资源简介

“南北”关系和“发展”主题
莘塍一中 叶成娜
课程目标：
从历史和地域两方面，认识“和平”与“发展”是当今世界的主题。
教学目标：
1．比较分析相关数据和资料，知道南北问题的渊源、表现；
2．认识南北对话和南南合作对推动世界经济平衡发展的重要作用；
教学重点：南北问题的表现
教学难点：南北问题的渊源
教学方法：问题探究式教学
教学准备：多媒体课件及相关图片资料
教学过程：
教学内容 教师活动 学生活动
导入 （叙述）两个来自不同国家的孩子，对自己的生活做了这样的描述。（显示）图片（提问）英国的mike和印度的普里扬卡的生活状况为何不同呢？（承转）如果想使普里扬卡过上小mike的生活的话，印度首先要考虑是“发展”问题。 生：经济落后生：英国与印度的总体水平相差很大。（引导出发达国家与发展中国家经济不同）引出课题
相对和平的国际环境下的世界经济情况——贫富差距大相对和平的国际环境下的世界经济情况——贫富差距大 （叙述）二战结束以来，尽管局部存在战争，但世界总体是和平的。在这样相对和平的国际环境中，世界经济发展的规模和速度是前所未有的。 （显示）教材材料（显示）国际货币基金组织的统计数据（引导）在发达国家经济迅速发展的同时，发展中国家的经济也在发展。发展主题是世界上任何一个国家都在谋求的。（提问）总体上来看，经济发展态势良好。这样的经济成果，有没有波及所有的国家和人民？请说说你的理由。（举例）八国峰会会议的的图片（叙述）这是2004年参加八国峰会的全集成员，包括非正式成员代表。为什么八国峰会被称为“富人俱乐部”？（叙述）看来经济富裕的国家仅占少数。那么世界各国人民的生活情况如何？（显示）相关数据（提问）你认为，世界经济情况存在什么问题？（小结）经济良好发展的成果，未并波及所有的国家和人民，当代国际社会仍是一个贫富差别悬殊的世界。所以说，发展仍是世界的另一个主题。 统计数据：由29个发达国家和地区构成，占世界生产总值的55.5%；由146个新兴和发展中国家构成，占世界生产总值的45.5%。生：没有。（生举例：课文材料——八国峰会）数据：1有关经济资料表明，40年前，全世界最富的人口和最穷的人口人均收入的比值是30：1，而现在已上升至74：1.2．有13亿人生活在世界上最贫穷的国家，每天人均收入不足1美元。8亿人忍受着饥饿，8000万人完全不能享受医疗服务，超过2.6亿的人不能上学。生：贫富之差。
南北关系南北关系 概念南北问题的表现南北问题的根源 （叙述）发展问题，突出地表现为发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系问题。（显示）地图（提问）请同学们仔细观察，发达国家和发展中国家在地理分布上有何特点？（叙述）因此，国际上通常以“南”和“北”指代发展中国家和发达国家。发展问题，有时也指南北问题。（承转）今天的南北问题突出地表现为南北存在差距。南北差距一般指南北在经济、科技和人民生活水平方面的差别程度。（显示）教材有关“八国峰会”的人口和国内生产总值比较表格（提问）请同学们计算一下发达国家和贫穷国家的人均国内生产总值的差距。（提问）从总体上看，你觉得南北在经济水平上差距如何？（提问）南北在工业生产、农业生产和教育水平上又有何差别？（承转）根据《联合国第二个十年国际发展战略》规定，到1980年，北方国家应给南方国家提供官方经济援助。此时的南北差距又会发生什么戏剧性的变化呢？真得这样吗？请看材料。（显示）数据（小结）由此，你所得出的结论……（承转）南北差距越来越大，甚至在南北之间对外贸易上也出现了奇怪的现象。（显示）数字对比（提问）造成这一现象的最根本的原因？（提问）如果这种贸易状况会导致什么结果？（承转）穷国越穷，富国越富。正如非洲的苦难一样一直延续。（提问）请你说说你印象中的非洲（学生小组讨论）（叙述）当你徜徉于美丽的尼罗河，当你在好望角感受惊涛拍浪时，请你不要忘了非洲正有1300万人口期待食物，饥荒、爱滋病正在夺去成千上万个孩子幼小的生命。在这块满是伤疤的土地上，弥漫着硝烟。（讨论）非洲的现状是南北问题典型。请小组就三点原因进行讨论与说明。（小结）非洲欲想摆脱贫困，当务之急，就是发展。发展不仅仅是发达国家的事情，更应该关注广大发展中国家的发展前景。 学生观察地图，发现“南”和“北”的关系。生：相差24439.11美元。生：南北差距大。生分别对工业生产、农业生产及教育水平做出自己的解释。生：南北差距越来越小数据：教材数据，外债世界上“最不发达国家”由1989年的42个增至1994年的48个，占发展中国家近1/3。生：南北差距大，而且这种差距是越来越大。（引导分析）生：广大亚非拉地区曾被长期殖民侵略生：不平等的国际经济秩序。生：穷国越穷，富国越富图片：卢旺达种族屠杀、战争、贫困生活（小组活动，讨论造成非洲苦难的原因，就此加以说明）
南北对话和南南合作 怎么解决 （叙述）任何国家在世界上不是孤立的，总是与其他国家发生联系。即使是发达国家，也总与发展中国家发生一定的经济联系。（提问）现荣获2005年美国总统奖的全美12名高中毕业生及12名2005届中国优秀高中生代表举行一次有关如何解决发展中国家发展问题的对话，你有何方案令此次对话更加精彩？（叙述）而中国作为最大的发展中国家，一向支持发展中国家维护自身的正当利益，加强团结，为建立公正、平等、合理的国际新秩序而努力。 学生观察体会国与国间的经济联系。学生讨论：自身国内发展南北对话与南南合作
拓展 （叙述）有同学认为，发展中国家长期遭受发达国家在经济上不公平对待。何不进行南南合作，所有的发展中国家应断绝与发达国家的贸易来往。（提问）请谈谈你的看法！ 学生进行小组合作。
总结 （叙述）和平与发展这两大题是当今世界的主题，尽管和平与发展这两大主题至今一个都没有解决。但我们也不愿意看到任何国家或国家集团推行新的霸权和强权，不愿意看到南北之间的发展差距、贫富差距再扩大下去，渴望世界和平。
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1《南北关系和发展问题》课件操作说明
莘塍一中 叶成娜
课件版本说明：Authorware 课件
优势所在：
1．交互性强，具有一定的文本、图形、动画处理能力。
2．具有强大的数据处理能力。
3．本课件集动画、音乐、美观的画面等于一身，交互性强，极实用，满足个性化需求。
基本界面：
1．主交互区在最左边，随意移动鼠标并可见到7个带有文字的小框，这并是本课的主要版块，使用者可根据需要进入自己感兴趣的版块。
2．右下角为前进、后退的标志，右上角为退出标志。
操作说明：
1．欢迎画面：伴随循环播放的音乐，动画显示“莘一中欢迎您！”
2．导入：单击画面，进入导入阶段。点击左下角的两个小人物，即可随需了解两位小朋友不同的生活情况。注：右下角第一位是mike，第二位是印度的普里扬卡。单击前进标志可显示提问：“英国的mike和印度的普里扬卡的生活状况为何不同呢？”单击递进标志进入本课封面。
3．贫富：移动鼠标至最左边版块处，单击贫富进入。在画面空白处随意单击，可显示材料（此处设有三个单击）。单击前进标志显示2004年八国峰会的全家福。再单击前进标志，在画面空白处随意单击，可显示材料（此处设有五个单击）。
4．概念：移动鼠标至最左边版块处，单击概念进入。在画面空白处随意单击，可显示材料（此处设有两个单击）。
5．表现：移动鼠标至最左边版块处，单击表现进入。在画面空白处随意单击，可显示材料（此处设有四个单击）。再单击前进标志，画面滚动显示材料，单击显示结论。
6．根源：移动鼠标至最左边版块处，单击根源进入“数字的变化”之一。单击前进标志，画面以水波形显示材料“数字的变化“之二，单击显示结论。再单击前进标志，画面以水波形显示提问，此处设有三处热区（使用者可移动鼠标，若鼠标变为手形即有热区）：其一、二为折线处，其三为第2个小问题。使用者根据学生的回答情况单击显示结论。
单击前进标志，显示非洲的地图。在画面空白处随意单击，可显示提问：请谈谈印象中的非洲。再单击前进标志，在画面空白处随意单击，可以激光形式显示材料（此处设有四个单击）。
7．途径：移动鼠标至最左边版块处，单击表现进入途径。画面显示“现荣获2005年美国总统奖……”学生进行小组讨论后，使用者单击前进画面，显示途径。（此处设有四个单击）
8．拓展：移动鼠标至最左边版块处，单击表现进入拓展。在画面处单击显示提问。学生发表看法后，此堂课也即将结束，单击前进标志，伴随音乐结束本课。FileIO Xtra for Macromedia Authorware 6.0
Copyright 2001 Macromedia, Inc.
FileIO provides a set of functions allowing users of Macromedia Authorware 6.0 to programmatically access files using scripting.
Using FileIO
============
As an Xtra the FileIO Xtra must be in your application's Xtras folder.
Each instance of FileIO can reference a single open file. If multiple files are to be opened simultaneously, a new instance of FileIO is required for each opened file. A single instance can be used to open multiple files, as long as the file is closed before a new file is opened. To create a new instance use NewObject, defined below. To dispose of an instance, set the instance variable to 0. All functions that read from or write to the file must be called after the file has been opened using openFile. If a new file is to be opened using the same instance, the old file must first be closed using closeFile. Files can be opened in three different modes: Read, Write and Read/Write. When writing to a file, the contents of the file after the current position are overwritten.
Example Script:
-- Create an instance of FileIO
myFile := NewObject("fileio")
-- Display an "open" dialog and return the file name to Authorware
myFileName := CallObject(myFile, "displayOpen")
-- Open the file
CallObject(myFile, "openFile", myFileName, 1)
-- Read the file and return a string to Authorware
theFile := CallObject(myFile, "readFile")
-- Close the file
CallObject(myFile, "closeFile")
-- Dispose of the instance
myFile := 0
In this example, a new instance was created and stored in the variable myFile. Next, a call to displayOpen is used to display an open dialog to allow a file to be selected. The file name is returned as a fully qualified path string to Authorware. The file is then opened in read-only mode, the contents of the file are read, and the file is closed. Lastly, the instance is disposed.
There is also an Authorware Show Me (xtraio.a6p) which demonstrates how to use the Xtra. It can be found in the Show Mes installed with Authorware 6.
Known Problems
==============
The FileIO Xtra cannot use a net-based file when supplied with a URL for the file name. It is limited to accessing files available via file systems mounted on the local system.
The displaySave function does not directly inform Authorware whether a user is replacing an existing file. A workaround is to attempt to create the file using createFile and check the error code for a "File Already Exists" error.
Function Reference
==================
closeFile
CallObject(object, "closeFile")
Closes a file that has been previously opened using openFile.
createFile
CallObject(object, "createFile", "fileName")
Creates a file. The fileName must be either a fileName to be created in the current directory, or a fully qualified path and fileName. Relative paths are not supported. After creating the new file, the file must be opened before it can be written to.
delete
CallObject(object, "delete")
Deletes the currently opened file. The file must be open to use this function.
displayOpen
CallObject(object, "displayOpen")
Displays a platform specific "open" dialog allowing a user to select a file. Returns a fully qualified path and fileName to Authorware. The setFilterMask function can be used to control what file types are displayed in the dialog.
displaySave
CallObject(object, "displaySave", "title", "defaultFileName")
Displays a platform specific "save" dialog allowing a user to specify a file. Returns a fully qualified path and fileName to Authorware. The setFilterMask function can be used to control what file types are displayed in the dialog. The title and defaultFileName parameters allow you to specify a default filename to be displayed, as well as title text for the save dialog.
error
CallObject(object, "error", status)
Returns a readable error string. A numeric error code is passed in as the third argument. (Also refer to the 'status' function.) The errors returned can be any of the following:
"OK"
"Memory allocation failure"
"File directory full"
"Volume full"
"Volume not found"
"I/O Error"
"Bad file name"
"File not open"
"Too many files open"
"File not found"
"No such drive"
"No disk in drive"
"Directory not found"
"Instance has an open file"
"File already exists"
"File is opened read-only"
"File is opened write-only"
"Unknown error"
fileName
CallObject(object, "fileName")
Returns the file name string of the current open file. The file must be open use this function.
getFinderInfo
CallObject(object, "getFinderInfo")
Returns the Type and Creator of the current file as a string. This function does nothing when used under Windows. The file must be open to use this function.
getLength
CallObject(object, "getLength")
Gets the length of the currently opened file. Returned as an integer. The file must be open to use this function. The value returned is the length of the file in bytes.
getOSDirectory
getOSDirectory()
A function that returns the full path to either the Windows directory, or the System Folder depending on which OS is currently being used. Does not require a child instance to call.
getPosition
CallObject(object, "getPosition")
Gets the file position of the current open file. Returned as an integer. The file must be open to use this function.
NewObject
NewObject("fileio")
This is called to create a new instance of FileIO. It returns an instance variable used to reference the instance.
openFile
CallObject(object, "openFile", "fileName", mode)
Opens the named file. This call must be used before any read/write operations can take place. The filename can be either a fully qualified path and filename, or a relative filename. The openMode parameter specifies whether to open the file in Read, Write or Read Write mode. Valid Flags are: 0 Read/Write, 1 Read, 2 Write.
readChar
CallObject(object, "readChar")
Reads the character (either single or double-byte) at the current position and then increments the position. The character is returned to Authorware as a string. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function.
readFile
CallObject(object, "readFile")
Reads from the current position to the end of the file and returns the file to Authorware as a string. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function.
readLine
CallObject(object, "readLine")
Reads from the current position up to and including the next Return, increments the position, and returns the string to Authorware. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function.
readToken
CallObject(object, "readToken", "skip", "break")
Reads the next 'token' starting at the current position. Characters matching the 'skip' parameter are "skipped" and the file is read until 'break' is encountered. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function. This function will read double-byte tokens as long as the skip and break are single-byte characters. It will not detect double-byte skip or break characters.
readWord
CallObject(object, "readWord")
Reads the next word starting at the current position. The file must be open in read or read/write mode to use this function.
setFilterMask
CallObject(object, "setFilterMask", "mask")
Sets the filter mask used by calls to displayOpen and displaySave. The filter mask determines what files to show when displaying an "open" or "save" dialog. The third parameter is a string representing the filter mask to set.
On Windows, this is a comma-separated string of file types and associated extensions (e.g. "All Files,*.*,Text Files,*.TXT"), and a string of types on the Macintosh (e.g. "TEXTPICT"). On Windows, the filter mask string is limited to 256 characters.
On the Macintosh, you are limited to four four-character types. When a new instance of FileIO is created, the filter masks defaults to all files. To reset the filter mask to display all files after it has been set, just pass in an empty string, e.g. CallObject(object, "setFilterMask", "").
setFinderInfo
CallObject(object, "setFinderInfo", "attributes")
Sets the Type and Creator of the current file. The string takes the form of a space-separated set of TYPE and CREATOR codes (e.g. "TEXT TTXT"). This function does nothing when used under Windows. The file must be open to use this function.
setPosition
CallObject(object, "setPosition", position)
Sets the file position of the current open file. The file must be open to use this function.
status
CallObject(object, "status")
Returns the error code returned by the last function called. The value is returned as an integer. (Also refer to the 'error' function.)
version
CallParentObject("fileio", "version")
Returns FileIO version and build information. Useful when filing bug reports, or determining installed version while authoring. No practical use beyond this.
writeChar
CallObject(object, "writeChar", "theChar")
Writes a single character to the file at the current position. The file must be open in write or read/write mode to use this function.
writeString
CallObject(object, "writeString", "theString")
Writes a string to the file at the current position. The file must be open in write or read/write mode to use this function.
===

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