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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之八 动词
动 词 的 概 述
一、动词的定义
动词是表示动作和状态的词。
动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。
从含义上分，动词可分为实义动词（及物动词和不及物动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词4类。
二、动词的基本形式
英语动词有4种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
(－)过去式和过去分词的构成
动词的过去式和过去分词的构成可分为规则和不规则两种。
1.规则动词的过去式和过去分词
(1) 一般动词词尾加-ed
work worked open opened
(2) 以e结尾的动词加-d
close closed live lived
(3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词改y为i，再加-ed
study studied try tried
(4) 以一个辅音字母(x除外)结尾的重读闭音节的动词先双写此辅音字母再加-ed
stop stopped regret regretted
(5)重读r音节结尾的动词先双写r再加-ed
refer referred prefer referred
注：词尾-ed有3种读法：
①在 t，d后的-ed读[id]
handed [h ndid] wanted [w ntid]
②在清辅音后的-ed读[t]。如。
worked [w :kt] stopped [st pt]
③在浊辅音和元音后的-ed读[d]。如：
raised [reizd] played [pleid]
小提示：
此处我们也可以借用一下名词变复数时的顺口溜：
“清清浊浊， 如果结尾是同类，发音之前要加[i]。”
其具体解释为：
在清辅音后的–d或-ed要发相应的清辅音[t]；如果词尾是元音或浊辅音，他们便发相应的浊辅音[d]；如果是以t或d（属于d的同类）结尾的词，-d或-ed便也要在发音前加[i]发成[id]了。
2.不规则动词
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的变化主要有4种形式。
(1)原形、过去式、过去分词同形（即AAA型）
let let let cost cost cost
此类动词还有set，cast，spread，burst，hurt，beat, shut, put, rid, spit, read 等。
(2) 原形与过去分词同形（即ABA型）
come came come run ran run become became become
(3)过去式与过去分词同形（即ABB型）
sweep swept swept dig dug dug hear heard heard
(4)原形、过去式、过去分词完全不同（即ABC型）
see saw seen write wrote written eat ate eaten
(二)现在分词的构成
1.一般动词词尾加-ing
go going study studying
2.以不发音的e结尾的动词先去掉e再加-ing
take taking write writing
注：少数以oe，ye等不发音的e结尾的动词，不去e，直接加-ing。如：
dye dyeing(染) hoe hoeing(锄)
3.以一个辅音字母(x除外)结尾的重读闭音节的动词先双写此辅音字母再加-ing
beg begging begin beginning
4. 以ie结尾的动词把ie变为ying
die dying lie lying tie tying
注：prefer [prif ] preferring [prif :ri ]
refer [rif ] referring [rif :ri ]
(三)行为动词在一般现在对中的变化规则
行为动词作谓语用于一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数时，动词的变化规则与名词单数变复数词尾加-s的变化规则一样。
1.一般动词词尾加-s
work works play plays set sets
2.以 s，x，o，ch，sh结尾的动词，词尾加-es
do does fix fixes watch watches
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i再加-es
fly flies study studies
(四) 动词be的变化形式
be 是动词原形，其一般式为 am（用于第一人称单数）、is（用于第三人称单数）和are（用于其它人称）；其过去式为 was（用于第一、第三人称单数）和were（用于其它人称）；其过去分词形式为been；其现在分词形式为being。
三、动词的种类(Kinds of Verbs)
按其词义和句法作用来分，动词可以分为四类：实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词现分述如下：
（一）实义动词
又称行为动词(Notional Verbs)。
表示行为或状态，有完全的词义，能独立作谓语。例如：
The students clean their classroom every day. 学生每天打扫教室。
He runs as fast as a young horse. 他跑得象匹小马那么快。
We have friends in the island country. 在这个岛国上我们有朋友。
从是否能带宾语来看行为动词可以分为及物动词和不及物动词两种。
1. 及物动词(Transitive Verbs 缩写vt.)
后面要带有宾语，意义才完整的叫及物动词。如：
He likes English. 他喜欢英语。
He sent me a new bike．他送我一辆新的自行车。(me，bike是双宾语)
2.不及物动词(Intransitive Verbs 缩写 vi.)
本身意义完整，后面不需要带宾语的，叫不及物动词。如：
He works hard．他努力工作。
Did she come yesterday？她昨天来了吗？
注：不及物动词(live，die，dream，sleep，smile等)唯一可带的宾语是同源宾语，即作宾语的名词和动词同源，意义一致。如：
He dreamed a strange dream.他做了一个奇怪的梦。
They live a happy life．他们过着幸福的生活。
英语里有些动词既可以用作及物动词，又可以用作不及物动词。如：
When shall we begin our discussion 我们什么时候开始讨 (及物)
The discussion will begin at eight. 讨论将在8点种开始。(不及物)
以上两句中的，虽有及物和不及物之分，但意义相近。有的动词用作及物和不及物动词时，其意义相去甚远。例如：
They run the factory very well.他们管理工厂管得很好。( 及物 )
They run ahead of the schoolmates.他们在同学前头跑。(不及物)
所谓及物动词和不及物动词，是从英语语法上来考虑的不能从译成汉语后的语意去判断。如arrive（到达）,agree（同意）,listen（听）等动词，译成汉语都是及物的，但是在英语中不能带直接宾语，只能带介词短语。例如：
Doctor Bethune arrived at Yan’an in the spring of 1938. 白求恩大夫于1938年春到延安。(at不能省去)
Everybody listened to the report with great interest. 每个人都很有兴趣的听报告。(to不能省去)
也有相反的情况：有的动词在英语里是及物动词，但译成汉语时则变成了不及物动词。例如：
He promised to write me every week. 他答应每周给我写信。(write me = write to me)
We must serve the people whole-heartedly. 我们必须全心全意为人民服务。(serve等于“为 ……服务”)
（二）连系动词(Link Verbs 缩写link v.)
连系动词本身大都有词义，但不完整，在句子中不能单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。最常用的连系动词是 be(是，在)。如：
They are doctors．他们是医生。
We are in his room．我们在他的房间里。
英语的连系动词除be外，还有部分实义动词也可充当连系动词，常见的有以下两类：
1. 表示状态或感觉
look（看起来），appear（看来好像），seem（好像是），feel（觉得），remain（仍然是），keep（保持），continue（仍旧，继续），prove（证明是），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来）等。见例句：
I can prove his words true.
This book has proved useful to many students．这本书证明对许多学生有用。
Roses smell sweet．玫瑰花闻起来很香。
His theory sounded reasonable．他的理论听起来有道理。
2. 表示结果或表示某物处于、变成或保持什么状态
become（成为）， turn（变为）， get（变得）， grow（变得）， go（变成，进入……状态）， come（成为，证实为）， fall（变成）， run（变成，进入……状态）等。
Your dream will come true one day．总有一天你的梦想会实现。
He became a teacher．(= He turned teacher．) 他成了一名教师。
His face turned red with anger．他气得脸都变红了
（三）助动词(Auxiliary Verbs缩写aux. v.)
本身没有独立的意义,在句子中不能独立作谓语，其作用是辅助实义动词和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示时态、语态、人称、数和否定、疑问等语法特征。助动词有 be，do，have，will，would，shall，should等。
英语的助动词有紧缩形式，主要用于非正式语体的口语中现把助动词be, have和do 的肯定、否定形式列出入下：
He is ＝ He’s He is not ＝ He isn’t或 He’s not
She is ＝ She’s She is not ＝ She isn’t或She’s not
It is ＝ It’s It is not ＝ It isn’ t或 It’s not
We are＝ We’re We are not＝ We aren’t或 We’re not
You are ＝ You’re You are not ＝ You aren’t或You’re not
They are ＝ They’re They are not＝They aren’t或They’re not
I have ＝ I’ve． I have not ＝ I haven’t或I’ve not
You have ＝ You’ve You have not＝ You haven’t或You’ve not
He has ＝ He’s He has not＝ He hasn’t或He’s not
She has ＝ She’s She has not ＝ She hasn’t或She’s not
We have ＝We’ve We have not ＝ We haven’t或 We’ve not
You have ＝ You’ve You have not ＝ You haven’t或You’ve not
They have ＝ They’ve They have not ＝ They haven’t或They’ve not
do not ＝don’t does not ＝ doesn’t
助动词的用法参见有关章节
（四）情态动词 (Modal Verbs缩写mod. v.)
情态动词表示说话人对某一行为或状态的态度，本身虽有一定的意义，但在句子中不能独立作谓语动词，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。
情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare等。
情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其肯定式、否定式和疑问式的结构通常是：
肯定式：情态动词十动词原形
否定式：情态动词十 not十动词原形
疑问式：情态动词十主语十动词原形
情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
情态动词和否定词not连用时的简略形式以及其读音如下所示：
情态动词 简略形式 读音
can can’ t [ka:nt]
could couldn’t [kudnt]
may mayn’t [meint]
shall shan’t [ a:nt]
will won’t [wunt]
should shouldn’t [ udnt]
would wouldn’t [wudnt]
need needn’t [ni:dnt]
dare daren’t [d nt]
（五）情态动词的一般用法
1. can和could的用法
could 是can 的过去式.但有时并不包含过去的意思这要视用法和语义而定。
（1）表示“能力”、“许可”、“可能性”等。在口语中表示许可时，can和may意思相近，但may比较正式。如：
I can ride a bike．我会骑自行车。
You can go now．你现在可以走了。(这样说比 You may go now．随便)
Can this be true？这会是真的吗？
He said I could use his boat．他说我可以用他的小船。(这里could用于said后的宾语从句中，表示是过去的事。)
Her mother can speak French．她妈妈能说法语。
When he was young，he could sing very well．当他年轻时，他唱歌唱得很好。
（2） Could可以用来委婉客气地提出请求或问题，这时它不表示过去，而表示目前的事情。
Could you lend me your thermos？ 你把热水瓶借我用一下行吗？(比 Can you客气。)
Could you come over here at eight o’clock tomorrow morning？明天上午8点钟你能来这儿一下吗？
（3）can和 be able to都可以表示“能力”，但意思不尽相同。 can只有现在式和过去式，而 be able to则有更多的时态形式。例如：
I can(could)finish the work．我现在能(过去能)完成这项工作。
I am(was，shall be)able to finish the work．我现在能(过去能，将来能)完成这项工作。
I have not been able to finish the work．我没能完成这项工作。(只有 be able to才有完成式，can没有。)
(4)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度(主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中)
This can’t be done by him．这不可能是他做的。
Can this be true？这会是真的吗？，
How can you be so careless！你怎么这么粗心！。
2. may和might的用法
might是may的过去式，但有无过去的意思，这要视用法和语义而定。
(1)may，might表示自己允许或请求对方许可，有“可以”的意思。它的否定形式可用mayn’t，也可用 mustn’t，但mustn’t还表示“禁止”，语气更强硬。
You may go to the show now．你现在可以去看戏了。
He said that I might have one day’s rest． 他说我可以休息一天。(might用于said后的宾语从句中，表示是过去的事情。)
May I watch TV after supper？晚饭后我可以看电视吗？
Yes，you may．可以。
或：
No，you may not ( mustn’t)．不，不行(不许).
在请求对方许可时，might也可代替may，但语气更为婉转客气。might这样用并不表示过去时间。
Might I go with you？我可以和你一起去吗？(语气比用 may更婉转客气)
Might I use your telephone？ 我可以用你的电话吗？
（2）表示可能性，有“或许”、“可能”的意思。“may／might十动词原形”都可表示现在或将来的能性，但用might则语气更加不肯定。(主要用于陈述句，肯定或否定，疑问句用can代替)
He may be very busy these days．这些天他可能很忙。
The story may not be true．这故事可能不是真的。
You may be right．你可能是对的。
He may be free tonight．他今晚可能有空。
The rich American might find it uncomfortable to have too much money.这个美国富翁也许觉得钱太多不舒服。(可能性不大，所以用might。)
（3）表示祝愿(不用might)
May you enjoy yourself！祝你玩得开心！
May you succeed！祝你成功！
You may go now．你现在可以走啦。
4. must，have to和 ought to的用法
（1）must
①must表示“必须”、“应该”
must表示“必须”，有命令的口气，很强硬。强调主观看法，只有现在时形式，否定式是must not／mustn’t表示“不应该”、“不许可”等。must开头的问句，其否定回答要用 needn’t或 don’t have to代替。例如：
We must obey all the rules．我们应该遵守所有的规则。
All of us must take good care of our parents.我们大家都必须很好地照顾自己的父母。
You must not speak like that to one who loves you． 对一个爱你的人，你不应该那样说话。
He must not dirty his dress. 他不该弄脏他的衣服。
You must not smoke here．你不许在这儿抽烟。
— Must I do it at once？我必须马上做吗？
— Yes，you must．是的。
— No，you needn’t．(或：No，you don’t have to．) 不必啦。
② must还可表示必然的结果
All men must die．人固有一死。
If you don’t hurry， you must miss the train.如果不快点，你必然要误车。
③ must也可表示推测(“一定”、“必定”)，但只用在肯定句中。
This must be a present for you.这一定是送给你的礼物了。
（2） have to
① have to与 must很接近，但含义并不完全相同。
must表示的是说话人的主观看法，have to却强调客观需要，有“不得不”，“只好”的意思。
② have to比 must有较多的时态形式(过去时或将来时)。
③ must前头不能有情态动词或助动词，但 have to前头还可以有情态动词或助动词，如 will have to。
如：
I must finish the work on time．我必须按时做完工作。(这是我的主观意愿)
You have to finish the work on time． 你得按时做完工作。(这是客观情况的要求。)
I shall have to catch the earliest train tomorrow． 我明天得坐最早的火车。
He will have to be there before ten． 10：00以前他得到那里。
As he had broken his leg， he had to lie in bed．因为腿断了，他不得不躺在床上。
（3）ought to表示义务和责任（比should语气要强）
You ought to take care of yourself. 你应该照顾自己。
Such thing ought not to be allowed to happen again. 这样的事不应当允许再发生。
5. need和dare的用法
（1）need表示“需要”，后面跟动词原形。用在否定句或疑问句中时，第三人称单数现在时不加-s。例如：
He need not wash the bottles.这些瓶子他不必洗。
— Need he carry the box for you？他要给你拿箱子吗？
— Yes, he must.是的，他一定要。(肯定的答案用must，不用need。)
或：
— No, he needn’t.不，他不必。(否定的答案用needn’t。)
（2）dare表示“敢”，后面跟动词原形。用在否定句或疑问句中时，第三人称单数不加-s。例如：
He dare not do so． 他不敢这样做。
Dare he admit his mistake？ 他敢承认自己的错误吗？
注： need和dare也可以用作主要动词，其变化与一般动词相同。例如：
We do not need to turn on the light daytime. 在白天，我们不需要开灯。
All of us do not dare to speak but John is unafraid. 我们都不敢出声，可是约翰不怕。
6.shall和should的用法
should是shall的过去式，但有时是否是它的过去式，这要视用法和语义而定。
（1） shall
① 作为情态动词(不是助动词)时，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令”、“警告”、“允诺”、“威胁”等概念。(用于第二、三人称)如：
You shall do as your father says．你要照你父亲说的去做。(表示命令。)
Tell her that she shall have the book tomorrow．告诉她明天可以得到那本书。(允诺)。
You shall do as I say. 你要像我说的那样做。(表示命令。)
He shall have the prize if he reaches the top of the hill. 他爬到山顶就会得到奖品。(这是允诺。)
②在疑问句中，表示说话人征询对方意见或请求指示。(用于第一、三人称)如：
What shall we do now？我们现在干什么？
Shall she come right now？马上要她来吗？
Where shall I wait for you？ 我在哪里等你？
Shall we go for a walk 我们去散步好吗？
③表示决定或决心(用于第一人称)
I shall come if I want to．我想来的话，我就来。
（2） should
作为情态动词，表示“劝告”、“建议”、“命令”。(与ought to同义)。如：
You should wash your hands first．你应该先洗手。
We should learn how to use computers．我们应该学会使用电脑。
You should keep your promise. 你应当遵守诺言。
The doctor said that I should pay attention to my diet.医生说我应当注意饮食。
7. will和would 的用法
would是will的过去式，但有时也是情态助动词，这要视用法和语义而定。
（1） will
①在疑问句中表示请求、建议或询问(用于第二人称)
Will you please give him the message when you see him？你看见他的时候，请你给我捎个口信好吗？
Will you have western food or Chinese food，Mr.．Smith？史密斯先生，你吃西餐还是中餐？
Will you please go with me？和我一块去好吗？
②表示意愿、决定、允诺，可用于各种人称。
We will help him if he asks us to.如果他要求我们，我们一定帮助他。(第一人称)
He won’t go with us because he wants to take the cattle to the farm. 他不愿意同我们去，因为他想把牛送到农场去。(第三人称)
I will never do that again．我不会再做那件事。
Come whenever you will．你随时可以来。
③ 表示习惯性动作或某种倾向(通常用于第三人称)
Fish will die out of water．鱼离开水就不能活。
My grandpa will talk for hours if you give him the chance.如果你给我爷爷机会，他会讲上好几个小时。
（2） would
① would 的第一个用法是表示过去的“意志”、“愿望”，用于各种人称，多见于宾语从句中。如：
We would play badminton on Sundays．星期天我们总是打羽毛球。
He would sit like that for hours．他过去总是那样坐上好几个小时。
He said that he would show me his new plan for a modern hospital.他说他愿意建设一个现代化医院的新计划给我看。
I promised that I would do my best． 我答应过我要尽我的最大努力。
② would 的第二个用法是表示说话人的意愿或向对方提出请求，语气比will婉转，这时would并不表示过去时间。指现在时间，多用于第二人称。如：
— Would you like a cup of tea？喝杯茶好吗？
— Yes，I’d like to．行啊。
— No，thanks．不，谢谢。
He means he would go，rain or shine．他的意思是，他肯定去，风雨无阻。(比he will go婉转。)
Would you please show me the way to the zoo 请告诉我去动物园的路怎么走？(比Will you please更客气)
（六）情态动词的特殊用法
情态动词还有一些特殊的用法，详细内容请见虚拟语气部分。
四、部分动词的用法比较
（一）accept和receive
两个词都有“接受”的意思。receive是“收到”、“接到”，指“收，接”的动作，表示客观事实； accept是“接受”、“领受”的意思，表示当事人的态度。
I received an invitation yesterday， but I didn’t accept it．昨天我收到一张请柬，但我没有接受。
Finally we accepted their explanation．最后我们接受了他们的解释。
I received a birthday gift from her．我收到了她送的生日礼物。
（二）beat，defeat和win
三个词都能表示“战胜”。beat，defeat表示“战胜”对手，win表示“赢得比赛(项目)／战争／名次／奖品”。
We beat(defeated) them by the score of 5 to 3．我们以 5：3战胜他们。
He was defeated at chess．他下棋下输了。
We have won great victories．我们取得了伟大胜利。
John won the race. 约翰赛跑赢了。
He won the first prize(place) in the swimming race．在游泳比赛中他获一等奖(第一名)。
（三）borrow and lend
两个词都表示“借”的意思。borrow是“借进”，表示“向(从)……借”，可以和from连用；lend是“借出”，表示“借给”，可以和to连用。
He borrowed a ruler from me．他向我借了一把尺子。
May I borrow your bike？ 我可以借用你的自行车吗？
I have lent it to him. (不可说： I have lent him it)． 我已经把它借给了他。
Will you lend me the book？你能把书借给我吗？
（四）bring，fetch和 take
三个词都表示“拿”。bring表示从别处“拿来，带来”，指单程；fetch表示“去拿来”，指往返双程； take表示“拿走，带走，拿着”。如：
Bring me some apples，please.请给我拿些苹果来。
When you come next time，bring your sister with you．下次来时，带你妹妹来。
She goes to fetch her son from the kinder garden every afternoon． 她每天下午去幼儿园接儿子。
Fetch the doctor at once.马上去把医生请来。
It is going to rain，take the umbrella with you．要下雨了，把伞带上。
Father will take his daughter to the zoo．父亲要带女儿去动物园。
（五）divide和 separate
两个词都表示“分开”。divide指把一个整体分成若干部分； separate表示“分离，分开，离别”的意思，把原来连在一起的或靠近的分隔开来。
Our class is divided into four groups．我们班被分成了 4个组。
Mother divided the birthday cake among us.妈妈把生日蛋糕分给我们。
Nine divided by three is three． 9除以 3等于3.
The Suez Canal separated Africa from Asia．苏伊土运河把非洲和亚洲隔开。
Please separate the good apples from the bad ones．请把好的苹果和坏的苹果分开。
They are separated for the present．他们暂时离别。
（六）raise和rise
两个词都含“升”的意思。raise是及物动词，后面要接宾语，表示“举起，提高，增高”； rise是不及物动词，后面不能接宾语，表示“上升，上涨，增长”。
They raised the prices again．他们又提高了价格。
The prices rose again．价格又上涨了。
The boy rose／raised himself immediately．男孩马上站起来。
The sun rises in the east．太阳从东方升起。
Raise one’s voice 提高嗓音(声音) raise the rent 提高租金
raise the standard of living 提高生活水平 raise one’s eyes 举目，仰视
raise one’s glass to a person 举杯祝人健康 raise one’s hand举手
（七）hope和wish
两个词都表示“希望”，用法有相同点和不同点。
相同点：①hope(wish)＋to do
②hope(wish)＋for sth.
③hope(wish)十从句
hope十从句是“希望”的意思，wish十从句表“愿望”，从句要用虚拟语气。
不同点：①Wish＋sb．＋to do是“希望某人做某事”
②Wish十间接宾语十直接宾语，hope无此结构。
I hope／wish to be back home at seven．我希望 7：00回到家。
We all hope／wish for happiness．我们都希望幸福。
Hope for the best，prepare for the worst．作最好的打算，做最坏的准备。
I hope he succeeds．我希望他成功。
I wish I were you．我要是你就好了。
I wish him success．我希望他成功。(双宾语)
Wish you a happy New Year ( a happy birthday )．祝你新年快乐(生出快乐)。
Do you wish me to go with you？你希望我和你一起去吗？
（八）seat和sit
两个词都表示“坐”。seat是及物动词，主语是人时，是“使……就座”的意思，主语是物，是“坐得下……”的意思，一般用于 be seated和seat oneself(sb．) 句型。 sit是不及物动词，是“坐下”的意思。
Sit down，please ( Be seated，please／Seat yourself，please )．请坐。
He seated at the desk ( He seated himself at the desk )．他坐在课桌旁。
She seated the baby on her knee．她让孩子坐在膝盖上。
The big hall can seat 5，000 people．大厅能坐得下5 000人。
I found him seated／sitting at the back of the classroom．我发现他坐在教室后面。
（九）seem和 appear
两个词都可以表示“看起来 ( 好像、似乎 ) ……”的意思。appear强调外表上给人某种印象，有时含有实质上并非如此的意思； seem则暗示判断有一定根据，这种判断往往接近事实。
He appears ( to be ) quite old．(指他显得很老，但实际情况不一定如此)
He seems ( to be ) quite old．(表示他可能的确很老)
（＋）cost，pay和spend
三个词都有“花钱”的意思，用法及介词搭配要注意。
“这本书花了我3元钱”可以译成：
This book cost me three Yuan．
I paid three Yuan for this book．
I spent three Yuan on this book．
（＋－）“made十介词”用法比较：
be made of：由……做成的 ( 看得出原材料 )
be made from：由……制成的 ( 看不出原材料 )
be make into：被制成…… ( 主语是原材料，into后的名词是成品 )
be made in：由……制造 ( 表示产地 )
be made up of：由……组成 ( 表示由若干部分组成 )
This desk is made of wood．这书桌是用木头做的。
The wine is made from grapes．酒是用葡萄酿的。
Glass can be made into glasses．玻璃能够做成玻璃杯。
This TV set was made in Japan．这部电视机是日本制造的。
Our class is made up of four groups. 我们班由 4个组组成。
（十二）put on，have on，wear和 dress
四个词都表示“穿”的意思，但用法不同。
put on表示动作，不与时间段连用。 have on表示状态，不可用于进行时。 wear表示状态，指习惯性的经常穿着，be wearing则指一定时间、地点的穿戴状态。
dress既可表示动作，又可表示状态。作及物动词用时，表示“替……穿衣”的动作，宾语应是人，常用于“dress＋sb．／oneself”结构中；作不及物动词用时，译为“穿衣”，表示经常状态； be dressed well(poorly，badly)可译为“穿着好(不好)”，表示状态；be dressed in十衣物或颜色，可译为“穿着……”表示状态。
Put on more clothes， it’s cold outside．外面冷，多穿些衣服。
He always has on(wears) a blue coat．他总是穿着一件蓝外衣。
I am wearing a new shirt today．今天我穿了件新衬衣。
Please dress quickly．请快点穿衣服。
The two cheats pretended to dress the emperor in his new clothes．两个骗子假装给皇帝穿新衣服。
The old man is dressed well．那个老人穿着讲究。
He is dressed in red(a red coat)today．他今天穿了件红外衣。
注：put on后接衣帽、鞋袜、眼镜等词。
have on后接衣帽等词。
dress＋sb．／oneself ( ＋in+衣物 )
be dressed in十颜色 ( 衣物或副词 )
巩固练习
一、选择：
1. London on the Thames.
A. laying B. lying C. lays D. lies
2.What the teacher said at the meeting quite all right.
A. listens B. heard C. sounded D. pronounced
3. The ground is wet. It last night.
A. must rain B. was rained C. must have rained D. had rained
4. You return the book new. You can keep it tin next week.
A. Can' t B. mustn’t C. needn't D. may not
5.I thought you be hungry, so I've brought you some cakes.
A. may B. might C .can D. could
6. John be a policeman, for he's much too short.
A. needn't B. can' t C. should D. may
7. Could you anything about the exam.
A. tell B. talk C .say D. speak
8. The small girl says that she touch the dead snake.
A. dares to B. dare not C. dare not to D. dares not to
9. The spy was in the early morning
A. to hang B. hung C. hang D. hanged
10.I saw the students at the desks, reading the book.
A. sat B. sitting C. seated D. seat
11. The news of his death makes all of us sad.
A. have B. to be C. show D. feel
12. Since there isn't a microphone, you’ll have to your voice in the hall.
A. in crease B. raise C. lift D. rise
13. Mary is a red coat today.
A. putting on B. dressing C. having on D. wearing
14. If you don, t know the meaning of this word, please the dictionary.
A. refer to B. look C. see D. take
15. The thief Helen of her money on her way home last night.
A. robbed B. stole C. got D. took
16. The old man fell to the ground and his leg.
A. hurt B. struck C. hit D. wounded
17. We be polite to the customers. How you be so rude to them
A. may, can B. should, could C. can l would D. can' t, shou1d
18. The girl stood there, not a word.
A. dare to say B. daring to say C. dared to say D. daring saying
19. If this pen is not yours, whose it be
A. may B. must C .can D. will
20. I wish to call on you tonight,
A. have I B. may I C. don't I D. would I
21. —We quarreled with the waiter about the bill.
— How silly! You to the manager.
A. would have talked B. should have talked C. could talk D. must talk
22. Mary be in the hospital. I saw her play basketball a minute ago.
A. mustn't B. shouldn't C. can't D. may not
23. It's nearly eight o'clock. He be here at any moment.
A. shall B. need C. should D. might
24. — There were already six people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
— It a comfortable Journey.
A. can't be B. shouldn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
25. Steven, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself.
A. won't; can't B. mustn’t, may C. shouldn't; must D. can’t, shouldn't
26. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
27. —Must we do it now
— No you .
A. won't B. needn't C. can't D. don't
28. You to the meeting tomorrow if you have something important to do.
A. needn't to come B. don't need come C. don't need coming D. needn't come
29. I thought she like something to eat, so I have bought two pieces of bread.
A. may B. might C. could D. must
30. There is plenty of time. You .
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried
C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
3l. Let us go,
A. will you B. shall we C. do you D. do we
32. My friend when the accident happened.
A. had driven B. was driving C. drove D. would drive
33. This room ought before 5 o'clock.
A. to clean B. to be cleaned C. clean D. be cleaned
34. — Could you lend me some money
—Yes, I .
A. might B. could C. can D. may
35. — He smokes too much.
— Well, he used to smoke more than he now.
A. did B. does C. could D. has
36. — Do you mind if I smoke here
— .
A. No, please don't. B. Yes, please do. C. No, I don't. D. Yes, I don't.
37. Remember to send me a photo of your daughter the next time you to me.
A. write B. will write C. are writing D. would write
38. I don't know the restaurant, but it's to be a very good one.
A. said B. told C. spoken D. talked
39. — It's my birthday tomorrow. Don't forget to come to my party.
— .
A. I don't. B. I won't. C. I can't. D. I haven't.
40. — Do you like the cloth
—Yes, it very soft.
A. felt B. is felt C. is feeling D. feels
4l. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother tells him .
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
42. The number of people invited eighty, but a number of them absent.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was , were D. were; were
43. — Can I help you, sir
—Yes. I bought this clock here yesterday, but it .
A. didn't work B. won't work C. can't work D. doesn't work
44. I love to go to the seaside in summer. It good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool water.
A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes
45. I her number in the phone book to make sure that I had got it right.
A. looked up B. looked for C. picked out D. picked up
46. Is this raincoat yours
No, mine there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung
47. It's well known that Thomas Edison the electric lamp.
A. invented B. discovered C. found D. developed
48. I wish I there yesterday.
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
49. The teacher told the class to their books.
A. put by B. put on C. put up D. put away
50. We ca each other the best of luck in the examination.
A. hoped B. wanted C. expected D. wished
51. Your phone number again I quite catch it.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
52. I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please
A. turn it on B. turn it down C. turn it up D. turn it off
53. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
54. — There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
— It a comfortable journey.
A. can't be B. shouldn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
55. Johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself.
A. won't, can't B. mustn’t, may C. shouldn't, must D. can't, shouldn't
56. — A1ice, why didn't you come yesterday
— I , but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
57. They the train until it disappeared in the distance.
A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed
58. — Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls
— Yes. They have better players, so I us them to win.
A. hope B. prefer C. expect D. want
59. Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare. You must learn to .
A. support B. care C. spare D. share
60. — Are you coming to Jeff's party
— I'm not sure. I go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
61. Mary be in Beijing because I saw her an hour ago.
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t able to D. may not
62. You must be a writer,
A. will you B. won’t you C. aren’t you D. must you
63. He do the work, whether he wants or not.
A. shall B. ought C. need D. had to
64. They the room now. I can’t believe that they are using the room now.
A. mustn’t be using B. may have been used C. might have been used D. can’t be using
65. Dictionaries have changed much, we be surprised if they change more.
A. do not need to B. need not C. do not have to need D. have not the need to
66. Since air was weight, it press down on the surface of the earth.
A. may B. could C. ought to D. must
67. The students in the classroom not to make such a big fuss.
A. need B. must C. dare D. ought
68. You must have seen him yesterday,
A. didn’t you B. must you C. haven’t you D. have you
69. He ought to study hard,
A. should he B. ought he C. shouldn’t he D. didn’t he
70. Last year I ski, but this year I .
A. shouldn’t , shall B. couldn’t, can C. wouldn’t, will D. might not, may
71. I always give each of my students the attention .
A. one needs B. he needs C. they need D. they needed
二、用 can ( could ), may ( might ), must, have ( had ) to 填空:
1. He swim and skate well when he was only seven years old.
2. — we clean the classroom before class
— No， you needn't.
3. She told me that she come.
4. — I come in
— No, you mustn't.
5. The teacher is speaking slowly and clearly so that he make himself understood.
6. She said that we pay attention to our pronunciation.
7. what he said be true
8. Yesterday it rained heavily, so we put off the sports meet.
9. What I do for you
10. You keep the dictionary for a week.
三、用shall ( should ), will ( would ), ought to, need, dare填空：
1. you mind closing the window
2.You not hurry. There is enough time.
3. We be strict with ourselves.
4. the girl go out alone in the evening
5. We ought to help him, we
6. you please have a try
7. I go with you
8. She be a teacher when she grows up.
9. you to go to see your grandmother once a week.
10. How you say I’m foolish
参考答案：
一、
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. B 22. C 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. D 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. C 35. B 36. C 37. A 38. A 39. B 40. D 41. A 42. C 43. D 44. B 45. A 46. A 47. A 48. C 49. D 50. D 51. A 52. C 53. C 54. D 55. B 56. C 57. B 58. C 59. D 60. D 61. B 62. C 63. A 64. D 65. B 66. D 67. D 68. A 69. C 70. B 71. B
二、
1. could 2. Must 3. might 4. May 5. can 6. must 7. Can 8. had to 9. can 10. may
三、
1. Would 2. need 3. should 4. Dare 5. oughtn’t 6. Will 7. Shall 8. will 9. ought 10. dare
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之八 动词
动词的时态
一、时态的定义
作谓语的动词的时态就是用来表示动作发生或状态存在时间的各种形式称为时态。
英语动词的时态包括时（time）和式（form）两个方面。
时是表示动作发生或状态存在的时间。有现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种时间。
式是表示动作或状态的表现方式。有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种方式。
每一种时和式的结合就构成一种时态。
二、时态的种类
英语中共有16种时态。列表如下：
式(form) 一般式(indefinite) 进行式(continuous) 完成式(perfect) 完成进行式(perfect continuous)
时(time) 现在(present) 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时
过去(past) 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时
将来(future) 一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时
过去将来（future in the past） 过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时
英语中各种时态的使用频率不同，下面分别介绍：
（一）一般现在时(The Present Indefinite Tense)
1.一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示;如果主语是第三人称单数，则在动词原形后加-s或-es。
词尾读音分别为[s],[z],[iz]。
小提示：
其发音规则可以借鉴名词变复数时的顺口溜：
“清清浊浊，如果结尾是同类，发音之前要加[i]。”
其具体解释为：
在清辅音后的-s，–es要发相应的清辅音[s]；如果词尾是元音或浊辅音，他们便发相应的浊辅音[z]；如果是以摩擦音或破擦音（属于[s]的同类音）-s-或es便要在发音前加[i] 发成[iz]了。
2.一般现在时的肯定、否定一般疑问式及回答
以work为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式 一般疑问式及回答
IWeYouThey work IWeYouThey don't work… Do I work… Yes, you do.No, you don't.Do we work… Yes, you (we) do.No, you (we) don’t.Do you work…Yes, I (we) do.No, I (we) don't.
HeShe works HeShe doesn't work… Do they work… Yes, they do.No, they don't.Does he (she) work… Yes, he (she) does.No, he (she) doesn’t.
(否定式、疑问式及回答必须加do 或does。don’t, doesn’t是do not ,does not的缩略形式)
以be为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式 一般疑问及回答
I am… I am not… Am I …. Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
HeSheIt is HeSheIt is not… 　 Is　 heshe…. it Yes, he (she, it) is.No, he (she, it) isn’t
　WeYouThey　　 are 　WeYouThey　　 are not… Are we… Yes, you (we) are.No, you (we) aren’t.
Are you… Yes, I am (we are).No, I am not (we aren't).
Are they… Yes, they are.No, they aren't.
（aren’t，isn’t分别是 are not，is not的缩略形式）
动词 have（所属“有”）的否定、疑问式可由上述两种方式构成。
3.一般现在时的用法
①表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或现阶段的习惯
常用时间状语有： often， sometimes， usually， always， seldom， in the morning，every day，on Sunday等。如：
He is always ready to help others．她总是乐于助人。
The students have sports at five every afternoon．学生们每天下干5点加进行体育运动。
Does he work hard？他工作努力吗？
②表示不受时间限制的事实或普遍真理
Three plus two is five． 3加 2等于 5。
A plane is faster than a car．飞机比汽车快。
China is in Asia．中国在亚洲。
Light travels faster than sound．光比声速度快。
③在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中
主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来动作。如：
I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow．如果明天下雨，我就待在家。
She’ll go to see him as soon as she arrives．她一到达就去看他。
When they come， they’ll tell you something important．他们来后将告诉你一些重要事情。
注：
此种情况可以简单用四个字来记住：“主将从现”。
具体解释就是：当主句是一般将来时时，它的时间状语从句和条件状语从句中的时态为一般现在时。
④在含宾语从句的复合句中
尽管主句用过去时态，但如果宾语从句所述内容是客观真理，从句谓语动词仍用一般现在时。如：
The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east．老师告诉学生太阳从东边升起。
⑤表示已安排或计划好将来必定会发生的动作或存在的状态一般用be，come，go，arrive，leave，start等动词。如：
My birthday falls on May 2．我的生日是在5月 2日。
The meeting is at 2：00 p.m..下午2:00开会。
His ship leaves at 9：00 a．m．他乘坐的轮船上午 9：00起锚。
⑥图片说明、电影说明、解说戏剧内容及场景动词常用一般现在时。如：
Scene 1（Mary and Miss Green are in the professor’s room — a large， pleasant room with many books． There is a big desk near the window．）第一幕（玛丽和格林小姐在教授的房间— 这是个有许多书，令人感到舒服的大房子。窗边有张大书桌。）
⑦有几个由here，there开头的句子
动词用一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作。如：
There goes the bell．Let’s hurry！铃响了，快点！
Here comes the teacher．老师来了。
（二）一般过去时(The Past Indefinite Tense)
1.一般过去时的构成
一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。
（过去式的具体的变法和读音规则见动词的基本形式一节。）
行为动词在一般过去时态的句子里没有人称和数的变化，而动词be有变化。
2.一般过去时的肯定、否定、一般疑问及回答
以行为动词come和be为例,列表如下：
肯定式 否定式 一般疑问式及回答
I YouHeSheWeYouThey came… I YouHeSheWeYouThey didn't come… Did I come… Yes, you did.No, you didn't
Did you come… Yes, I did.No, I didn't.
Did he/she come… Yes, he/she did.No, he/she didn't.
Did we come… Yes, we /you did.No, we/you didn't.
Did you come… Yes, we did.No, we didn't.
Did they come… Yes, they did.No, they didn't.
I HeSheIt was… I HeSheIt was not ... Was I … Yes, you were.No, you weren't.
Was he/she/it … Yes, he/she/it was.No, he/she/it wasn't.
Were we… Yes, you/we wereNo, you/we weren't.
WeYouThey were… WeYouThey were not Were you… Yes, I was/we were.No, I wasn't/we weren't
Were they… Yes, they were.No, they weren't.
3.一般过去时的用法
①表示在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态
常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如a few minutes ago, yesterday, last Sunday等以及由连词 when等引导的时间状语从句。如：
He was here just now．他刚才还在这儿。
We worked in a factory in 1972．我们 1972年在那家工厂干活。
Did you get up early this morning？你今天早上起得早吗？
He didn’t watch TV last night．他昨天晚上没看电视。
②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作
可与时间状语often连用； used to（“过去常常”）加动词原形或would（“总是”、“常常”）加动词原形也表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。如：
When I was a boy， I often went to play in that park．当我是个小孩子时，常去那个公园玩。
He used to smoke．他过去常抽烟。（used to意为“过去常如此而现在不再这样”，只用于过去时）
When Li Ping was young， he would work on the farm．李平年轻时，常在农场干活。
（三）一般将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense)
1.一般将来时的构成
一般将来时由助动词shall或will十动词原形构成。
第一人称 I 、we用shall或will，其余人称都用will。
2.一般将来时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以行为动词work为例,列表如下：
肯定式 否定式 一般疑问式及回答
I We shall/will work… I We shan't/won't work… Shall I work… Yes, you will.No, you won't.
Shall we work… Yes, we shall / you will.No, we shan't / you won't.
HeSheYouThey will work… HeSheYouThey won't work…. Will he she work… I (we) they Yes, he / she / I (we) / they will.No, he / she / I (we) / they won't.
3.一般将来时的用法
表示将来发生的动作或将存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，next week，in a few days， next Sunday等连用。如：
When will they leave for Shanghai？他们将在何时动身去上海？
He will be back in a few days．他几天后将回来。
Where shall we meet tomorrow？明天我们将在哪里集合（碰头）？
注：shall和will除了上述表示单纯的将来外，还有其他用法。
在第一人称后， will常表示“决心”、“愿意”或“打算”，在否定句中用于所有人称，有“不愿”的意思。
shall用于第二人称时，可表示说话者的将来意愿或允诺。如：
I will study hard to keep up with my classmates．我一定要努力，赶上同学们。
You shall have the book．（我答应）你会得到这本书的。
He won’t do it．他不愿做这事。
If you will read the book， I will lend it to you.如果你愿（要）看这本书，我将把书借给你。（if引导的从句中will表示意愿，主句是一般将来时）
注：“Shall I （we）…？”这类疑问句通常是征求对方意见的说法，“Will you…？”这类疑问句常用来表示说话者请求对方许可等。如：
Shall I go with you？我与你一块去，好吗？
Will you come with me？请你随我来，好吗？
4. 表示一般将来时的另几种形式
①“be going to十动词原形”
多用于口语中所有人称，含有“打算”、“计划”、“准备”、“即将”做某事等意思，或表示很有可能要发生某事。如：
Mr. Green is going to buy a new car．格林先生打算买辆新车。
There is going to be a wonderful film in our school tonight．今晚我校要放映一部精彩影片。
Dark clouds are gathering, It is going to rain．乌云密集，要下雨了。
Are you going to have a discussion about it this afternoon？你们打算今天下午讨论这事吗？
②一般现在时
用来表示已安排或计划好的将来动作或存在状态，常与be，come，go, arrive, leave, start等动词连用。
③现在进行时
用来表示按计划即将发生的动作，多与表示移动的动词come，go，arrive，leave，fly，start等连用。如：
He is leaving for London．他就要启程去伦敦。
They aren’t coming．他们不来了。
④“be to十动词原形”和“be about to十动词原形”
前者指“安排好的事”，后者指“即将发生的事”。如：
The children are to learn English next week．孩子们下周要学习英语。
Are you to meet at the entrance to the park？你们约定在公园入口处碰头吗？
The train is about to start．火车即将启动。
I was about to leave when the telephone rang．我正要离开，电话向了。
（四）过去将来时(The Future-in-the-past Indefinite Tense)
1.过去将来时的构成
过去将来时由should或would十动词原形构成。第一人称I 、we用should或 would，其余人称都用 would。
2.过去将来时的肯定、否定式
以行为动词study为例,列表如下（该时态少用一般疑问式）：
肯定式 否定式
I We should (would) study… I We shouldn't (wouldn't) study…
HeSheYouThey would study… HeSheYouThey wouldn't study…
（shouldn’t是 should not的缩略形式，wouldn’t是 would not的缩略形式）
3.过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句中。如：
Lily said there would be a concert that evening．莉莉说晚上将有一场音乐会。
I was sure (that) they wouldn’t do that．我肯定他们将不会干那种事。
They wondered when we should（would） finish our composition．他们想知道我们什么时候写完这篇作文。
过去将来时也可以用 was（were） going to十动词原形、was（were） to十动词原形、was（were） about to十动词原形、was（were）+动词的现在分词（多与移动动词come，go，leave等连用）来表示。如:
No one knew when he was going to come．没有人知道他什么时候来。
He said that they were to leave at six.他说他们将于6:00动身。
He said that the meeting was about to begin.他说会议就要开始。
I didn’t know when they were leaving for Beijing.我不知道他们将何时动身去北京。
（五）现在进行时(The Present Continuous Tense)
1.现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由助动词be(／is／am／are)十现在分词构成。am用于第一人称单数，is用于第三人称单数，are用于其他各种人称。
2．现在进行时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以动词read为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式
I am reading.He / She is reading.We / You / They are reading. I am not reading.He / She is not reading.We / You / They are not reading.
一般疑问式及回答
Am I reading Is he / she reading Are we / you / they reading Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Yes, he / she is. No, he/she isn’t.Yes, you / we are. No, you/we aren’t.Yes, I am / we are. No, I’m not/we aren’t.Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
3.现在进行时的用法
（1）表示此时此刻正在进行的动作
The boys are reading magazines．男孩子在看杂志。
Are the students dancing？学生们在跳舞吗？
Mr. Green is talking with Jim in the classroom．格林先生正在教室与吉姆谈话。
（2）表示目前这段时间内正在进行的动作（尽管此时此刻该动作并不进行）
— What’s he doing this week？这一周他在干什么？
— He’s translating a novel.他在翻译一本小说。
They are learning Chinese in Beijing．他们在北京学汉语。
（3）现在进行时常与副词always，constantly等连用表示反复出现或习惯性动作，含有说话者的赞扬、不满、讨厌、遗憾等情绪。如：
The girl is always smiling happily．这个女孩总是愉快地微笑。
You’re always making the same mistake．你老是犯同样的错误。
She’s constantly changing her mind．她经常改变主意。
（4）用进行时可以表示过程
It’s getting cold．天气变得越来越冷。
The leaves on the trees are turning brown．树上的叶子逐渐变黄。
She’s finding that chemistry is much more difficult than physics．她渐渐感到化学比物理难学。
（5）现在进行时可用来表示按计划安排即将发生的动作（见一般将来时有关讲解）
注：英语里有些动词一般不用于现在进行时，它们是：
①表示知觉的动词，如see（看见），hear（听见），smell（闻到），taste（尝……昧），notice（留意）， feel（感到）等；
②表示态度和感情的动词，如believe（相信），agree（同意），like（喜欢），hate(恨)，want(想要)，think（认为）等；
③一些不表示具体动作而表示某种抽象的关系或概念的动词，如have（有），depend（依靠），seem（似乎），belong to（属于），consist（组成），possess（拥有，占有）等。
但当这些动词的词义改变时便可用于现在进行时。试比较：
I feel sick.我感觉不舒服。
The doctor is feeling my pulse．医生在给我把脉。
第一句里 feel意为“感到”、“感觉”，第二句里 feel意为“摸”。
I can’t see anything in the bowl．我看不见碗里有什么。
Tom is seeing his friend off at the airport.汤姆到飞机场送朋友。
第一句里 see意为“看见”，第二句里 see…off意为“送行”。
（六）过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense)
1.过去进行时的构成
过去进行时由助动词be(was／were)十现在分词构成。
was用于第一和第三人称单数，were用于其他各种人称。
2.过去进行时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以动词work为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式
I / He / She / It was working. I / He / She / It was not working.
We / You / They were working. We / You / They were not working.
一般疑问式及回答
Was I working Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Was he / she / it working Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn’t.
Were we working Yes, you / we were. No, you / we weren’t.
Were you working Yes, I was / we were. No, I wasn’t. / we weren’t.
Were they working Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
3.过去进行时的用法
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间可用时间状语表示，也可由上下文暗示。如；
He was watching TV when I came in．我进来时他在看电视。
— What were you doing this time yesterday？昨天这个时候你在干什么？
— I was writing a letter. 我在写信。
They were listening to the teacher attentively when the bell rang.他们专心致志地听老师讲课，这时铃响了。
While I was reading, my sister was playing.我在读书，而我妹妹在玩耍。
At that time they were having a good time.他们那时玩得非常愉快。
He was reading a novel in the library this morning.他今天早上一直在阅览室看小说。
（七）将来进行时(The Future Continuous Tense)
1.将来进行时的构成
将来进行时由 shall／will +be十现在分词构成。
第一人称用shall／will be，其余人称都用 will be。
2.将来进行时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以动词work为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式
I / We shall / will be working. I / We shan’t / won’t be working.
He / She / It / You / We will be working. He / She / It / You / We won’t be working.
一般疑问式及回答
Shall I be working Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Shall we be working Yes, we shall / you will. No, we shan’t / you won’t.
Will he / she / it / I / we be working Yes, he / she / it / you / we will. No, he / she / it / I / we won’t.
3.将来进行时的用法
①表示在将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作
I won’t be free this time tomorrow, I shall be meeting a friend at the station. 明天这个时候我没空，我要去车站接一位朋友。
He will be writing a report at nine tomorrow evening. 明天晚上九点他将写一篇报告。
When you get to the station at nine tomorrow，your uncle will be waiting for you there．你明天9：00到车站时,你叔叔将在那儿等你。
I will be busy this evening．I will be writing an article．我今晚会很忙。我要写一篇文章。
②在口语中，常用来表示按计划将来要发生或势必要发生的的动作。如：
I’ll be waiting for you at the gate. Be sure to come.我在大门口等您。一定要来。
I hope you will be coming on time．我希望你按时来。
They will be having their holiday in June．他们将于6月份外出度假。
（八）现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
1.现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由助动词have（has）十过去分词构成。
has用于第人称单数，have用于其他各种人称。
2.现在完成时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以动词work为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式
He / She has worked. He / She hasn’t worked.
I / We / You / They have worked. I / We / You / They haven’t worked.
一般疑问式及回答
Has he / she / it worked Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn’t
Have I / we / you / they worked Yes, you / we / I / they have. No, you / we / I / they haven’t.
3.现在完成时的用法
①表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作和状态
通常用可延续性动词，如be，work，study, live等，常与表示时间长度的状语连用，如 for ten minutes， since 1985， all day等，也可带有表示到目前为止的时间状语，如so far, up to now， until now等。如：
I have sat for hours in the classroom， reading a novel.我一连几小时坐在教室里看小说。
The weather has been cold so far this winter．今年冬天直到现在都很冷。
— How long have you been here？你来这儿多久了？
— I’ve been here for an hour．我来这儿一个小时了。
②表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果
常与非延续性动词如begin，give，go，meet，see等连用，并常带不确定的时间状语，如already， yet， once， twice， just，ever， never等。如：
I haven’t finished my homework yet．我还没做完家庭作业。
Has he visited the city twice？他两次访问过那个城市吗？
He has just come．他刚刚来。
注：非延续性动词不能表示“动作延续至今”，因此不能与for，since等延续性的时间状语连用。如“他已经到达两小时”不能说：
He has arrived here for two hours．
而是：
He has been here for two hours．
但用于否定式时，此类动词却不受这一限制，可以与for，since等延续性时间状语连用，因为动作在一段时间内不发生是可能的。如：
Haven’t seen you for a long time! 好久不见你了。
We haven’t heard from her since last week．上周以来我们就没收到她的来信。
③表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态
常与频度副词如 often，always，every week等连用。如：
He has always said so．他总是这么说。
I’ve often seen him in the library．我常在图书馆见到他。
④have (has) been和have (has) gone／come的区别
A. have(has）been用来表示以往的经历，译为“来（到）过”，常与频度状语once，ever等连用。如：
Has he ever been here？他曾来过这儿吗？（不能用 has come）
Have you ever been there？你曾去过那里吗？（不能用have gone）
They’ve been to Beijing twice．他们去过北京两次。（不能用have gone）
B. have（has）gone表示“走了”、“到……去了”，一般不与第一、二人称连用。如：
He has gone to Shanghai．他到上海去了。（他可能在途中，也可能已到上海，但不在这里。）
但有时have（has）gone也可用于第一、 二人称。如：
— Where shall I say you have gone if Li Ping asks for you？如果李平找你，我说你去哪儿了呢？
— Say that I have gone to Beijing．就说我到北京去了。
（九）过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
1.过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had十过去分词”构成。
2.过去完成时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以行为动词stop为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式
I / He / She / It / We / You / They had stopped… I / He / She / It / We / You / They had not stopped
一般疑问式及回答
Had I stopped… Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t
Had he / she / it stopped… Yes, he / she / it had. No, he / she / it hadn’t
Had we stopped… Yes, you / we had. No, you / we hadn’t
Had you stopped… Yes, I / we had. No, I / we hadn’t
Had they stopped… Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t
过去完成时在时间上的含义是“过去的过去”，因此句子中一般都有一个明确的状语或状语从句来表示过去时间。
3.过去完成时的用法
①表示动作或状态从过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到这一过去时间.
常与延续性动词连用，并常带有for，since，by，when，until等表示一段时间或表示起讫的时间状语。如：
I had been Beijing for three years by then.到那时我已经在北京呆了3年。
Until then he had known nothing about it．直到那时他对此事还一无所知。
The boy told his mother that he had been ill since he came back from the school．那男孩告诉母亲，他从学校回来后就病了。
She had only been here for ten minutes when Jim came in.她在那里仅10分钟，吉姆就进来了。
②表示动作在过去某一时间以前结束
通常与非延续性动词连用。如：
When they got to the field，the football match had already started．当他们到达足球场时，足球赛已经开始。
He had learned two hundred English words by the end of last term．到上学期末，他已经学了200个英语单词。
③表示在过去某时间以前反复发生的动作或出现的状态
常与频度状语连用。如：
He said he had seen the film twice．他说他已看过这部电影两次了。
④表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图
常与hope，intend，mean，expect，think，want，suppose等动词连用。如：
I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being seen， but that morning the room was quiet and orderly．我原希望在那一阵阵喧闹声中,趁人不注意偷偷溜到自己的座位上，可是那天早上，教室里却是那么安静而又有秩序。
注：在含有由after，before等引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于这类词本身的意义能够明确表示时间的先后关系，因此谓语动词常用过去一般时代替过去完成时。如：
After he finished his homework， he went to bed．做完作业后他便上床睡觉了。
（十）将来完成时(The Future Perfect Tense)
1.将来完成时的构成
将来完成时由“shall／will have十动词的过去分词”构成
第一人称用shall或will，其余人称都用will。
2.将来完成时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以行为动词study为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式
I / We shall / will have studied… I / We shan’t / won’t have studied…
He / She / You / They will have studied… He / She / You / They won’t have studied…
一般疑问式及回答
Shall I have studied… Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Shall we have studied… Yes, we shall / you will. No, we shan’t / you won’t.
Shall he / she / you / they have studied… Yes, he / she / I / we / they will. No, he / she / I / we / they won’t.
3.将来完成时的用法
①表示动作或状态延续到将来某一时间
常用延续性动词，并带有一个表示将来某一时间的状语或状语从句。如：
He will have been in the army for 10 years by next June. 到6月他将参军10年了。
We shall have walked a long way before we reach the village．到达那个村子前，我们将走一段很长的路。
②表示动作或状态在将来某时间以前已经结束，但其影响却延续到那一时间常用非延续性动词。它常常有一个由by所引起的时间状语，如by the end of next year（到明年年底）, by this time tomorrow（明天这个时候）等。例如：
He will have read three Shakespeare’s plays by the end of next term.到下学期期末时，他将看完三部莎士比亚的剧本。He will have finished writing the composition before they come.在他们到来之前，他会写完作文的。
I shall have finished my homework by ten o’clock．到 10：00，我将做完家庭作业。
When the old man comes next week， his son will have left for Shanghai．当老人下周来时，他儿子将已经动身去上海了。
将来完成时还可以用来表示一种揣测。见：“虚拟语气”部分
（十一）现在完成进行时(The Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
1.现在完成进行时的构成
现在完成进行时由“have／has been十动词的现在分词”构成，第三人称单数用has，其余人称都用have。
2.现在完成进行时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以行为动词work为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式
He / She has been working. He / She hasn’t been working.
I / We / You / They have been working. I / We / You / They haven’t been working.
一般疑问式及回答
Has he / she / it been working Yes, he / she/it has. No, he / she / it hasn’t.
Have I / we / you / they been working Yes, you / we / I / they have. No, you / we / I / they haven’t.
3.现在完成进行时的用法
①表示动作发生在过去一直持续到现在的动作这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍继续进行下去，常与延续动词连用。并常带有表示动作起讫时间的状语，如 since last week， since 1992等或由since引导的时间状语从句，也可以带有表示时间长度的状语，如for an hour， for a few days， these days等。如：
I’ve been writing letters for an hour( and I’ve still got some more to do).我一直写了一个小时的信了（还有更多的要写）。（动作仍然在继续）
It has been raining for three hours. 雨一直下了三个小时了。（动作仍然在继续）
I’ve been sitting in the garden (and have just come indoors). 我一直坐在花园里（刚刚进屋里）。（动作已经结束）
He has been watching TV since seven o’clock.从七点钟开始他一直在看电视。（动作可能还在延续）
Tom has been working hard since the new term began．新学期开始以来，汤姆一直努力学习。
Where have you been living these years？这些年来你一直住在哪里？
②表示不久前刚结束的动作
这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。如：
Sorry！I’m late．How long have you been waiting for me？很抱歉，我来迟了。你等了多长时间？
Hello！At last！I have been telephoning you all（the）morning．喂！可找着你了！我一早上都在给你打电话呢。
③某些不能用于进行时的动词（如 appear, believe, become, feel, like, look, seem, see，ear，know，have，be等感官动词和某些表示思维活动的动词）同样也不能用于现在完成进行时，只能用现在完成时。如：
I have known him for many years.我认识他已多年了。（不能用 have been knowing）
He has been ill for a long time.他病了好久了。（不能说:He has been ill for a long time.）
注：不具有延续意义的动词如finish，come，go，marry等不能用于现在完成进行时。
（十二）过去完成进行时
1.过去完成进行时的构成
过去完成进行时由助动词“had been十动词的现在分词”构成。
2.过去完成进行时的肯定、否定、一般疑问式及回答
以行为动词stop为例列表如下：
肯定式 否定式
I / He / She / It / We / You / They had been working… I / He / She / It / We / You / They had not working…
一般疑问式及回答
Had I been working… Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.
Had he / she / it been working… Yes, he / she / it had. No, he / she / it hadn’t.
Had we been working… Yes, you / we had. No, you / we hadn’t.
Had you been working… Yes, I / we had. No, I / we hadn’t.
Had they been working… Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.
3.过去完成进行时的用法
过去完成进行时表示的动作在过去某一时间以前就开始并且一直延续到过去的这个时间，在过去的那一时间点，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能已经停止了。
用法与现在完成进行时相仿，只是时间推移到过去
如：
They said they had been having a friendly match with our school team. 他们说他们刚才在和我们的校队进行友谊赛。（动作不再延续）
By the end of last year, he had been stuying foreign language for five years. 到去年底，他一直学习了五年外语。（动作可能还在继续）
再如：
I’d been working for some time when he called. 他达电话时我已经干了一段时间了。
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 到她到达为止，我已经等她两个小时了。
I realized that I had been overworking, so I decided to take a couple of days’ holiday. 我意识到我已经超负荷了，于是决定修今天的假。
How long had it been raining before you shut the window 在你关上窗户以前，雨下多久了？
有时过去完成时可以和过去完成进行时相互替换使用。比如：
I’d been working for three hours when he called.
I’d worked for three hours when he called.
二者区别不大。
在二者均可以的情况下，口语中倾向于用过去完成进行时。
三、时态的区别
（－）一般现在时与现在进行时的区别
一般现在时表示动作的时间不受限制或不确定，现在进行时表示动作的暂时性或有限度的持续性。如：
一般现在时 现在进行时
Father works 48 hours every week.父亲每周工作48小时。（指长期性工作） Don’t make so much noise. Father is working.别太吵，父亲在工作。（指目前的工作）
I usually wear sport shoes.我通常穿运动鞋。（指经常性的动作） I’m not wearing sport shoes today.今天我没穿运动鞋。（指暂时情况）
瞬间动词常用于现在时表示现在发生的短暂动作，如快速的现场解说等，而瞬间动词用于现在进行时表示动作的重复。如：
Jack shoots for goal．杰克射门。（一般现在时表示瞬间动作）
The boy is jumping with joy．那男孩高兴地跳着。（现在进行时体现动作重复）
（二）一般现在时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时比较强调一个动作从过去到现在的演变过程；一般现在时着重能力、习惯、心理状态或现在存在的状态等。试比较：
I come from Shanghai．我的出生地是上海。（即“我是上海人。”）
I have come from Shanghai．我是从上海来的。（说话者含义可能是So I can tell you what Shanghai is like now.丝毫没有“出生在上海”的含义。）
You read very well．你朗读得很好。（表示你不仅刚才朗读得好，而且具有朗读才能。）
You have read the text very well．这篇课文你朗读得很好。（表示刚完成的一次动作，不指平常朗读课文的水平如何。）
（三）一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或存在状态，不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在，或表示过去发生的动作对现在造成影响。试比较：
His brother was in the army for five years．他兄弟当过 5年兵。（现已退役）
His brother has been in the army for five years．他兄弟已当兵 5年。（现仍在部队里）
They saw the film yesterday．他们昨天看了电影。（着眼于动作本身）
They have already seen the film．他们已看过那部电影。（着眼于目前情况）
与一般过去时连用的时间状语只指过去而不涉及现在，而现在完成时通常与不确定的或包括现在在内的时间状语连用。试比较：
He was in prison in 1989．他于 1989年坐过牢。（in 1989表示具体的过去时间）
He has been in prison since 1989．他自从1989年以来一直在坐牢。（Since 1989表示从 1989年至现在）
The thief has just been in prison．小偷刚刚进监狱。（just表示不确定的时间状语）
有些时间状语如this morning, for a year，recently等既可与一般过去时又可与现在完成时连用，但在意义上有差别。试比较：
I wrote several letters this afternoon．今天下午我写了几封信。（说话时是晚上）
I have written several letters this afternoon．今天下午我写了几封信。（说话时仍是下午）
He learned English for 6 years．他学过 6年英语。（动作已成为过去）
He has learned English for 6 years．他已经学了 6年英语。（动作刚结束或仍继续）
（四）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
现在完成时态表示曾经发生的动作对现在的影响或动作已完成，现在完成进行时强调动作仍然继续。试比较：
He has written a letter．他写了一封信。（已经写好）
He has been writing a letter．他一直在写信。（仍然在写）
现在完成时强调动作的最后结果，现在完成进行时强调动作的直接结果。试比较：
The boy has finished his homework．He can go out to play．这个男孩做完了家庭作业，可以出去玩耍了。（强调最终结果）
You look tired．What have you been doing？看起来你很累，你一直在干什么？（强调直接结果）
注：延续性动词与延续性的时间状语连用，用现在完成时和现在完成进行时都表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作，二者在意义上区别不十分明显，常可互换，只不过现在完成时更强调动作的延续性。如：
He has worked here for two hours．他在这里工作已经两小时。
He has been working here for two hours．他一直在这工作已经两小时。
如果上述两句没有延续性时间状语，意思上便有差别。如：
He has worked here．他曾在这里工作过。
He has been working here．他一直在这里工作。
（五）一般将来时与将来进行时的区别
一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或情况，将来进行时则强调这种动作的持续。试比较：
I hope it won’t rain tomorrow．我希望明天不下雨。（只表示将来的情况）
It’s raining again．I hope it won’t still be raining tomorrow．又下雨了。我希望明天不再下雨。（强调情况的持续性）
一般将来时所表示的动作往往表示说话人的意向，即说话人有意去做的事，而将来进行时则表示一种无意图的动作。试比较：
I’ll come to your house tomorrow．明天我要到你家来。（表示说话人的意图，也是一种许诺）
I’ll be coming to your house tomorrow．明天我会到你家来。（不含说话者的意图）
将来进行时有时用于表示碰巧发生的事。如：
I shall be coming to Beijing next week．Perhaps I could see you then．我下星期要到北京去，也许那时我能见到你。（含有“在这种情况下我可能遇见你”之义）
如果把这句话改为“I shall come to Beijing…”那就意味着“我意要去北京见你”这样一种意思了。又如：
Will you be coming to the party this evening？你能参加今晚的宴会吗？（这里有“是否碰巧也能参加”的意思。如果改成Will you come to the party this evening？就变成邀请对方参加宴会的意思了。）
（六）现在完成（进行）时与过去时的区别
1.现在完成（进行）时，无论其动作或状态在说话时已经完成还是延续到说话时并可能继续下去，都与现在时间有联系。如果与现在时间没有联系，那就要用一般过去时或过去进行时了。试比较：
His sister has been (living)an invalid all her life.（含义是：她现在还活着。）
His sister was an invalid all her life.（含义是：她已经死了。）
He has lived in China for ten years.（含义是：他可能还住在中国。）
He lived in China for ten years.（含义是：他已经不在中国了。）
2.同样，如果用了与现在时间没有联系的确定的时间状语，也要用一般过去时或过去进行时。试比较：
I’ve been all over Africa.
I went all over Africa in 2002.
“You look tired.”
“Yes, I’ve been working non-stop all day.”
“You look tired.”
“Yes, I was working non-stop until seven o’clock.”
“Have you found that letter yet ”
“Yes, I found it when I tidied my drawer.”
四、时态的呼应(The Sequence of Tenses)
在英语复合句中，从句中的动词时态，特别是宾语从句中的动词时态，通常在一定程度上受到主句中动词时态的制约，英语语法上称这种现象为时态呼应。
时态呼应一般应遵循下列几条原则：
1.主句中动词是过去时态
宾语从句中的动词时态通常是各种过去时态的一种，具体用过去时态的哪一种，则需要根据具体意义来确定。
（1）主句中的动作与宾语从句中的动作同时发生
从句中的动词用一般过去时，或根据具体意义的需要用过去进行时。如：
I knew he studied in this school．我知道他在这所学校学习过。
I knew she was studying English in this school in the years from 1997 to 1999．我知道从 1997年到 1999年期间她在这所学校学习。
（2）宾语从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之前
从句中的动词用过去完成时。如：
He said that he had visited his old friends．他说他已拜访了他的老朋友。
（3）宾语从句中的动作在主句动作发生前已持续了一段时间
从句中的动词用过去完成时或过去完成进行时。加：
He said that the patient had been under his treatment for three years．他说病人已在他那儿治疗三年了。
I knew that he had been working here since 1989．我知道他自1989年以来一直在这里工作。
（4）宾语从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之后
从句中的动词用过去将来时，或过去将来进行时，或过去将来完成时。如：
He said that they would read the book the following year．他说他们明年才读那本书。
He said that they would be reading when she came．他说她来时他们将在阅读。
He said that they would have finished reading the book by July 1st．他说他们到7月1日将可读完那本书。
但是，如果宾语从句表示的是一般真理或习惯性行为，则不受时态呼应的限制。如：
The students knew that water consists of oxygen and hydrogen．学生们那时都知道水是由氧和氢构成的。
He told his teacher that he takes a bath once a week in winter．他告诉老师他冬天每周洗一次澡。
2.主句中的动词是现在时或将来时
宾语从句中的动词可根据意义的需要确定任何一种时态。如：
I know that my brother has gone to Shanghai．我知道我弟弟去上海了。
I have just learned that he went to Changsha yesterday．我刚刚获悉他昨天去了长沙。
I shall tell the doctor that my classmate vomited three times last night．我将告诉医生我的同学昨晚呕吐了三次。
3.定语从句及表示原因、结果、比较、让步等的状语从句一般不受时态呼应的限制
Now he is reading the book which I bought the day before yesterday．他正在读我前天买回来的那本书。
He didn’t go out last night because he will have an examination tomorrow．他昨晚没外出是因为明天要（参加）考试。
His blood pressure was higher last year than it is this year．他的血压去年比今年高。
4.主语从句、表语从句一般要受时态的限制
What he would do was of no importance．他将做什么并不重要。
The question was what he would do next．问题是下一步他将做什么。
巩固练习题
一、选择：
1.The foreign scientist in our college for eight years and does not want to leave.
A. worked B. works C. is working D. has been working
2. I Peter since he was a little boy.
A. know B. knew C. have known D. had known
3. He when you came.
A. has already arrived B. had already arrived C. will arrive D. would already arrive
4. My aunt to see us. She'll be here soon.
A. came B. is coming C. comes D. had come;
5. She when I go to see him.
A. has always worked B. will always work.
C. has always been working D. is always working
6. We must be careful. Cotton fire easily.
A. catches B. will catch C. is catching D. has caught
7. My mother Mrs. Lin quite well. They were introduced at a party.
A. is knowing B. was knowing C. knows D. had been knowing
8. This sweater over 15 dollars.
A. had costed B. is costed C. costed D. cost
9. The children aloud when the teacher came in.
A. read B. was reading C. were reading D. has read
10. By this time tomorrow we the machine.
A. have repaired B. shall have repaired C. will repair D. would repair
11. He said that the old man soon.
A. will come B. would come C. has come D. had come
12. However hard you , you will never succeed in pleasing her.
A. try B. will try C. should try D. would try
13. As she the newspaper, Granny asleep.
A. read, was falling B. was reading, fell C. was reading, was falling D. read, fell
14. You don't need to describe her. I her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
15. I don't think Jim saw me; he into space.
A. just stared B. has just stared C. was just staring D. had just stared
16. Helen her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband home.
A. has left, comes B. left, had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come
17. ---Can I help you, sir
—Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it .
A. didn't work B. won't work C. can't work D. doesn't work
18. I first met Lisa three years ago. She at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
19. — Is this raincoat yours
— No, mine there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung
20. — Nancy is not coming tonight.
— But she !
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
2l. Shirley a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
22. — Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
— I am tired. I the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
23. The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so or not.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
24. — You've left the light on.
— Oh, so I have. and turn it off.
A. I'll go B. I've gone C. I go D. I'm going
25. The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
二、用括号里所给的动词的适当形式填空
1. She (leave) the office two hours ago.
2. As soon as she arrived home, the girl discovered that she (take) her friend's English text book by mistake.
3. Who (come) to school earliest in your class every morning
4. Great changes ( take ) place in this city since 1979.
5. By the time he was twelve, Edison ( begin ) to make a living by himself.
6. He usually listens to the radio, but now he ( watch ) TV.
7. By the end of this century, we ( build ) our country into a strong modern one.
8. The man ( hope ) to catch the last train, but he was too late.
9. The boys ( play ) basketball from 5: 00 to 6: 00 yesterday afternoon.
10. — Have you seen that wonderful film
— No, I (see) it next Monday.
11. I (not get) through yet. I (try)to get our Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning.
12. — “You look exhausted.”
— “Yes, I (play) tennis and I (not play) for years, so I’m not used to it.
13. I (write) an essay since two o’clock.
14. How long you (learn) English
15. He (sleep )since ten o’clock. It’s time he woke up.
16. He (cough) a lot lately. He oughtto give up smoking.
17. I (know) Miss Huggins for several years.
18. I (read) her latest novel, but I (not finish) it yet.
19. Lee (learn) English for several years, and at last he (master) the irregular verbs.
20. It (rain) but it (stop) now.
21. I (travel) a lot in America. ( = I know America.)
22. I (travel) a lot in America. ( = I am still traveling in America.)
23. you (read) War and Peace ( = Do you know War and Peace )
24. I (read) your book. ( = I haven’t finished it.)
25. I (read) your book. ( = I have finished it.)
26. She (cry) again.( Look, her eyes are red!)
27. Peter (injure)his ankle.( His ankle is still bad.)
28. I (work) all day (and I’m tired out).
29. He (lost) money for years(and will probably continue to lose money).
30. We (build) a laboratory (and we will finished it in two month).
参考答案：
一、
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. D 22. C 23. C 24. A 25. A
二、
1. left 2. had taken 3. comes 4. have taken 5. had begun 6. is watching 7. will have built 8. had hoped 9. were playing 10. am going to see 11. haven’t got , have been trying , has been 12. have been playing, haven’t played 13. have been writing / have written 14. have … been learning / learned 15. has been sleeping 16. has been coughing / has coughed 17. have known 18.have been reading, haven’t finished 19. has been learning, has mastered 20. has been raining , has stopped 21. have traveled 22. have been traveling 23. Have … read 24. have been reading 25. have read 26. has been crying 27. has injured 28. have been working 29. has been losing 30. have been building
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之八 动词
动词的语态
一、语态的定义和种类
语态（voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。
英语动词有两种语态：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。
同一件事情往往可以通过主动句或被动句来表示，侧重点虽有所不同，但意思基本相同。一般来说，主动语态侧重于行为者，被动语态侧重于动作的对象或动作本身。例如：
主动句：Peter cleaned the meeting room every day. 彼得每天打扫会议室。
被动句：The meeting room was cleaned every day. 会议室每天(由彼得)打扫。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
以动词tell为例列表如下：
一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am / is / are told am / is / are being told has / have been told
过去时 was / were told was / were being told had been told
将来时 shall / will told shall / will have been told
过去将来时 should / would told should / would have been told
注：英语主动语态的时态共有十六种，而被动语态没有完成进行时，也没有将来进行时态，因此只有上表中的10种。如果将谓语动词为完成进行时态和将来进行时态的句子变为被动句时，可用完成时态或一般时态表示。如：
1. 用一般时态替代将来进行时态
This subject will be discussed by us tomorrow morning. (不能用 … will be being discussed …) 明天早上这个题目将由我们讨论。
2.用现在完成时态替代现在完成进行时态
The machine has been repaired for two hours. (不能用 … has been being repaired…)这台机器已经修了两个钟头了。
三、被动语态的否定句、一般疑问句及简略答语
构成被动语态的否定结构时，在助动词am, is, are, was, were, have, has, will, shall, would, should后直接加 not;构成被动语态的一般疑问句时，则须将这些助动词提至主语之前，回答用yes或no.如：
肯定句：The room was cleaned. 房间扫过了。
否定句：The room was not cleaned.房间没打扫。
一般疑问句：Was the room cleaned 房间扫了吗？
肯(否)定回答：Yes, it was. ( No, it wasn’t .) 是的，扫过了。(不，没扫过。)
肯定句：The work has been finished. 工作已经结束。
否定句：The work hasn’t been finished. 工作尚未结束。
一般疑问句：Has the work been finished？工作结束了吗？：
肯（否）定回答：Yes, it has. (No, it hasn’t.)是的，结束了。（不，尚未结束。）。
四、各种时态的被动语态举例、
（一）一般现在时
This song is often sung by children．孩子们常唱这首歌。
A great deal of water is used (by people) in this city.这个城市用水很多。
These books are often borrowed by girls．女同学常借这些书。。
（二）一般过去时
The house was built in 1958．这房子建于1958年。
When were those bikes made？那些自行车是什么时候造的？
The sports meeting was held in our city last year．运动会去年在我市举行。
（三）一般将来时及过去将来时
Many buildings will be built in my home town．我的家乡将要建造许多大楼。
The thief will be sent to prison this afternoon．今天下午将把小偷送往监狱。
The old scientist said that he would be invited to visit their country before long．那位老科学家说不久他将应邀访问他们的国家。
（四）现在进行时和过去进行时
The proposal is being considered now．正在考虑这个提案。
A modern hospital is being built near our school．我们学校附近在建一家现代化医院。
Mr. Wu was in hospital．When we went to see him， he was being operated on. 吴先生生病住院了。我们去看他时，他正在动手术。
（五）现在完成时和过去完成时
Recently the price of TV sets has been cut．近来电视机降价了。
Have the letters been posted？信已经寄出了吗？
He came and told us that the work had been finished．他来告诉我们，工作已经完成。
（六）将来完成时和过去将来完成时
By the end of this year，the tall building will have been built．到今年底，这幢高楼将建成。
The boy told mother that his homework would have been finished by ten o’clock．男孩告诉妈妈到 10：00他的作业将做完。
五、被动语态的用法
由于英汉两种语言表达习惯不同，英语使用被动语态的频率比汉语多得多。初学者因受汉语影响，往往在应该用被动语态时不用被动语态而出差错。因此有必要弄清在什么情况下使用英语被动语态。
一般说来，在下列情况下应该使用被动语态：
（一）在不知道动作执行者是谁时
His bike has been stolen．他的自行车被人偷了。（是被谁偷的，不清楚。）
You are wanted outside．外面有人找你。（是谁找，不认得。）
（二）当动作执行者是泛指或不言自明时
The books in the library must not be taken away．图书馆的书不得带走。（人人都不得带走，泛指。）
China was liberated in 1949．中国 1949年解放。（不言而喻是中国。共产党解放的。）。
（三）虽然可以说出动作执行者但动作承受者是谈话中心或特别需要强调。
My watch has been repaired．我的表修好了。（表修好了是谈话的主旨，是谁修好无关紧要，不必提及。）
At last an agreement was arrived at．终于达成了一项协议。（重要的是达成协议。）
（四）出于委婉、礼貌而避免提及自己或对方时
Enough has been said here of this question．关于这个问题，这里已经谈得不少了。（意思是说：大家不要再说了。）
You are wished to do it more carefully．希望认真一点做。（谁希望，不愿或不便说出来。）
（五）在文章标题、广告、新闻等中（常用省略助动词 be的被动语态）
Girls Wanted．招女工。（广告用语，省略了助动词 are．）
Road Blocked．道路堵塞。（新闻报道，省略了助动词is．）
（六）当动作的执行者不是人时
We are all shocked by the news of his sudden death．他的突然去世使我们大家都感到震惊。
The house was washed away by the storm．房子被暴风雨冲走了。
（七）为了使结构紧凑、上下连贯对
The headmaster often talked to the students and was always listened to attentively. 校长经常和学生们谈话，学生们总是留心听他讲。（下半句用被动语态显然要比“and they always listened to him attentively”简练得多。）
The president was mistrusted by the leaders of the two most powerful political parties in the country.该国最强大的两个政党的领导人不信任总统。（leaders后接一个较长的作定语的介词短语，如果改用主动语态来表达，就会头重脚轻。这种句子译成汉语时则要译成主动语态，即倒过来译。）
（八）在商务书信中书信起草人是以公司名义时
Your letter has been received．来信收到。（这是公文来往的用语，朋友之间若这么写就显得太冷漠了。）
Your complaint is being looked into．你的投诉正在调查之中。
六、带情态动词的被动语态
带有情态动词的被动结构是：“情态动词十 be 十及物动词的过去分词”。例如：
All the questions on the exam paper must be answered．试卷上的问题都必须回答。
This work can be easily done．这项工作很容易做。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible．计划必须尽早完成。
七、语态转换
将主动结构变为被动结构时，先把主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语（如为代词，宾格须变为主格），接着把主动结构的动词由主动语态变为被动语态，最后在动词被动语态之后加介词by，再将主动结构中的主语放在by之后，变为by的宾语（如为代词，主格须变为宾格）。
英语中大多数有及物动词的主动句都可以转换为被动句，具体转换及注意事项如下：
（一）含一个宾语的主动句
带一个直接宾语的主动句变为被动句时，把宾语变为主语，动词由主动结构变为被动结构，主语变为由介词引起的短语，by引起的短语有时可以省略。如：
主动句：People play football all over the world．世界各地的人都踢足球。
被动句：Football is played all over the world．世界各地都踢足球。
主动句：The workers are building a road．工人们正在修建一条路。
被动句：A road is being built. 正在修建一条路。
（二）含双宾语的主动句
带一个直接宾语和一个间接宾语的主动句变为被动句时，只把其中一个宾语变为主语。如：
主动句：Mother gave me the present．母亲给我这件礼物。
被动句：I was given the present by mother．
或：The present was given to me by mother．这件礼物是母亲给我的。
主动句：My friend lent me those books.我的朋友借给我这些书。
被动句：I was lent the books by my friend.
或：Those books were lent（to） me by my friend．这些书是我朋友借给我的。
（三）含两个直接宾语的主动句带有两个直接宾语的主动句变为被动句时，通常只把表示人的宾语改为主语，表示事物的宾语一般不变。如：
主动句：They asked him some questions．他们问了他几个问题。
被动句：He was asked some questions (by them).他被问了几个问题。
主动句：I forgave him his rudeness.我原谅他的卤莽。
被动句：He was forgiven his rudeness.他的卤莽为我所原谅。
（四）含that宾语从句的主动句
当含有that的宾语从句的主动句变成被动句时，通常以间接宾语作主语，that从句不变。如：
主动句：She told me that the teacher would come soon. 她告诉我老师很快就来。
被动句：I was told that he teacher would come soon. 我听说老师马上就来。
主动句：They warned him that the man was dangerous. 他们提醒他，这个人很危险。
被动句：He was warned that the man was dangerous. 他被告诫说，这个人很危险。
（五）含复合宾语的主动句
带有宾语和宾语补足语的主动句变成被动句时，把宾语变为主语，原来的宾语补足语保留不变，但在作用上为主语补足语。作主语补足语可以是名词（短语）、形容词（短语）和非限定动词（短语），其中不定式都必须带to。如：
主动句：Jenny found a wallet lying on the ground．詹妮发现地上有只钱夹。
被动句：A wallet was found lying on tie ground．发现地上有只钱夹。
主动句：They called him Lao Zhang．他们叫他老张。
被动句：He was called Lao Zhang．他叫老张。
主动句：The farmer made the horses work the whole day．农民让马干了一整天活。
被动句：The horses were made to work the whole day．马被驱使干了一整天。
主动句：We considered the matter settled．我们认为问题解决了。
被动句：The matter is considered settled．问题被认为得到了解决。
(六）含短语动词的主动句
含短语动词的主动句变成被动句时要把它们作为整体看待，不可丢掉动词后的介词或副词
含有“动词十介词”的主动句变为被动句时，要注意保留动词后的介词。
主动句：People often talk about this film.人们常谈起这部影片。
被动句：This film is often talked about.这部影片常被谈起。
主动句：Aunt Li looked after the baby.李大婶照料过那个婴儿。
被动句：The baby was looked after by Aunt Li.那婴儿曾由李大婶照料过。
类似的短语动词还有look at（看）， depend on（依靠），think of（想起），call on（号召，访问）等。
含有“动词十名词十介词”的主动句变为被动句时，有两种转换方法：一是把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语；二是把固定动词短语中的名词变为被动句的主语。
主动句：You should pay attention to your pronunciation．你应当注意发音。
被动句： Your pronunciation should be paid attention to.
或：Attention should be paid to your pronunciation. 应该注意你的发音。
主动句：Someone had set fire to the house. 有人放火烧了那所房子。
被动句：The house had been set fire to.
或： Fire had been set to the house. 那所房子已被人放火烧了。
类似的短语动词还有make use of（利用），take notice of（注意，看见）， take hold of（抓住）等。
含有“动词十副词”的主动句变成被动句时，要注意保留动词后的副词。
主动句：you must hand in all your compositions after class．你们必须在下课后把所有的作文交来。
被动句：All your compositions must be handed in after class．下课后必须把所有的作文交来。
主动句：We shouldn’t give up this work．我们不应该放弃这项工作。
被动句：This work shouldn’t be given up．这项工作不应该放弃。
类似的短语动词还有 carry out（执行，贯彻），put on（穿上），work out（算出），take off（脱下）等。
含有“动词十副词十介词”的主动句变为被动句时，要注意保留动词后的副词和介词。
主动句：Li Ping will catch up with him if he doesn’t run faster. 如果他不快点，李平将赶上他。
被动句：He will be caught up with by Li Ping if he doesn’t run faster. 如果不快点，他将被李平赶上。
主动句：People in many countries looked down upon women in the past. 许多国家的人们过去都轻视妇女。
被动句：Women were looked down upon (by people in many countries) in the past. 妇女过去在许多国家都受到轻视。
类似短语动词还有do away with， put up with（容忍）等。
巩固练习题
一、选择：
1.John said in his letter that he a cold for a few days.
A. had B. has had C. was having D. had had
2. When Jack arrived he learned Mary for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
3. She to bed when the telephone rang.
A. have gone B. went C. was going D. was doing
4. How long you the party
A. have, joined B. did, join C. are, in D. have, been in
5. It every day so far this month.
A. rained B. has been raining C. rains D. is raining
6 By the end of last term, we in this school for two years.
A. had studied B. have studied C. have been studied D. would study
7.It heavily when I left my house.
A. is snowing B. snows C. was snowing D. will snow
8. Hello, I didn't know you were in Beijing, how long here
A. are you B. had you been C. will you be D. have you been
9. In case he , let me know.
A. will come B. would come C. comes D. come
10. I have to make a phone call. Can you wait a few moments It long.
A. won' t take B. isn't taking C. doesn't D. won' t be taking
11. How on with your new job these days Not bad.
A. do you get B. did you get C. are you getting D. nave you been getting
12. He received a telegram mother sick."
A. written B. said C. reading D. waiting
13. In warm weather fruit and meat long.
A. don' t keep B. are net kept C. are not keeping D. can' t be kept
14. The reports meet because of the heavy rain.
A. is put off B. has been put off C. has put off D. will put off
15. Great changes in Beijing in recent years.
A. took place B. were taken place C. have taken place. D. have been taken place
16 Have you moved into the new house Not yet. The room .
A. paints B. is painted C. have been painted D. is being painted
17. The World WarⅡ in 193l.
A. was broken out B. was broken C. broke out D. was happened
18. Eng1ish by people outside England and the United States
A. Are, understood B. Is, understood C. Are, understand D. Is, understand
19. A well-dressed lady was seen a shop just now.
A .to go into B. go into C. to go in D. to arrive
20.John by the police for driving too fast.
A. has caught B. caught C. has been caught D. catches
2l. All the colour TV sets out before we arrived.
A. are sold B. have been sold C. will be sold D. had been sold
22. The work soon.
A. will be finished B. has been finished C. will finish D. finishes
23. His "Selected Poems" in 1970.
A. were published B. was published C. is published D. has been published
24. The Great Wall all over the world.
A. was known B. is known C. was knew D. is knew
25. The problems now.
A. are discussed B. are discussing C. are being discussed D. is going to discuss
26. That big room for meetings.
A. uses B. shall use C. is using D. can be used
27. These films until tomorrow morning.
A. can't develop B. aren't developing C. won't develop D. won't be developed
28. Meat too long in the oven.
A. is not left B. must not be left C. is not to leave D. is not being left
29. She held something at her side which by the folds of her dress.
A. hid B. hided C. was hidden D. was hiding
30. A storm by a calm.
A. is often being followed B. was often followed
C. is often followed D. has often been followed
31. — the sports meet might be put off.
—Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I've been told B. I've told C. I'm told D. I told
32. Cleaning women in big cities usually get by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
33. My brother John. They used to flatmates.
A. knows B. know C. was knowing D. had known
34. This building to our university.
A. is belonged B. belongs C. is belonging D. has belonged
35. Before I moved to London, I in Manchester for two years.
A. stayed B. stay C. had stayed D. have stayed
36. I hope my father well soon.
A. will get B. get C. gets D. is getting
37. I’ll tell Mary your address as soon as her.
A. will see B. would see C. is seeing D. see
38. Tomorrow we will learn if Mr. Green a visit to our department.
A. plays B. will play C. play D. would pay
39. If you to the concert, I won’t go either.
A. don’t go B. shall not go C. won’t go D. are not go
40. When I was a child , I already learnt that the earth round the sun.
A. moved B. has moved C. moves D. is moving
41. The news quickly and made a stir.
A. spread B. spreaded C. spreads D. was spread
42. About a year ago, I in London for two year.
A. had lived B. have lived C. had been living D. lived
43. It is ten years to the new house.
A. since we moved B. since then we moved C. that we moved D. that we move
44. Mr. White finished the task .
A. since hours ago B. for hours C. since 3:00 P.M. D. hours ago
45. She will stop showing off if no notice of her.
A. is taken B. takes C. will be taken D. has taken
46. She was lucky she .
A. isn’t killed B. hasn’t been killed C. hadn’t been killed D. wasn’t killed
47. She said her husband jogging every morning.
A. does B. did C. has done D. is doing
48. When you after class this afternoon, we the problem.
A. came, discussed B. come, will discuss C. will come, have discussed D. came, would discuss
49. The day will soon come when man such wonderful machines.
A. use B. uses C. will use D. has used
50. She when I go to see her.
A. will always read B. has always read C. reads D. is always reading
51. “Have you moved into the new flat ” “Not yet. The room .”
A. has been painted B. is painted C. paints D. is being painted
52. My pictures until next Friday.
A. won’t develop B. aren’t developed C. don’t develop D. won’t be developed
53. This kink of cloth very well.
A. will be washed B. is washed C. washing D. washes
54. They called us just as we dinner.
A. had B. were having C. would have D. are having
55. The supper .
A. is cooked B. cooks C. is cooking D. cooked
56. Nothing bad to me.
A. will happen B. will be happen C. is happened D. happening
57. This book .
A. prints B. is printed C. is printing D. will print
58. Mary told me that she it again and again until she in the experiment.
A. will try, succeeds B. would try, would succeed
C. would try, succeeded D. tried, would succeed
59. He said that he when he time.
A. will come, has B. would come, had C. is to come, has D. was coming , would have
60. This morning she told me that she Shanghai and Nanjing tomorrow.
A. would visit B. visit C. will visit D. were to visit
61. Kevin since he lost his job three weeks ago.
A. had been unemployed B. was unemployed C. has been unemployed D. has unemployed
62. I my parents for about two years.
A. have seen B. haven’t seen C. saw D. hadn’t seen
63. Just now our teacher to the library.
A. went B. will go C. goes D. has been
64. A great number of colleges and universities since 1949.
A. has been established B. have been established C. have established D. had been established
65. “Who is that girl over there ” “ I her before.”
A. never had seen B. have never seen C. was never seeing D. never saw
66. Medicine great progress in the last twenty years.
A. has made B. was made C. had made D. made
67. Supper will be ready by the time you home.
A. will come B. have come C. come D. are coming
68. I will help you if I my homework.
A. finish B. have finished C. will finish D. finish
69. Please wait till I my housework.
A. will finish B. have finished C. finish D. finished
70. In summer, food long.
A. isn’t kept B. doesn’t keep C. isn’t keeping D. keeps
71. By the time the Second War started in 1939, some degree of automatic control .
A. has been developed B. have developed C. had been developed D. has developed
72. He his design until eight yesterday evening.
A. finished B. had finished C. hadn’t finidhed D. has finished
73. He said that he would be able to see me when he that letter.
A. wrote B. has written C. will have written D. had written
74. By the end of 1962, we the demand for petroleum.
A. met B. had met C. would have met D. were going to meet
75. He scarcely the house when it began to rain.
A. would, leave B. had, left, C. did, leave D. does, leave
76. My watch isn’t working, it needs .
A. being repaired B. pepairing C. to repair D. that we repair
77. By the end of next year, I in this university for 20 years.
A. will have worked B. will work C. have worked D. have been working
78. The game will be postphoned in case it .
A. rarined B. will rain C. rains D. would rain
79. This skirt me well.
A. suits B. is suited C. is suiting D. has suited
80. My hair wants .
A. being cut B. cuting C. cutting D. to cut
81. We’ll support your plans even if you into many difficulties.
A. have run B. were to run C. will run D. run
82. At this time tomorrow, we you in the classroom.
A. shall be waiting for B. are waiting for C. shall wait for D. wait
二、将下列句子变成被动语态
1.My father will repair my bike for me.
2. Li Ping himself invented the machine.
3. I have found my wallet.
4. She told me to wait here for her.
5. The police will surely arrest the murderer.
6. They invited Mr. Green to make a speech.
7. The little boy broke the vase.
8. The students clean their classroom every day.
9. You mustn't take those books out of the reading-room.
10. I didn't tell you the girl could do the job.
11. Do people speak English in your country
12. They will have done the work by midday tomorrow, I hope.
13. The officer made the soldier stand against the wall for three hours.
14. They are serving breakfast between six and nine o'clock.
15. Did you finish your composition this morning
三、用两种方法把下列句子变成被动语态：
Example: He gave me a present.
— I was given a present.
— A present was given to me.
1. Mother often tells her children a story at bed time.
2. A po1ite girl served tea to the old ladies.
3. John gave Lucy a dozen roses.
4. Someone had set fire to the house.
5. You must pay attention to your writing.
四、把下列句子变成为主动语态：
1. Mary is known to be a nice girl.
2. Which book was written by your grandfather
3. A steel plant is being built in this city now.
4. Is the meat kept in the fridge (by him)
5. A doctor ought to be sent for.
6. She was chosen our League secretary.
7. Was Li Ping seen going out
8. The pupils weren't allowed to go swimming (by the teacher).
9. This is called a chemical change.
10. Are many trees planted by people every year
参考答案：
一、
1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. C 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. B 25. C 26. D 27. D 28. B 29. C 30. C 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. C 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. C 41. A 42. D 43. A 44. D 45. A 46. D 47. A 48. B 49. C 50. D 51. D 52. D 53. D 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. C 58. C 59. B 60. C 61. C 62. B 63. A 64. B 65. B 66. A 67. B 68. B 69. B 70. B 71. C 72. C 73. D 74. B 75. B 76. B 77. A 78. C 79. A 80. C 81. D 82. A
二、
1. My bike will be repaired by my father for me.
2. The machine was invented by Li Ping himself.
3. My wallet has been found.
4. I was told to wait here for her.
5. The murderer will surely be arrested (by the police).
6. Mr. Green was invited to make a speech.
7. The vase was broken by the little boy.
8. Their c1assroom is cleaned by the students every day.
9. Those books mustn't be taken out of the reading — room.
10. I didn't tell you the job could be done by the girl.
11. Is English spoken (by people) in your country
12. The work will have been done by midday tomorrow, I hope.
13. The soldier was made to stand against the wall for three hours (by the officer ).
14. Breakfast is being served between six and nine o'clock.
15. Was your composition fin1shed this morning
三、
1. Her children are often told a story at bed time.
A story is often told to her children at bed time.
2. Tea was served to the old lad1es (by a polite girl).
The old 1adies were served tea (by a polite girl).
3. A dozen roses were given to Lucy.
Lucy was given a dozen roses.
4. The house had been set fire to.
Fire had been set to the house.
5. Your writing must be paid attention to.
Attention must be paid to your writing.
四、
1. Everybody knows Mary to be a nice girl.
2. Which book did your grandfather write
3. They are building a steel plant in this city now.
4. Dees he keep the meat in the fridge
5. We ought to send for a doctor.
6. We chose her our League secretary.
7. Did someone see Li Ping going out
8. The teacher didn't allow the pupils to go swimming.
9. We call this a chemical change.
10. Do people plant many trees every year
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之八 动词
虚拟语气
一、语气(Mood)的定义
语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
二、语气的种类
（一）陈述语气
表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：
We are not ready．我们没准备好。
Did it rain all day yesterday？昨天下了一天雨吗？
What a fine day it is！多好的天气啊！．
（二）祈使语气
表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如：
Be careful！当心！
Don’t forget to close the window．别忘了关窗。
Open the door，please．请打开门。
（三）虚拟语气
表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：
If I were you，I should study English．如果我是你，我就学英语了。
I wish you could go with me．但愿你能同我们一起去。
May you succeed！祝您成功！
三、虚拟语气的用法
（一）虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句(Sentences of Real condition)，一类是虚拟条件句(Sentences of Unreal Condition)。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如：
If It doesn’t rain tomorrow， we will go to the park．如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如：
If he had seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it．如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。（事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。）
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现在将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下：
主句中的should只可用于I 、we,但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。
1．表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果
谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 主句
动词过去式（be用were） 第一人称 should第二、三人称 would +动词原形
如：
If I were you，I should（would，could，might）tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就会（可能）对他说实话。
If he had time，he would（could，might）go with you．如果他有时间，他就会（可能）和你去。
If my brother were here，everything would be all right，要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。
2.表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果
谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 主句
Had + 过去分词 第一人称 should第二、三人称 would + have + 过去分词
If you had taken my advice，you wouldn’t（couldn’t）have failed in the exam．如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会（不可能）考试不及格。
If I had had the money last week，I should（would，could，might） have bought a car．如果我上星期有了这笔钱，我就会（可能）买 一辆车。
She would（could，might）have telephoned you immediately，if she had won the game．如果她比赛赢了，她就会（可能）给你打电话。
If you had come a few minutes earlier， you would （could， might ）have met the famous singer．如果你早来几分钟的话，你就会（可能）会见到那个著名歌唱家。
3.表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果
谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 主句
（1）动词过去式（2）were to + 动词原形（3）should +动词原形 would + 动词原形
If it were Sunday tomorrow， I should（would，could， might） go to see my grandmother.如果明天是星期天，我就（可能）去看望我奶奶。
If it were to snow this evening，they would not go out．如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。
If it should rain，the crops would（could，might）be saved．假如天下雨，庄稼就一定（有可能）得救。
4.主、从句的动作发生时间不一致的情况
有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这则动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。
If you had listened to the doctor，you would be all right now．如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。（从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在）
If you had practiced speaking English more，you would be able to speak it fluently.如果你多练习讲英语，现在就能讲得很流利了。
5.虚拟条件句可以转换的形式
（1）省略连词if
在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had或should，可以把if省略，而把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。如：
Should he come（If he should come），tell him to ring me up．他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
Were I you（If I were you），I would not do it．我要是你，就不做这事。
Had he been more careful（If he had been more careful），such mistakes could have been avoided．如果他细心些，这些错误本来是可以避免的。
在虚拟条件句中，省略连词的倒装形式，其句首不能用助动词的缩略否定式。如我们可以说：
Were it not for the expense，I would go to Paris．
但不能说：Weren’t it for the expense，I would go to Paris.
（2）用介词短语代替条件状语从句
有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如：
Without air（If there were no air）， there would be no living things．如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。
But for your help（If it hadn’t been for your help）I couldn’t have done it．要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如：
I was busy that day． Otherwise I would have gone there with them．(If I hadn’t been busy that day， I would have gone there with them．) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。（ 如果我那天不忙的话，我就……）
I would have finished the work， but I have been ill．（If I hadn’t been ill，I would have finished the work．）我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。（如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……）
（3）省去条件从句或主句
表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
A．省去条件从句
You could have washed your clothes yourself．你本可以自己洗衣服的。（省去了“If you had wanted to”）（事实是：你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。）
B．省去主句（常用以表示愿望）
If my grandmother were with me！如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊！（事实是：祖母已不在世。）
If only she had not left！如果她没走就好了！（事实是：她已经走了。）
If only the wind would stop！风要是停了该多好！（事实是：风停的可能性很小。）
（二）虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
在“It is important（strange，natural，necessary） that…”这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要’等意义。如：
It is important that every member（should）inform himself of these rules．重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once. 有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is decided（has been decided） that the meeting（should） be postponed till tomorrow．已决定会议延期到明天。
It is very strange that she (should) have left without saying goodbye. 她不辞而别，真让人奇怪。
（三）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1.在动词 wish后的宾语从句中
表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词 that。
（1）表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式（be动词一般用were）。如：
I wish I knew the answer to the question．我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道）
I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year round．但愿北京全年是秋天。（只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现。）
She wishes she were still living with her grandmother．她希望仍和祖母住在一起。（实际不住在一起）
（2）表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had十过去分词”。如：
I wish（wished） I hadn’t spent so much money．我后悔不该花那么多钱。（实际上已经花掉）
He wishes（wished） he had not lost the chance．他真希望没有失去机会。（事实上机会已失去了，他感到惋惜。）
（3）表示对将来的主观愿望：从句动词形式为“would十动词原形”。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动物名词除外）。如：
I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。
I wish you would come soon．但愿你立刻来。
2.在 suggest（建议），demand，order，propose，insist（坚持），command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中
谓语动词用“should十动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如：
I suggest that we（should） set off at once．我建议马上动身。
I demand that he（should） answer me immediately．我要求他立刻答复我。
The students insisted that they（should） have more English classes．学生们坚持要多上英语课。
（四）虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
1.在带有even if/even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中
主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如：
Even if Lin Tao were here，I should say the same thing．即使林涛在这儿，我也要这样说。
Even though he had been ill，he would have gone to his office．即使生了病，他仍去办公室。
注：
当从句由though／although引导时，主句常用陈述语气，从句可用也可不用虚拟语气。如：
This gave me some faint hopes of relief，although I were（was）not able to imagine how it could be brought out．这给了我一丝解救的希望，但我想象不出如何实现。
2.由 as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时
从句谓语形式为动词的过去式（be用were）或“had十过去分词”。如：
He treats me as if I were a stranger．他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。
She talked about the film as if she had really seen it．她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
注：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
3.在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中
谓语动词多用“could／might（有时也用 should）十动词原形”。如：
Mr. Green spoke slowly so that his students could／might hear clearly．格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。
They are climbing higher in order that they might／could get a better view．他们正往更高处爬，以便看得更清楚。
在 in case，for fear（that），lest等引导的从句中，谓语动词月“should十动词原形”。如：
She took her raincoat with her in case／for fear that／lest she（should） be caught in the rain．她带了雨衣，以免遭雨淋。
Remind me of it in ease I （should） forget．提醒我一下，以免我忘了。
注：
in case引导的从句还常用陈述语气，for fear（that）引导的从目的谓语还可用情态动词may，might或would。
（五）虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
在“It is time（that）…”句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式用过去式或“should十动词原形”，意思是“该干某事的时候了”。如：
It’s time we went（should go） to bed．我们该上床睡觉了。
It’s（high） time we did our homework．我们该做作业了。
（六）虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
1.情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时
表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会活中。如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late．你最好别太晚睡觉。
Would yon be kind enough to open the door？请你开门好吗？
2.在一些习惯表达中
You’d better go now．你最好现在就去。
I would rather not tell you．我宁愿不告诉你。
3.用“may十动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”
此时may须置于句首（多用在正式文体中）。如：
May you be happy！祝你快乐！
May good luck be yours．祝你顺利。
4.用于动词原形
Long live the people! 人民万岁！
“God bless you,” said the priest. 牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你。”
巩固练习题
一、选择：
1. The two strangers talked as if they friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been
2. for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
A. If it is not B. were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not
3. You' re eighteen, and it is time you your own mind.
A. make B. made C. have made D. will make
4. The old man wishes that he young and strong again.
A. is B. will be C. has been D. were
5. I would rather you it.
A. done B. to do C. doing D. did
6. It is required that the money paid immediately.
A. will be B. must be C. be D. is
7. If you her by chance, please tell her the truth.
A. met B. will meat C. should meet D. had met
8. Teacher insisted that no one late for the meeting.
A. is B. will be C. be D. must be
9. Jane appears as though she the secret.
A. knows B. has known C. had known D .is knowing
10. If only the weather fine !
A. be B. is C. was D. were
11. you succeed and you be healthy !
A. May, may B. should, may C. Wish, wish D. Hope, hope
12. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
13. He looked as if he ill for a long time.
A. were B. was C .has been D. had been
14. to do this test, she might do it some other way.
A. Were she B. Would she be C. If she is D. If she would be
15. it snow, the weather would turn cool.
A. Wou1d B. Should C. Will D. Were
16. It is necessary that I a new dictionary.
A. must buy B .buy C. will buy D. would buy
17. It is desired that we everything ready by tonight.
A. will get B. would get C .should get D. will have get
18. The meeting will be put off, in case that it .
A. raining B. rained C. shou1d rain D. shall rain
19.I could have done it better if I more careful.
A. were B. have been C. had been D. would be
20. He acted he had never done such a thing.
A. as if B. as C. even if D. like
2l. If the dog hadn't woken us we the fire and it the house next door.
A. hadn't noticed; had spread to B. wouldn't have noticed; might have spread to
C. wouldn't notice, would have spread to D. didn't notice; spread to
22. I wish I to talk this over with Mr. Zhang when he was here last night.
A. had been able B. should be able C. have been able D. were able
23. If you were to do it, the result different.
A. will be B. would be C. should be D. would have been
24. today, he would get there by Saturday.
A. If he leaves B. Was he leaving C. Would he leave D. Were he to leave
25. It was a lovely day yesterday. I wish I at the seaside then.
A. were B. had been C. should be D. should have been
26. It is a great pity that he so careless.
A. was B. will be C. should be D. can be
27. Even if I with you then, I much for you.
A. would be; would not do B. were; should not have done
C. had been; would not do D. had been; should not have done
28. , I would not refuse his invitation.
A. Were I you B. If I should be you C. If I was you D. If I had been you
29. The whole family greeted me as though I a member of the family.
A. am B. were C. would D. should be
30. , everything would have been all right.
A. He had been here B. Here he had been C. Been here he had D. Had he been here
31. man could not live at all.
A. Were it not for the sun B. If it was for the sun
C. Had it not been for the sun D. If it shouldn't be for the sun
32. Their suggestion that she till next week is reasonable.
A. wait B. are waiting C. will wait D. would wait
33. If there were no subjunctive mood, English much easier.
A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be
34. If she had worked harder. She .
A. would succeed B. had succeeded C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
35. The experiment had failed. I suggest you again.
A. try B. trying C. will try D. would try
36. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it .
A. breaks B. had broken C. were broken D. had been broken
37. We the work on time without your help.
A. hadn't had finished B. didn't have finished
C. can't have finished D. couldn't have finished
38. If only I as young as you are !
A. be B. am C. were D. being
39. Should it rain, the crops .
A. will be saved B. would be saved C. had been saved D. would have been saved
40. It is important that we wild animals.
A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting
4l. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it .
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
42. ---There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
—It a comfortable journey.
A. can't be B. shou1dn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
43. You didn't let me drive. If we in turn, you so tired.
A. drove , d1dn't get B. drove; wouldn't get
C. were driving, wouldn't get D. had driven, wouldn't have got
44. —I stayed at a hotel while in New York. — Oh, did you
—You with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
45. “I wonder why they’re late.” “They the train.”
A. could miss B. might miss C. may have missed D. can have missed
46. A traffic accident happened yesterday and a driver .
A. may hurt B. may be hurt C. may have been hurt D. may be hurting
47. If Tom had not pulled his cap low over his brow, he by the police.
A. might be recognized B. might have been recognized
C. was recognized D. would be recognized
48. Had electronic computers not been invited, many problems of space flight .
A. could not have been solved B. could not solved
C. can not be solved D. could not have solved
49. Take the rain coat with you lest it rain.
A. would B. could C. will D. should
50. I’m afraid it tomorrow, but who knows
A. may have rained B. might rain C. would rain D. ought to rain
51. Janet is glad she didn’t stay on the farm. She bored.
A. may be B. will be C. might have been D. would be
52. “Johnson graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He an outstanding student.”
A. must have been B. should have been C. could have been D. might have been
53. I wish that I with you last night.
A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone
54. You are really incumbent. It hours ago.
A. should have been finished B. must be finished C. must have finished D. should be finished
55. I have advised her, but she change her mind.
A. wouldn’t like B. would rather not to C. won’t D. shan’t
56. “ I saw Ann in the library yesterday.” “You her. She is still abroad.”
A. must not see B. mustn’t have seen C. could not see D. can’t have seen
57. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; .
A. he should study last night B. he should have studied last night
C. he must have studied last night D. he must has to study last night
58. He raised his head and looked at her as though he what he had said.
A. couldn’t hear B. couldn’t have heard C. couldn’t be hearing D. couldn’t have been hearing
59. The classroom is empty, I think they to the laboratory.
A. must have gone B. should have gone C. ought to have gone D. needn’t have gone
60. He add and abstract when he was only four.
A. could B. should C. would D. might
61. You all the trouble had you known he was not there.
A. mustn’t take B. mustn’t have taken C. needn’t take D. needn’t have taken
62. Without the assistance of those giant machines, no bridge on the river last year.
A. could be built B. should have been built C. would be built D. could have been built
63. We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday. He .
A. mustn’t attend it B. can’t have attended it
C. would have not attended it D. needed have attended it
64. The elephants ought hours ago by the keepers.
A. to be fed B. to feed C. to being feded D. to have been fed
65. Tim is playing golf, but he .
A. ought to have studied B. can be studying C. must be studying D. should be studying
66. Since the ground is white, it last night.
A. had snowed B. must have been snow C. must be snowing D. must have been snow
67. I didn’t call to make my airline reservation, but I .
A. should have B. may have C. must have D. shall have
68. “ Thank you for your going-away present.” “You .”
A. shouldn’t have done that B. should do it C. don’t do it please D. should do it
69. They the plane. Or perhaps they have been prevented from coming for some reason.
A. can have missed B. may have missed C. can have lost D. may have lost
70. It’s warm today. You wear such a thick coat.
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. can’t
71.Many people were here to offer help. So your mum yesterday.
A. needn’t have come B. didn’t need to come C. need not come D. needn’t to have come
72. You this morning if you really wanted to see it for yourself.
A. ought to come B. ought come C. ought to have come D. ought to be coming
73. The dog is barking. It have seen a stranger.
A. may B. could C. might D. must
74.Why did you pay $1,000 for that apartment You better.
A. must have known B. will have known C. may have known D. should have known
75. He was afraid what he had done have a damned effect on his future.
A. may B. might C. should D. used to
76. Mr. Baker forgot to wind his watch. He it.
A. ought to do B. should have done C. must have done D. had better to
77. The room is in a terrible mess. It cleaned.
A. mustn’t B. mustn’t have been C. can’t be D. can’t have been
78. This pen won’t write, it have run out of ink.
A. should B. would C. could D. must
79. Since you need to catch an early train tomorrow morning, we now.
A. should have to leave B. had better to leave C. might as well leave D. ought to have leave
80. I guess that the first fire be caused by lightening.
A. could B. would C. must D. might
81. I did turn off the electric heater last night. So it the fire.
A. mustn’t have caused B. can’t have caused C. couldn’t cause D. can not have caused
82. We accomplished in an hour what it 1,000 men several days to do.
A. should take B. would be taking C. would have taken D. might have
83. He went on foot, but he by bus.
A. should go B. could have gone C. ought to be gone D. might be going
84. I told him how to get there but perhaps I him a map.
A. should have given B. ought to give C. had to give D. must have given
85. The key doesn’t fit into the lock. It hard last night.
A. ought to rain B. must have rained C. might have rained D. could rain
86. Since the ditch is full of water, it hard last night.
A. ought to rain B. must have rained C. might have rained D. could rain
87.When we reached the pier, the ferry had still not arrived; so we .
A. needed not to hurry B. needn’t have hurried
C. didn’t need to hurry D. need not to have hurried
88. You are really slow! It hours ago.
A. should have finished B. must have finished
C. should have been finished D. had to be finished
89. It is strange that Bill so.
A. would have said B. saying C. should have said D. had said
90. John’s lights are out. He to bed now.
A. might go B. might have gone C. must go D. must have gone
91. “Did you hear me enter the room last night ” “ No, I asleep.”
A. must be B. must have been C. might have been D. could have been
92. By the end of the century, it is likely that the oceans of the world by all the rubbish poured into them.
A. are being polluted B. will be polluting
C. will have been polluted D. would have been polluted
93. The train hasn’t arrived yet, so we .
A. needed not to hurry B. needn’t have hurried
C. didn’t need to hurry D. need haven’t hurried
94. That’s too bad. You these cells in such a damp place.
A. mustn’t put B. ought not to put C. needn’t have put D. shouldn’t have put
二、用所给的动词的适当形式填空：
1. He broke his leg yesterday. I wish he (not slip and fall).
2. He left orders that nothing (touch) until the police arrived.
3. If you had posted the letter, Joan (receive) it last Monday.
4. Do you think it right that the boy (treat) like that
5. He gave up his job in order that he (have) more time to study.
6. What would you say or do if someone (call) you a fool
7. It's high time the weather (improve).
8. Without electricity, there (be) no modern industry.
9. If he (not be) ill, he would have done something to help us.
10. Should he need an operation, she (take) to the hospital.
1l. If you had studied hard at school. You (be) a college student
12. I am not tired. If I were tired, I (have) a rest.
13. She has been away since last week. If she had been here yesterday, she (go) to see the film with us.
14. Doctor Wang insisted that the patient (stay) in bed for a few days.
15. He is sorry he made a mistake. He wishes he (not make) the mistake.
三、句型变换：
（一）用表示与现在或将来事实相反的条件状语从句改写下列句子。
Model: I have no money so I shall not buy the bike.
If I had money, I would buy the bike.
1. You don't study hard so you will not make great progress.
2. He doesn't know where I live so he hasn't written to me.
3. I am not a doctor so I can't examine you.
4. I don't know when the meeting will begin so I can't tell you.
5. I shall not go there so I can't see him.
6. He will not leave today so he can't get there by Friday.
7. He will not tell me the secret because he doesn't know it.
（二）用表示与过去事实相反的条件从句改写下列句子。
Model: It did not snow so we went there.
If it had snowed, We would not have gone there.
1. You got up late so you couldn't catch the first bus.
2. You didn't tell me about your problem so I couldn't be there to help you.
3. I wrote it down so I did not forget it.
4. You didn't go with us so you didn't see our English teacher.
5. He didn't watch TV last night because he had something important to do.
6.It was raining yesterday so we didn’t hold the sport meeting.
参考答案：
一
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. D 3l. A 32. A 33. D 34. D 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. B 41. C 42. D 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. C 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. B 51. C 52. A 53.. D 54. A 55. C 56. D 57. C 58. B 59. A 60. A 61. D 62. D 63. B 64. D 65. D 66. B 67. A 68. A 69. B 70. C 71. A 72. C 73. D 74. D 75. B 76. B 77. D 78. D 79. C 80. D 81. B 82. C 83. B 84. A 85. C 86. B 87. B 88. C 89. C 90. D 91. B 92. C 93. B 94. D
二、
1. hadn't slipped and fallen 2. (should) be touched 3. would have received 4. should be treated 5. might (could) have 6. called 7. improved 8. would be 9. had not been 10. would be taken 11. would be 12. should (would) have13. would have gone 14. (should) stay 15. had not made
三、
( 一 )
1. If you studied hard, you would make great progress.
2. If he knew where I live, he would write to me.
3. If I were a doctor, I could examine you.
4. If I knew when the meeting will begin, I could tell you.
5. If I shou1d go there, I could see him.
6. If he were to leave today, he could get there by Friday.
7. If he knew the secret, he would tell me.
(二)
1. If you had got up early, you could have caught the first bus.
2. If you had told me about your problem, I could have been there to help you.
3. If I hadn't written it down, I would have forgotten it.
4. If you had gone with us, you would have seen our English teacher.
5. If he hadn't had anything important to do, he would have watched TV last night.
6. If it hadn't been raining yesterday, we would have help the sports meeting.
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