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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之九
倒 装
一、倒装（Inversion）的定义
英语的基本语序是“主语十谓语”。如果将谓语全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序叫做倒装语序。
二、倒装的原因
一是语法结构的需要（如某些疑问句），一是为了强调。
三、倒装的种类
倒装主要有两种。
较为常见的一种是助动词在主语之前，谓语动词的其余部分在主语之后，如果没有助动词，就加do，does或did。这种倒装称为部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如：
Has your mother spoken to Tom？你母亲同汤姆谈过了吗？
I saw Mary yesterday.Did you see her？我昨天看见玛丽了。你看见她了吗？
Only yesterday did I realize what was going on．只是到了昨天，我才意识到情况是怎样的。
另一种倒装是将整个谓语部分放在主语之前。这一类倒装称为完全倒装(Full Inversion)，主要用在出现地点状语后面以及said Tom， answered Mary等结构中。
On the stairs was sitting a small dark-haired girl．楼梯上坐着一位黑色头发的小姑娘。
Round the corner came a motorcycle．一辆摩托车从拐角处转过来。
“I love you，”whispered John．“我爱你。”约翰悄悄地说。
在口语中，倒装只常用在疑问句中，以及here， there， neither，nor和so之后。倒装的其他几种用法主要出现在书面体英语中，或是在非常正式的口语体中（例如对公众演讲）。
四、倒装的应用
英语中常见的倒装句，除某些疑问句和引导词there开头的固定倒装句型外，还有下列一些情况需要用倒装语序：
1．在以 here，there或out，in，up，down，away等副词开头的句子里表示强调或表达生动时
There goes the bell．铃响了。
Here comes the bus．公共汽车来了。
Out rushed the children．孩子们冲了出来。
Away went the boy.那男孩走开了。
但主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。如：
Here it is．给你。
Away he went．他走了。
2．直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时
“What does the word mean？” asked the boy．“这个单词是什么意思？”男孩问道。
“You should have been here five minutes earlier，” said the teacher．“你应该早来五分钟。”老师说。
3．only后接副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时
Only then did I realize that I was wrong．只是到那个时候我才意识到我错了。
Only in this way can you improve your pronunciation．只有用这种方法你才能改善你的发音。
Only when his home town was liberated in 1949 was he able to go to school.只有在 1949年他家乡解放时，他才能上学。
4．含有否定意义的副词或连词（如hardly，never，not，not only，little等）放在句首时
Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with．我一到达就有新问题需要处理。
Scarcely had we started lunch when the door bell rang．我们刚开始吃午饭，门铃忽然响了起来。
No sooner was she back at home than she realized her mistake.她刚回到家就意识到她做错了（弄错了）。
Never shall I forget it．我永远忘不了这事。
Not a sing mistake did he make．他没有出一个错误。
Not only did we lose all our money，but we also came close to losing our lives．我们不但把钱全丢了，还几乎丢了命。
Little does he care about what others think．他很少考虑别人是怎么想的。
5．把副词so放在句首时
表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或物）。其句型是： So＋ be（have，助动词或情态动词）十主语。
She is a teacher．So is her mother．她是教师，她母亲也是。
You can ride a bike．So can I．你会骑自行车，我也会。
He has been to Beijing．So have I．他去过北京，我也去过。
I saw the film last week．So did she．上星期我看了这部电影，她也看了。
6．把 neither，nor放在句首时
表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人（或物）。其句型是：Neither(Nor)＋be（have，助动词或情态动词）+主语。
I have neither been abroad，neither has he.我从未出过国，他也没出过。
I am not interested in math，neither is he．我对数学不感兴趣，他也不感兴趣。
I didn’t so to the cinema last night，nor did he.昨晚我没有去看电影，他也没有去。
7．在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中
当句子开头为 on a hill， in the valley（山谷），round the corner等状语，动词为come, lie, stand, walk等时，常用倒装，即将整个谓语部分放在主语前面。
On a hill in front of them stood a great castle.在他们面前的山上矗立着一座巨大的城堡。
Round the corner walked a young policeman.拐角上有个年轻的警察在走着。
Under the table was lying a black cat.桌子底下躺着一只黑猫。
8．在引导的让步状语从句
Tired as he was, he worked late into the night. 尽管他很累，但他仍然工作到深夜。
Child as he was, he was very brave.尽管他是个孩子，但他非常勇敢。
巩固练习
一、把下列句子改写成倒装句：
1.He answered me only after being asked three times.
2. He not only liked reading stories, he could even write some.
3.The old woman knew litt1e that she was seriously ill herself.
4. He had hardly sat down when the telephone rang.
5. The woman will never forget the day in l960 when the first came to the city.
6. The students read their lessons so loudly that people could hear them out in the street.
7. I could hardly believe it was true.
8. He was so frightened in the darkness that he did not dare to move an inch.
9. We seldom hear her reading aloud because she is too shy.
10. If she had come earlier, she would have met Professor Wang.
11. He didn't come back until midnight.
12. She had no sooner got home than she began to do the housework.
二、选择：
1. forget the days when we lived in the countryside.
A. Never I shall B. Never shall I C. I never shall D. Never do I shall
2. Little to get such a warm welcome.
A. did I expect B. I expected C. I did expect D. was I expect
3. , I would have phoned you.
A. If I know it B. Had I known it C. If I knew it D. Did I know it
4. Not until he had talked to them he had been wrong.
A. did he realized B. he realized C. did he realize D. he didn't realize
5. Not only , he was always ready to help others.
A. he worked hard himself B. did he worked hard himself
C. does he work hard himself D. did he work hard himself
6. I've not been to Shanghai. .
A. Neither has my wife. B. Neither hasn't my wife.
C. Nor is my wife. D. My wife hasn't, too.
7. — They have done a good job. — .
A. So they have it. B. So they have. C. So they do. D. So do they.
8. There life on the moon.
A. has not B. has not any C. is not D. is no
9. Here you.
A. is a 1etter for B. is a letter of C. a letter is for D. has a letter for
10. Now Your turn to recite the text.
A. there is B. there comes C. comes D. has come
11. Not until all the fish died in the river . how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize D. didn't the villagers realize
三、说明下列句子为什么要用倒装句：
1. Are you a Chinese or Japanese
2. There is some smoke in the air.
3. Out rushed the firefighters.
4. "Who will have a try " said Miss Green.
5. Only in this way can you pass the test.
6. Not until 1995 did he come back to his hometown.
7. Never shall I give up.
8. I like pop music. So does she.
9. He can not recognize the sign. Neither can I.
10. The man lives in an old temple, around which stand many tall trees.
参考答案：
一、
1. Only after being asked three times did he answer me.
2. Not only did he like reading stories I he could even write some.
3. Little did the old woman knew that she was seriously ill herself.
4. Hardly had he sat down when the telephone rang.
5. Never will the woman forget the day in 1960 when she first came to the city.
6. So loudly did the students read their lessons that people could hear them out in the street.
7. Hardly could I believe it was true.
8. So frightened was he in the darkness that he did not dare to move an inch.
9. Seldom do we hear her reading aloud because she is too shy.
10. Had she come earlier, she would have met Professor Wang.
11. Not until midnight did he come back.
12. No sooner had she got home than she began to do the housework.
二、
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. A
三、
1. 本句是疑问句。 2. 是“There be”结构。3. 方位副词out居句首表示强调。 4. 直接引语在句首。5. only所修饰的状语在句首。 6. 有否定意义的副词not或连词在句首。7. 同６。 8. so在句首表示连续肯定。9. neither在句首表示连续否定。 10. 为了保持句子的平衡，使上下文衔接紧密。
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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之十
插 入 语
一、插入语的定义
插人语通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系，多半用逗号与句子隔开，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。
二、插入语的分类
1.常用作插入语的副词
有 indeed（的确），certainly（当然），surely（无疑地），however（然而）等。
His spoken English is very good，indeed.他的英语口语的确很好。
Certainly，she won’t go with you．当然她不会和你一起走的。
Strangely，he has not been here lately. Even more strangely, he has not phoned.奇怪，他最近没有来这里。更奇怪的是，他没有打来过电话。
2.形容词及词组作插人语
True，it would be too late．真的，太晚了。
Strange to say，she hasn’t got my letter up to now.说也奇怪，她到现在还没有接到我的信。
3.常用作插入语的介词短语
有in short（简言之），of course（当然），in general（一般说来），in fact（事实上）， in other words（换句话说），in a word（总之）， in a few word“（简言之）等。
China, in fact,is a developing country.事实上中国是一个发展中国家。
In general，men are stronger than women．一般说来，男人要比女人强壮。
In other words，be refused to accept your invitation．换句话说，他拒绝接受你的邀请。
Of course，he did not succeed because he hadn’t taken our advice．当然，他因为没有听取我们的建议而没有成功。
4.常用作插入语的分词短语
有strictly speaking（严格地说），generally speaking（一般地说），judging from…（根据……判断）等。
Generally sneaking，boys are not so quiet as girls．一般说来，男孩没有女孩那么安静。
Judging from his face，he must be over sixty.从他的脸来判断，他一定有六十多岁了。
注：不要把上述插入语理解为现在分词短语作状语，因为上两句中的speak和judge这些动作不是句中主语发出的。
5.常用作插入语的不定式短语
有 so to speak（可说是），to be sure（无疑地），to sum up（概括地说）， to tell the truth（老实说）等。
To sum up，success results from hard work．概括地说，成功是努力工作的结果。
To be sure，you can’t learn a foreign language well without much hard work毫无疑问，没有大量艰苦的努力，是不能把外语学好的。
To tell the truth，you have given me a lot of help．老实说，你给了我许多帮助。
To start with，we must do the test in the following way．首先，我们必须用下列方法做试验。
To be honest, you are not kind to your parents．坦率地说，你对你父母不好。
6.插入句作插入语
有I am sure（可以肯定地说），I believe（我相信），I think（我想），I suppose（我猜想），that is（或i．e．）（也就是说），as we know it（就我们所知）， as I see it（照我看来）等。
He will come to my birthday party , I suppose.我猜想，他会来参加我的生日聚会。
English, as we know it , is widely used in the world.就我们所知，英语在世界上被广泛使用。
I believe, China will catch up with the developed countries sooner or later．我确信，中国迟早会赶上发达国家。
We left our university last month，that is to say, in May this year.我们上个月离开学校，也就是说，今年5月。
He will fall in the exam，I think．我想，他的考试将不及格。
7.以一般疑问句形式构成的插入句用于特殊疑问句中
How do you think heat is different from temperature 你认为热和温度有什么不同？
What would you suggest we should do today？今天我们做什么你有什么建议？
从上面两句可看出，插入句都以一般疑问句的形式出现，插在疑问词之后，而特殊疑问句本身的主语、谓语仍用陈述句的语序，没有倒自现象。
巩固练习
一、将括号内的汉语译成英语:
1. She， （我想），dances most beautifully in our school.
2. ，（总的说来）， your article is well written.
3. （说实话），you need to improve your English pronunciation.
4.I can’t give you any advice, (恐怕).
5. Asia, (你知道), is the biggest continent in the world.
6.Who (你认为) come to teach us English next term
7.Where (你建议)we shall go outing on Sunday
8.The man, (据说), is going abroad next week.
9. (事实上), his English is much better than yours.
10. (使我吃惊的是), he left without saying goodbye to me.
二、找出下列句中的插入语:
1.When do you think he will be back
2.He is sure to come to help us. I believe.
3.This book, I think , is the best book I have ever read this year
4.He will not pass the physics exam, I am afraid.
5.The man asked what seems to me a foolish question.
6.Our English teacher, it is said , graduated from a famous university.
7.How long did she say she would stay here
8.Generally speaking, the film is not interesting.
9.To tell the truth, I didn’t believe him.
10.China, you know, is a developing country.
参考答案：
一、1. I think 2. Generally speaking 3. To tell the truth 4. I am afraid 5. you know 6. do you think 7. do you suggest 8. it is said 9. In fact 10. To my surprise
二、1. do you think 2. I believe 3. I think 4. I am afraid 5. what seems to me 6. it is said 7. did she say 8. Generally speaking 9. To tell the truth 10. you know
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中学英语语法系列之五
标点符号
一、标点符号（Punctuation Mark）的定义及种类
标点符号是在书面语里用来表示各句子之间和各句子成分之间的关系，使其思想清楚明确，易为读者所了解的一种简单的符号。
英语写作中用的标点符号主要有句号、问号、感叹号、逗号、分号、冒号、破折号、引号、连字号和省略号。
二、句号
英语的句号是黑点，不同与汉语的句号。英语的句号主要用在：
1. 除疑问句和感叹句以外的其他所有的句子末尾
如：
He needs your help. 他需要你的帮助。（陈述句）
Help him. 帮助他。（祈使句）
2. 略语（Abbreviations）的后面
如：
M. A. (= Master of Arts) 文学硕士
U. S. A. (= United States of America) 美利坚合众国
e. g. (= for example) 例如
C. H. Brown C. H. 布朗
Nov. (= November) 十一月
三、问号
问号用在直接疑问句的末尾，间接疑问句不用问号。
如：
Are you a student 你是学生吗？
What is your name 你叫什么名字？
试比较：
He asked me if I was a student. 他问我是不是学生。
He asked me what my name is. 他问我叫什么名字。
四、感叹号
感叹号用在感叹词和感叹句之后，或表示强烈感情的句子之后。
如：
What a fine day! 多好的天啊！
“Hello! I didn’t expect to see you here.” “哎呀！我真没想到回在这儿见到你。”
“There goes our train!” “我们乘的火车开走了！”
五、逗号
逗号是最常用的标点符号，用途很广，主要用于：
1. 连接句子中的平行成分
如：
There is a TV set, a washing machine and a refrigerator in the room. 房间里有一台电视机、一台洗衣机和一台冰箱。（平行的表语）
We study politics, Chinese, English, maths, physics and chemistry. 我们学政治、汉语、英语、数学、物理和化学。（平行的宾语）
Tom, Jack and myself are all interested in sports. 汤姆、杰克和我都对运动感兴趣。（平行的主语）
We had a long, hard but interesting journey. 我们作了一次长途、劳累但很有意思的旅行。（平行的定语）
He got up, washed, dressed and hurried to school. 他起床、洗脸、穿衣，然后匆忙赶往学校。（平行的谓语）
Please read slowly, loudly and clearly. 请慢慢地、大声地、清楚地朗读。（平行的状语）
Jane likes sports, while I like music. 珍尼喜欢运动，而我则喜欢音乐。（平行的句子）
2. 状语短语或状语从句在句首
Seeing that his classmate was hurt, George ran to help him. 乔治看到他的同学负伤，就跑去扶他。
With his teacher’s help, he made great progress in his studies. 在老师的帮助下，他的学习进步很大。
If you will help me, I will help you. 你如果帮助我，我就帮助你。
Although it was raining, we played the match. 尽管下雨，我们还是进行了比赛。
3. 标出引语
“Tell me,” I said, “how you know all that.” “告诉我，”我说，“你怎么知道那一切的。”
Tom replied, “I heard it on the radio.” 汤姆回答说，“我从收音机里听到的。”
4. 标出呼语、同谓语、插入语和well, yes, no等
Mary, I hope you will come to the party. 玛丽，我希望你来参加这次宴会。（呼语）
I saw Mr. Smith, your teacher, this morning. 今天上午我看到你的老师史密斯先生了。（同谓语）
He is an honest man, I believe. 我相信他是个老实人。（插入语）
Are you reading today’s newspaper 你在看今天的报纸吗？
Yes, I am. 是的，我在看。
5. 非限制性定语从句的关系代词前
Henry’s father, who lives next door to us, is an engineer. 亨利的父亲，跟我们是邻居，是个工程师。
He turned to the door, outside which the boys were playin and singing. 他转身走到门口，门外孩子们在唱歌、游戏。
六、分号
分号表示比逗号长的停顿。
如：
He takes much exercises; he is getting stronger and stronger. 他经常运动，身体越来越强壮。
Richard didn’t work hard; so he didn’t pass his examination. 理查得学习不用功；所以考试不及格。
七、冒号
冒号用于：
1. 列举事物和解释前文
In English, there are two articles: the definite article and the indefinite article. 英语中有两个冠词：即定冠词和不定冠词。
Richard’s work is unsatisfactory: his spelling is careless and his writing is bad. 理查得的作业是不能令人满意的：他的拼写粗心，书写蹩脚。
2. 引导引语
Shakespeare said: “Neithe a borrower nor a lender be.”莎士比亚说：“既不要找人借钱，也不要借钱给人。”
八、破折号
破折号用于一个解释性的分句或句子前面，或表示意思的突然转折。
如：
The old folk in the home of Respect for the Aged have got everything they need — good food, warm clothes, comfortable beds. 敬老院老人们什么都有 — 美好的食物，保暖的衣服，舒适的床铺。
I spoke to Mary — you know, my friend — and told her what you said. 我同玛丽谈过了 — 你是知道的，就是我的朋友 — 并且把你所说的话告诉了她。
九、引号
引号用来标出文中的直接引语。
Longfellow wrote, “Life is real! Life is earnest!” 朗弗罗写到。“生活是真实的！生活是严肃的！”
He said, “Give me liberty or give me death.” 他说：“不自由毋宁死。”
十、连字号
连字号用来连接复合词的各个部分。
well-known 著名的 hard-working勤劳的 duty-free 免税的
face-to-face 面对面的 happy-go-lucky 无忧无虑的
十一、省略号
省略号用来表示：
1. 所有格
my friend’s bike 我朋友的自行车
the students’ reading-room 学生的阅览室
today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
2. 一个或几个字母的省略
I’ve = I have
don’t = do not
o’clock = of the clock
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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之七
独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构的定义
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分（分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成，在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
二、独立主格结构的特点
独立主格结构具有以下特点：
1．独立主格结构的作用相当于状语从句，可表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况；
2．独立主格结构可置于句首，也可以放在句尾；
3．独立主格结构主要用于书面语；
4．独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句中语法主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物。
三、独立主格结构的构成
1．名词／主格代词十现在分词
名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑的主谓关系。如：
Time permitting(=If time permits)， we can finish the work．如果时间许可，我们能够完成这项工作。（表示条件）
Spring coming on（= When spring came on）， the trees turned green．春天到来，树木绿油油的。（表示时间）
It being Sunday（=As it was Sunday）， they had no classes．由于是星期天，他们不上课。（表示原因）
2．名词／主格代词十过去分词
名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。
The signal given，the bus started.给了信号后，汽车开始前进。（表示时间）
Their strength exhausted，they sank down one by one．他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。（表示原因）
All things considered her suggestion is of greater value than．yours．若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件）
He sat silently，eyes closed．他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随或方式）
3．名词／主格代词十形容词/副词
形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词性质特征及所处状态。
Everything（being） ready，they started out．一切准备停当，他们开始动身。（表示时间）。
The children were making a snowman， hands red with cold．孩子们在堆雪人，手都冻红了。（表示伴随状况）。
The meeting over，the students were dismissed．会议结束，学生们解散了。（表示时间）
The boy looked at the beautiful picture，eyes wide open.这个孩子看着这幅美丽的图画，眼睛睁得大大的。（表示伴随状况）
4.名词／主格代词十不定式
名词或代词是不定式动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，这种结构可位于句末或句首。
The teacher to help us，we will succeed．有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示原因）
He invited us to see a film，he himself to buy the tickets.他请我们看了一场电影，他破费买的票。（表示补充说明）。
5．名词／主格代词十介词短语
介词短语常用来说明名词或代词的特征或所处的状态。
The old man sat in the chair，book in hand and pipe in mouth．老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。（表示伴随状况）
The old farmer came back，a large basket on his shoulder．老农回来，一个大篮子扛在肩上。（表示伴随状况）
6.介词十复合宾语
这种结构，常用“介词 with／without／like十名词／代词宾格十介词短语／分词／不定式／形容词／副词／名词”构成。
The teacher entered the classroom，with a book in his hand．老师手拿一本书走进了教室。（表示伴随状况）
The classroom is very bright with all the lights turned on．所有的灯都打开，教室里非常明亮。（表示时间）
I can’t go out，with a lot of homework to do．我不能出去，因为有许多作业要做。（表示原因）
Don’t talk with your mouth full.不要吃着满口东西谈话。（表示行为方式）
The room is very bright with all the lights on．灯都打开，这个房间很明亮。（表示时间）
He fought the tiger with a stick as his only weapon．他与老虎搏斗，唯一的武器是一根棒子。（表示行为方式）
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
1．时间状语
My work having been finished， I went home．我干完工作后就回家了。
The meeting over, they left the hall.会议结束之后，他们离开了大厅。
2.原因状语
My watch having been lost，I didn’t know what time it was．我的表丢了，我不知道现在是几点。
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 没有公共汽车，我们只好走路回家。
3．条件状语
Time permitting, I shall go to the cinema with you.如果时间允许，我就和你去看电影。
Weather permitting, we shall go outing. 如果天气许可，我们就去郊游。
4．描述伴随行为或补充说明
Mary entered the room, with a big apple in hand.玛丽手里拿着一个大苹果走进了房间。
He was doing his homework, his father sitting aside.他正在做家庭作业，父亲坐在旁边（陪着）
巩固练习
用独立主格结构改写下列句子：
1.Our homework has been finished, we went to play football.
2.The meeting was over, he went back home.
3.Time permits, we shall visit the zoo.
4.Weather permits, we shall go swimming.
5.She stood there, tears rolled down her cheeks.
6.He left the room, the door closed.
7.He entered the room,a book was in his hand.
8.Being cold, he put on his overcoat.
9.Being no bus, we had to walk home.
10.My watch was lost, I didn’t know the time.
参考答案：
1. Our homework having been finished, we went to play football.
2. The meeting (being) over, he went back home.
3. Time permitting, we shall visit the zoo.
4. Weather permitting, we shall go swimming.
5. She stood there, tears rolling down her cheeks.
6. He left the room with the door closed.
7. He entered the room, book in hand.
8. It being cold, he put on his overcoat.
9. There being no bus, we had to walk home.
10. My watch having been lost, I didn't know the time.
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中学英语语法系列之四 句法篇 之八
省 略
一、省略(Elliptical)的目的
为了避免重复，句子中某些部分可以省略。
二、省略的几种情况
常见的省略有下列种情况：
1.并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略
He often regards English as easy and（he often regards）French as difficult．他常把英语看作是容易学的，而法语是难学的。
This happened and（It was） a good thing too， for it helped us to find out our own shortcomings．这件事发生了，但也是件好事，因为它帮助我们找到我们自己的缺点。
In our class boys like sports，while girls do not（like sports）．我们班男孩喜欢运动，而女孩不喜欢。
2.在用when， while， if， as if， though（ although）， as， until，whether等连词引导的状语从句中如果谓语有be，而主语又跟主句的主语相同或是it时，则从句的主语和be常可省略。
When（water is） heated， water is turned into vapor．水加热时变成气体。
Wood gives much smoke while（wood is） burning．木头燃烧时放出很多烟。
Errors， if（there are） any， should be corrected．如果有什么错误，就应当改正。
When（I am） in trouble， I always turn to her for help．我有困难时总是找她帮助。
While（we were） there we were thinking of you all the time．我们在那儿时一直想念你们。
If（it were） not for dust，there would be no rain drops．没有灰尘，就没有雨滴。
He works very hard though（he is） still rather weak．他尽管体弱，但仍十分努力地工作。
Please writ to me as often as（it is） possible．请常来信。
When（it is） necessary you can help us to do something，必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。
He made up his mind to finish the experiment whether（it was）difficult or not．这项实验不论困难与否，他都决心干完。
The litter is to be left here until（it is） called for．这封信留在这里待领。
He looked about as if（he were） in search of something．他环视四周，似乎在寻找什么。
3.在than， as， no matter what（who等）分句后面常省略某些成分
They do not use more water than (it is) necessary．他们使用的水没有超出需要量。
I’m taller than he（is tall）．我比他高。
This book is as interesting as that one（is）．这本书和那本书一样有趣。
He is better today than（he was） when I wrote to you last year．他今天比去年我给你写信时身体好些。
Anyone，no matter who（he is），may point out our shortcomings．我们的缺点，不管是什么人，谁向我们指出都行。
He speaks Chinese better than（he speaks） English．他讲汉语比讲英语好。
He speaks English better than I （speak English）．他英语讲得比我好。
4．在know，think，consider，suppose，find，believe，say，decide等动词后面所接的宾语从句中常省略连接词that
I think（that） it will clear up this afternoon.我想今天下午天会转晴。
I believe（that） he will pass the national college entrance examination．我相信他将通过高考。
5．在限制性定语从句中
作宾语用的关系代词whom，which，that常常省略；在以the same…as和such.．．as引出的某些定语从句中，也可以省略与主句相同的成分。
This is one of the best films（that） I’ve ever seen．这是我所看过的最好的电影。
He is the student（whom或 that） we are talking about．他就是我们正在议论的那个学生。
I don’t like such books as this（is）．我不喜欢这种书。
6．在以 there is开头的句子中
修饰主语的同位语从句的连接词常省略，修饰主语的定语从句的关系代词作主语，有时可以省略。
There is a chance（that） he will be able to be back for New Year’s day．他也许能回来过元旦。（同位语从句）
There is possibility（that） we’ll go,it all depends on the weather．我们可能去，但这要看天气而定。（同位语从句）
There is a table（that） stands in the corner．墙角处放着一张桌子。（定语从句）
7．祈使句、感叹句、部分问句和部分第一人称陈述句省略成分情况
（1）祈使句通常省略主语you
Close the window！关窗！
Don’t be afraid！别害怕！
注：如果要强调主语，也可把主语说出来。如：
You read the text！你读一下课文！
（2）感叹句
What a wide river！多宽的河啊！
Simply impossible！简直不可能！
(3)部分问句
Right？对吗？
Why not？为什么不呢？
Why so？为什么这样呢？
What next？下一步怎么办？
Anybody wishing to go？（或：Anybody interested in going？）谁愿去啊？
Anything you want to take with yon？有什么东西要带吗？
Nothing more you want to say？没有什么话要说了？
（4）部分第一人称陈述句
Glad to see you．很高兴见到你。
Sorry，the line is busy．对不起，占线了。
8．用so, not或其他手段来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句意
— Can he do this work？他能做这件工作吗？
— I think so．（=I think he can do this work．）我想他行。
She may not be free today．If so，you will not come to me．她今天可能没空。如果这样，你就别来我这里了。
—Can you do this work？你能做这件工作吗？
— I am afraid not．我怕不能.
— Will they put you to any trouble in the matter？他们不会因此事而使你为难吗？
— I hope not．我希望不会。
— Did you know anything about it？这件事你以前知道吗？
— Not until you told me．你告诉了我，才知道。
He has gone， no one knows where（he has gone）．他走了，谁也不知道他去什么地方了。
9．在某些动词后的宾语补语和主语补语中可将to be省略
These books are thought（to be） very valuable．人们认为这些书很有价值。
They found the answer（to be） correct．他们认为答案是正确的。
10.在“the十比较级……the十比较级……”结构中可省略be或there be
The higher the temperature（is），the greater the pressure（is）． 温度越高，压力越大。
In studying a foreign language，the more practice（there is），the better （it is）．学习外语，练习得越多越好。
11．某些动词在接that从句时不用与之搭配的介词
He insists upon carrying out the test．他坚持进行这个实验。
We insist (upon it) that the old workers have rich experience in practice．我们坚持说老工人具有丰富的实践经验。
We agreed upon the plan.我们同意这个计划。
We agreed that it was a mistake.我们一致认为，这是一个错误。
12．用to表示前述动词不定式时常省略其后有关成分
Nothing has ever stopped him from sleeping when he wants to（sleep）．当他想睡时，没有什么能阻止他睡觉。
You may go home if you like（to）．你如果想回家就可回家。
13．在某些虚拟语气的句子中可以省略 should
I suggest that he（should）study more English before going abroad．我建议他出国前多学点英语。
It will be better that we（should） hold a meeting next week．最好我们下周开一次会。
He ordered that the soldiers（should） put out the lights immediately.他命令战士们立即熄灭灯火。
It is important that we（should） study science and technology.学习科学技术是非常重要的。
It has been decided that we（should） have English classes next week．已经决定我们下周上英语课。
14．在用so＋that连接的从句中常省略so或that
Something may be wrong（so） that the machine has stopped running.可能有什么东西出了毛病，结果机器停止了运转。
We are very tired, (so) that we hat better hurry home.我们很累，所以我们还是赶快回家去吧。
15．省略介词in的几个固定词组
He spends his evenings (in) studying English.他把晚上的时间花在学英语上了。
They are busy (in) cleaning the room.他们忙于打扫房间。
Before liberation we had a hard time(in)getting grain and coal.解放前我们有过一段缺粮少煤的艰苦时期。
巩固练习
一、选择：
1. —Who's got my money — .
A. I do. B. I have. C. I am. D. I got
2. —Do you want me to do this —You needn't tell me,if you don't want .
A. it B. so C . this D. to
3. — Would you come to see me tomorrow —It .
A. depends B. depends on C. depends so D. is depended on
4. — Can you follow me — .
A. No, am not. B. Yes, perfectly. C. Yes, it is. D. Yes. I will.
5. —What's the matter with john —He didn't pass the test but he still .
A. hopes so B. hopes to C. hopes it D. hopes not
6. —- Don't you think Dorothy's health has been ruined by smoking
—- Yes， she told me herself.
A. the fact B. this thing C. it D. so
7. — Shall I wake you up tomorrow — Yes, .
A. please do B. you shall C. you will D. you may
8. — I hope that John will no play basketball tomorrow. —Yes. .I
A. hope it too B. hope too C. hope that too D. hope so too
9. — I slipped on the stairs. I think my arm is broken. —Oh! I .
A. do not hope to B. do not hope C. hope not so D. hope not
10. —--Shall I invite Tom to my party —Yes, it'll be nice if you .
A. do B. invite C. are D. will
11. —Will you need a new tie to go with your new suit, Mr. Johnson —No, .
A. I am having plenty of ties B. I think I have several that will do
C. There are lots of ties in my house D. I have lots of ties to do it
12. —- Will you go home tomorrow morning
—- No, I am going to a lecture, or at least, I am planning .
A. on B. to C. so D. it
13. —She must look like a very pretty girl. —-Yes, I imagine .
A. to B. that C. it D. so
14. —--Is Pro. Tate very sick —--I'm afraid .
A. so B. this C. to D. that
15. —Frank can't leave until tomorrow. —--I know. .
A. I can't too. B. I can too. C. Neither can I D. I can't neither.
16. —The Ryans watch television all the time. — do the Tuckers.
A. So B. Either C. Neither D. Also
17. In l994, the number of students in our college was about two thousand, .
A. but in 1997, being over three thousand B. and is over three thousand in l997
C. but in 1997, was over three thousand D. and in 1997, over three thousand
18. John must have been working on the farm, and .
A. Peter must be B. Peter must, too
C. Peter must have been, too D. Peter must work, too
19. English words are easily forgotten, .
A. if constantly repeating B. when constantly repeated
C. un1ess constantly repeated D. while constantly repeating.
20. The Olympic Games, in 776 B.C., didn’t include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing.
二、用括号把下列句子中可以省略的部分括起来，或者把句子中已省略的部分补写出来：
1. He is as tall as you are if he is not taller than you.
2. —Would you like to go with me —I'd like to go with you, but I'm busy now.
3. — I will not go on with the plan. —Why will you not go on with the plan
4. You may ask him questions if you have any questions to ask.
5. Li Ming is a League member, but I am not a League member.
6.Pardon
7. —Will you go to visit Dr. Baker — Yes, but not until tomorrow.
8.What a cold day!
9. —May I take the computer away — What for
10. — Does Lily come from Australia — Oh, I don’t know.
参考答案：
一、
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. C
二、
1. (are) (he is) (than you) 2. (go with you) 3. (will you) (go on with the plan) 4. (you have) (question to ask)
5. (a League member) 6. I beg your pardon 7. … but I will not do that unti1 tomorrow. 8. What a cold day it is!
9. What do you take it away for 10. I don't know whether she does or not.
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