段的要点需要对原文进行 概括表达。第五段作为要点5也需要对原文进行整合和概括，用though来连接两个平行结构。

范文解析
范文用“offering cash rewards”来表达核心话题奖金bonus,要点1即全文第一段的主要内容。要 点2和要点3是对要点1的原因分析，两者属于并列关系，用Hrstly和“more importantly”来连接，概括 了第二段和第三段的中心内容。要点4和5是对第五段的概括，也是对上文的总结，用therefore引出， 其中段落五里面包含的两层意思用though进行连接，表达了奖金的作用“ promote short-term productivity”和主要弊端“result in less creativity, cooperation and responsibility”。
归纳总结：
1.语义转换
本范文中我们将中心话题bonus用“offering cash rewards”和“financial encouragement”进行替换 表达。本文中的“bonus projects”和 cheating 我们用“reward systems”和“dishonest behavior”进行转换。 原文中的“become less creative，cooperate less”可以用其名词形式“less creativity, cooperation”来替 换，以避免重复。
2.要点整合
本文中第三段说明奖金阻碍了学生或员工去体验行为本身带来的乐趣的积极性，第四段进一步指 出其原因在于人专注于获得奖金而削弱了内驱力，范文在表达时对这两点进行了整合。第五段用 though 将奖金的利弊进行了整合，“promote short-term productivity”是其利，“result in less creativity， cooperation and responsibility”]是其弊。



Exercise 8


Studies have shown that children from poor families have more difficulty in school than other boys and girls. Children with higher socioeconomic roots seem better prepared and perform better on school tests.
Now, American researchers may have found a biological reason for that difference. They found differences in the brains of students who had low standardized test scores. Their brains had less gray matter and their temporal lobes(颞叶)developed more slowly than the other children. The findings were reported in the journal JAMA Pediatrics. Temporal lobes and gray matter are very important brain areas, says researcher Barbara Wolfe. “The brain areas are critical in the sense that they keep developing until individuals are well into their adolescence or early 20s, and critical in the sense that they are important for executive function,” she said.
Researchers studied brain images of nearly 400 children and young adults. The youngest subjects were four years old. The oldest were 22. Researchers looked for a connection between the person’s socioeconomic status and his or her test results. On average, young people from poor families had test scores between 3 and 4 points below what is expected for their age group. The poorest students scored between 8—10 points below the developmental norm.
Ms. Wolfe says there are several reasons why poorer students often have lower scores. One reason could be poor children do not get the food they need for healthy development. Poor parents are less likely to stimulate their children’s brains through talk, play, and activities. Ms. Wolfe also blames the “stress that parents face in trying to deal with poverty, putting food on the table”. The researchers say that up to 20 percent of the achievement gap, or difference in test performance, could be tied to poverty.
Ms. Wolfe suggests early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty. Reaching out to children when they are very young could help raise their test scores and academic performance when they are older.



参考范文：
Recently, a study reveals the link between a child’s socioeconomic background and his academic behavior,(要点 3) that is，poorer students usually have lower scores than those from richer families. (要点 1) Less gray matter in their brain may contribute to their learning disability.（要点 2) Besides， family pressure，food shortage and lack of stimulus also account for it.(要点 4) Fortunately，it is proposed that early action is likely to promote the brain development of those poor students.(要点 5)

分析过程

核心内容
这是一篇说明文,全文共分五段。第一段提出本文的主题:据研究，贫困家庭的孩子比家庭经济条 件好的孩子学业表现差。第二段介绍了导致这一差异的生理原因。第三段通过具体研究数字证明论点 的可信度。第四段提出了穷学生分数低的其他几个原因。第五段是研究者对此提出的建议，即通过早 期行动改善贫困儿童的大脑发育。

写作思路
寻找隐藏信息。我们以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来寻找文章隐藏的信息，并概括大 意。通过分析，我们可以发现第一段的主题句是“children from poor families have more difficulty in school than other boys and girls”；第二段的主题句是 “American researchers may have found a biological reason for that difference”；第三段的主题句是“Researchers looked for a connection between the person’s socioeconomic status and his or her test results”；第四段的主题句是“There are several reasons why poorer students often have lower scores”；第五段的主题句是“Early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty”。
锤炼语言表达。本文的摘要把全文的第一句作为要点，因为它是全文的中心，也是全文的逻辑 起点。但是我们需要对其进行同义替换。如我们可以把“more...than...”替换为“less…than...; not as... as...”等。要点2在于把造成这一差异的生理原因（biological reason)说清楚，因此我们需要进行准确的 概括。要点3用实验中的具体数据值佐证作者观点的真实性。因此，要点1和3具有相关性，我们可以 通过调整顺序使缩写更具逻辑性。要点4讲述的是造成学习差异的家庭原因，由于要点2也是造成学 习差异的原因，我们需要把要点2、4进行整合。要点5是专家提出的可行性建议，可用“propose， advise”等词替换原文中的suggest。


范文解析：

范文中用 background 替换了 status, link 替换了 connection，“poor students”替换了 “children living in poverty”。要点1、3陈述事实，要点1是要点3的进一步解释，因此用“that is”作为连接。要点 2、4都是贫困学生成绩差的原因，要点2是生理原因，要点4是家庭原因，中间用besides连接，表示补充 说明。要点5是建议，用fortunately表示这是一个好消息。五个要点以事实、原因、建议的内在逻辑重 新组合，使之结构清晰、简洁明了。

归纳总结：
重视语义表述的多样性
要实现语义表述的多样性，我们就需要使用同义替换、语义转换或语义压缩等方式。例如，语义转 换即包括简单的同义词转换，如用connection替换了 link,把stress改为pressure等。语义转换也包括 对结构的转换，如“early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty”还可 转换为“the brain development of those who suffer from poverty is likely to be realized through early action”等。这样做可以避免重复原文内容，使语言表达更加多样化。
确保表述的内在的逻辑性
范文中，没有根据文章原有顺序进行缩写，而是根据其内在的联系进行了要点整合。根据原文，要 点1和要点3都是陈述事实，因此把这两点整合在一起。要点2和要点4都是贫困学生成绩差的原因， 因此也进行了整合。通过调整顺序和结构，使得范文按照事实、原因、建议的内在逻辑重新组合，从而达 到了结构清晰、语言简洁的效果。




Exercise 9
One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. “One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions mother tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states,” said NeVille Alexander, ，Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.
In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions was the 1994 “Toubon” law in France, ，but the idea has been copied in many countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficulty of controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.
It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but that has not been a barrier to acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academie Francaise in France.
The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon— especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields to defend.

参考范文：
Under the multi-lingual background, it concerns many countries that the unfavorable position of their native languages may bring about negative consequences.(要点 1) To preserve their identities, some have restricted the use of foreign languages in public places by law.(要点 2) However, the protection effort is beyond native English speakers5 understanding.(要点 3) Actually, it does have a point since many aspects of western Europeans5 national cultures are threatened by the wide use of English（要点4)


分析过程：

试题详解
1.核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共四段。第一段阐述世界全球化导致很多国家的本族文化、语言受到冲击和影响。第二段提到，针对英语的传播及多语言趋势所造成的影响，很多国家通过颁布法规来限制外语 的使用，但效果不佳。第三段指出，这些法规让英语母语者很难理解。第四段再一次点明，西欧很多国 家的本族文化、语言确实受到英语的冲击和威胁。
2.写作思路
理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，可以通过找主题 句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段首句“One of the main challenges... is how to maintain…trend.M为段落主题句，同时也是全文的中心句。第二段首句“In response to…， many countries have introduced... last decade.”为段落主题句。第三段主题句为首句“It is especially difficult... of a language by law.’’。第四段没有明显主题句，段落大意可归纳为“Besides the language, other fields of western Europeans also need to be defended against threat.
确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。要点i简要概述第一段内容，sr在多语言背景下，很多国家担 忧他们的本族语因其不利地位而带来一些消极负面的影响”。要点2是对第二段的归纳，gr为了保护 本族语的特性，很多国家颁布法规，来限制外语的使用”。要点3是对第三段的概括，即“以英语为母语 的人们无法理解政府为何要颁布这些法规”。要点3和要点2之间是转折关系，可以用表转折的连词衔 接。要点4是对第四段大意的提炼，原文的“除了语言，其他很多领域也应该做好防备工作”可理解为 “其他领域也正遭受威胁”；同时，要点4承接着要点3,尽管这些法规不被英语母语者理解，可事实上它 们的存在是有一定意义的，故可用原因状语从句概括连接。

范文解析：

要点1用主语从句简要概括很多国家的困扰，用“under the multi-lingual background”替换原文的 “in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend’’，并用“the unfavorable position”表 明各个国家的本族语都处于劣势地位。要点2通过目的状语“To preserve...”将要点1自然过渡到要点 2,用restricted替换原文的banned。要点3和要点2之间是转折关系，所以用however连接。另夕卜，通 过变换主语，将原文的“difficult... to understand”替换成“beyond…understanding”。要点 4 以 actually 一词承接要点3中英语母语者对制定法规这一举措的不理解，同时归纳提炼出最后一段的大意，即“事 实上制定这些法规还是有必要的”。
归纳总结：
1，语义转换：
本文话题是世界全球化导致很多国家的本族语言、文化受到冲击和影响。相关话题词汇及表达的 拓展和积累：Globalization is a process of linking up with people from varies countries，cultures, communications and businesses into one global melting pot./Globalization is not easily defined. For some, it is a positive process leading to shared social values worldwide. For others, the term has a negative meaning, and critics see it as marginalizing less dominant cultures, particularly those in the developing world./Another criticism is that Western nations, particularly the United States, impose cultural values on others through media and popular culture.

2，要点整合
本范文用主语从句“it concerns many countries that. ??”、目的状语“to preserve…”、转折连词 however、原因状语“since...”等，使句子结构更加紧凑,行文表达更加流畅。


Exercise 10

Passenger pigeons (旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群) so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by American’s need for wood, which scattered(驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.
In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1, 1914.


参考范文：
There used to be an overwhelming number of passenger pigeons in the U.S.，（要点 1) their peak population perhaps larger than that of any other bird species worldwide.(要点 2) Unfortunately，years of over hunting and loss of habitats led to a sharp drop in the number of passenger pigeons.(要点 3) Though the Michigan government attempted to ban the killing by law, none of them escaped the fate of extinction.(要点 4)
分析过程：
一、试题详解
核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共五段。第一段主要讲述美国旅鸽曾经数量惊人。第二段用具体数据进 一步说明旅鸽数量之多，一度甚至可能是世界上数量最多的鸟类。第三段和第四段分析了导致旅鸽数 量急剧减少的两个重要原因一过度捕杀和栖息地被破坏。第五段指出，尽管政府通过法律手段试图 保护旅鸽，最终它们还是灭绝了。
写作思路
理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，可以通过找主题 句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。第一段首句“Passenger pigeons once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.”为段落主题句。第二段首句“It was calculated that... the most abundant bird in the world. ”为段落主题句。第三段围绕关键词kill展开，段落大意可 归纳为“ Passenger pigeons were killed without mercy. ”。第四段的段落大意可简单归纳为“ The hardwood forests where passenger pigeons had been damaged. ”。第五段中，通过整合关键词“law, died out”，可归纳出段落大意“Although a law was passed to prohibit the killing of passenger pigeons, they died out. ”。
确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不遗漏。第一段 描述美国的旅鸽一度数量惊人，为要点1。要点2既是对第二段段落主题句的提炼，也是对要点1的补 充说明。要点3可以覆盖第三段和第四段中关于旅鸽数量急剧减少的两个原因，即“过度捕杀”和“栖息 地被破坏'要点4为第五段内容的归纳概括。

范文解析：
要点1中，“used to”和“an overwhelming number”准确表达出美国旅鹤一度数量惊人；要点2用独 立主格结构对旅鹤数量作进一步说明，并用“peak population”替换原文的“its population reached its highest point”，使得句式紧凑，内容完整。要点3用unfortunately引出旅鸽数量的急剧下降，同时用两 个名词短语“years of over hunting”和“loss of habitats”概括出数量下降的两个原因。要点4是对第五 段内容的提炼，即“虽然密歇根政府颁布了禁止捕杀旅鸽的法规，但是旅鸽还是难逃灭绝的厄运”。因句 子内部是转折关系，故用though来连接。

归纳总结：
1，语义转换
本文话题是旅鸽的灭绝以及原因。相关话题词汇及表达的拓展和积累：The passenger pigeon or wild pigeon is an extinct species of pigeon./The pigeon migrated in enormous flocks, constantly searching for food, shelter, and breeding grounds, and was once the most abundant bird in North America, numbering around 3 to 5 billion at the height of its population./Passenger pigeons were hunted by Native Americans. Simultaneously, deforestation was practiced on a large scale, which led to habitat loss.
2，要点整合
在本范文中，独立主格“their peak population perhaps larger.??”、副词 unfortunately、转折连词 though等的使用，使句子结构更加紧凑，行文表达更加流畅。

Exercise 1
A father’s relationship to his child’s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school.
A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992，from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.
The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father’s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family，a father’s active participation in the child’s development made a definite difference in the child’s progress.
The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child’s level in math and reading, a father’s employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child’s academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father’s parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.



Exercise 2
Taxes may well be discussed by your parents or government officials, but they are by no means only relevant to adults. You may not know it, but you are also paying them. For example, if you buy a movie ticket, 5 percent of your money goes to the government.
Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product, income, or activity. People around the world have to pay all kinds of taxes. In fact, the government takes taxes out of every paycheck(收人） people receive.
In China, people have to pay income tax if they earn over 3, 500 yuan per month. The government takes taxes out of their paychecks every month. Working people in China can ask for a receipt at local taxation bureaus(税务局）for the income tax they have paid.
Sales taxes are taxes that you have to pay when you buy things at a store. You get an invoice(发票） to prove that you have paid the tax.
Taxes are also part of owning homes or businesses. People who own buildings pay taxes on the land that the buildings occupy. Taxes are taken from gifts and awards, too. If you win the lottery, you pay taxes on what you receive.
What is the money used for?
Taxes are used to pay for government expenditures (开支）)Last year, about 85 percent of government income in China came from taxing enterprises and individuals.
The money collected pays for things that benefit everybody in the country. Taxes are used to build roads and pay the salaries of police officers, firefighters, and public school teachers.
Last year, the central government spent about 2.3 trillion yuan on education and about 1 trillion on public health care, according to People's Daily.
Your tuition fees in elementary school and junior high school are also paid by the government. In this sense, your education is supported by taxes.



Exercise 3
The language we use affects the decisions we make, according to a new study. People who participated in the study made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue.
To study how language affects reasoning, University of Chicago psychologists looked at a well- known phenomenon: people are more likely to avoid risks when an impersonal decision (such as which vaccine to administer to a population) is presented in terms of a potential gain than when it is given as a potential loss even when the outcomes are almost the same. In the study, native English speakers who had learned Japanese, native Korean speakers who had learned English and native English speakers studying French in Paris all followed the expected prejudice when they were given the question in their native tongue. In their foreign language, however, the prejudice disappeared.
A second set of experiments tested another kind of mind prejudice—we expect a personal loss will be more painful than the same gain will be pleasant, so the benefit of winning must be much larger for us to take a bet (such as gambling with our own money). Again, the foreign language effect happened in two different experiments, one with native Korean speakers and one with native English speakers. The Koreans took more imagined bets in English than Korean, and the native English speakers took more real bets in Spanish than they did in English.
“When people use a foreign language, their decisions tend to show less prejudice. Obviously people are more analytic and more systematic when people think in a foreign language. The reason we find is that the foreign language provides psychological distance,” lead author Boaz Keysar suggests. Mind prejudices are rooted in emotional reactions, and thinking in a foreign language helps us disconnect from these emotions and make decisions in a more economically reasonable way.


Exercise 4
Explosions. Radiation. Evacuations(疏散).）.More than 30 years after Three Mile Island, the unfolding crisis in Japan has brought back some of the worst nightmares surrounding nuclear power--- and restarted a major debate over the merits and the drawbacks of this energy source. It seems that the nuclear energy is either a huge disaster waiting to happen or the all-powerful way of the future.
It is often believed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society with a huge demand for commercial product of all kinds. Besides, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase assumes an abundant and cheap energy supply. Many people believe nuclear energy provides an endless and economical source of power and that it is, therefore fundamental for an industrially developing society. Among other advantages is that nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff.
However, opponents(反对者)）of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct danger not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Environmentalists argue in the long run nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Furthermore, it is questionable whether nuclear power is a cheap source of energy when everything is considered. There have, for example， been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia.
In spite of the case against nuclear energy above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding, which assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the argument in both sides, it seems that there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.



Exercise 5
Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism(批评)）. Because they have so much money to throw around. “It’s unfair，.” their critics say, “that this entirely unproductive industry should absorb millions of pounds each year. Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays...”
Poor consumers would have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods comes largely from the advertisements we read.
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway regulations while waiting for a train? A cheerful advertisement makes such a difference to a dull wall or a newspaper full of the daily amount of great disasters.
We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not survive without this source of income. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads” in every newspaper and magazine. What an extremely useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns! For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in a column but so far the most fascinating section is the personal or “agony” column (读者来信专栏）). No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature.



Exercise 6
The technology is great. Without it we wouldn’t have been able to put a man on the moon, explore the ocean’s depths or eat microwave sausages. Computers have revolutionized our lives and they have the power to educate and pass on knowledge. But sometimes this power can create more problems than it solves.
Every doctor has had to try their best to calm down patients who've come into their surgery waving an Internet print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer. The truth is usually far more ordinary, though: they don’t have throat cancer，, and it’s just that their throats are swollen. Being a graduate of the Internet “school” of medicine does not guarantee accurate self- health-checks.
One day Mrs. Almond came to my hospital after feeling faint at work. While I took her blood sample and tried to find out what was wrong ，she said calmly, ，“I know what’s wrong; I’ve got throat cancer. I know there’s nothing you doctors can do about it and I’ve just got to wait until the day comes. ”
As a matter of routine I ordered a chest X-ray. I looked at it and the blood results an hour later. Something wasn’t right. “Did your local doctor do an X-ray?” I asked. “Oh，, I haven’t been to the doctor for years，,” she replied. “I read about it on a website and the symptoms fitted, ，so I knew that’s what I had. ”
However, some of her symptoms, like the severe cough and weight loss, didn’t fit with it —but she’d just ignored this.
I looked at the X-ray again，, and more tests confirmed it wasn’t the cancer but tuberculosis (肺结核）---something that most certainly did need treating, and could be deadly. She was lucky we caught it when we did.
Mrs. Almond went pale when I explained she would have to be on treatment for the next six months to ensure that she was fully recovered.




Exercise 7
Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Edward Deci. He thinks the reason is that organizations try to keep bonus arrangements simple. Bonuses can also encourage cheating. “Once you start making people’s rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviors, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes. ”
But the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating. In 1971, Deci asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing. He found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid. The study suggests that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it. This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes”（贿赂)）leads to low-quality work in the long run.
Those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure—wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, ，Kohn says. “It’s not just that these two are different, it’s often that the more you reward people for doing something, ，the more their inner drive tends to decline.”
A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says. People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds. What’s more ，the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility.



Exercise 8
Studies have shown that children from poor families have more difficulty in school than other boys and girls. Children with higher socioeconomic roots seem better prepared and perform better on school tests.
Now, American researchers may have found a biological reason for that difference. They found differences in the brains of students who had low standardized test scores. Their brains had less gray matter and their temporal lobes(颞叶)developed more slowly than the other children. The findings were reported in the journal JAMA Pediatrics. Temporal lobes and gray matter are very important brain areas, says researcher Barbara Wolfe. “The brain areas are critical in the sense that they keep developing until individuals are well into their adolescence or early 20s, and critical in the sense that they are important for executive function,” she said.
Researchers studied brain images of nearly 400 children and young adults. The youngest subjects were four years old. The oldest were 22. Researchers looked for a connection between the person’s socioeconomic status and his or her test results. On average, young people from poor families had test scores between 3 and 4 points below what is expected for their age group. The poorest students scored between 8—10 points below the developmental norm.
Ms. Wolfe says there are several reasons why poorer students often have lower scores. One reason could be poor children do not get the food they need for healthy development. Poor parents are less likely to stimulate their children’s brains through talk, play, and activities. Ms. Wolfe also blames the “stress that parents face in trying to deal with poverty, putting food on the table”. The researchers say that up to 20 percent of the achievement gap, or difference in test performance, could be tied to poverty.
Ms. Wolfe suggests early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty. Reaching out to children when they are very young could help raise their test scores and academic performance when they are older.



Exercise 9
One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. “One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions mother tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states,” said NeVille Alexander, ，Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.
In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions was the 1994 “Toubon” law in France, ，but the idea has been copied in many countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficulty of controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.
It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but that has not been a barrier to acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academie Francaise in France.
The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon— especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields to defend.


Exercise 10
Passenger pigeons (旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群) so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by American’s need for wood, which scattered(驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.
In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1, 1914.

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