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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之九 非谓语动词
第三节 动词现在分词
一、现在分词的定义
现在分词是动词的另一种非限定形式。它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征可以带宾语或受状语修饰。
现在分词和宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。
二、现在分词的基本形式
现在分词有一般式和完成式加词尾-ing构成。现在分词有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有主动语态和被动语态。其形式如下：
现在分词 及物动词 write 不及物动词 go
主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
一般式 writing being written going
完成式 having written having been written having gone
三、现在分词（短语）的句法功能
现在分词（短语）在句子中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。
1.作定语
作定语用的现在分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰的词的前面如果是现在分词短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，它在作用上相当于一个定语从句。如：
coming week下周 running water自来水 sleeping child酣睡的孩子
flying fish飞鱼 working people劳动人民 walking tractor手扶拖拉机
This is a very interesting book．这是一本很有趣的书。
The girl standing there（=who is standing there）is my sister.站在那边的那个女孩是我妹妹。
现在分词作定语时，要注意分词所表示的动作发生的时间。一般说主要有下面两种情况：
①表示正在进行的动作（变为从句时需要用进行时态）
Did you see the girl dancing（= who was dancing）with your brother？你看到了和你弟弟跳舞的那个姑娘吗？
The comrades working in the countryside(=who are working in the countryside）will be back tomorrow．在乡下劳动的同志们明天回来。
②表示经常性、习惯性的动作或现在（当时）的状态（变为从句时多用一般时态）
We lived in a room facing（=that faced）the south.我们住在一间朝南的房间里。
The factory making（= that makes）these pens is a small one．制造这种钢笔的是一家小厂。
其他情况一般不宜用现在分词短语作定语。下面句子中的定语从句都不宜换为分词短语。如：
The man who came this morning is his father．今天早上来的那人是他父亲。
The students who have handed in their exercise-books can go home now.交了作业本的学生现在可以回家了。
Is there anyone who can drive a car 有人能开汽车吗？
现在分词还可以用作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），它和句子其他部分用远号分开，常可译成并列句。如：
Tom，arriving late，was not permitted to enter the classroom．汤姆来迟了，不让进教室。
2.作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征。如：
The story sounds interesting．那故事听起来很有趣。
The news was disappointing.那消息令人失望。
现在分词作表语，常见的有：exciting，interesting，disappointing，discouraging， encouraging，puzzling，missing，surprising， confusing，amusing，charming，astonishing，shocking，inviting等。这些现在分词几乎已经变成形容词，常可用very修饰。如：
The news is very interesting．这消息很有趣。
I found it annoying．我觉得它很讨厌。
3.作宾语补足语
现在分词常可用在 see，watch，hear，feel，find，set，keep，notice，have等后面作宾语补足语。如：
They kept me waiting for a long time.他们让我等了好久。
He saw people coming and going.他看见人们来来往往。
We heard him singing in his room.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。
上述句子结构变为被动语态时，除主语和宾语互换位置外，现在分词位置保持不动。如上面的句子可变为：
I was kept waiting for a long time.
People were seen coming and going.
He was heard singing in his room.
在 see，hear，feel，watch，notice等动词后，既可用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语。两者的差别在于：用现在分词时 表示动作正在发生或进行，其含义相当于进行时态；用不定式时表示动作已经发生，动作的过程已经结束。如：
I saw him go upstairs.（比较： He went upstairs.）我看见他上楼去了。（看见他上楼整个过程，说明他上楼这件事。）
I saw him going upstairs.（比较： He was going upstairs.）我看见他走上楼。（我看见他正在向楼上走去，说明他上楼的情景）
Do you hear someone knocking at the door （比较： Some one is knocking at the door, do you hear ）你听见有人敲门了吗？
Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.是的，我听见他敲了三下。
有时两者意思差别不大。如：
I heard the whistle blow(ing) a few minutes ago．几分钟前我听见鸣笛声。
4.作状语
现在分词短语可作状语，表示原因、时间、方式、伴随情况、结果或条件等。
①相当于原因状语从句
Being ill ( =As she was ill), she didn’t go to school today．今天她生病了，所以没来上学。
Seeing nobody at home, I decided to come again．看到没人在家，我决定再来一趟。
Not knowing her telephone number, I couldn’t ring her up．由于不知道她的电话号码，我无法打电话给她。
如果现在分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，就需要用完成形式。如：
Not having received( = As I had not received) an answer，I wrote to him again．因为没有接到回信，我又给他写了信。
②相当于when等引起的从句
Hearing the good news（＝When he heard the good news），he jumped with joy．听到这个好消息，他高兴得跳了起来。
Walking in the street ( =While I was walking in the street)，I saw a friend of mine．我在街上走时，遇见了我的一个朋友。
Opening the door, I found nobody in．打开门后，我发现里面没有人。
如果分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词短语前加上when或while。如：
Be careful when crossing the street．过街时当心。
When going to school, I met Mary．上学时我遇见了玛丽。
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jack．在等火车时，我和杰克谈了很久。
如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，此时分词只用完成形式。如：
Having finished his work(=After he finished his work)， Henry went home. 亨利做完工作后就回家了。
Having come to a decision, we immediately set to work．做出决定后，我们立即开始了工作。
③表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明等
He sat at the table reading China Daily. 他坐在桌子旁边看《中国日报》。
Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc. 表填一下，写下你的姓名、住址等。
注：这样用时分词表示的动作必须是主语的一个动作，或是与谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生，或是对谓语表示的动作（或状态）以说明。
④表示结果
Her mother died in 1969, leaving her with four younger brothers and sisters．1969年她母亲死了，给她丢下 4个弟妹。
The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it. 那小孩摔了一跤，头让门碰破了。
⑤表示条件
Turning to the right, ( = If you turn to the right), you will find the place you want. 往右转弯，你就会找到你要找的地方。
Working hard, you will succeed．努力工作，你就会成功。
与过去分词一样，现在分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般须与主语一致。但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立结构。
独立结构通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，有时还可以表示时间、原因或条件。如：
She stood there, her head leaning on the tree. 她站在那里，头在树上。
Night coming on ( = When night came on), we started for home.夜幕降临，我们动身回家了。
So many people being absent ( =As so many people were absent ), they decided to put the meeting off.这么多人不在，我们决定会议延期举行。
Weather permitting( = If weather permits ), we’ll go there on foot. 如果天气允许，我们就步行到那里。
间或可以用一个分词短语来解释整个句子。如：
Generally speaking, the book is not very difficult. 总的说来，这本书不太难。
Judging by his accent, he must be from American. 从口音看，他一定是美国人。
Talking of the baseball match, which side won 说起篮球比赛，哪边赢了？
四、现在分词的时态和语态
1.现在分词的一般式和完成式
①一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作一般同时发生
He hurried home, looking behind from time to time as he went.他赶快回家，一边走一边向后看。
②完成式表示的动作则在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成
Having lit a candle, she went out. 点燃蜡烛后，她就出去了。
Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction．听到这一点，那位女宇航员表示满意。
2.现在分词的语态
现在分词的被动式表示一个被动动作，这个动作通常是正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的。如：
That building being repaired is our dormitory．正在维修的那幢楼是我们的宿舍。
I often watch the trucks being loaded with coal. 我常常看卡车装煤。
Being asked to put a performance, she refused．有人请她表演一个节目，她拒绝了。
有时还有完成被动形式。如：
Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave．人家请我留下，我就不好离开了。
Having been given such a good chance，how could you let it slip away. 人家给了你这样一个好机会，你怎么能轻易放过？
五、现在分词的否定形式
现在分词的否定式由“not十现在分词”构成（完成式的否定式将not置于 having之前）。如：
Not knowing how to dye the silk red，he went to her for help．由于不知道怎样把丝绸染成红色，他去向她求教。
Not having heard from her son for a long time，the mother worried a great deal．由于很久没有收到儿子的来信，这位母亲很担心。
六、现在分词和过去分词的区别
现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上。
1.语态上的不同
现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。试比较：
the exploiting classes 剥削阶级 ( 主动 ) the exploited classes 被剥削阶级 ( 被动 )
a moving film 一部感人的影片 ( 主动 ) a moved audience 受感动的观众（ 被动 ）
The news is exciting.这消息很激动人心。
We were excited to hear it.听了这事我们很激动。
I heard someone opening the door.我听见有人开门。
I heard the door opened.我听见门给打开了。
Taking an English-Chinese dictionary, she began to write an article in English.拿了本英汉词典，她开始用英语写文章。
Taken separately, the problems are not difficult to solve.分开来看，这些问题不难解决。
也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，它们只表示一个完成的动作，没有被动的意思。如：
the fallen leaves（落叶） the risen sun（升起了的太阳）
the exploded bomb（爆炸了的炸弹） his deceased wife（他死去的妻子）
faded roses（凋谢的玫瑰花） retired workers（退休工人）
returned students（归国留学生）
2.时间关系上的不同
一般说来，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作往往已经完成。试比较：
the changing world 正在变化着的世界 the changed world 已经起了变化的世界
boiling water 正在沸腾的水 oiled water 已经煮开过的水（可能是凉水）
developing countries发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 the risen sun 升起来的太阳
巩固练习
一、把下列句子译成汉语，并说明现在分词在句子中的作用：
1. What she said was quite encouraging.
2. This is a very pressing problem.
3. She stood there watching the children dance.
4. Remember to turn off the light when leaving the room
5. I found a little girl sitting in my chair.
6. Having lived there for many years, she knew the place quite well.
7. Weather permitting, we'll go.
8. Being asked to give a performance, she could not very well refuse.
9. We saw many new houses being built here..
二、填入适当的分词：
1. Nobody was in the story he told.
The story he to1d was very . ( interested, interesting )
2. Everybody was to hear the news.
The news is very indeed . ( excited, exciting )
3. a. The result of the test was rather .
He was very at the result of the test. ( disappointed, disappointing )
4. What he said was very .
I was very at the sight. ( amused, amusing )
5. She felt a bit at the words.
The situation was a bit . ( discouraged, discouraging )
三、用现在分词短语改写下列句子：
1. Look round when you cross the street.
2. While I was watching the play, I cou1dn't help thinking of our life befor liberation.
3. As it was a wet day, we couldn't go for a walk.
4. When he heard this, he got terrified.
5. Because he did not know how to do it, he went to her for help.
6. The man who is working in the field is my father.
7. Li Ming sat at the desk and wrote an article in English.
8. After he did his homework, the school boy began to write his diary.
9. As soon as she had made the beds, she started making breakfast.
10. As he had been warned that bad weather lay ahead, the ship's captain changed
四、选择：
1. Traveling is . But we often feel when we are back from travels.
A. interesting; tired B. interested; tiring C. Interesting, tiring D. interested; tired
2. When I was passing by I saw them basketball on the playground.
A. play B. to play C. playing D. played
3. The mothers saw their children well at the nursery.
A. taking care of B. to take care of C. to be taken care of D. taken care of
4. Tell the children there not to make so much noise.
A. play B. playing C. to play D. played
5. I don't like the photo by your brother last Sunday.
A. taking B. to take C. taken D. to be taken
6. a deep breath, they dived into the water.
A. Taken B. Taking C. To take D. Took
7. You had better your hair after school.
A. had; cut B. have; cut C. to have; cut D. to have; to cut
8. Deeply , I thanked him again and again.
A. touched B. touch C. touching D. to touch
9. the windows and the door, the students left the room.
A. Being closed B. C1osed C. Having closed D. To close
10. What surprised me most was to see some of the village people on the benches at the end of the room.
A. seating B. seated C. seat D. to be seating
11. The film was so that all of us were to tears.
A. moved , moving B. moving moved C. moving, moving D. moved ; moved
12. from his looks. he is a kind man.
A. Judging B. Being judged C. To Judge D. Judge
13. The boy’s body was covered with a national flag, .
A. left his face exposed B. to have his face exposing
C. leaving his face exposing D. leaving his face exposed
14. When I got home, I found the gas but the door remained .
A. burned; locking B. burning; locking C. burning; locked D. to burn; to lock
15. that it was going to snow, the climbers decided to put off their attempt on the highest peak.
A. Having been told B. having told C. Told D. Telling
16. European footbal1 is played in 80 counties, it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
17. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door "Sorry to miss you; I will call later."
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
参考答案：
一、
1. 她说的话很使人鼓舞。 encouraging(表语)
2. 这是一个很紧迫的问题。 pressing(定语)
3. 她站在那儿看孩子们跳舞。 watching the children dance (状语)
4. 离开房间时记住关灯。 when leaving the room(状语)
5. 我发现一个小女孩正坐在我的椅子上。 sitting in my chair(宾语补足语)
6. 由于住在那里多年，她对那个地方很熟悉。Having lived there for many years (状语)
7. 天气许可的话，我们就去。Weather permitting(状语)
8. 有人请她表演一个节目。Being asked to give a performance (状语)
9. 我们看到这里正在盖许多新房。 being built(宾语补足语)
二、1. a. interested b. interesting 2. a. excited b. exciting 3. a. disappointing b. disappointed 4. a. amusing b. amused 5. a. discouraged b. discouraging
三、
1. Look round when crossing the street.
2. While watching the play, I couldn't help thinking of our life before liberation.
3. Being a wet day, we couldn't go for a walk.
4. Hearing this, he got terrified.
5. Not knowing how to do it, he went to her for help.
6. The man working in the field is my father.
7. Li Ming sat at the desk, writing an article m English.
8. Having done his homework, the schoolboy began to write his diary.
9. Having made the beds, she started making breakfast.
10. Having been warned that bad weather lay ahead, the ship's captain changed course.
四、
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. A l6. A 17. D
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之九 非谓语动词
第一节 动词不定式
一、非谓语动词的概述
在英语中，动词有两类，一类是谓语动词，另一类是非谓语动词。如“I work。”一句中，work作谓语动词，如果把句子改成“I want to work＂，句中的谓语动词则变为 want，而to work就是非谓语动词。
非谓语动词有三种，即动词不定式(Infinitive)、分词(The Participle)（现在分词The Present Participle、过去分词 The Past Participle）和动名词(Gerund)。
二、动词不定式的定义
不定式是动词的一种非限定形式。
不定式没有人称和数的变化，不受主语人称和谓语动词的时态变化干扰。在句中不能单独作谓语但仍保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。
三、动词不定式的基本形式
不定式的基本形式是“to十动词原形”，有时可以不带to。to仅是符号，本身无实义。
四、动词不定式的时态和语态
不定式有进行体和完成体，也有被动态。不定式有下列时态和语态的变化：
1.不定式时态的用法
（1）不定式的一般式的用法
不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。如：
Who heard her sing？谁听见她唱歌了？
We invited Professor Wang to give us a talk on the international situation．我们邀请王教授来给我们做关于国际形势的报告。
（2）不定式的完成式的用法
不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作（状态）之前发生。如：
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. ( = I am sorry that I have given you so much trouble．) 对不起给你添了这么多麻烦。
She seemed to have read the book before.（ = It seemed that she had read the book before．）她好像看过这本书。
He is said to have written a new novel.（= It is said that he has written a new novel．）据说他写了一本新小说。
I pretended not to have seen her．我假装没看见她。
（3）不定式的进行式的用法
不定式的进行式表示当谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。如：
They are said to be building（houses） in that area now．据说他们现在在那个地区建房子。（复合谓语）
I didn’t expect you to be waiting for me so long．我没有想到你等我这么久。（复合宾语）
He pretended to be listening attentively．他假装专心地听讲。（宾语）
（4）不定式的完成进行式的用法
不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时为止，这个动作可能已停止，也可能还在继续。如：
He was said to have been living in New York for twenty years．（= It is said that he has been living in New York for twenty years．）据说他在纽约已生活20年了。
I’m sorry to have been interrupting you．对不起打扰你了。
2.不定式语态的用法
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态。如：
It is an honor for me to be invited to the party．我很荣幸被邀请参加聚会。
There are a lot of things to be done．有很多事情要做。
The books and magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room．这些书和杂志不许带出阅览室。
I wanted the letter to be typed at once．我想马上把信打好。
She asked to be assigned to do a heavy job．她请求分配给她重活。
如果逻辑主语不出现，只要在意义上是被动的，不定式仍用被动式。
如：It’s a great honor to be elected a delegate to the Sixteenth Congress of the Communist Party of China. 被选为中国共产党第16次全国代表大会的代表是很大的荣誉。
To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good thing.被敌人反对不是坏是而是好事。
在某些句子结构中，不定式虽然表示被动的意思，但仍用主动形式。如：
He gave me some books to read. 他给我一些书看。
We found the report easy to understand. 我们发现这报告很容易懂。
He has no one to help．没有人要他帮忙。
(比较：He has no one to help him.没有人帮他.)
在上述句子中，不定式虽然与它所修饰的名词（代词）构成动宾关系，但同时又与句中的另一个名词（代词）有主谓关系，这时主动形式表示被动意义。但如果不定式不与句中的另一个名词（代词）构成主谓关系，在表示被动意义时仍用不定式的被动式。如：
Have you anything to be repaired (by me or someone else) 什么东西要修理吗
Let’s visit the room to be used as the reading-room. 我们参观一下要用作阅览室的房间吧。
在there is (are) 结构中,用来修饰主语的不定式在表示被动意义时，时可用被动式，也可用主动式。如：
There is no time to lose(to be lost).时间不能耽误了。
There are still many things to do( to be done).还有好多事要做。
但有时两种形式可能表示不同的意思。不过，口语中通常多用主动形式。如：
There is nothing to do now．（We have nothing to do now．）现在没事儿干。
There is nothing to be done now．（We can do nothing now．）现在没有什么办法。
There is nothing to see．（nothing wrong seeing）没有东西值得看。
There is nothing to be seen．（nothing there at all）看不见有什么东西。
不定式to let，to blame，to seek等也总是用主动形式表示被动意义。如：
The house is to let．房子要出租。
She is not the woman to blame．不要责怪她。
The cause is not far to seek．这原因不难找到。
五、动词不定式（短语）的句法作用
由于动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，所以它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。
1.作主语
To ask him for help is necessary．要求他帮忙是必要的。
To help poor people is our duty．帮助穷人是我们的责任。
但在多数情况下，特别是在口语中，常常用引导词it来代替不定式作主语，而把不定式移到句子后部去，这样使句子显得较平稳。上述两句可以改为：
It is necessary to ask him for help.
It is our duty to help poor people.
类似的例子还有：
It is not easy to master a foreign language．学好一门外语是不容易的。
It is very important to read the instructions before you use the machine．使用这台机器前，看说明书是很重要的。
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
It took（us） two hours to get there by bike.骑自行车到那儿花了（我们）两小时。
It made me happy to find my key.找到钥匙我很高兴。
How much did it cost (you) to buy the IBM PC 586 买IBM PC586花了（你）多少钱？
如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加for引起的短语，即“for十名词（或代词宾格）十不定式”。在这一结构中的本身无实义。名词（或代词宾格）形式上是for的宾语，但意义上可说是不定式的主语，即不定式的逻辑主语，以区别于语法上的主语。如：
It is good for us to take part in physical labor．参加体力劳动对我们有益。
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good．一个人做点好事并不难。
某些表示人的品行的形容词（如 kind，good，nice，wrong，careless，wise，foolish，polite，clever，right，unwise，stupid，thoughtful，rude，silly，impolite等）作表语时，不定式前常可用of引起的短语，即“be十形容词十of十名词（或代词宾格）十不定式”。如：
It is kind of you to repair my bicycle．（=You are so kind to…）谢谢你为我修理自行车。
It was stupid of her to make such a mistake. (=She was stupid to …)她真蠢，犯这样的错误。
It was very thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival．你来之前预先通知我，真是考虑得周到。
It is unwise of him to go there alone. 他一个人去那里是不明智的。
2.作表语
Her wish is to become a pop singer．她的愿望是成为一名流行歌手。
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks．我们计划是在两周内完成这项工作。
The great happiness is to serve the people. 最大的幸福就是为人民服务。
3.作宾语
I expect to see you tomorrow．我希望明天见到你。
He offered to help us．他提出要帮助我们。
She wanted to borrow my dictionary．她想要借我的词典。
能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：want，like，wish，hate， prefer， hope， continue， manage， try， ask， offer， start， forget， remember, begin， decide， agree， choose，learn，pretend，promise，mean，expect, desire等。
另外，在一些复合宾语中，常用it代表不定式，作形式宾语，把不定式放在后面。如：
I find it interesting to study English. 我觉得学英语很有趣。
We thought it better to start early. 我们认为早点出发好些。
4.作定语
I have a lot of work to do．我有许多工作要做。
Here are some books for you to read．这里有几本供你读的书。
She was the first person to think of the idea．她是第一个想到这个主意的。
不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它修饰的词有动宾关系。因此，如果这个不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：
There is nothing（for us）to think about. 没有什么值得考虑的。
The nurse has five children to look after. 那个保育员要照看 5个孩子。
I use a pen to write with．我用钢笔写（字）。
5.作状语
不定式作状语可以修饰动词，表示目的、结果或原因等。
（l）表示目的
He went home to see his parents．他回家看望父母亲。
She uses a computer to write articles．她用计算机来写文章。
不定式作目的状语时，常用“so as to／in order to十动词原形”来表示。如：
I decided to work hard in order (so as ) to catch up with the others.我决定更努力学习好赶上别人。
He came here in order to see Charlie. 他来这里是为了看望查理。
She checked the names carefully so as to avoid mistakes.她仔细核对名字以免出错。
In order to arrive before dark， we started early．为了在天黑前到达，我们很早就动身了。
此外，表示目的的不定式常可以置于句首（so as to一般不置于句首），这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。如：
To catch the first bus, I have to get up early. 为了赶上头班车，我只得早起。
To defend our country， we must strengthen ourselves. 为了保卫祖国，我们必须加强自己的力量。
（2）表示结果
What have I said to make you unhappy ？我说了什么话使你不高兴？
She went abroad never to return．她出国再也没回来了。
不定式表示结果更常见于下列搭配：
①so＋adj．＋as to ；such（…）as to…
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.他气得话都说不出来。
We are not such fools as to believe him．我们不是那样的蠢人，竟会相信他。
Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety．她的病还没严重到令人忧虑的地步。
②enough（for sb．） to…
This book is easy enough for me to read．这本书很容易，我足可读懂。
The ice is thick enough to walk on.那块冰很厚可在上面行走。
③too…to…
He is too young to join the army．他太年轻，还不能参军。
My eyesight is too poor to read such small letters．我的视力太差，看不见这么小的字母。
④only to…（常表示未曾料到的结果）
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet．他们搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
I went to see him only to find him out．我去看他，不料他出去了。
（3）表示原因
I am glad to hear the news．听了这个消息，我很高兴。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 作为新中国的青年，我们感到自豪。
I was surprised to see him there．我真想不到会在那里见到他。
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或谓语所表示的情况等。用于这类结构中的形容词或过去分词常见的有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right等。
另外，在这种结构中还可用easy，difficult，hard，comfortable等形容词，这时作主语的词既可表示人，也可表示事物。
He is easy to get along with．他很平易近人。
The book is easy to read．这本书很容易读。
The chair is comfortable to sit on．这张椅子坐起来很舒服。
The question is very difficult to answer．这个问题很难回答。
The car is hard to park．这辆汽车不好停放。
不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行解释。如：
To tell you the truth，I forgot all about it．说实话，这事我全忘了。
To be frank，I didn’t agree with you．坦率地说俄不同意你的意见。
六、动词不定式的复合结构
不定式可以和名词（或代词）构成复合结构，作动词的宾语，不定式作宾语补足语。
Mother told me to come back before 10：00．妈妈嘱咐我 10：00以前回来。
Would you like us to play basketball with you？你愿意我们和你一起打篮球吗？
We advised him to have a good rest．我们劝他好好休息。
常带不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，tell，invite，force，advise，get，beg，allow，help，want，wish，like，hope，order，expect，prefer，encourage, hate， warn， permit， compel（强迫）， oblige（迫使）等。
但在 make，let，have，see，hear，watch，notice，feel，observe，listen to，look at等动词后的复合宾语中，不定式不带to。在help后，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。如；
I often hear her sing the folk song．我常听到她唱这首民歌。
The boss made the workers work day and night．老板迫使工人们日夜干活。
I would have him wait for me．我要他等我。
Did you notice anyone come in？你看到有人进来吗？
It is quite amusing to look at（=watch）other people play chess. 看别人下棋很有意思。
He help me (to) learn English.他帮我学英语。
但这类动词转为被动语态时，不定式符号to须保留。如：
He was seen to enter the room．有人看见他走进房间去了。
Jim was observed to go home．有人看见吉姆回家了。
有些动词后面常跟“to be十形容词”构成复合结构，如think， consider，believe，suppose，know，find，understand，prove，declare，take, imagine等。如：
I considered the work to be very important．我认为这项工作非常重要。
We proved these facts to be correct.我们证明这些事实是正确的。
但有个别动词（如think，consider，find）后面可省略to be，直接跟形容词。如：
I think her rather clever．我认为她相当聪明。
We found the idea very good．我们觉得这个主意很好。
有些短语动词后面也可以用复合宾语结构，如 call on， long for，wait for， vote for， rely on， count on， depend on， care for等。如：
I rely on you to finish the work today.我相信你今天能完成这项工作。
We are waiting for him to come.我们在等他来。
还有像be said，be reported，be known， be likely，be certain，be sure，be unlikely，seem，happen，appear等结构后面也可以有复合结构。如：
The strange old man is said to be a great artist.（=It is said that the strange old man is a great artist．）据说那个怪老头是位艺术大师。
She is likely to be in the office．（= It is likely that she is in the office．）她可能在办公室里。
七、动词不定式的否定结构
不定式的否定形式是在不定式符号to前加not构成。如：
He decided not to go home．他决定不回家。
I told him not to play in the street.我告诉他不要在街上玩。
八、“疑问词十不定式”结构
疑问词who，which，what，when，where，how等后接不定式，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如：
When to start has not been decided．何时动身还未决定。（作主语）
I don’t know which bus to take．我不知道坐哪一路公共汽车。（作宾语）
The question is how to put the plan into practice.问题是如何把这个计划付诸实施。（作表语）
No one could tell me where to get the book.没有人能告诉我在哪里能找到这本书。
He did not know what to do．他不知道怎么办才好。
tell，know，advise，show，teach，find out，decide，discuss，learn，forget等动词常用带连接代（副）词的不定式作宾语。
九、不定式省略to的情况
1.在助动词或情态动词后面
May I ask you a question？我可以问你一个问题吗？
但在ought，have和be后不能省略。
2.在某些动词（make, let, see, watch, hear, notice, feel, have, listen to, look at等）后作宾语补足语的不定式
Let me hear you play the piano．让我听你演奏钢琴吧。
在help后面的不定式可以要to，也可不要。
3.在Why引起的某些问句中
Why turn off the gas？为什么要把煤气关掉？
Why not try again？为什么不再试一下？
4.在 had better，would rather，would rather… than，would sooner，would sooner… than， cannot … but（只好，不得不）， do nothing but等结构后面
You’d better tell him the truth．你最好告诉他实情。
He can not but agree.他不得不同意。
He would rather（sooner） die than surrender．他宁死不屈。
My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.我母亲没办法，只好等医生来。
5.在“Will you please十动词不定式”一类表示邀请或命令的句型中
Will you please bring me some chicken？请你给我带点鸡肉来好吗？
Will you please ask her to call me tomorrow？请你让她明天给我打个电话好吗？
6.在“Why…”或“Why not…”一类表示建议的句型中
Why not join us？（= Why won’t you join us？）为什么不加入到我们当中来呢？
Why spend so much money？为什么花这么多钱呢？
注1：在介词except，but之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to，反之则须带to。如：
There’s nothing to do except（but）wait till it stops raining．没办法，只好等雨停了。
There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining．没办法，只好等雨停。
注2：当不定式被省略后，to常常保留下来。如：
—Will you join us in the discussion？你愿意和我们一起讨论吗？
—I’ll be glad to．愿意。
—Will you like to go shopping with us？你愿意和我们一起去买东西吗？
—I prefer not to．我不愿去。
注3：在某些情况下，to可以保留也可以不保留。如；
I’d like to do it now，but I haven’t got the time（to）．我想现在做，但没时间。
注4：在used to，be going to，mean to，ought to，try to，plan to等结构中，当不定式被省略掉时，to通常都是保留的。如：
—Does he live here？他住在这里吗？
—No，but he used to．不在，但过去住过。
在少数句子中不保留to。如：
I want to go but my parents won’t let me（go）．我想去但是我父母不让我去。
注5：当两个或多个带to的不定式由并列连词and或or连接在一起时，第二个及其后的不定式符号to常可省略。如：
The teacher asked the students to read over the text carefully and (to) jot down the important points or (to) put forward questions if there is any．老师叫学生们把课文仔细看一遍，记下重点或提出问题。
如果两者有对比关系，则在每个不定式前面加to。如：
They didn’t tell me whether to go on or to stop．他们没告诉我是继续还是停止。
巩固练习
一、指出下列句子中的动词不定式（短语）并说明其作用：
1. It is quite dangerous to drive when you get drunk.
2. She was too young to understand all this.
3. I like to sleep in the open air.
4. Did you feel me touch you
5. My wish is to go to college when I finish middle school.
6. She didn't know what to say at the meeting.
7. This is the problem to be solved immediately.
8. We ran all the way so as not to be late.
9. I was surprised to see him there.
10. We know her to be a brave girl.
二、用动词不定式填空：
1. I hope (invite) to the party.
2. They don't allow these books (take) out of the reading-room.
3. He pretended (read) the book before.
4. We had no choice but (do) what we were asked.
5. The Prime Minister is said (speak) on TV tonight.
6. Before he let us (go), he made us singing all the time.
7. I expect (finish) the work by the end of next month.
8. I happened (stand) next to him when he collapsed.
9. You'd better (not wake) me up when you come in.
10. She would rather stay at home than (go) out at night.
11. I think it important (do) so.
12. They did all they could (save) the child.
13. Why (not report) to the police when the accident happens
14. I have something important (tell) you.
15. I am glad (work) with you now.
三、句型转换（在下列各句的每一个空格内填入一个单词，使该句与所给的句子的意义基本相同）：
1. It is impossible that a child can lift such a heavy box.
It is impossible such a heavy box.
2. It happened that you had known each other before.
You happened each other before.
3. He said," I’ve been told about the news”.
He was said told about the news.
4. The progress which will be made soon is of great importance.
The progress soon is of great importance.
5. The boss made the workers work all night.
The workers were all night.
6. When we should hold the meeting is still to be discussed.
When the meeting is still to be discussed.
7. It seemed that they were writing something for somebody.
They seemed something for somebody.
8. They saw her enter the room.
She enter the room.
9. I find that it is difficult to speak English well.
I find to speak English well.
10. Jane doesn't know how she can improve her Chinese.
Jane doesn't know improve her Chinese.
11. They suppose that he is a manager.
They suppose a manager.
12.I hope that I will be an astronaut some day.
I hope an astronaut some day.
13. The girl got up earlier so that she might not be late again.
The girl got up earlier be late again.
14."Bob, don't go there," said Jack.
Jack told Bob .
15. We found the lesson was difficult to understand.
We found the lesson’s .
四、选择：
1. Such people are .
A. respect B. to respect C. to be respecting D. to be respected
2. There is nothing to do except till it stops snowing.
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waits
3. I am sorry you so much trouble. And thank you for your help.
A. to give B. to have given C. giving D. gave
4. The doctor told the child less and more.
A. to eat ; sleep B. eat; sleep C. eating; sleeping D. eat; to sleep
5. They were made twenty hours every day.
A. work B. to work C. working D. worked
6. We didn't know .
A. to start B. when start C. when to start D. when starting
7. She does nothing but .
A. to laugh B. laugh C. to be laughed D. being laughed
8. English we must work hard at it.
A. So as master B. In order to master C. As to master D. So to master
9. Would you like a cup of coffee
A. to have B. have C. having D. had
10. It is rude at a foreign visitor.
A. staring B. stared C. to stare D. stare
11. Let me if he has decided it.
A. to know ;to do B. to know; do C. know; to do D. know; do
12. She was sorry she had got no knife .
A. to cut B. cutting C. to cut it D. to cut it with
13. The novel is said last month.
A. to publish B. to be published C. publish D. to have been published
14. She doesn't like .
A. praised B. to praised C. to be praised D. praising
15. you the truth, I didn't want to tell you about it.
A. To tell B. Telling C. To be told D. Told
16. —Do you want to give a talk on that subject
— .
A. I wouldn't prefer. B. I prefer not. C. I prefer not to. D. I prefer to not.
17. In class you should listen to Miss Gao English.
A. to speak B. speak C. speaks D. spoke
18. We asked to work in the countryside.
A. to be sent B. to send C. to be sending D. sending
19. Rather than , Nathan Hale would choose to die.
A. to give in B. giving in C. be giving in D. give in
20.He did everything he could the old man.
A. to save B. save C. saving D. saved
21. We agree here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
22. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him .
A. not to B. not to do; C. not do it D. do not to
23. The patient was warned oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
24. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
25. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to .
A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
26. Robert is said abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
27. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
28_________is believing.
A. See B. Seen C. To see D. Seeing
29.It is necessary for technicians(技师)______one or two foreign languages.
A. master B. to master C. mastering D. mastered
30.When you have to interrupt somebody ,don’t forget ________”Excuse me.”
A. say B. to say C. said D. saying
参考答案：
一、
1. to drive (主语) 2. to understand all this (状语) 3. to sleep (宾语) 4. touch you (宾语补足语) 5. to go to college (表语 ) 6. what to say(宾语) 7. to be solved immediately (定语) 8. so as not to be late (状语) 9. to see him there (状语)] 10. to be a brave girl (宾语补足语 )
二、
1. to be invited 2. to be taken 3. to have read 4. to do 5. to be speaking 6. go, promise, not to tell 7. to have finished 8. to be standing 9. not wake 10. go 11. to do l2. to save 13. not report l4. to tell l5. to be working
三、
1. for a child to lift 2. to have known 3. to have been 4. to be made 5. made to work 6. to hold 7. to be writing 8. was seen to 9. it difficult 10. how to 11. him to be 12. to be 13. so as not to /in order not to 14. not to go there 15. difficult to understand
四、
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. A 21. C 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. B
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之九 非谓语动词
第二节 动词过去分词
一、过去分词的定义
过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式。
过去分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。
二、过去分词的基本形式
过去分词的基本形式是“动词十-ed”，但也可以有不规则的形式。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则，要逐个记忆。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。
三、过去分词的句法功能
过去分词在句子中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。
1.作定语
作定语用的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰的词的前面；过去分词短语作定语，则放在被修饰的词的后面。如：
There are many fallen leaves on the ground．地上有许多落叶。
This is a book written by a peasant．这是一本农民写的书。
又如：
smoked ham熏火腿 boiled water开水 steamed roll花卷
spoken English口头英语 oppressed people被压迫的人民
2. 作表语
过去分词作表语，多表示主语所处的状态。
I was pleased at the news．听了这消息我很高兴。
The door remained locked．门仍然锁着。
He looked very excited．他显得很激动。
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见有：delighted，disappointed， discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。
有些过去分词用作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。这两种结构的主要差别参见有关部分。
3.作宾语补足语
过去分词可以在see，hear，notice，watch，keep，find，get，have，feel等动词后与名词（代词）构成复合宾语。如：
I often hear the song sung in English．我常听人用英语唱这首歌。
He’s going to have his hair cut．他准备去理发。
She found the door closed．她发觉那门是关着的。
I must get my bike repaired．我必须请人修理自行车。
He was trying to make himself understood．他努力想让别人听懂他的话。
4.作状语
过去分词短语常用作状语，修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。这类状语大多数放在句子前部（主语前面），也有少数可以放在句子后部（谓语后面），或者插在中间（主语后面）。如：
Inspired by the spirit of the Party’s Sixteenth Congress ,(=As we were inspired by) we work even harder.在党的十六大的精神鼓舞下，我们更加努力工作。
The Professor came in, followed by a group of young people.教授走进来，后面跟着一群年轻人。
Mr. Green，deeply moved，thanked us again and again．格林先生深为感动，一再向我们表示感谢。
间或一个单独的过去分词也可以这样用作状语。如：
Heated , water changes into steam.水加热时就会变成水蒸气。
She turned away , disappointed．她走了，心里很失望。
过去分词短语作状语可以表示：
①相当于一个原因状语从句
Inspired by her example（= As they were inspired by…），the League members worked even harder，在她的榜样鼓舞下，共青团员们干得更起劲了。
The children soon fell asleep，exhausted by the journey. 由于旅途劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。
②相当于一个时间状语从句
Seen from the hill（= When the park is seen from the hill…），the park looks very beautiful．从山上看这个公园非常漂亮。
Once published， this dictionary will be very popular！一旦出版，这本字典将会受到欢迎。
③假设的情况，相当于一个条件状语从句
United（=If／When we are united）， we stand； divided（=If／When we divided）， we fall．团结则存，分裂则亡。（此句也可表示时间）
Given more time，we could do it much better．多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。
④相当于一个让步状语从句
Beaten by the opposite team ( Though they were beaten by..．）， the players were not discouraged and practiced even harder．虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，更加刻苦训练。
这类状语多数放在句子前面，个别放在主谓之间。
⑤伴随情况（这种用法没有与之相当的状语从句可以代替）
He came back，utterly exhausted. 他回来时，疲惫不堪。
The woman scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.位女科学家走进实验室，后面跟着她的助手们。
注：
过去分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立（主格）结构。多数情况下它表示一种伴随动作或情况。如：
The boy rushed Into the classroom， his face covered with sweat( = … and his face was covered … )那男孩跑进教室，满脸是汗。
All things considered, your article is of greater value than hers．各方面考虑进去，你的文章比她的文章更有价值。
四、过去分词的时态和语态的用法
过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式。来自及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意义，来自不及物动词的过去分词则表示主动、完成的意义（作形容词用的过去分词除外）。如：
the exploited classes被剥削阶级 an unknown hero一位无名英雄
the machine used in the workshop车间用的机器 the developed countries发达国家
the escaped criminal逃跑了的犯人 fallen leaves落叶
the risen sun升起了的太阳 returned students归国留学生
I heard the door opened.我听见门被打开了。
I want some boiled water（water that has been boiled）我想要一些开水某些带有持续意义的动词，如know, love, speak等的过去分词往往只有被动意义，没有完成意义。如：
He is our beloved leader. 他是我们敬爱的领袖。
We are making a study of spoken English.我们正在学习口语。
巩固练习
一、把下列词语译成汉语：
1.spoken English 2. a broken piece of glass
3. a written test 4. faded flowers
5.fallen leaves 6. a heated discussion
7.returned students 8. iced beer
9. a united front 10. a forced smile
二、填入动词的适当形式：
1. I've never heard the word (use) in spoken English.
2. They often saw the Negro boy (beat) by his master.
3. I'll have the book (bring) over to you.
4. Where did you get your watch (repair)
5. If you wish anything (change), please say so.
6. I found the windows (shut) and the doors (lock).
三、用定语从句或状语从句改写下列句子：
1. Struck by his sincerely, the director wanted to see him again.
2. Gentlemen always shake hands when introduced to each other.
3. If used economically, one tin will last for at least six weeks.
4. The castle, burnt down in the sixteenth century，has never been rebuilt.
5. United, we stand; divided, we fall.
四、将下列各个句子连接起来，把其中一个变为过去分词短语，并做其他必要的变动：
1. That evening we were filled with excitement and curiosity. We went to his home.
2. They were surprised at the proposal. They began to discuss it among themselves.
3. Mr. Li was much interested. He agreed to give it a try.
4. Ann was deeply moved. She thanked them again and again.
5. The boat sailed on. It was driven by a fair wind.
五、选择：
1. Something is wrong with my watch. I must have it .
A. repair B. repairing C. to repair D. repaired
2. Did you go to the party on New Year's Eve
A. held B. to be holding C. to be held D. being held
3. I was walking in the street when I heard my name .
A. to call B. to be called C. called D. calling
4. The teacher entered the classroom, by two students.
A. following B. followed C. follow D. by following
5. The television is a machine.
A. newly-inventing B. newly-invented C. newly-invent D. newly invention
6. English is one of the widely languages.
A. use B. using C. used D. to use
7. Whatever she said. She couldn't make herself .
A. understand B. to understand C. understanding D. understood
8. English is different from English in many ways.
A. Spoken; written B. Speaking; written C. Spoken: writing D. Speak; write
9. more time. I'll work out all the maths problems.
A. Given B. Giving C. To give D. Gave
10. Things from a distance appear rather smal1.
A. seeing B. seen C. to see D. see
11. Children like to drink cold water especially in summer.
A. boiling B. being boiled C. boiled D. to be boiling
12. I have read the article by Lu Xun.
A. write B. wrote C. writing D. written
13. from the space. the Great Wall looks like a dragon.
A. Having seen B. Seeing C. Seen D. To see
14. She found a dog to a tree.
A. tie B. to tie C. tying D. tied
15. Did a man Wang Lin ring me up this morning
A. call B. called C. calls D. calling;
16. in thought. he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
17. The Olympic Games, in 776 B. C. did not include women players until l9l2.
A. first playing D. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
18. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
参考答案：
一、 1. 英语口语 2. 一片碎了的玻璃 3. 笔试 4. 凋谢的花 5. 落叶 6. 热烈的讨论 7. 归国学生 8. 冰啤酒9. 统一战线 10. 勉强做出笑容
二、1. sed 2. beaten 3. brought 4 repaired 5. changed 6. shut, locked
三、
1. Since the director was struck by…he wanted…
2. …when they are introduced to each other.
3. If it is used economically, one tin.…
4. The castle, which was burnt down…
5. When/If we are united…when/if we are divided…
四、
1. That evening，filled with excitement， we went…
2. Surprised at the proposal, they began to…
3. Much interested Mr. Li agreed to give it a try.
4. Deeply moved, arm thanked them again and again.
5. The boat sailed on, driven by a fair wind.
五、
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. A 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. C
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中学英语语法系列之三 词法篇 之九 非谓语动词
动名词
一、动名词定义
动名词是动词的另一种非限定形式。
动名词有名词和动词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。动名词加宾语或状语构成动名词短语。
二、动名词的基本形式
动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，与现在分词形式相同。它还有下面几种形式：
三、动名词的句法功能
动名词在句子中起名词的作用，可单独或引起短语作主语、表语、宾语、介词的宾语或定语。
1.作主语
Learning new words is very useful to me．对我来说学习生词很有用。
Reading aloud in the reading-room is a bad habit.在阅览室朗读是坏习惯。
也可以在下面两类结构中作主语：
no use
no good
It + is + useless / senseless +V-ing
fun / enjoyable / tiring
nice / expensive / dangerous
a bore / a waste of time / a good pleasure
注：在 essential， important， necessary等后面不用动名词。
在“It is no use＋doing”结构中，it为形式主语，动名词或动名词短语为真正的主语。如：
It’s no use talking like this．像这样谈话没有用。
It’s a waste of time arguing with him．和他辩论是浪费时间。
It’s no good talking．空谈没有好处。
It’s foolish behaving like that．那样的行为很愚蠢。
（2）There is no十 动名词短语 = It is impossible to do…
There is no saying what may happen.不可能说将会发生什么事。
There is no holding back the wheel of history.历史车轮不可阻挡。
2.作表语
My favorite sport is swimming.我最喜爱的运动是游泳。
Her job is teaching English.她的工作是教英语。
注：动名词作表语时，不可与进行时态混淆。试比较：
He is collecting stamps.他在集邮。（现在进行时）
His hobby is collecting stamps.他爱好集邮。（动名词）
She was washing clothes.她在洗衣服。（过去进行时）
Her job was washing clothes. 她的工作是洗衣服。（动名词）
3.作宾语
She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing.她建议去长城春游。
I enjoy listening to music．我喜欢听音乐。
Have yon finished reading the book？你看完了这本书没有？
Would you mind opening the window 打开窗户好吗？
Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing.看了这幅画，他禁不住大笑起来。
在suggest，finish，avoid，stop，can’t help，mind，enjoy，admit，require， postpone，delay， consider，deny， advise，excuse，practice，escape，miss，pardon，imagine，risk，Put off，leave off等动词后都可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。
在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词（短语）构成宾语：
think
consider no use
S + find + it + no good + V-ing
feel like useless
ctc.
如：
I found it useless (no use) arguing about it.我发现争论这事没有用。
Do you consider it any good trying again？你觉得再试会有好处吗？
在这种句子中，用it代表动名词，把动名词短语放在句子后部。但这只限于少数句型，大多数情况下不定式用得更多一些。在with后常跟一个动名词，作为复合谓语的宾语。如：
The film is worth seeing many times．这部电影值得看很多遍。
4.作介词的宾语
He insisted on watching the football game.他坚持要看足球比赛。
Thank you for helping me．谢谢你帮助了我。
We must prevent them from making trouble．我们必须防止他们惹麻烦。
The children are fond of listening to stories.孩子们喜欢听故事。
Our factory succeeded in making many new products．我们工厂成功地制造了许多新产品。
He is good at playing volleyball．他擅长打排球。
Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a longtime．好久以来安一直盼望着到中国来。
She left without telling me．她没有告诉我就走了。
Excuse me for being late．请原谅我迟到了。
能跟动名词的短语很多，常见的有：think of，dream of，hear of，prevent…from，keep…from，stop from，look forward to，excuse…for，set about，feel like， depend on，be engaged in，get／be used to，be tired of， succeed in， be interested in， be proud of， be fond of， be good at，be afraid of，prefer…to…，spend…in，devote…to，persist in等。
此外，动名词还可以和 for the purpose of， in case of， instead of，for fear of等构成短语，作状语。如：
He walked on tiptoe for fear of waking the patient.他踏着脚走以免吵醒病人。
She has been playing all afternoon instead of getting on with her work．她整个下午不工作，一直在玩。
在下面这类句子中，介词in常可省
（1）S＋have + trouble/difficulty/a problem /a struggle/a good time/ a hard time +(in) +V-ing
（2）S+ spend time／money（＋in）＋V-ing
（3）s＋be busy（＋in）＋V-ing
（4）lose no time（＋in）＋V-ing（立即做……）
They are busy（in）preparing for the examination.他们忙于准备考试。
Do you have any difficulty（in）understanding spoken English 你听懂英语口语有困难吗？
I spent two hours（in） writing my composition.我花了两小时写作文。
He lost no time（in） telling me the good news.他立即把这个关消息告诉了我。
5.作定语
There is a swimming pool in our school.我们学校有一个游泳池。
His father works in a printing shop. 他父亲在一家印刷厂工作。
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method．我们老师的教学方法很好。
动名词还能和介词一起构成短语，作定语。如：
His way of looking at things is better．他看事情的方法比较好。
Have you any objection to going there by bike？骑自行车去那里你们反对不反对？
可以用这种定语修饰的名词有：way（of），method（of），art（of），chance（of），opportunity（of），habit（of），hope（of），process（of），possibility（of），importance（of），means（of），honor（of），intention（of），necessity（of），right（of），surprise（at），astonishment（at），excuse（for），apology（for），plan（for），objection（to），idea（of），experience（in），skill（in）等。
在intention，right，chance，way，man等名词后有时还可以用不定式作定语。如：
This is the best way to do the work/of doing the work.这是做这项工作的最好方法。
在什么情况下用不定式或动名词作定语，应视具体场合决定。
四、动名词的复合结构
物主代词或名词所有格加动名词构成动名词的复合结构。
在这个结构中，物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑上的主语。动名词的复合结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语等。如：
Do you mind my smoking？我可以抽烟吗？
Your going there will help a lot．你到那里对事情将大有帮助。
I remember Wei Fang’s going there．我记得魏芳去那里了。
如果不是在句子开头，这个结构常可以用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格），这比用所有格更自然些。如：
I don’t mind Xiao Li(him) going．小李（他）去我没意见。
Lao Li’s（不用“Li”） going won’t be of much help．老李去不会有多大帮助。
如果动名词的逻辑土语是无生命的东西，就多用普通格，不用所有格。如：
The doctors are afraid of a relapse occurring in a few minutes．医生们担心旧病复发。
五、动名词的时态和语态
1.动名词的时态
（1）动名词的一般式
动名词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。如：
Some people are interested in singing．一些人对唱歌感兴趣。
Children enjoy watching animated cartoon.孩子们喜爱看卡通片。
在某些动词后，动名词所表示的动作虽然发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，但这时仍可用动名词的一般式。如：
Excuse me for interrupting you．原谅我打扰了你。
He mentioned meeting the governor at the reception.他提起他在招待会上见到了州长。
I don’t remember ever seeing her anywhere．我不记得曾经在哪里见过她了。
（2）动名词的完成式
动名词的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I regret having been unable to write to you earlier.我很抱歉未能早点儿写信给你。
He denied having taken any money from the cash register.他否认从现金出纳机里拿了钱。
I don’t remember having ever seen the film.我不记得曾经看过这部电影了。
2.动名词的被动语态
动名词有两种被动语态形式：一般式（ being done）和完成式（having been done）。
当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作 的对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式。如：
He came in without being asked．没有谁请他进来他自己进来了。
I didn’t mind being left at home.把我留在家里我并不介意。
He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment．他不喜欢在实验时有人打扰。
如果动名词表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式。如：
She doesn’t remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad．她不记得谁给过她出国的机会了。
但在多数情况下，都避免使用这种完成被动形式，而用一般被动式代替，以免句子显得累赘。
但要注意，在want， need， deserve， require等动词后，总是用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于“to be十过去分词”。如：
My watch needs repairing（to be repaired）．我的手表需要修理。
The house wants cleaning．这房屋需要打扫。
The way deserves mentioning．这个方法值得提一下。
These young trees will require looking after carefully．这些小树需要细心照料。
在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样：
The film is worth seeing．这部影片值得一看。
The place is worth visiting.那个地方值得一游。
六、动名词的否定形式
动名词的否定形式由“not十动名词（V-ing）”构成。如：
I regret not being able to help you.我很抱歉不能帮助你。
I apologize for not having waited for you．没有等你我向你表示歉意。
七、动名词和动词不定式的区别
从结构上看，两者不同之点有：动名词前可用介词，它还可被名词所有格（或代词）修饰；不定式前通常不用介词，更不能被名词所有格（或代词）修饰。
动名词和动词不定式在实际运用中，有下列各点值得注意：
1.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语
一般来说，在表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词；在表示具体的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。如：
Their job is building houses．他们的工作是盖房子。
Our task now is to increase food production．我们现在的任务是增产粮食。
Smoking is prohibited.此地禁止吸烟。
It’s not good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟不好。
2.在 like，hate，prefer等动词后
如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语，如指特定或具体某次行动，用不定式时更多一些。如；
I like reading books of this kind．我喜欢看这类书。
I’d like to read that book．我想看那本书。
They prefer walking to cycling. 他们宁愿走路，不愿骑车。
He prefers to stay at home today.今天他宁愿呆在家里。
She hates smoking.她不喜欢吸烟。
She hates to trouble you.她不愿意麻烦你。
3.在begin，start和cease后面
如果表示有意识地开始（停止）做某事，多用动名词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：
We started working at eight.我们是八点开始工作的。
Suddenly it started to rain.突然下起雨来。
They began building the dam in 1969.他们于1969年开始建造那个堤坝。
I began to realize I had been wrong.我开始明白我错了。
The factory has ceased making bicycles. 这个工厂已经停止制造自行车。
This has ceased to interest us.这已经不再使我们感兴趣了。
注1：在某些情况下动词的性质可以决定用不定式还是动名词。一般来说，不能用于进行时态的动词多不用动名词的形式。如realize，see，lose等这类动词一般不宜用于进行时态。如：
Only recently he began to realize that he was wrong．只是到了最近他才开始认识到他错了。
I hate to lose this chance．我不愿意失去这个机会。
注2：当谓语动词已用于进行体时，通常用不定式。如：
It is beginning to rain．开始下雨了。
We are proposing to start at eight．我们建议 8：00出发。
注3：当begin后所接的宾语是表示心理活动的动词时，通常用不定式。如：
I began to understand．我开始懂得你的意思了。
4.有些动词后既可以用动名词作宾语也可以用不定式作宾语
常见的有：love，like，hate，prefer，dislike，begin，start，intend，continue，want，need，stop，remember，forget，try，regret，deserve，attempt，propose等。如：
How long will you continue working (to work)？你的工作还要继续多久？
When did you begin learning (to learn) typewriting 你什么时候开始学打字的？
注1：有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意思。在remember, forget, regret, try, stop, want, need, mean, go on 等词后差别是比较明显的。如：
I remember posting your letter.我记得把你的信寄出去了。（信已寄出）
Please remember to post my letter.请记住把我的信寄走。（信尚未寄出）
I forgot writing the letter.我忘记写过那封信了。（曾写过，但后来忘了）
I forgot to write the letter.我忘记要写那封信了。（未曾写过）
I regret not having accepted your advice.我后悔没有听你的劝告。
I regret to say that all my efforts were in vain.我很遗憾地说我的一切努力都是徒劳。
He tried speaking English to us.他试着用英语和我们讲话。
Please try to do better next time.下次设法做得更好些。
His bike wants (needed) repairing.他的自行车需要修理。
He wanted (needed) to repair his bike.他想（需要）修理他的自行车。
Stop talking！不要讲话！
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下来想一想。
For half an hour we went on reading the lesson. 这一刻我们连续读了半个小时。
At half past two we went on to read Lesson Two. 2：30我们接着读第二刻。
This means setting out at once. 这意味着立即出发。
He really meant to come. 他确实是打算来的。
5.在want, need, require, deserve 等动词后
可以用不定式的被动形式，也可以用动名词的主动形式来表示被动含义。（参见本书有关部分）
6.在allow, advise, like, permit, recommend, consider, forbid 等动词后可以用动名词做宾语，用动词不定式做宾语补足语。如：
We don’t allow smoking here.我们不许在这里抽烟。
We don’t allow students to smoke.我们不许学生抽烟。
7.在“It is no use/no good/not any use/good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable／tiring／nice／a waste of time／a good pleasure”等结构后需要用动名词作主语
It’s no use trying again．再试也没有用。
8.在以下句型中只用动名词
spend time／money＋（in）V-ing
have trouble／difficulty＋V-ing
be busy＋V-ing
be worth＋V-ing
lose no time＋V-ing
There is no +V-ing =It is impossible to do …
9.一些及物动词（短语）后面只能跟动名词作直接宾语，不能跟动词不定式，常用的有：finish， mind， avoid， enjoy， insist on， object to， give up， practice，suggest，put off等。
10.动词wish，want，decide，hope，agree，manage，expect，pretend, promise等只能用不定式作宾语
八、动名词和现在分词在句法上的区别
1.作定语时的比较
现在分词作定语表示它所修饰的名词（人或事物）的动作，被修饰名词与现在分词在逻辑上是主谓关系；动名词作定语时往往表示被修饰的名词的作用、目的等。试比较：
sleeping child = the child who is sleeping 酣睡的孩子（sleeping是现在分词）
reading room = the room is used for reading 阅览室（reading是动名词）
这时两种结构的读音不同：分词作定语时，分词和它所修饰的名词均需重读；动名词作定语时，重音就落在动名词上，后面的名词不重读或只读次重音。
2.作表语时的比较
动名词作表语是用来说明主语本身的，主语和表语的位置可以互换，不影响意义的表达，但这种结构不能受very，quite等副词修饰。分词作表语着重说明主语的性质和特征，主语和表语的位置是固定的，不能互换，但可受very，quite等副词的修饰。如：
My job is raising pigs．（= Raising pigs is my job．）我的工作是养猪。
One of the good exercises is swimming. ( = Swimming is one of the good exercises．）游泳是一种很好的运动。
The story sounds（quite） moving．那故事听起来很感人。
The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring．国内外的形势令人鼓舞。
九、名词化的动名词
动名词有时可以进一步名词化，具有更多名词的特点：它可以受冠词的限制，可以受定语修饰，有时还有复数形式。如：
How do you like the painting？你认为这幅画怎样？
My father makes a living as a doctor．我父亲以行医为生。
Please take our greetings to them．请代我们向他们致意。
这种名词化的动名词具有更多名词特点的同时，也失去了许多动名词的特点：它不再有完成形式和被动形式，不再有自己的状语和宾语，如果要表示它逻辑上的宾语，通常要用of引导的短语。如：
The building of socialism requires our concerted efforts．建设社会主义需要我们齐心协力。
另外，有些动词的-ing形式已经完全成为名词：
a gallery of painting回廊 a common saying常言，谚语
the teachings of Marx and Lenin on the state马克思和列宁的国家学说
The story has a happy ending.这故事有个愉快的结尾。
巩固练习
一、用动词的适当形式填空：
1. They all enjoyed (learn) to skate.
2. Have you finished (read) the book
3. He wouldn't consider (make) these changes.
4. Jack has just given up (smoke).
5. Peter kept on (ask) questions.
6. She didn't mind (work) over time.
7. We can't postpone (answer) that letter any longer.
8. On (arrive) at the village he found four tractors working in the fields.
9. Besides (read ), he is fond of (dance ) and (skate ).
10. Instead of (go) to the concert, she went to an exhibition.
二、指出下列句子中的动名词（短语），并说明其功能：
1. Collecting information is very important to businessmen.
2. I enjoy learning English.
3. Tom is thinking of looking for a new job.
4.His hobby is swimming.
5. It is no use arguing with him.
6. There is a swimming pool in her house.
7. Talking is easier than doing.
8. Would you mind opening the door
9. The real problem is knowing what to write.
10. Take these pills before going to bed.
三、选择：
1. Catching the first bus will mean at five o'clock.
A. to get up B. get up C. getting up D. got up
2. I'll never forget Paris for the first time.
A. to visit B. visit C. visiting D. visited
3. The students are busy for the examination.
A. prepare B. preparing C. to prepare D. to be prepared
4. I regret hard at school.
A. not to study B. not having studied C. not study D. having not studied
5. Your car needs .
A. to oil B. being oiled C. oil D. oiling
6. The old man needs .
A. look after B. looking after C. being looked after D. to look after
7. The problem is worth .
A. discussing B. discuss C. being discussed D. discussed
8. Instead of sights, Edison would spend the time in the public library.
A. seeing; reading B. see , read C. to see; to read D. seeing; to read
9. All the children enjoy at the seaside.
A. to play B. play C. to be playing D. p1aying
10. Please remember the lights before the classroom.
A. turn off; leave B. to turn off, leaving C. turning off; leave D. turning off; leaving
11. He prevented his son from it.
A. doing B. to do C. do D. did
12. He was proud of the Nobel Prize.
A. he having won B. his son won C. his son's having won D. his son's winning
13. I practice English every day.
A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. to be speaking
14.Thank you for so much help.
A. giving B. give C. being given D. being giving
15. I prefer to in a bus.
A. walking, riding B. walk; ride C. to walk; to ride D. walking; to ride
16. is believing.
A. To see B. Seeing C. See D. Having seen
17. It is no use over spilt milk.
A. cry B. to cry C. crying D. be crying
18. There is what the weather will be like.
A. not knowing B. no knowing C. not know D. no known
19. We didn't miss the football match last night.
A. watching B. to watch C. watch D. watched
20. We don't allow in this room.
A. to smoke B. smoking C. people smoking D. people to smoking
2l. —You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
—Well, now I regret that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
四、非谓语动词综合练习
1. The chair looks hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to .
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
2. Charles Cabbage is generally considered the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
3. To see is .
A. believe B. believing C. to believe D. to have seen
4. Don' t leave the work by others.
A. doing B. done C. to do D. being done
5. for one month , the city was short of food and clothing.
A. As having flooded B. As flooding C. Having been flooded D. To flood
6. Tom insisted to the party.
A. on me to come B. on my coming C. me to come D. me coming
7. his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill.
A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not having known D. Having not known
8. for weeks, she could drive the bus.
A. To be trained B. Having trained C. To have trained D. Having been trained
9. I can' t you running up and down all day long.
A. permit B. let C. have D. allow
10. John left his coat on the bed.
A. laying B. lying C. laid D. lain
11. —The light in the office is still on. —Oh, I forget .
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
12. I usually go there by train. Why not by boat for a change
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
13. It is no good him to see you off.
A. to expect B. expecting C. of expecting D. for expecting
14. The sun , they went home.
A. set down B. setted C. setting D. sets
15. Time ,I will go on a picnic with you.
A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting
16. He was late and missed the first act .
A. to see B. seeing C. see D. seen
17. Your flat needs . Would you like me it for you
A. to clean; to do B. cleaning; doing C. cleaning; to do D. to do cleaned, doing
18. Tom had his brother his shoes for him.
A. to tie B. tied C. tying D. tie
19. The soup is cold , it needs .
A. to heat B. to be heated C. being hot D. heated
20. She had no choice but the classroom with his classmate.
A. to clean B. clean C. cleaning D. cleans
22. I am busy now, so I can' t help your bike.
A. repairing B. to repair C. repaired D. being repaired
22. You are not allowed your car here.
A. park B. parking C. to park D. to be parked
23. He wants to have some pens .
A. to write B. to write for C. to write with D. writing for
24. more time, he could have done the work much better.
A. To be given B. Giving C. To give D. Given
25. The girl sat in the corner, crying.
A. frighten B. frightened C. frightening D. fright
26. China is one of the _______countries.
A. develop B. developed C. developing D. development
27. She likes hearing her own voice. She never stop _______.
A. talking B. telling C. said D. saying
28. When I passed by his door ,I heard him ______.
A. saying B. sang C. singing D. was singing
29. Would you mind _____the window
A. open B. .to open C. opening D. that I open
30. We won’t go unless you ________soon.
A. come B. came C. coming D. will come
31. “You look pale.” “I feel a little _______”
A. to be tired B. tired C. tiring D. tires
32. I’ve heard him ______about you often.
A. spoke B speaks C. speak D .to speak
33. He used to _____in public.
A. be speaking B. the speaking C. speaking D. speak
34.”Town Hall is the tallest building in the city .” “_____from here ”
A. Can it see B. Can it be seen C. Can be seeing D. Can see
35.“Will the Smiths be going abroad this summer？”
“No ，they finally decided with us。”
A. not going B. not to go C. not to be D. not to going
36.“Are Betty and Mary still here？”
“Yes，the storm prevented them ______yesterday.”
A. leave B. to leave C. from leaving D. of leaving
37.“What can we do to help Lester？”
“All we can do is to try that he ought to study more.”
A. making him to realize B. making him realizing
C. to make him realize D .to make him to realize
38. “Haven’t you eaten yet ” “No , and I’m not used ______so far without lunch.”
A. to go B. to going C. that I go D. of going
39. I’ve got a chair _____
A. to sit B. for to sit on C. to sit on D. for sitting
40. “Why isn’t Robert here ” “It’s my secretary’s fault. He forgot all about _____him.”
A. telephoning B. to telephone C. to telephone to D. telephoning to
41. He likes _____television and _____music
A. to watch, listening to B. to watch, to listen
C. watching, listening to D. watching, listening
42. “Uncle Dick has already arrived.” “Do you expect ______to see him ”
A. going B. go C. to go D. that you go
43. It took many years for the design ______accepted by most people.
A. to become B. becoming C. become D. becomes
44. Though he had often made his little sister _____, today he was made by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
45. No one told her _____.
A. what to do B. what she does C. to do what D. what she to do
46. One ought _____for what one hasn’t done.
A. not to be punished B. to not be punished C. to not punished D. not be punished
47. Is ______necessary to tell his father every thing
A. it B. that C. what D. he
48. “Can I leave this door open at night ” “You ____better not.”
A. should B. would C. could D. had
49. Tell him _____the window
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
50. Paul doesn’t have to be made ____He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
51. To fetch well water before breakfast seemed to me a rule _____
A. to never break B. never to be broken
C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking
52. This page needs _____again.
A. being checked B. check C. to check D. to be checked
53. I’m very sorry for being late, It was good ____you _____for me.
A. of; to wait B. for; to wait C. of; waiting D. to; waiting
54. I’ve heard him ____about you often
A. speaking B. speaks C. speak D. to speak
55. There seemed to be nothing ____to do but ____for the doctor.
A. leave; send B. left; to send C. left; send D. leaving; send
56. The problem ____at the meeting tomorrow is very important.
A. discussed B. to discuss C. to be discussed D. to being discussed
57. “Do you have any clothes ___today ”the maid said.
A. washing B. to wash C. washed D. to be washed
58. Here is a piece of paper for you ____
A. to write B. to write with C. to write on D. to be written
59. Do you mind my _____the window
A. to open B. open C. opening D. opened
60.Only by ____hard can you succeed.
A. try B. to try C. trying D. tried
61. The book is worth ___twice.
A. read B. to be read C. being read D. reading
62. Are you used to ____with the light on
A. sleep B. slept C. sleeping D. being slept
63. He stopped ___and went on with his work.
A. smoking B. to smoked C. smoked D. smokes
64. He suggested _____the evening with us
A. to spend B. spend C. spent D. spending
65. Such people are ______the evening with us.
A. to spend B. spend C. spent D. spending
66. She allowed me ____ a smoke here.
A. having B. had C. had had D. to have
67. She was made _____him everything.
A. tell B. told C. to tell D. telling
68. We watched them ____past the window.
A. walk B. walked C. walking D. to walk
69. Why not try ___it some other way
A. doing B. to do C. do D. done
70. Your new bike needs_____.
A. to oil B. being oiled C. oiled D. oiling
71. Catching the first bus will mean ___at six o’clock.
A. to get up B. getting up C. got up D. gets up
72.They insisted on ____as ordinary workers.
A. treat B. being treated C. to treat D. treating
73. He often helps others ____
A. without having asked B. without asking C. without being asked
参考答案：
一、1. learning 2. reading 3. making 4. smoking 5. asking 6. working 7. answering 8. arriving 9. reading, dancing, skating 10. going
二、1. Fishing 2. It's no use go1ng 3. There is no knowing 4. raising pigs 5. smoking, drinking 6. couldn't help feeling 7. has stopped blowing8. seeing the, somewhere 9. got used to doing l0. spent, in making
三、
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. D
四、
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. A 21. B 22. C 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. C 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. B 36. B 37. C 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. C 42. C 43. A 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. A 48. D 49. B 50. B 51. B 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. C 56. C 57. D 58. C 59. C 60. C 61. D 62. C 63. A 64. D 65. A 66. D 67. C 68. C 69. B 70. D 71. B 72. B 73. C
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