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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之五
There +be结构
一、There ＋be的结构特征
英语表示某时某处有（指存在，不是指占有）某人某物时用“There＋be （be随后面的主语单复数和时态而变）十主语十状语’向型。如：
There are fifty students in our class．我们班有 50个学生。
There is a dictionary on the desk．书桌上有一本词典。
There is a post office in front of our school．我们学校前面有一个邮电局。
“There＋be”结构中，there是引导词，无词义，be是谓语动词，be后面的名词是主语，两者必须在数上一致；若有两个或两个以上主语时，谓语常与靠近它的那个主语一致。如：
There is a book，a note-book and two dictionaries on the desk．书桌上有一本书、一本笔记本和两本词典。
There are two dictionaries，a book and a note-book on the desk．书桌上有两本词典、一本书和一本笔记本。
注：“There＋be”与have都表示“有”，但两者在用法和意思上都不同。have前须有主语，意义上是所有关系；而“there＋be”则是一种特殊结构，意义上表示存在，即“什么地方（时候）有……”。如：
I have an English dictionary．我有一本英语词典。
There is an English dictionary on the desk．书桌上有一本英语词典。
二、There＋be结构的否定和疑问形式
1.否定式（表示“没有……”）
句型：There＋be＋not（any）（或十no）十主语……
There are not any people in the room．房间里面没有人。
There is no water in the glass．玻璃杯里没有水。
2．疑问式
（1）一般疑问句
句型：Be＋there＋（any）十主语……？
— Is there any water in the glass？玻璃杯里有水吗？
— Yes， there is．有。（肯定回答）
—No， there isn’t．不，没有。（否定回答）
（2）特殊疑问句
句型：疑问词（十名词）＋be＋there十状语？
How many students are there in your class？你们班有多少学生？
When will there be an English lecture in our school？我们学校什么时候有英语讲座？
三、There＋be结构中的时态、助动词以及情态动词
“There＋be”结构中的be可以有不同的时态，而且可以同各种助动词或情态动词连用。如：
There was a lot of rain last year．去年雨水很多。
There will be an English lecture at three this afternoon．今天下午3：00有一个英语讲座。
There has been much talk about the matter，关于此事有过许多谈论。
There must be no more money wasted．不能再浪费钱了。
四、There＋be结构中谓语动词的其他形式
“There＋be”结构中的谓语动词，有时不用 be，而用 seem to be，happen to be， used to be或类似表示“存在”概念的其他动词，如 exist（存在），live，stand，come等。如：
There happened to be no people in the hall．碰巧大厅里没人。
There seems to be something wrong with the machine．这台机器似乎有点毛病。
There stands a post office on the corner of the street．街的拐角处有一个邮局。
There once lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea．从前，在海边的一个村庄里住着一个老渔夫。
五、have和 there be的用法区别
have和 there be都可以表示“有”。 have表示“所有”，there be表示“存在”，这是初学英语的人都知道的。但在什么情况下have和there be可以互换使用呢？
1．当 have表示“包括”时可以用there be句型替换
一年有四季。
The year has four seasons.
There are four seasons in a year．
2．当 have表示“存在”时可以用 there be句型替换
北京有许多大学。
Beijing has many universities．
There are many universities in Beijing．
湖上有冰。
The lake has rice．
There’s ice on the lake．
在这种情况下，用 there be的句子中多数有介词短语，表示时间、地点、目的等。这时have表示“所有”的含义比较含糊；主要是表示客观存在。有时在have的宾语后还可能是不定式或分词短语。如：
我没有什么事可做。
I have nothing to do．
There is nothing for me to do．
我的大衣掉了两个或扣。
I have two buttons missing on my coat．
There are two buttons missing on my coat．
这两种形式，句子意思基本相同，但还是有些区别：用have侧重主观，用there be侧重客观存在。如：
3．当 have的主语是人称意义很淡薄的 we或 they时可以用 there be句型替换
最近下了很多雨。
We’ve had a lot of rain lately．
There has been a lot of rain lately．
开往那个城市的火车每小时一趟。
We have trains leaving here hourly for that city．
There are trains leaving here hourly for that city．
以上两组中用have的句子多出现在口语中。
巩固练习题
一、用动词be的适当形式填空：
1.There a chair by the door.
2.There some cups on the desk.
3. there any pencils over there
4.There about twenty students in the classrooms.
5.There no map on the wall.
6. there a big TV set in the room.
7. there many classroom building in your school
8. There no water in the glass.
9.There a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.
10.There an English film tonight.
11. There not a post-office in this street last year.
12. There a lot of rain since the beginning of this month.
参考答案：
一、1. is 2. are 3. Are 4. are 5. is 6. Is 7. Are 8. is 9. is 10. will be 11. was 12. has been
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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之四
直接引语和间接引语
一、直接引语和间接引语(Direct Speech and Indirect Speech)的定义
当我们转述别人的话时，可以引用别人的原话，被引用的部分称为直接引语；也可以用自己的话转述别人的意思，被转述的部分称为间接引语。间接引语多数构成宾语从句。直接引语变为间接引语时，须在时态以及代词、状语等方面作一些必要的调整。
二、直接引语和间接引语的时态变化
如主句的谓语动词为过去时态，间接引语中的谓语动词一般按下列规律变动：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时一般过去时一般将来时现在完成进行时 一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时过去将来时过去完成进行时
“She’s preparing her lessons,” I said. 我说：“她他正准备功课。”（直接引语）
I said (that) she was preparing her lessons. 我说她正在准备功课。（间接引语）
I said to them, “He’ll get excited.” 我对他们说：“他会兴奋的。” （直接引语）
I told them (that) he would get excited. 我告诉他们他会兴奋的。 （直接引语）
She said to me，“Jane spent all her time doing that．”他对我说：“简做那件事花了她全部时间。”（直接引语）
He told me (that)Jane had spent all her time doing that.他告诉我简做那件事花了她全部时间。（间接引语）
直接引语中的谓语动词为一般过去时，如与一个具体的表示过去时间（如 in 1992， last week等）连用，在变为间接引语时可以不变。如：
My father said to me，“I read the book in 1986．” 我父亲对我说：“我 1986年读了这本书。”（直接引语）
My father told me he read the book in 1986． 我父亲告诉我他于1986年读了这本书。（间接引语）
三、直接引语和间接引语的代词的变化
代词要根据句中的意义作相应的变动。
直接引语 间接引语
I , me my, mine he (she)him (her) his (her), hershis
we, us our, ours they, them their, theirs
you your, yours they, them their, theirs
thisthese thatthose
如：
“I haven’t brought my dictionary,” the student said.那学生说：“我没有带字典。”
The student said (that) he hadn’t brought his dictionary. 那学生说他没有带字典。
注：this，these相应地改为that，those。
四、直接引语和间接引语的状语的变化
状语一般须做下列变动：
直接引语 间接引语
herenowtodaytonightlast nightyesterdaylast week(month,etc.)three days agotomorrownext week(month, etc.)comebring therethenyhat daythat nightthe night beforethe day beforethe week (month, etc.) beforethree days beforethe next (following) daythe next (following) week (month, etc.)gotake
如：
“I’ll come and see you again this evening, Tom.” He said.他说：“汤姆，今天晚上我再来看你。”
He told Tom (that)he would go and see him again that evening.他告诉汤姆那天晚上再来看他。
在句子的意义不会引起误解的情况下，状语有时也可以不变。如：
“I’ll come here again today,” she said.她说：“我今天还要到这儿来。”
She said( that) she’d come here again today.她说她今天还要到这儿来。
注：动词come可根据具体情况相应地改为go。
五、直接引语为疑问句时的变化
当直接引语是疑问句时，除注意在人称、时态和状语等方面作相应的变动外，还要注意：
1．间接引语中要用陈述句的句序；
2．特殊疑问句的疑问词要保留；
3．一般、选择或反意疑问句在间接引语前要加连词或
She asked, “What is it What’s going to happen now ”她问：“那是什么？又要发生什么事了？”
She asked what it was and what was going to happen then.她问那是什么，又要发生什么事了。
The boy was wondering, “How does the computer work ”那男孩感到奇怪：“电脑是怎样工作的？”
The boy was wondering how the computer worked.那男孩对电脑是怎么工作的感到奇怪。
“Why do you speak English so fluently ” I said to him.我对他说：“你为什么英语说得如此流利？”
I asked him why he spoke English so fluently.我问他，他的英语为什么说得如此流利。
“Is there anything wrong, Madam ” asked the policeman.警察问到：“夫人，出了什么事吗？”
The policeman asked the woman whether (或if )there was anything wrong.警察问那个妇女是否了里什么事。
He asked me, “Do you study English or French ”他问我：“你学的是英语还是法语？”
He asked me whether I studied English or French.他问我学的是英语还是法语。
“It’s Mary, isn’t ” asked Jane.简问到：“这是玛丽，是吗？”
Jane asked whether it was Mary or not.简问那是不是玛丽。
六、直接引语为祈使句时的变化
当直接引语为祈使句时，主句中的谓语动词在变动时往往根据直接引语中的口气换用ask, invite, warn, tell, order等动词，而直接引语中的谓语动词则要变成动词不定式。如：
“Please explain why you’re two and a half hours late,” the boss said.老板说：“请解释一下你为什么迟到了两个半小时。”
The boss asked him to explain why he was two and a half hours late.老板要他解释一下为什么迟到了两个半小时。
“Don’t give up!” Father shouted to him.父亲对他高声喊到：“不要泄气！”
Father told him in a loud voice not to give up. 父亲大声喊着叫他不要泄气。
“Get everything ready in half an hour.,” the teacher said to the students.老师对学生说：“半个小时内把一切准备好。”
The teacher ordered the students to get everything ready in half an hour.老师命令学生在半个小时内把一切准备好。
巩固练习
一、把下列句子变成间接引语：
1 "We shal1 write to you this week，"they said.
2. "My bicycle has been stolen," he said. "I shall have to telephone the police.
3. "John carne to China ten years ago, and has been living here ever since." he said.
4. "I don't need your help today,” Tom said.
5. The book has been translated into several foreign languages," he said.
6. "I really don't think I can finish the work on time,” he said.
7. "I'm going to the railway station to meet my uncle this afternoon," Jane said.
8. “The earth turns around the sun,” the geography teacher said.
二、把下列句子变成直接引语：
1. The doctor told Mrs. Smith that her daughter would never be able to hear again.
The doctor said to Mrs. Smith .
2. Mary told her mother that she needed a new coat to go with her skirt.
Mary said to her mother .
3. The postman told the lady that here was a parcel for her.
The postman said to the lady, .
4. My brother was told by a policeman that he could not leave his car there.
A policeman said to my brother .
5. My brother told the policeman that he was only leaving the car there for a few minutes.
My brother said to the policeman, .
6. Mary told her friend Rose that she couldn't go to see the movie with her because she had broken her glasses.
Mary said to her friend Rose, .
7. The doctor told the pati1en that she would have to wait till 3 p.m. the next day.
The doctor said to the patient, .
8. Tom told me he would be half an hour late for the meeting.
Tom said to me, .
三、把下列句子中的直接引语改为间接引语：
1. The teacher asked. "How many pages have you read today "
2. "Learn the dialogue by heart.” said the teacher.
3. “Let's start at once." said the group leader.
4. “Where are we to meet Joe " Betty asked.
5. My mother asked me, "Do you want to go to the Great Wall with me "
6. I asked Li Ying, "where and when were you born ”
7. My brother ordered me. "Go there at once."
8. "Did you come here by car or by train " he asked.
四、选择：
1. The teacher said: "Don't be late, Mary”.
The teacher told .
A. Mary not to be late B. Mary to be not late C. Mary are not late D. not to be late
2. He asked her, "Where are you going "
He asked her .
A. where she were going B. where she was going to
C. where she was going D. where she is going
3. The lady said, "I shall go there on time."
The lady said that .
A. she would come there on time B. she would come here on time
C. she would got here on time D. he would got here on time
4. He said to me, "I wrote to my father yesterday. ”
He told me he had written to his father .
A. the yesterday B. before today C. the day before D. the next day
5. The teacher asked, "Are you waiting for the bus "
The teacher asked for the bus.
A. if I was waiting B. was I waiting C. you are waiting D. I was waiting
6. The professor said that light faster than sound.
A. travels B. traveled C. travel D. traveled
7. My mother asked me to show my homework to her.
My mother said to me, "Show homework."
A. her my B. me your C. her your D. me his
参考答案：
一、
1. They said that they would write to us that week.
2. He said that his bicycle had been stolen and he would have to telephone the police.
3. He said that John had come to China ten years before and had been living there ever since.
4. Tom said that he didn't need my help that day.
5. He said that the book had been trans1ated into several foreign languages.
6. He said that he really didn't think that he could finish the work on time.
7. Jane said that she was going to the railway station to meet her uncle that afternoon.
8. The geography teacher said that the earth turns around the sun.
二、
1. The doctor sa1d to Mrs. Smith, “Your daughter will never be able to hear again.”
2. Mary said to her mother, “I need a new coat to go with my skirt"
3. The postman said to the lady, “Here is a parcel for you. "
4. A policeman said to my brother. “You can't leave your car here. "
5. My brother said to the policeman, "I’m only leaving the car here for a few minutes. "
6. Mary said to her friend Rose: “I can't go to see the movie with you because I have broken my glasses.”
7. The doctor said to the patient, “You will have to wait till 3 P. M. tomorrow. ”
8. Tom said to me, “I shall be half an hour late for the meeting. ”
三、
1. The teacher asked how many pages I had read that day.
2. The teacher asked us to learn the dialogue by heart.
3. The group leader ordered us to start at once.
4. Betty asked where we were to meet Joe.
5. My mother asked whether (if) I wanted to go to the Great Wall with her.
6. I asked Li Ying where and when she was born.
7. My brother ordered me to go there at once.
8. He asked whether I came here by car or by train.
四、
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B
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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之六
it的用法
一、代词it的用法
1．用作人称代词代替前面提到的事物
My dictionary is missing． I can’t find it anywhere．我的词典不见了，我到处找不着。
Tom has failed in the exam． Have you heard about it？汤姆考试没及格。你听说这件事了吗？
2．用以代替指示代词this，that
— What’s this？这是什么？
— It’s a computer．是计算机。
— Whose bicycle is that？那是谁的自行车？
— It’s hers．是她的。
3．表示季节、时间、距离、自然现象和环境
It is early spring，这是早春季节。
It is half past five． 5：30了。
It is ten miles to our school.到我们学校有 10英里远。
It is very quiet in the classroom．教室里很安静。
二、引导词it的用法
1．作形式主语
代替由不定式（或不定式复合结构）、动名词或从句所表示的真正主语。如：
It was wrong for you not to help her．你当时不帮助她是错误的。（it代替不定式短语）
It will be useless learning a theory without practice．学习理论而没有实践是无用的。（it代替动名词短语）
It’s not yet known where she has gone.她去哪里了还不知道。（it代替主语从句）
2．作形式宾语
代替由不定式、动名词或从句所表示的真正宾语。如：
We consider it necessary to master two foreign languages．我们认为掌握两门外语是有必要的。（it作动词不定式短语的先行代词）
We found it useless learning a theory without practice．我们认为学习理论而没有实践是无用的。（it作动名词的先行代词）
May I take it that you will write me a letter？我可以相信你会给我写信吧？（it作that引出的宾语从句的先行代词）
3．用在强调结构中
为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语或状语），常用“It is（was）十被强调成分十that(或who)…”结构。如：
I met Tom in the street yesterday．我昨天在街上遇见了汤姆。
It was I who met Tom in the street yesterday．是我昨天在街上遇见汤姆的。
It was Tom that I met in the street yesterday．昨天我在街上遇见的是汤姆。
It was in the street that（不用 where） I met Tom yesterday．我昨天是在街上遇见汤姆的。
It was yesterday that（不用when）I met Tom in the street．我是昨天在街上遇见汤姆的。
巩固练习题
一、翻译下列句子并说出it的作用：
1.It was exciting news.
2. It was about half past ten when we got to the station.
3. It’s no use regretting what has been done.
4. People in the West make it a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
5. We think it important that college students should master at least one foreign language.
6. It is the eighth of March today.
7. The parents will never forget that it was he who had saved their child's life.
8. A lovely day, isn't it
9. It makes me sick to think about the matter.
10. It takes me two hours to get here.
二、用“It is (was)…that (who, whom…)…”强调结构改写下列句子（强调画线部分）
1. When he was about to go out it began to rain.
2. He didn't go to school yesterday because he was ill.
3. I am looking for my English teacher.
4. The people in the country were friendly to us.
5. Mr. Zhang teaches us physics every Tuesday.
6. Tom broke the window yesterday.
7. I first met Mr. Smith in Shanghai.
8. I want you to repair the bicycle for me.
9. I found a book under the desk.
10. I went to college in 1992.
参考答案：
一、
１. 真是令人兴奋的消息。（it代替news）
２. 我们到达车站时大约是10：30。 （it表示时间）
３. 后悔已经做过的事是没有用的。（it:形式主语，代替动名词短语）
４. 西方人把亲戚朋友买圣诞礼物当成了一个习惯。（it:形式宾语，代替动词不定式短语）
５. 我们认为大学生应掌握一门外语是重要的。（it:形式宾语，代替从句表示的真正宾语）
６. 今天是３月８日。（it表示时间）
７. 父母永远忘不了是他救了他们孩子的命。（用于强调结构中）
８. 天气真好，是吗？（it表示天气）
９. 想起这件事我就恶心。（it:形式主语，代替不定式短语）
10. 我到这里需要两个小时。（it:形式主语，代替动词不定式短语所表示的真正主语）
二、
1. It was when he was about to go out that it began to rain.
2. It was because he was ill that he didn't go to school yesterday.
3. It is my English teacher that/whom I am looking for.
4. It was the people in the country who were friendly to us.
5. It is us whom Mr. Zhang teaches physics every Tuesday.
6. It was Tom who broke the window yesterday.
7. It was in Shanghai that I first met Mr. Smith.
8. It is the bicycle that I want you to repair for me.
9. It was a book that I found under the desk.
10. It was in l992 that I went to college.
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